Answers Napoleon's Policies
Napoleon’s Policies ideas of the revolution would remain part of the French government. Historians speak of As Napoleon ruled his empire, he also strength- this period of Napoleon’s domination of Europe ened the power of France’s central government. as the Age of Napoleon. He developed a plan to establish order and Napoleon made some basic revolution- efficiency throughout France, which involved ary ideas part of the French government. Reading Focus reforms in many areas of French society. These democratic ideas included equality before the law and a representative system What were Napoleon’s most important Reform of Church-State Relations of government. In fact, these revolution- Many French citizens had despised the anti- policies? recognized influence of the ary principles were those that Napoleon had religious nature of the French Revolution. approved and supported. Church; established Bank of France; Napoleon soothed these feelings by making Throughout Europe, Napoleon’s actions set up efficient tax system; Napoleonic an agreement with the pope. Called the helped fuel the spread of nationalism —a sense Code revised and organized laws; Concordat, this agreement acknowledged that of identity and unity as a people. During the promoted order and authority over most French citizens were Roman Catholics. Revolution, the French people developed a new The agreement did not require that they be individual rights; established schools loyalty to France as a whole. In addition, simi- Catholics, because religious toleration was still lar feelings of nationalism spread to peoples the law. The Concordat recognized the influ- Napoleon’s Policies that Napoleon had conquered. ence of the Roman Catholic Church in France Describe but did not return any control over national Identify Cause and Effect $ESCRIBE THE .APOLEONIC affairs to the church. How did Napoleon’s reforms affect French society? #ODE made laws uniform nationwide, eliminated injustices, promoted order Economic Reforms Because Napoleon knew that a good financial system was essen- go.hrw.com and authority over individual rights SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT tial for the stability of France, he established Online Quiz Evaluate (OW WELL DID .APOLEON Keyword: SHL NAP HP the Bank of France to regulate the economy. IMPLEMENT THE PRINCIPLES OF THE &RENCH He also set up a more efficient tax collection Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People system. These measures ensured that the gov- 1. a. Identify What happened in November 1799? 2EVOLUTION success—equality before ernment would not face the kinds of financial b. Analyze How did Napoleon use French citizens to gain power? the law, representative system of crises that occurred before the Revolution. c. Evaluate Do you think you would have welcomed Napoleon as a dictator? Why or why not? government; failure—individual rights Legal and Educational Reforms Under 2. a. Recall Who fought the battles at Trafalgar and Austerlitz? Which side and freedoms Napoleon’s leadership, scholars revised and won each battle? organized French law and created the Napole- b. Analyze How did the Continental System affect countries beyond onic Code. This code made laws uniform across Europe? the nation and eliminated many injustices. c. Make Judgments How do you think you would have reacted if you However, it also promoted order and authority had been present at Napoleon’s crowning? over individual rights. Freedom of the press, for 3. a. Define What is nationalism , and how did it spread? example, was restricted by censors who banned b. Contrast In what way did Napoleon’s support of revolutionary ideals books and newspapers for certain political con- contrast with other actions that he took? c. Elaborate Why do you think historians may hold different views of Close tent. In addition, the code was limited in that it Napoleon? only applied to male citizens. The code denied 'UIDE STUDENTS IN A DISCUSSION ABOUT rights for women and allowed for husbands to Critical Thinking THE EFFECTS OF .APOLEONS CONQUESTS AND have authority over their wives. 4. Sequence Use the graphic organizer below to show the sequence of POLICIES ON &RANCE AND OTHER %UROPEAN Napoleon also believed that a strong state events that led to Napoleon’s rise to power. depended on having strong leaders in govern- COUNTRIES ment and military positions. He established a network of high schools, universities, and Review technical schools to educate young men in Online Quiz, Section 3 preparation for those jobs.
Napoleon’s Legacy Napoleon left a legacy 5. Exposition Write a one-paragraph letter to Napoleon from the view- Assess in France as well as throughout Europe. In point of a French officer stationed in Spain during the Peninsular War. In France, Napoleon ensured that some basic your letter, make suggestions about how to win the war. SE Section 3 Assessment Progress Assessment: Section 3 Quiz THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 215 Alternative Assessment Handbook Section 3 Assessment Answers Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, 1. a. Supporters of Napoleon staged a coup d’état. 3. a. sense of patriotism, identity, and unity as a Section 3 b. submitted a plebiscite asking whether people; through Napoleon’s conquests Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM France should be an empire b. Napoleon often suppressed individual c. possible answers—Yes, he established order; freedoms. no—dictators take power from the people. c. possible answer—Napoleon was a complex 2. a. Trafalgar—British defeated French and figure who took many diverse actions. Spanish; Austerlitz—French defeated 4. stopped royalists from regaining power, won Russians and Austrians. battles and territory, secured borders, staged b. prohibited trade with Britain; created other a coup d’état Answers conflicts 5. Students’ letters might mention attacks from Reading Check Napoleon made some c. possible answer—shocked that Napoleon peasants and propose reasonable ways to basic revolutionary ideas part of the crowned himself deal with guerrillas. French government. 215 SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Fall and Getting Started 5SE THE Interactive Reader and Study Guide TO FAMILIARIZE STUDENTS WITH THE SECTION Europe’s Reaction CONTENT BEFORE Y OU R EAD As you Interactive Reader and Study Guide, read, Section 4 MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE record key events during the last years After defeating Napoleon, 1. What events caused disaster Czar Alexander I of Napoleon’s rule in Name ______Class ______Date ______the European allies sent him and defeat for Napoleon? Hundred Days The French Revolution and Napoleon boxes like the ones Section 4 into exile and held a meet- Duke of Wellington 2. What were Napoleon’s last below. Then sum- ing in Vienna to restore Prince Klemens von Metternich MAIN IDEA campaigns? After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a marize the changes meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. order and stability Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 3. What did the Congress of after his fall. to Europe. indemnity Key Terms and People Vienna achieve? Czar Alexander I Russian ruler during Napoleon’s failed invasion of Russia reactionary Hundred Days brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon 4. What is the legacy of the Duke of Wellington head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo indemnity payment to other countries to compensate for damages caused during war French Revolution? Charles Maurice de Talleyrand French diplomat who attended the Congress of Vienna on behalf of King Louis XVIII and helped ensure fairness as the new map was drawn Prince Klemens von Metternich Austrian prince who strongly influenced policy decision-making at the Congress of Vienna reactionary opposing progress in hopes of conditions returning to those of earlier times
Taking Notes With a few officers as company, Napoleon was rid- As you read the summary, use the graphic organizer below to record key ing his horse through a field. Suddenly, a rabbit sprang events during the last years of Napoleon’s rule. Catastrophe! out between the legs of the emperor’s horse. The horse Did a bad omen doom an swerved, and Napoleon lost his hold, tumbling to the invasion from the start? On a ground. Only slightly bruised, Napoleon quickly stood moonlit June evening in 1812, Napo- and remounted his horse—all without speaking a word. leon camped with his army near the Neman River in an The event worried the officers, who could not shake off area now known as Lithuania and Belarus. The army was their leader’s tumble as a harmless accident. One officer ready to cross the river and invade the powerful empire said to another: “We should do better not to cross the of Russia. Neman. That fall is a bad sign.”
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 6 73 Interactive Reader and Study Guide
CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 4
Taking Notes disastrous Russian campaign; defeat at Battle of Nations; exile to Elba; the Hundred Days; Battle of Waterloo; France returned to original size; map of Europe redrawn; monarchies restored; people’s rights restricted
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Teach the Main Idea At Level Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction 1. Teach !SK STUDENTS THE 2EADING &OCUS 3. Review !S YOU REVIEW THE SECTION HAVE QUESTIONS TO TEACH THIS SECTION STUDENTS EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF THE &RENCH 2. Apply $RAW A FOUR COLUMN CHART FOR 2EVOLUTION AND .APOLEON OVER THE SHORT STUDENTS TO SEE ,ABEL THE COLUMNS WITH TERM AND THE LONG TERM THE TOPICS OF THIS SECTION$ISASTER AND 4. Practice/Homework (AVE STUDENTS $EFEAT 4HE ,AST #AMPAIGNS 4HE #ONGRESS WRITE A ONE PAGE ESSAY ON THE CONTINUING OF 6IENNA AND 4HE 2EVOLUTIONS ,EGACY IMPORTANCE OF THE &RENCH 2EVOLUTION (AVE STUDENTS COPY THE CHART AND HAVE THEM Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic WRITE THE MAIN POINTS OF EACH TOPIC IN THE Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 7: CORRESPONDING COLUMN Charts; and 37: Writing Assignments
216 CHAPTER 6 Disaster and Defeat Napoleon wanted a quick victory over Rus- sia, but there was no one for Napoleon to fight. While some of Napoleon’s officers believed they The Russian troops withdrew as he advanced. had seen a “bad sign” before they invaded Rus- Russian peasants, too, moved east after set- sia, Napoleon himself apparently did not see ting fire to their fields in order to leave noth- the sign. He decided to invade Russia. ing behind that the French troops could use. To Reading Focus Napoleon and his troops, all of western Russia When Napoleon The Russian Campaign seemed deserted. stationed troops near the western border of What events caused disaster and In August, the French army was still Russia, Czar Alexander I , the Russian ruler, defeat for Napoleon? miserable failure moving east toward Moscow. Napoleon’s became very nervous. The czar, who was also troops finally clashed with the Russians. of Russian campaign; enemies allied concerned about the effects of the Continental The French won the battle, but their casual- themselves and attacked Napoleon’s System on his country’s need to import goods, ties were very high. The Russian army, still forces near Leipzig began to gather his own troops. Napoleon 90,000 men strong, retreated. noticed those troop movements. To teach the What remained of the French army pushed czar a lesson, he decided to turn his troops east Disaster and Defeat on to Moscow in September. The troops found and move into Russia. the city nearly deserted and in flames. No Explain 7HY DID .APOLEON ATTACK In June, Napoleon and an army of some one knows whether the Russians or French 600,000 men marched across the Russian bor- 2USSIA wanted to punish Russia for looters lit the fires. Regardless of the cause, der. However, this invasion was troubled from gathering troops near the border Napoleon could not support his troops in the the beginning. First, many of the soldiers were ruined city through the winter. In October he Analyze 7HAT STRATEGIC MOVES DID new recruits from conquered territories who felt had no choice: He left Moscow. no loyalty to Napoleon. Also, many of the 2USSIAN FORCES MAKE not meeting Napoleon’s weary troops began the long army’s supplies were lost or spoiled along the retreat homeward. The Russians forced the French forces head-on; burning fields rough roads. In addition to those problems, French army to return the way it had come— and cities to destroy supplies; retreat- the July heat made men and horses misera- across the same scorched fields Napoleon had ing, forcing the French to follow ble. As a result, many men suffered from dis- crossed earlier in the summer. To make the ease, desertion, and hunger, which thinned the journey even worse, Russian peasants attacked (AVE STUDENTS WRITE A LETTER army’s ranks. isolated French soldiers. HOME FROM A 'ERMAN SOLDIER SERVING IN .APOLEONS ARMY FOR THE 2USSIAN RUSSIAN C AMPAIGN, 1812 CAMPAIGN Verbal-Linguistic CRF: Biography: Czar Alexander I CRF: History and Geography: Napoleon Invades Russia Map Transparency: Russian Campaign, 1812
Soldiers in Napoleon’s SOLDIERS IN NAPOLEON’S RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN Russian Campaign • 600,000 began the campaign Predict (OW DO YOU THINK .APOLEONS • 250,000 died in Russia 2USSIAN CAMPAIGN AFFECTED SURVIVING • 94,000 taken prisoner SOLDIERS MORALE soldiers probably • 150,000 wounded or deserted tired, angry, upset at loss of fellow /BQPMFPOTJOWBTJPO soldiers This painting shows /BQPMFPOTSFUSFBU • 100,000 survived Napoleon leading French Analyze What factors do you think Quick Facts Transparency: Soldiers in troops to Moscow. The First Sight of Moscow, by Laslett John Pott, undated contributed to the huge loss of men? Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
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Skills Focus: Identifying Problem and Solution At Level Reading Skill Planning the Russian Campaign Materials: OUTLINE MAPS 3. 0LANS SHOULD INCLUDE A WRITTEN ELEMENT AND A 1. 2EVIEW WITH STUDENTS THE INFORMATION IN THE MAP 3TUDENTS SHOULD CONSIDER FACTORS SUCH AS TEXT ABOUT THE DISASTROUS 2USSIAN CAMPAIGN SUPPLY LINES WHAT TO DO IN HARSH WEATHER AND AND DISCUSS THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE HOW TO LOCATE AND ENGAGE THE 2USSIAN FORCES INVADING &RENCH FORCE 2EMIND STUDENTS THAT THEY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO USE MODERN TRANSPORTATION OR TECHNOLOGY 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO MIXED ABILITY PAIRS (AVE EACH PAIR PLAN A 2USSIAN CAMPAIGN 4. (AVE VOLUNTEERS SHARE THEIR PLANS WITH THE DESIGNED TO AVOID THE MILITARY MISTAKES THAT CLASS Logical-Mathematical, Visual-Spatial Answers .APOLEON MADE Alternative Assessment Handbook , Rubrics 14: Russian Campaign, 1812 harsh Group Activity; and 20: Map Creation Russian winter, desertions due to low morale 217 Then true horror set in. The harsh Rus- The Hundred Days After about a year in READING sian winter was the most terrifying enemy exile on Elba, Napoleon managed to hire a SKILLS that the French army had encountered. As ship that took him and many supporters back Understanding the exhausted men marched west, starvation to France. He landed on the north coast and Word Origins If and freezing temperatures killed thousands. headed for Paris. Reading Focus the root word contra means The brutal Russian winter did what no mili- As rumors of Napoleon’s return spread, “against,” what do tary power had been able to do before. It deci- people began to react. Louis XVIII panicked What were Napoleon’s last campaigns? you think the word mated Napoleon’s army. and fled to Belgium, and the allies declared encounter means? The Hundred Days, Battle of Waterloo What was left of the French army stag- Napoleon an outlaw. The French people gered back to French territory without a leader. who despised Napoleon for dragging France The Last Campaigns Napoleon had rushed back to Paris by sleigh, through years of bitter warfare were not leaving his troops to face much of the awful trip happy. Thousands of other French citizens, Identify !FTER .APOLEONS EXILE WHO without him. In the end, only about 94,000 out however, were excited to hear that Napoleon BECAME LEADER OF &RANCE Louis XVIII, of the original 600,000 French troops made the was back. They still adored their emperor for journey back. brother of Louis XVI the reforms he had made and the glory he had won for France. In fact, the troops sent to Make Inferences 7HY DO YOU Defeat and Exile to Elba Napoleon’s arrest Napoleon pledged their loyalty to him THINK .APOLEON WAS EXILED RATHER THAN disaster in Russia gave his enemies new hope. instead. On March 20 Napoleon arrived in Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain Paris to cheering crowds. This was the begin- PLACED IN PRISON possible answer—so allied themselves against France. Meanwhile, ning of the Hundred Days , a brief period of that he would be far away, unable to Napoleon raised another army, but his troops renewed glory for Napoleon and of problems bribe his way out or influence politics were inexperienced. In October 1813 the allies for his enemies. met Napoleon’s new troops near the German in any way city of Leipzig. This battle was a clear defeat The Battle of Waterloo Across Europe, Make Judgments )F YOU LIVED IN for Napoleon. In March 1814, the allies entered Napoleon’s enemies were gathering their &RANCE AT THE TIME WOULD YOU HAVE Paris in triumph. troops for another showdown with Napoleon. As one of the terms of surrender, Napoleon After some indecisive battles, the final confron- SUPPORTED .APOLEONS RETURN had to give up his throne. The victors allowed tation pitted Napoleon’s troops against British possible answers—Yes, he made him to keep the title of emperor, but his new troops led by the Duke of Wellington . Belgian, reforms and won glory for France; empire was tiny—a small Mediterranean Dutch, and German troops increased Welling- ton’s ranks. On June 18, 1815, the armies met no—he dragged France through years island named Elba, off the coast of Italy. He went into exile with a small pension and about near Waterloo, a Belgian village. of bitter warfare. 400 guards. Heavy rain delayed the battle until late morning. The British forces stood their ground, Identify Cause and but the fighting was ferocious all day. One of Effect What factors contributed to Napoleon’s failure Britain’s allies, Prussia, came to their aid. As in Russia? Prussian troops arrived to help the British sol- Info to Know diers, Napoleon’s army was no match for the War and Peace ,EO 4OLSTOYS War The Last Campaigns combined strength of the two armies. They and Peace IS ONE OF THE GREATESTAND drove the French army off the field by the end of the day. LONGESTNOVELS EVER WRITTEN 4OLSTOY By exiling Napoleon and sending him to Elba, the allies believed they had ended any threat The French and the British both suffered RELATES A DRAMATIC STORY OF lCTIONAL from him. But Napoleon would not go quietly. huge losses at the Battle of Waterloo. Casual- Waterloo CHARACTERS AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE has He waited for an opportunity to regain control ties totaled about 50,000 men. But for Napo- come to mean any leon, the Battle of Waterloo was a crushing .APOLEONIC 7ARS 4HE MAIN CHARACTERS sort of crushing of France. defeat. It was the end of his military career and ARE MEMBERS OF 2USSIAN NOBILITY AND defeat. The phrase Meanwhile, the allies restored the French to meet one’s monarchy. They recognized Louis XVIII, the the end of the Napoleonic Wars. THE MILITARY WHO GET CAUGHT UP IN THE Waterloo means brother of the executed king Louis XVI, as the “to face a final and Napoleon’s Final Days Napoleon evaded rightful king of France. In addition, the allies WARS -UCH OF THE BOOK TAKES PLACE decisive moment.” the victors briefly. Having fled to a port, he returned the borders of France to what they DURING .APOLEONS 2USSIAN CAMPAIGN tried to escape to America, but he was soon had been in 1792. But the king quickly grew captured. This time, Napoleon’s captors unpopular, and many French citizens feared a sent him much farther away than Elba. return to the Old Order.
218 CHAPTER 6
Differentiating Instruction Below Level English-Language Learners 1. 2EVIEW THE INFORMATION IN THE TEXT ABOUT 3. (AVE VOLUNTEERS PRESENT THEIR SUMMARIES TO .APOLEONS lNAL CAMPAIGNS 2EMIND STUDENTS THE CLASS Verbal-Linguistic THAT .APOLEON HAD BEEN A POPULAR lGURE IN Alternative Assessment Handbook , Rubric 37: Answers &RANCE FOR MANY YEARS BEFORE HIS DOWNFALL Writing Assignments Reading Skills face, meet 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO MIXED ABILITY PAIRS Reading Check (left) soldiers (AVE EACH PAIR WORK TOGETHER TO WRITE A lacked loyalty to Napoleon, extreme SUMMARY OF .APOLEONS LAST CAMPAIGNS heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease, 3UMMARIES SHOULD INCLUDE CAMPAIGNS FROM desertion, hunger, Russian troops THE END OF THE 2USSIAN CAMPAIGN UP UNTIL withdrew, harsh Russian winter (right) .APOLEONS DEATH hired a ship to return him to France and won the support of people and the army 218 FORENSICS in History
Was Napoleon Murdered? Reading Focus Does it matter whether Napoleon was murdered? Napoleon could also have What did the Congress of Vienna Perhaps not, but at the time it certainly did mat- been poisoned by the wall- ter. Many French were sure that the British had paper in his sitting-room. It achieve? redrew map of Europe; something to do with his death. The English were included a green color made formed the German Confederation; equally anxious to prove that they had not mis- with copper arsenite. Although took and distributed France’s treated him. copper arsenite is usually harm- conquered territories; restored What facts do we have? The official autopsy less, mold can convert it to a Wallpaper some monarchies results reported a perforated, or punctured, stom- poisonous vapor. The climate on Saint Helena is from Napoleon’s ach and stomach cancer. However, that report humid enough for this to have occurred. room The Congress of Vienna also documented a high level of poisonous arse- Recently, Paul Fornes, a French forensic scientist, nic in Napoleon’s hair. reviewed the old autopsy report. Fornes concluded Identify 7HO WAS THE MOST IMPOR that while Napoleon had cancer, the cancer did Does the presence of arsenic prove that the TANT lGURE AT THE #ONGRESS OF 6IENNA British had Napoleon killed? Not necessarily. There not kill him. Fornes also pointed out that the are two possible sources for the arsenic other than source of the arsenic in the hair sample remains Prince Klemens von Metternich deliberate poisoning. One source of arsenic was unknown. Thus, whether Napoleon was murdered Draw Conclusions 7HY DID THE is still one of history’s mysteries. medicine, since arsenic was an ingredient in many #ONGRESS OF 6IENNA WANT TO SUPPRESS 19th-century medicines. Because doctors treated Napoleon for many ailments, the arsenic may have Draw Conclusions Why might the cause of ALL REVOLUTIONS saw revolutions as come from drugs. Napoleon’s death still be a topic of international destabilizing force; wanted to stabilize interest today? Europe
They exiled him to Saint Helena, a bleak The Negotiators Although about 700 dip- Forensics in History volcanic island in the South Atlantic, some lomats attended the Congress, only a few Copper Arsenite #OPPER ARSENITE 1,200 miles from the nearest mainland. played crucial roles in the negotiations: Lord IS A KNOWN CARCINOGEN )T AFFECTS THE Napoleon never escaped from his remote Castlereagh ( KAS -uhl-ray) of Great Britain, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE GASTROINTES prison on Saint Helena. Nor did Napoleon Czar Alexander I of Russia, King Frederick serve a long sentence; he died six years later William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens TINAL TRACT AND THE KIDNEYS 3YMPTOMS at the age of just 51. The cause of his death von Metternich ( MET -ern-ik) of Austria. Charles INCLUDE COUGHS AND HEADACHES AS WELL has never been determined definitively. Maurice de Talleyrand attended on behalf AS CARDIAC DISORDERS AND SHOCK 7HEN Draw Conclusions How of King Louis XVIII, who had retaken the THE CHEMICAL IS HEATED TOXIC FUMES ARE was Napoleon able to escape exile in Elba and return French throne. to command the French army? Metternich, who had a strong distrust of RELEASED AND EXPOSURE TO THE CHEMICAL democracy and political change, dominated CAN LEAD TO DEATH the Congress of Vienna. He wanted to restore The Congress of Vienna a balance of power, make Europe peaceful Just before Napoleon’s escape from Elba, hun- again, restore old monarchies, and compensate dreds of diplomats had gathered in the city of the Allies for their losses. Like Metternich, Vienna. The purpose of this grand meeting, the other decision makers wanted to make called the Congress of Vienna, was to create a sure that France could never again rise to plan to restore order and stability to Europe such power. Perhaps more than anything, wor- after the turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars. The ried members of the Congress wanted to put diplomats’ plan redrew the map of Europe. down revolution wherever it might appear.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 219
Skills Focus: Summarizing At Level Reading Skill The Congress of Vienna 1. #OPY THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER AS SHOWN FOR Congress Goals: STUDENTS TO SEE /MIT THE ITALICIZED WORDS of Vienna ensure that (AVE STUDENTS COPY THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER ONTO People: France did THEIR PAPERS AND LIST THE CORRECT INFORMATION Castlereagh, not rise to FOR EACH HEADING Czar power again, Alexander, put down 2. (AVE VOLUNTEERS TAKE TURNS COMPLETING THE Frederick revolutions, Answers CLASS GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Visual-Spatial William III, Accomplishments: remove all Metternich, redistributed land, traces of Forensics in History possible Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 13: Talleyrand redrew map of Europe, French answer—could lead to a different Graphic Organizers made France pay Revolution understanding of political or social indemnity events in history 219 They wanted to remove all traces of the French large indemnity —a payment to other countries Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. To do so, they to compensate them for damages. changed boundaries across Europe. Restoring Monarchies In addition to Redrawing the Map The Congress of redrawing the map, the Congress of Vienna Reading Focus Vienna changed many national borders in restored some of the monarchies that Napoleon order to strengthen the nations near France. had eliminated. Members of the old Bourbon The Congress of Vienna Strengthening the states surrounding France royal family were returned to the thrones of was supposed to lessen the chance that France Spain and Sicily. Monarchies were also restored Explain (OW WAS IT DECIDED WHICH would invade its neighbors again. in Portugal and the island nation of Sardinia. NATIONS GAINED TERRITORY AND WHICH The Dutch Republic and the Austrian Neth- NATIONS LOST IT Those which aided erlands were united as the Kingdom of the Metternich’s Influence After Napoleon’s fall, reactionary attitudes deeply influenced France lost territory; those which op- Netherlands. Austria joined with 38 German states to form a loose organization of states politics and society. People with reactionary ide- posed France won territory. called the German Confederation. Great Brit- als not only oppose progress but also want con- ditions to return to those of an earlier time. Make Judgments $O YOU THINK ain received overseas territories, rather than land in Europe. Metternich was a reactionary who wanted &RANCE WAS TREATED FAIRLY BY THE #ON The process of redrawing the map required to return Europe to the years before 1789. GRESS OF 6IENNA possible answers— complicated trades. Countries that had aided He believed in absolute monarchy. Constitu- Yes, France caused much suffering in France lost territory. Those that had fought tions, voting rights, freedom of religion and the press—Metternich despised them all. In Europe; no—other countries plun- France gained territory. If one country seemed to be getting too much, it had to give up some- the areas where Metternich’s influence was dered French holdings. thing else. Talleyrand was instrumental in strong—Austria, the German states, and Map Transparency: Europe After the arranging these trades. northern Italy—all such liberal ideas were suppressed. Secret police spied on people who Congress of Vienna, 1815 In the end, France lost all its conquered ter- ritory. Its boundaries were pulled back to where disagreed with Metternich’s ideas, and his they had been in 1792. France also had to pay a opponents were often imprisoned or fined.
Interactive Interpreting Maps EUROPE AFTER THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1815 Europe After the Congress #PVOEBSZPG UIF NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE, 1812 of Vienna, 1815 (FSNBO$POGFEFSBUJPO Movement 7HICH COUNTRIES WERE
1BSJT 7JFOOB NEVER CONTROLLED BY &RANCE Great Britain, Russia .BESJE 3PNF 2ECENT 3CHOLARSHIP The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte IS THE SECOND BOOK OF A TWO VOLUME BIOGRAPHY BY 2OBERT " !SPREY !SPREY A FORMER 53 -ARINE CAP go.hrw.com TAIN DRAWS ON HIS ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY Interactive Map (FRANCE) KNOWLEDGE OF WARFARE TO SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Keyword: SHL NAP PRESENT A DETAILED AND DRAMATIC 1. Location What countries surrounded France after the PICTURE OF .APOLEONS LIFE AND Congress of Vienna? CAMPAIGNS 4HE BOOK FOCUSES 2. Regions Which regions were broken up into small states?
ON COMMAND STRATEGY AS WELL 220 CHAPTER 6 AS THE SUFFERING ENDURED BY INDIVIDUAL FOOT SOLDIERS The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte Collaborative Learning At Level BY 2OBERT !SPREY "ASIC "OOKS Delegates in Vienna 1. 2EVIEW WITH STUDENTS THE MAIN REPRESENTATIVES 4. (AVE THE NOTE TAKER IN EACH GROUP SUMMARIZE AND VIEWPOINTS AT THE #ONGRESS OF 6IENNA THE GOALS OF THE CONGRESS FOR THE CLASS 2. /RGANIZE STUDENTS INTO GROUPS OF lVE &OUR Interpersonal OF THE STUDENTS WILL REPRESENT lGURES AT THE Alternative Assessment Handbook , Rubric 14: Answers CONGRESS AND THE lFTH WILL SERVE AS A NOTE Group Activity Interpreting Maps 1. Netherlands, TAKER )F THERE ARE REMAINING STUDENTS THEY Prussia, Spain, Lesser German States, SHOULD REPRESENT THE lFTH IMPORTANT lGURE AT Switzerland, Kingdom of Sardinia; 2. THE CONGRESS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE GROUPS Italy, Germany 3. Reading Check restore order, stability, (AVE STUDENTS IN EACH GROUP BRAINSTORM AND and balance of power; ensure France CREATE A LIST OF GOALS EACH OF THE CONGRESSIONAL could not rise again; suppress revolution REPRESENTATIVES WANTS TO ACHIEVE 220 In addition, newspapers were not allowed to FACES OF HISTORY publish opposing views. For about 30 years, Metternich hated Metternich’s conservative influence helped Prince Klemens von the republican form silence the liberal ideals of the Revolution. of government. This METTERNICH hatred most likely Summarize What were the 1773–1859 stemmed from an Reading Focus main goals of the Congress of Vienna? event during the French Revolution. The Metternich estate, which his family had held What is the legacy of the French for 800 years, was seized by the French in 1794. The Revolution’s Legacy Metternich believed only monarchies working together could Revolution? monarchs no longer Given the results of the Congress of Vienna, keep the peace: “Union between the monarchs. . . must . . . save soci- secure in their positions, people was the French Revolution a failure? At first ety from total ruin.” His repressive policies, however, helped bring realized they could change their glance, you might think so. After the Congress on revolutions in 1848. During the revolution in Austria, Metternich governments and destinies of Vienna, monarchs ruled much of Europe fled Vienna in a laundry cart, but he eventually retired in peace. once again. Citizens’ rights were again restricted, Draw Conclusions Why do you think Metternich’s policies The Revolution’s Legacy and nobles enjoyed the privileges of a glittering sparked revolutions in 1848? lifestyle. Had so many revolutionaries died in Recall )N WHAT WAY WAS THE &RENCH vain? Had the principles of the Enlightenment died with them? 2EVOLUTION UNSUCCESSFUL Monarchs In fact, the French Revolution had changed people around the world for the next 200 years. again ruled Europe; citizens’ rights many things. Never again would Europe’s mon- Those ideals were so powerful that they could were restricted; nobles enjoyed a archs and nobles be secure in their privileged survive the worst horrors that the French privileged lifestyle. positions. They knew that Enlightenment ideas Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars could cre- Elaborate about human dignity, personal liberty, and the ate. Only a few years after Napoleon’s empire 7HY IS THE &RENCH 2EVOLU equality of all people would not go away. ended, massive revolutions began from France TION CONSIDERED SO IMPORTANT ideals of The common people also remembered to Romania. Enlightenment ideals crossed the revolution inspired people worldwide; something important—that they could change Atlantic and inspired people in Latin America gave knowledge that people could the world. In the Revolution, French workers to throw off colonial rule. Eventually, the same and peasants had taken control of their own ideals would inspire political movements in change their own destinies destinies. No longer did people have to assume Asia and Africa. that nothing would ever change to make their lives better. Draw Conclusions Though the Revolution was over within 10 Why could it be said that the French Revolution is still years, the ideals that inspired it influenced being fought today?
go.hrw.com SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL NAP HP Close Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking (AVE STUDENTS DISCUSS THE LASTING IMPACT 1. a. Explain What challenges did the French army face in the 5. Analyze Use the concept map below to describe possible OF THE &RENCH 2EVOLUTION Russian campaign? long-term results of the French Revolution. b. Infer How did Russia’s physical geography affect Napo- leon’s invasion? Review 2. a. Recall What was the Hundred Days ? French Revolution Napoleon Congress of Vienna Online Quiz, Section 4 b. Draw Conclusions How do you think the results of the Battle of Waterloo affected morale on both sides? 3. a. Identify Who was Metternich, and why was he important? Assess b. Make Generalizations Use the maps in this section to SE Section 4 Assessment make a general statement about how Europe’s boundaries 6. Persuasion Write a brief conversation between two leaders changed between 1812 and 1815. of the Congress of Vienna—Metternich and Talleyrand. Progress Assessment: Section 4 Quiz 4. a. Describe What did Europe after the Congress of Vienna In your conversation, have the speakers debate what the Alternative Assessment Handbook have in common with Europe before 1789? Congress should do to maintain peace in Europe. b. Make Judgments Do you think the French Revolution was effective? Why or why not? Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 221 Section 4
Section 4 Assessment Answers Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM
1. a. supplies lost or spoiled, difficult to find 4. a. monarchs ruled much of Europe; citizens’ Russian army, harsh Russian winter rights restricted; nobles enjoyed privileges b. size of country meant long marches; harsh b. possible answer—Yes, high ideals inspired winter killed thousands others worldwide. 2. a. period when Napoleon returned from exile 5. Enlightenment ideals and nationalism spread, b. possible answer—French: heartbroken; uniform government efficient, monarchy British and Prussian: joyful returns, people’s rights restricted, territories Answers redistributed 3. a. Austrian prince; guided decisions at the Faces of History His policies were Congress of Vienna 6. Students’ conversations might include the undemocratic and repressive; people b. France shrank to original size; empires following debate points: Metternich—abso- wanted more control. splintered into smaller countries; confedera- lute monarchy to ensure peace; Talleyrand— Reading Check People still fight for tions formed redistribution of land; balance of power. the basic ideals of liberty and equality. 221