and efficacy. However, curcumin activity is limited by its Dikshit M, Rastogi L, Shukla R, Srimal RC (1995). poor bioavailability and some possible adverse effects. Prevention of ischaemia-induced biochemical changes MARKET STATUS AND ECONOMICS OF LICHEN (JHULA) TRADE IN UTTARAKHAND Nonetheless, curcumin has established itself as a safe and by curcumin & quinidine in the cat heart. Indian J. Med. promising molecule for the prevention and therapy of not Res., 101: 31–35 A. Kaur*, S. Maikhuri, K. Dobhal, S. Napalchyal, P. Joshi, B.P. Purohit and R. Dobhal only cancer but also other inflammation-driven diseases. Divya CS, Pillai MR (2006). Antitumor action of curcumin Centre of Excellence on Forest Based Livelihood, Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology (UCOST), in human papillomavirus associated cells involves Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India REFERENCES downregulation of viral oncogenes, prevention of Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G NFkB and AP-1 translocation, and modulation of *Correspondence: [email protected] (2006). Inflammation and cancer: How hot is the link. apoptosis. Mol. Carcinog., 45: 320–332. Biochem. Pharmacol, 72: 605–1621. Gupta SC. Prasad S. Kim, JH, Patchva S, Webb LJ, Aggarwal BB, Gehlot P (2009). Inflammation and cancer: Priyadarsini IK, Aggarwal BB (2011). Multitargeting INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY How friendly is the relationship for cancer patients. by curcumin as revealed by molecular interaction Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 9: 351–369. studies. Nat. Prod. Rep., 28: 1937–1955. Uttarakhand, which lies in the central Himalaya, has its 47% To study the collection and market status of Jhula in the state, geographical area under forest and tree cover (FSI, 2015). information were collected from the published literature and Ammon HP, Wahl MA (1991). Pharmacology of Curcuma Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Forests are important natural resources available providing Working Plans of different Forest Divisions of Uttarakhand. longa. Planta Med, 57: 1–7. Cell, 100: 57–70. fuelwood, fodder, biomass and other major and minor forest Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Anand P, Sundaram C, Jhurani S, Kunnumakkara AB, Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: The produces. Earlier during last century, only timber was kindly provided the past six years' data on Jhula auctioned at Aggarwal BB (2008). Curcumin and cancer: An “old- next generation. Cell, 144: 646–674. considered an important contribution of the forests as it its three herbal mandis at Ramnagar, Rishikesh and age” disease with an “age-old” solution. Cancer Lett., yielded sizable revenue to the states. Post 1970 the minor or 267: 133–164. Kiso Y, Suzuki Y, Watanabe N, Oshima Y, Hikino H (1983). Tanakpur. Information was also gathered by interviewing Antihepatotoxic principles of Curcuma longa non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were recognized to play the buyers and sellers at mand are during the auction. Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001). Inflammation and cancer: rhizomes. Planta Med., 49: 185–187. great role in sustaining the forest dependent population. Back to Virchow. Lancet, 357: 539-545. While the agriculture and allied activities constitute the FINDINGS Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J (2010).Cell signaling by primary occupation of people, it suffices to meet their Brouet I, Ohshima H. (1995). Curcumin, an anti-tumour receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell, 141:1117–1134. Collection from Forests promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits household requirements only for about 100-150 days in a induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated Manning BD, Cantley LC (2007). AKT/PKB signaling: year. The forest based gathering for self-consumption and State government has authorized five agencies viz. UAFDC, macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, Navigating downstream. Cell, 129: 1261–1274. sale in the market provides substantial income to meet their Bhesaj Sangh, Kumaun Mandal Vikas Nigam, Garhwal 206:533–540. requirements for another 150-200 days. Thus the forest Mandal Vikas Nigam and Van Panchayat for the collection Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Ramachandran L, Kumar AP, Chan MM, Adapala NS, Fong D (2005). Curcumin Tergaonkar V (2012). Multifaceted link between cancer based livelihood in this Himalayan region is of great of lichen and other NTFPs from the forest area by the overcomes the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on and inflammation. Biosci. Rep., 32: 1–15. economic and ecological significance for the people due to allotment of forest compartments. For the purpose of Leishmania. Parasitol Res., 96:49–56. large variety of forest based products and services. Many sustainable harvesting, Uttarakhand Forest Department Sreejayan Rao MN (1997). Nitric oxide scavenging by Chen A, Xu J, Johnson AC (2006). Curcumin inhibits human NTFPs provide large livelihood opportunities which are opens only few ranges for the collection. A village collector curcuminoids. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 49: 105–107. colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression used largely for trade and hence supplement their annual may gather 3.5 – 5 Kg Jhula/ day as a subsidiary activity of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing Srivastava R, Dikshit M, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN (1985). income. Lichen, the symbiotic association of fungi with whereas a hired labour can collect 6.5-7.0 Kg Jhula after a the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1. Oncogene, Anti-thrombotic effect of curcumin. Thromb. Res., 40: green algae/ cynobacteria is among those NTFPs which are full day activity. A local trader (middleman) registered with 25: 278–287. 413–417. collected profusely from the forests. In Uttarakhand, the the authorised collecting agency may collect the produce Chen J, Tang XQ, Zhi JL, Cui Y, Yu HM, Tang EH, Sun SN, various lichens are known by the common name 'Jhula'. Due from 15-20 primary collectors after paying ? 50-90/Kg to Siveen KS, Sikka S, Surana R, Dai X, Zhang J, Kumar AP, Feng JQ Chen PX (2006). Curcumin protects PC12 cells Tan BK, Sethi G, Bishayee A (2014). Targeting the to its use in condiments, medicines, perfumery and dyes them depending on the quality of Jhula collected. against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer: Role of synthetic making, its collection from forests offers a big livelihood apoptosis by bcl-2-mitochondria-ROS-iNOS pathway. Marketing Apoptosis, 11: 943–953. and natural inhibitors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., opportunity for the natives. After fuelwood and fodder, Jhula 1845:136–154. is the biggest NTFP commodity in terms of quantity Auctioning at one of the three UAFDC mandis (details in Deodhar SD, Sethi R, Srimal, RC (1980).Preliminary study extractable from Uttarakhand's forests. This shows its great on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl Venkatesan N (1998). Curcumin attenuation of acute Table 1) is the only legal option for the local traders in importance for the forest dependent communities and methane). Indian J. Med. Res., 71:632–634. adriamycin myocardial toxicity in rats. Br. J. Uttarakhand for selling the forest produce. The collection Pharmacol., 124:425–427. justifies the need to study its marketing and trade areas under jurisdiction of these three mandis are specified in Dibb NJ, Dilworth SM, Mol CD (2004). Switching on mechanism. The study of economics of this trade will help the Forest Working Plans. Yet the middlemen are free to sell kinases: Oncogenic activation of BRAF and the PDGFR improve the rural economy of the gatherers. family. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4: 718–727. the forest produce in any of the three mandis. 58 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 59 Table 1. Herbal mandis of Uttarakhand Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Table 5. Economics of trading of one truck of low grade lichen Capacity of one truck (Q) =40 Mandi’s name, contact information and Forest collection area monthly auction dates in brackets Purchase cost= Collection price ( `) of one truck =7,000 × 40= 2,80,000 lichen as paid by the local trader @ ` 7000/Q Bibiwala Depot, Rishikesh, District Yamuna circle, all forest divisions of Bhagirathi and Shivalik Selling price ( `) at the mandi @ `15000/Q =15,000 × 40= 6,00,000 Dehradun circles, Karnaprayag forest division and Pauri and Paithani ranges Mobile (office)- 9 557936162 of Pauri forest division of Garhwal circle, Kedarnath forest division Overhead (a) Royalty (Forest Department) @ = 210 × 40 = 8400 (DSM Dehradun)-9568003215 of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve expenses ( `) ` 210/Q Email:[email protected] (7 and 22 of each month) (b) GST(5% of Royalty) = 0.05× 8400=420 Aamdanda Depot, Ramnagar, District The remaining areas of Garhwal circle, South Kumaun circle, (c) H andling charges of UAF DC = 1% of 6,00,000= 6,000 Nainital Almora forest division of North Kumaun circle, Bageshwar (d) R oyalty (Collecting agency) = 5% of 6,00,000= 30,000 Mobile (office)- 5947251233 forest division, civil soyam forest division Almora and Ranikhet (e) T ransportation cost = 15,000 (DSM Ramnagar )-9568003217 forest division, Tarai West, Tarai central and Ramnagar forest Total overhead expenses = 59,820 Email:[email protected] division of West circle (a+b+c+d+e) (6 and 20 of each month) Total expenses ( `) = 2,80,000+ 59,820= 3,39,820 T anakpur Depot, Maa Purna giri Van Haldwani and Tarai East forest divisions of West circle, Net profit ( ` )= Selling cost-Total expenses = 6,00,000– 3,39,820= 2,60,180 Vikas Parishad, Tanakpur, District Pithoragarh and Champawat forest divisions of North Kumaun % Profit to the local trader = 76.6% Champawat circle (2,60,180/3,39,820)× 100 Mobile (offic e)- 9557936162 % Share of collec tion p rice in t otal expenses = 82% (DSM Tanakpur) -9568003219 (2,80,000/3,39,820)× 100 Email:[email protected] m (10 and 26 of each month) for UAFDC and 5% for others) as royalty. The transportation opportunity. This is a hurdle for the industry to develop cost of one truck is taken as ? 15,000.