and efficacy. However, curcumin activity is limited by its Dikshit M, Rastogi L, Shukla R, Srimal RC (1995). poor bioavailability and some possible adverse effects. Prevention of ischaemia-induced biochemical changes MARKET STATUS AND ECONOMICS OF LICHEN (JHULA) TRADE IN Nonetheless, curcumin has established itself as a safe and by curcumin & quinidine in the cat heart. Indian J. Med. promising molecule for the prevention and therapy of not Res., 101: 31–35 A. Kaur*, S. Maikhuri, K. Dobhal, S. Napalchyal, P. Joshi, B.P. Purohit and R. Dobhal only cancer but also other inflammation-driven diseases. Divya CS, Pillai MR (2006). Antitumor action of curcumin Centre of Excellence on Forest Based Livelihood, Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology (UCOST), in human papillomavirus associated cells involves , Uttarakhand, REFERENCES downregulation of viral oncogenes, prevention of Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G NFkB and AP-1 translocation, and modulation of *Correspondence: [email protected] (2006). Inflammation and cancer: How hot is the link. apoptosis. Mol. Carcinog., 45: 320–332. Biochem. Pharmacol, 72: 605–1621. Gupta SC. Prasad S. Kim, JH, Patchva S, Webb LJ, Aggarwal BB, Gehlot P (2009). Inflammation and cancer: Priyadarsini IK, Aggarwal BB (2011). Multitargeting INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY How friendly is the relationship for cancer patients. by curcumin as revealed by molecular interaction Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 9: 351–369. studies. Nat. Prod. Rep., 28: 1937–1955. Uttarakhand, which lies in the central Himalaya, has its 47% To study the collection and market status of Jhula in the state, geographical area under forest and tree cover (FSI, 2015). information were collected from the published literature and Ammon HP, Wahl MA (1991). Pharmacology of Curcuma Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Forests are important natural resources available providing Working Plans of different Forest Divisions of Uttarakhand. longa. Planta Med, 57: 1–7. Cell, 100: 57–70. fuelwood, fodder, biomass and other major and minor forest Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB, Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: The produces. Earlier during last century, only timber was kindly provided the past six years' data on Jhula auctioned at Aggarwal BB (2008). Curcumin and cancer: An “old- next generation. Cell, 144: 646–674. considered an important contribution of the forests as it its three herbal mandis at Ramnagar, Rishikesh and age” disease with an “age-old” solution. Cancer Lett., yielded sizable revenue to the states. Post 1970 the minor or 267: 133–164. Kiso Y, Suzuki Y, Watanabe N, Oshima Y, Hikino H (1983). Tanakpur. Information was also gathered by interviewing Antihepatotoxic principles of Curcuma longa non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were recognized to play the buyers and sellers at mand are during the auction. Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001). Inflammation and cancer: rhizomes. Planta Med., 49: 185–187. great role in sustaining the forest dependent population. Back to Virchow. Lancet, 357: 539-545. While the agriculture and allied activities constitute the FINDINGS Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J (2010).Cell signaling by primary occupation of people, it suffices to meet their Brouet I, Ohshima H. (1995). Curcumin, an anti-tumour receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell, 141:1117–1134. Collection from Forests promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits household requirements only for about 100-150 days in a induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated Manning BD, Cantley LC (2007). AKT/PKB signaling: year. The forest based gathering for self-consumption and State government has authorized five agencies viz. UAFDC, macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, Navigating downstream. Cell, 129: 1261–1274. sale in the market provides substantial income to meet their Bhesaj Sangh, Kumaun Mandal Vikas Nigam, Garhwal 206:533–540. requirements for another 150-200 days. Thus the forest Mandal Vikas Nigam and Van Panchayat for the collection Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Ramachandran L, Kumar AP, Chan MM, Adapala NS, Fong D (2005). Curcumin Tergaonkar V (2012). Multifaceted link between cancer based livelihood in this Himalayan region is of great of lichen and other NTFPs from the forest area by the overcomes the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on and inflammation. Biosci. Rep., 32: 1–15. economic and ecological significance for the people due to allotment of forest compartments. For the purpose of Leishmania. Parasitol Res., 96:49–56. large variety of forest based products and services. Many sustainable harvesting, Uttarakhand Forest Department Sreejayan Rao MN (1997). Nitric oxide scavenging by Chen A, Xu J, Johnson AC (2006). Curcumin inhibits human NTFPs provide large livelihood opportunities which are opens only few ranges for the collection. A village collector curcuminoids. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 49: 105–107. colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression used largely for trade and hence supplement their annual may gather 3.5 – 5 Kg Jhula/ day as a subsidiary activity of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing Srivastava R, Dikshit M, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN (1985). income. Lichen, the symbiotic association of fungi with whereas a hired labour can collect 6.5-7.0 Kg Jhula after a the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1. Oncogene, Anti-thrombotic effect of curcumin. Thromb. Res., 40: green algae/ cynobacteria is among those NTFPs which are full day activity. A local trader (middleman) registered with 25: 278–287. 413–417. collected profusely from the forests. In Uttarakhand, the the authorised collecting agency may collect the produce Chen J, Tang XQ, Zhi JL, Cui Y, Yu HM, Tang EH, Sun SN, various lichens are known by the common name 'Jhula'. Due from 15-20 primary collectors after paying ? 50-90/Kg to Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, Dai X, Zhang J, Kumar AP, Feng JQ Chen PX (2006). Curcumin protects PC12 cells Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A (2014). Targeting the to its use in condiments, medicines, perfumery and dyes them depending on the quality of Jhula collected. against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer: Role of synthetic making, its collection from forests offers a big livelihood apoptosis by bcl-2-mitochondria-ROS-iNOS pathway. Marketing Apoptosis, 11: 943–953. and natural inhibitors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., opportunity for the natives. After fuelwood and fodder, Jhula 1845:136–154. is the biggest NTFP commodity in terms of quantity Auctioning at one of the three UAFDC mandis (details in Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal, RC (1980).Preliminary study extractable from Uttarakhand's forests. This shows its great on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl Venkatesan N (1998). Curcumin attenuation of acute Table 1) is the only legal option for the local traders in importance for the forest dependent communities and methane). Indian J. Med. Res., 71:632–634. adriamycin myocardial toxicity in rats. Br. J. Uttarakhand for selling the forest produce. The collection Pharmacol., 124:425–427. justifies the need to study its marketing and trade areas under jurisdiction of these three mandis are specified in Dibb NJ, Dilworth SM, Mol CD (2004). Switching on mechanism. The study of economics of this trade will help the Forest Working Plans. Yet the middlemen are free to sell kinases: Oncogenic activation of BRAF and the PDGFR improve the rural economy of the gatherers. family. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4: 718–727. the forest produce in any of the three mandis.

58 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 59 Table 1. Herbal mandis of Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Table 5. Economics of trading of one truck of low grade lichen

Mandi’s name, contact information and Forest collection area Capacity of o ne truck (Q) =40 monthly auction dates in brackets Purchase cost= Collection price ( `) of one truck =7,000 × 40= 2,80,000 lichen as paid by the local trader @ ` 7000/Q Bibiwala Depot, Rishikesh, District Yamuna circle, all forest divisions of Bhagirathi and Shivalik Selling price ( `) at the mandi @ `15000/Q =15,000 × 40= 6,00,000 Dehradun circles, forest division and and Paithani ranges Mobile (office)- 9 557936162 of Pauri forest division of Garhwal circle, forest division Overhead (a) Royalty (Forest Department) @ = 210 × 40 = 8400 (DSM Dehradun)-9568003215 of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve expenses ( `) ` 210/Q Email:[email protected] (7 and 22 of each month) (b) GST(5% of Royalty) = 0.05× 8400=420

Aamdanda Depot, Ramnagar, District The remaining areas of Garhwal circle, South Kumaun circle, (c) H andling charges of UAF DC = 1% of 6,00,000= 6,000 forest division of North Kumaun circle, (d) R oyalty (Collecting agency) = 5% of 6,00,000= 30,000

Mobile (office)- 5947251233 forest division, civil soyam forest division Almora and (e) T ransportation cost = 15,000 (DSM Ramnagar )-9568003217 forest division, Tarai West, Tarai central and Ramnagar forest Total overhead expenses = 59,820 Email:[email protected] division of West circle (a+b+c+d+e)

(6 and 20 of each month) Total expenses ( `) = 2,80,000+ 59,820= 3,39,820

T anakpur Depot, Maa Purna giri Van and Tarai East forest divisions of West circle, Net profit ( ` )= Selling cost-Total expenses = 6,00,000– 3,39,820= 2,60,180

Vikas Parishad, Tanakpur, District and forest divisions of North Kumaun % Profit to the local trader = 76.6% Champawat circle (2,60,180/3,39,820)× 100 Mobile (offic e)- 9557936162 % Share of collec tion p rice in t otal expenses = 82% (DSM Tanakpur) -9568003219 (2,80,000/3,39,820)× 100 Email:[email protected] m (10 and 26 of each month) for UAFDC and 5% for others) as royalty. The transportation opportunity. This is a hurdle for the industry to develop cost of one truck is taken as ? 15,000. The net profit earned which won't like to run for a year and then remain closed for Past six years' auction data showed that maximum Jhula Table 3. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, by the trader as calculated here is estimated to be ? 2, 60,180 next 4-5 years in a particular area. It is suggested that the (10,731 Q) was auctioned in the year 2012-13 and minimum Ramnagar (Aamdanda) for one truck of lichen. Collection price has 82% share in harvesting in controlled quantity should be allowed on (4,962 Q) in the year 2014-15 at Rishikesh mandi. The Year Quantity (Q) Amount ( Lak h ? ) Average rate (? /Q ) total expenses. On the other hand, a trader earns about 77% regular basis in the lichen abundant areas. This will help to auction amount was highest (1013 Lakh `) in the year 2010-11 2790 245 8777 profit by selling high grade Jhula in the mandi. evolve sustainable livelihood and value addition 2015—16 and lowest (749 Lakh `) in the year 2010-11 in 2011-12 6809 629 9243 2012-13 11 3 03 1160 10262 opportunities for the villagers. this mandi (Table 2). Quantity (11303 Q) and amount (1160 It is important to mention here that the economics of Jhula 2013-14 8 485 755 8897 Lakh ? ) of Jhula at Ramnagar mandi were highest in the year 2014-15 6454 647 10025 trade is highly fluctual and is basically driven by auction ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2012-13 (Table 3). At Tanakpur mandi maximum Jhula 2015-16 70 2 2 845 12032 price. The auction price again is determined by demand and Authors are thankful to the Ministry of Environment, Forest (1972.87 Q) was brought to mandi for auction in the year Table 4. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, supply and usually varies between 1200-3500 ? /Q. and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), as the study was 2010-11 and minimum (453.4 Q) in 2015-16 (Table 4). Tanakpur Therefore the local trader's profit lie anything between 20- 120%. Similarly the collectors may also get their share conducted under project No.13-31/2015-CAMPA titled Year Quantity (Q) Amount (Lakh ? ) Average rate (? /Q) Table 2. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, between 60-85% of the total expenses. “Centre of Excellence on Forest Based Livelihood in 2010-11 1973 148 7524 Uttarakhand” sponsored by it. We express gratitude towards Rishikesh (Bibiwala) 2011-12 70 7 64 9029 The collectors are ignorant of the market price and due to Shri S.T.S. Lepcha, M.D., Uttarakhand Forest Development Year Q uantity (Q) Amount (Lakh ) Average rate ( /Q) 2012-13 15 05 1103 7328 2010-11 7925 749 9449 2013-14 620 52 8403 lack of knowledge and resources, are not able to participate Corporation for their support and providing the auction data.

2011-12 6339 827 13049 2014-15 840 101 12068 in the auction and hence don't get their due share of profit 2012-13 10731 897 8356 2015-16 45 3 80 17666 earned through sale. Drying is the only post-harvest REFERENCES 2013-14 7 268 903 12433 2014-15 4962 751 15133 Economics of Lichen Trade processing and no grading is done at collector's level. If Forest Survey of India (FSI) (2015). India State of Forest 2015-16 5 667 101 3 17880 grading could be done at village level, it would earn them Report. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Collection and other overhead expenses for low grade Jhula more income. The process of rotational harvesting is a big It is clear from the data that the Tanakpur mandi has a small Change, Dehradun, 1(1): 200-290. at different levels are shown in Table 5. A royalty of the State obstruction for the growth of Jhula sector as big livelihood share in trading of Jhula. On the other hand, auction rates and Forest Department is charged before issuing transit pass hence the amount at Rishikesh mandi are quite high which locally called 'Ravanna' to the local trader which varies from encourage more of middlemen, even from the jurisdiction ? 160- 210 per quintal (Q) for different areas, 1% of the total areas of other mandis, to bring their material to this mandi as selling price is paid to UAFDC as handling charges and 4- was observed during our visits here. 5% of total selling price is paid to the collecting agency (4%

60 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 61 Table 1. Herbal mandis of Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Table 5. Economics of trading of one truck of low grade lichen

Mandi’s name, contact information and Forest collection area Capacity of o ne truck (Q) =40 monthly auction dates in brackets Purchase cost= Collection price ( `) of one truck =7,000 × 40= 2,80,000 lichen as paid by the local trader @ ` 7000/Q Bibiwala Depot, Rishikesh, District Yamuna circle, all forest divisions of Bhagirathi and Shivalik Selling price ( `) at the mandi @ `15000/Q =15,000 × 40= 6,00,000 Dehradun circles, Karnaprayag forest division and Pauri and Paithani ranges Mobile (office)- 9 557936162 of Pauri forest division of Garhwal circle, Kedarnath forest division Overhead (a) Royalty (Forest Department) @ = 210 × 40 = 8400 (DSM Dehradun)-9568003215 of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve expenses ( `) ` 210/Q Email:[email protected] (7 and 22 of each month) (b) GST(5% of Royalty) = 0.05× 8400=420

Aamdanda Depot, Ramnagar, District The remaining areas of Garhwal circle, South Kumaun circle, (c) H andling charges of UAF DC = 1% of 6,00,000= 6,000 Nainital Almora forest division of North Kumaun circle, Bageshwar (d) R oyalty (Collecting agency) = 5% of 6,00,000= 30,000

Mobile (office)- 5947251233 forest division, civil soyam forest division Almora and Ranikhet (e) T ransportation cost = 15,000 (DSM Ramnagar )-9568003217 forest division, Tarai West, Tarai central and Ramnagar forest Total overhead expenses = 59,820 Email:[email protected] division of West circle (a+b+c+d+e)

(6 and 20 of each month) Total expenses ( `) = 2,80,000+ 59,820= 3,39,820

T anakpur Depot, Maa Purna giri Van Haldwani and Tarai East forest divisions of West circle, Net profit ( ` )= Selling cost-Total expenses = 6,00,000– 3,39,820= 2,60,180

Vikas Parishad, Tanakpur, District Pithoragarh and Champawat forest divisions of North Kumaun % Profit to the local trader = 76.6% Champawat circle (2,60,180/3,39,820)× 100 Mobile (offic e)- 9557936162 % Share of collec tion p rice in t otal expenses = 82% (DSM Tanakpur) -9568003219 (2,80,000/3,39,820)× 100 Email:[email protected] m (10 and 26 of each month) for UAFDC and 5% for others) as royalty. The transportation opportunity. This is a hurdle for the industry to develop cost of one truck is taken as ? 15,000. The net profit earned which won't like to run for a year and then remain closed for Past six years' auction data showed that maximum Jhula Table 3. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, by the trader as calculated here is estimated to be ? 2, 60,180 next 4-5 years in a particular area. It is suggested that the (10,731 Q) was auctioned in the year 2012-13 and minimum Ramnagar (Aamdanda) for one truck of lichen. Collection price has 82% share in harvesting in controlled quantity should be allowed on (4,962 Q) in the year 2014-15 at Rishikesh mandi. The Year Quantity (Q) Amount ( Lak h ? ) Average rate (? /Q ) total expenses. On the other hand, a trader earns about 77% regular basis in the lichen abundant areas. This will help to auction amount was highest (1013 Lakh `) in the year 2010-11 2790 245 8777 profit by selling high grade Jhula in the mandi. evolve sustainable livelihood and value addition 2015—16 and lowest (749 Lakh `) in the year 2010-11 in 2011-12 6809 629 9243 2012-13 11 3 03 1160 10262 opportunities for the villagers. this mandi (Table 2). Quantity (11303 Q) and amount (1160 It is important to mention here that the economics of Jhula 2013-14 8 485 755 8897 Lakh ? ) of Jhula at Ramnagar mandi were highest in the year 2014-15 6454 647 10025 trade is highly fluctual and is basically driven by auction ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2012-13 (Table 3). At Tanakpur mandi maximum Jhula 2015-16 70 2 2 845 12032 price. The auction price again is determined by demand and Authors are thankful to the Ministry of Environment, Forest (1972.87 Q) was brought to mandi for auction in the year Table 4. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, supply and usually varies between 1200-3500 ? /Q. and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), as the study was 2010-11 and minimum (453.4 Q) in 2015-16 (Table 4). Tanakpur Therefore the local trader's profit lie anything between 20- 120%. Similarly the collectors may also get their share conducted under project No.13-31/2015-CAMPA titled Year Quantity (Q) Amount (Lakh ? ) Average rate (? /Q) Table 2. Auction data of Jhula at UAFDC herbal mandi, between 60-85% of the total expenses. “Centre of Excellence on Forest Based Livelihood in 2010-11 1973 148 7524 Uttarakhand” sponsored by it. We express gratitude towards Rishikesh (Bibiwala) 2011-12 70 7 64 9029 The collectors are ignorant of the market price and due to Shri S.T.S. Lepcha, M.D., Uttarakhand Forest Development Year Q uantity (Q) Amount (Lakh ) Average rate ( /Q) 2012-13 15 05 1103 7328 2010-11 7925 749 9449 2013-14 620 52 8403 lack of knowledge and resources, are not able to participate Corporation for their support and providing the auction data.

2011-12 6339 827 13049 2014-15 840 101 12068 in the auction and hence don't get their due share of profit 2012-13 10731 897 8356 2015-16 45 3 80 17666 earned through sale. Drying is the only post-harvest REFERENCES 2013-14 7 268 903 12433 2014-15 4962 751 15133 Economics of Lichen Trade processing and no grading is done at collector's level. If Forest Survey of India (FSI) (2015). India State of Forest 2015-16 5 667 101 3 17880 grading could be done at village level, it would earn them Report. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Collection and other overhead expenses for low grade Jhula more income. The process of rotational harvesting is a big It is clear from the data that the Tanakpur mandi has a small Change, Dehradun, 1(1): 200-290. at different levels are shown in Table 5. A royalty of the State obstruction for the growth of Jhula sector as big livelihood share in trading of Jhula. On the other hand, auction rates and Forest Department is charged before issuing transit pass hence the amount at Rishikesh mandi are quite high which locally called 'Ravanna' to the local trader which varies from encourage more of middlemen, even from the jurisdiction ? 160- 210 per quintal (Q) for different areas, 1% of the total areas of other mandis, to bring their material to this mandi as selling price is paid to UAFDC as handling charges and 4- was observed during our visits here. 5% of total selling price is paid to the collecting agency (4%

60 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 61