Napoleon’s Policies ideas of the revolution would remain part of the French government. Historians speak of As Napoleon ruled his empire, he also strength- this period of Napoleon’s domination of Europe ened the power of France’s central government. as the Age of Napoleon. He developed a plan to establish order and Napoleon made some basic revolution- efficiency throughout France, which involved ary ideas part of the French government. Reading Focus reforms in many areas of French society. These democratic ideas included equality before the law and a representative system What were Napoleon’s most important Reform of Church-State Relations of government. In fact, these revolution- Many French citizens had despised the anti- policies? recognized influence of the ary principles were those that Napoleon had religious nature of the French Revolution. approved and supported. Church; established Bank of France; Napoleon soothed these feelings by making Throughout Europe, Napoleon’s actions set up efficient tax system; Napoleonic an agreement with the pope. Called the helped fuel the spread of nationalism —a sense Code revised and organized laws; Concordat, this agreement acknowledged that of identity and unity as a people. During the promoted order and authority over most French citizens were Roman Catholics. Revolution, the French people developed a new The agreement did not require that they be individual rights; established schools loyalty to France as a whole. In addition, simi- Catholics, because religious toleration was still lar feelings of nationalism spread to peoples the law. The Concordat recognized the influ- Napoleon’s Policies that Napoleon had conquered. ence of the Roman Catholic Church in France Describe but did not return any control over national Identify Cause and Effect $ESCRIBETHE.APOLEONIC affairs to the church. How did Napoleon’s reforms affect French society? #ODE made laws uniform nationwide, eliminated injustices, promoted order Economic Reforms Because Napoleon knew that a good financial system was essen- go.hrw.com and authority over individual rights SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT tial for the stability of France, he established Online Quiz Evaluate(OWWELLDID.APOLEON Keyword: SHL NAP HP the Bank of France to regulate the economy. IMPLEMENTTHEPRINCIPLESOFTHE&RENCH He also set up a more efficient tax collection Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People system. These measures ensured that the gov- 1. a. Identify What happened in November 1799? 2EVOLUTION success—equality before ernment would not face the kinds of financial b. Analyze How did Napoleon use French citizens to gain power? the law, representative system of crises that occurred before the Revolution. c. Evaluate Do you think you would have welcomed Napoleon as a dictator? Why or why not? government; failure—individual rights Legal and Educational Reforms Under 2. a. Recall Who fought the battles at Trafalgar and Austerlitz? Which side and freedoms Napoleon’s leadership, scholars revised and won each battle? organized French law and created the Napole- b. Analyze How did the Continental System affect countries beyond onic Code. This code made laws uniform across Europe? the nation and eliminated many injustices. c. Make Judgments How do you think you would have reacted if you However, it also promoted order and authority had been present at Napoleon’s crowning? over individual rights. Freedom of the press, for 3. a. Define What is nationalism , and how did it spread? example, was restricted by censors who banned b. Contrast In what way did Napoleon’s support of revolutionary ideals books and newspapers for certain political con- contrast with other actions that he took? c. Elaborate Why do you think historians may hold different views of Close tent. In addition, the code was limited in that it Napoleon? only applied to male citizens. The code denied 'UIDESTUDENTSINADISCUSSIONABOUT rights for women and allowed for husbands to Critical Thinking THEEFFECTSOF.APOLEONSCONQUESTSAND have authority over their wives. 4. Sequence Use the graphic organizer below to show the sequence of POLICIESON&RANCEANDOTHER%UROPEAN Napoleon also believed that a strong state events that led to Napoleon’s rise to power. depended on having strong leaders in govern- COUNTRIES ment and military positions. He established a network of high schools, universities, and Review technical schools to educate young men in Online Quiz, Section 3 preparation for those jobs. Napoleon’s Legacy Napoleon left a legacy 5. Exposition Write a one-paragraph letter to Napoleon from the view- Assess in France as well as throughout Europe. In point of a French officer stationed in Spain during the Peninsular War. In France, Napoleon ensured that some basic your letter, make suggestions about how to win the war. SE Section 3 Assessment Progress Assessment: Section 3 Quiz THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 215 Alternative Assessment Handbook Section 3 Assessment Answers Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, 1. a. Supporters of Napoleon staged a coup d’état. 3. a. sense of patriotism, identity, and unity as a Section 3 b. submitted a plebiscite asking whether people; through Napoleon’s conquests Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM France should be an empire b. Napoleon often suppressed individual c. possible answers—Yes, he established order; freedoms. no—dictators take power from the people. c. possible answer—Napoleon was a complex 2. a. Trafalgar—British defeated French and figure who took many diverse actions. Spanish; Austerlitz—French defeated 4. stopped royalists from regaining power, won Russians and Austrians. battles and territory, secured borders, staged b. prohibited trade with Britain; created other a coup d’état Answers conflicts 5. Students’ letters might mention attacks from Reading Check Napoleon made some c. possible answer—shocked that Napoleon peasants and propose reasonable ways to basic revolutionary ideas part of the crowned himself deal with guerrillas. French government. 215 SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Fall and Getting Started 5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION Europe’s Reaction CONTENT BEFORE Y OU R EAD As you Interactive Reader and Study Guide, read, Section 4 MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE record key events during the last years After defeating Napoleon, 1. What events caused disaster Czar Alexander I of Napoleon’s rule in Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ the European allies sent him and defeat for Napoleon? Hundred Days The French Revolution and Napoleon boxes like the ones Section 4 into exile and held a meet- Duke of Wellington 2. What were Napoleon’s last below. Then sum- ing in Vienna to restore Prince Klemens von Metternich MAIN IDEA campaigns? After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a marize the changes meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. order and stability Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 3. What did the Congress of after his fall. to Europe. indemnity Key Terms and People Vienna achieve? Czar Alexander I Russian ruler during Napoleon’s failed invasion of Russia reactionary Hundred Days brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon 4. What is the legacy of the Duke of Wellington head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo indemnity payment to other countries to compensate for damages caused during war French Revolution? Charles Maurice de Talleyrand French diplomat who attended the Congress of Vienna on behalf of King Louis XVIII and helped ensure fairness as the new map was drawn Prince Klemens von Metternich Austrian prince who strongly influenced policy decision-making at the Congress of Vienna reactionary opposing progress in hopes of conditions returning to those of earlier times Taking Notes With a few officers as company, Napoleon was rid- As you read the summary, use the graphic organizer below to record key ing his horse through a field. Suddenly, a rabbit sprang events during the last years of Napoleon’s rule. Catastrophe! out between the legs of the emperor’s horse. The horse Did a bad omen doom an swerved, and Napoleon lost his hold, tumbling to the invasion from the start? On a ground. Only slightly bruised, Napoleon quickly stood moonlit June evening in 1812, Napo- and remounted his horse—all without speaking a word. leon camped with his army near the Neman River in an The event worried the officers, who could not shake off area now known as Lithuania and Belarus. The army was their leader’s tumble as a harmless accident. One officer ready to cross the river and invade the powerful empire said to another: “We should do better not to cross the of Russia. Neman. That fall is a bad sign.” Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 6 73 Interactive Reader and Study Guide CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 4 Taking Notes disastrous Russian campaign; defeat at Battle of Nations; exile to Elba; the Hundred Days; Battle of Waterloo; France returned to original size; map of Europe redrawn; monarchies restored; people’s rights restricted 216 CHAPTER 6 Teach the Main Idea At Level Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction 1. Teach !SKSTUDENTSTHE2EADING&OCUS 3. Review !SYOUREVIEWTHESECTION HAVE QUESTIONSTOTEACHTHISSECTION STUDENTSEXPLAINTHEEFFECTSOFTHE&RENCH 2. Apply $RAWAFOUR COLUMNCHARTFOR 2EVOLUTIONAND.APOLEONOVERTHESHORT STUDENTSTOSEE,ABELTHECOLUMNSWITH TERMANDTHELONGTERM THETOPICSOFTHISSECTION$ISASTERAND