Answers Napoleon's Policies
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„Golden Age”: Introduction Into the 1803–1832 Epochs
ARCHIWUM EMIGRACJI Studia – Szkice – Dokumenty http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/AE.2018-2019.008 Toruń, Rok 2018/2019, Zeszyt 1–2 (26–27) ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ UNIWERSYTET W WILNIE THE UNIVERSITY OF VILNIUS AND ITS „GOLDEN AGE”: INTRODUCTION INTO THE 1803–1832 EPOCHS Alfredas BUMBLAUSKAS (Vilnius University) ORCID: 0000-0002-3067-786X Loreta SKURVYDAITĖ (Vilnius University) ORCID: 0000-0002-4350-4482 1. WHAT IS THE UNIVERSITY OF VILNIUS? It is a paradoxically simple question. Though it will not seem so simple if we ask another question — what is Vilnius? Today it is the capital of the Republic of Lithuania, a member state of the European Union. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, the epoch of great importance to us, it was turned into a provincial town of the Russian Empire. Prior to that, for a long time, it was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which existed in the 13th–18th century. In the 20th century, after the reestablishment of the Polish and Lithuanian states, it did not become the capital of Lithuania (the city of Kaunas became its provisional capital); Vilnius was incorporated into Poland and became a city of the Polish province. In 1939, on Stalin’s initiative, it was taken away from Poland and returned to Lithuania, at the same time annexing Lithuania to the Soviet Empire. All this has to be kept in mind if we want to understand the question what the University of Vilnius is. And what was it during the period between 1803 and 1832? 79 At first glance the answer seems simple — this is an institution founded by the Jesuits and Stephen Bathory in 1579. -
The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe
The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference. -
Congress of Vienna Vs. Treaty of Versailles
Assignment: Congress of Vienna vs. Treaty of Versailles (Chart and LEQ.) Both the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles came after devastating conflicts in Europe, but both were approached quite drastically. Answer the below prompt: It has been a common part of European history to witness the execution of violent conflict and the resolution thereof through mutually agreed upon peace treaties, be it through negotiation or force. Prior to the Great War, the Napoleonic Wars had been one of the most devastating series of conflicts that the continent had witnessed, at least in terms of the destabilization it resulted in of the previously standing European powers. This conflict was resolved with the exile of Napoleon for the second time and the Congress of Vienna, intended to properly establish a stable, long-lasting balance of European power among the continent’s states. It was this balance of power that was agreed upon that the Great War was fought over. The Great War was similarly resolved by a treaty, and much like the treaty that ended the Napoleonic Wars, the Treaty of Versailles was negotiated between a wholly victorious and wholly defeated party/parties. When comparing these two peace treaties, it is apt to compare the degree of success that they attained. Looking at the Congress of Vienna, it is apparent that it saw comparatively greater success in attaining its goals when considering it against the Treaty of Versailles. The resulting peace of the Congress of Vienna was relatively unbroken, with no great European wars occurring, only small conflicts and revolutions. -
The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to Create a Balance of Power, Preserve Peace, and Preve
The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to create a balance of power, preserve peace, and prevent imperialism. Five superpowers organized the conference: Russia (represented by Czar Alexander I), Prussia (Prince Hardenberg), England (Lord Castlereagh and Wellesley Duke of Wellington), France (Talleyrand), and Austria (Metternich); the less powerful nations formed alliances. Talleyrand was a hero for France, keeping a little status for France despite the desire by the other nations to punish France for the destruction it had caused. • Actions taken: o France returned territories taken over by Napoleon o Holland/Netherlands formed out of two smaller Dutch Republics o Norway and Sweden merged o Switzerland became neutral o Russia dominates Finland and Poland o Prussia takes over Saxony and other Germanic principalities o Austria expanded o England gains colonies and maritime power o France restored to the legitimate government of the Bourbons o Spain organized under Ferdinand o Slave trade outlawed • The “balance of power” among the superpowers prevented any of them from imperialist domination. For example, a bid by Prussia and Russia to absorb Poland and Saxony between the two of them was vetoed by England, France, and Austria; it would have made Prussia and Russia much too powerful. • Reacting to 25 years of violence, and hoping to prevent a repeat, they had to combat the attitudes of the Revolution. Humans and society are not perfectible, and sudden change is harmful. One had to respect tradition, because it represents the accumulated wisdom of reason and experience, and to be cautious when making changes. Stable governments change slowly over time to adapt to new circumstances, but do not make sudden revolutionary changes. -
Congress of Vienna
Mini Guide Congress of Vienna Boston Invitational Model United Nations XVI February 10-12, 2017 // bosmun.org MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA + Congress of Vienna Start Date: November 1st, 1814 Following Napoleon's defeat and his renouncement of the throne in September of 1814, the state of Europe has been in much disarray over the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. In an attempt to restructure and reorganize the powers of Europe, a congress has been called in Vienna, Germany. While most European states plan on making an appearance at the congress, there seems to be a clear alliance already forming between the nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain by nature of the Treaty of Chaumont.1 Together these four powers have deemed themselves instrumental in the defeat of Napoleon. And while they have reached out to countries such as Sweden and Poland, the four view themselves as the strongest powers to be present at the Congress of Vienna and as such are attempting to maintain the ultimate control and decision making of the conference. As the conference delegates begin to convene, opinions over the procedures of how the congress will abide by are coming into conflict. While Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain deemed themselves the countries in control of the conference, representatives of France and other nations of weaker political position, are denying this as a possibility.2 Proceedings have been delayed as a result, but the date is now November 1st, 1814 and the 1 “Treaty of Chaumont” https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Chaumont 2 “Congress of Vienna” https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna PAGE 2 MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA congress is set to convene and begin debate. -
The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa
1 The Congress of Vienna 1814-15: Making Peace After Global War, February5-7, 2015. European Institute at Columbia University, NYC The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and its impact for the Congress of Vienna and viceversa. Christian Cwik (University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) The outbreak of the coalition wars (1792-1815) impacted the European colonies on a global level. In Iberoamerica and the Caribbean there was a spread of revolutions and the cry for the abolition of slavery. For many in Europe there was the view that “The revolution in the Americas is the revolution in Europe”. This was a serious fear among the victorious conservative elites during the Congress of Vienna. Revolutions in the Americas had not one but many faces: the call for independence, republicanism, democracy, liberalism, social utopianism and the abolition of slavery as well as the fight for universal franchise, property and many other fundamental changes. In the aftermath of the success of the thirteen British North American colonies in their fight for independence from London, other revolutionary changes had taken place on the North American main. American revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, and Thomas Jefferson, and French revolutionaries such as Louis Philippe, Comte de Ségur and the Marquis de Lafayette who had fought for the American cause spread the “virus of revolution” to France. Among the supporters also were revolutionaries from South America such as José Maria España and Francisco de Miranda, who spread the “virus” to Iberoamerica and the Caribbean. The repercussions were feared by many European statesmen, who devoted considerable attention to the issue and initiated a separate domain of exploration of the “South American Matter” during the Congress. -
The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770
FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 6e, 8a and 8b The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770-1850 C.E.) You Mean the Revolution Was More than a Bunch of Heads Being Chopped Off? Causes and Events of the French Revolution By the late 1700s, France was on the edge of revolution. The French people were inspired by both the American Revolution and the Enlightenment ideas. The country was struggling due to debt, famine, and inequality. The lower class, known as the third estate, was being taxed unfairly and felt they deserved equal say in the government. On July 14, 1789, a group of angry peasants looking for weapons began the French Revolution by Storming the Bastille, an old prison. The third estate went on to take over the government and made major changes to France. Their goal was to get rid of the old system of monarchy and nobles and establish democracy. Revolutionaries, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, arrested and executed King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. This began a time known as the Reign of Terror during which those who opposed the Revolution were executed with the guillotine. Over 15,000 people died during the Reign of Terror. While the Revolution did not achieve all of its goals of liberty and equality for all, it did succeed in encouraging secularism, nationalism and democracy. The Third Estate carrying the king, nobles and Catholic Church on its back Napoleon’s Rise and Fall Source: http://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/the-origins-of-the-french-revolution.html The French people grew tired of the revolution’s violence. -
Congress of Vienna Program Brochure
We express our deep appreciation to the following sponsors: Carnegie Corporation of New York Isabella Ponta and Werner Ebm Ford Foundation City of Vienna Cultural Department Elbrun and Peter Kimmelman Family Foundation HOST COMMITTEE Chair, Marifé Hernández Co-Chairs, Gustav Ortner & Tassilo Metternich-Sandor Dr. & Mrs. Wolfgang Aulitzky Mrs. Isabella Ponta & Mr. Werner Ebm Mrs. Dorothea von Oswald-Flanigan Mrs. Elisabeth Gürtler Mr. & Mrs. Andreas Grossbauer Mr. & Mrs. Clemens Hellsberg Dr. Agnes Husslein The Honorable Andreas Mailath-Pokorny Mr. & Mrs. Manfred Matzka Mrs. Clarissa Metternich-Sandor Mr. Dominique Meyer DDr. & Mrs. Oliver Rathkolb Mrs. Isabelle Metternich-Sandor Ambassador & Mrs. Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff Mrs. Sunnyi Melles-Wittgenstein CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 2 Presented by the The CHUMIR FOUNDATION FOR ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP is a non-profit foundation that seeks to foster policies and actions by individuals, organizations and governments that best contribute to a fair, productive and harmonious society. The Foundation works to facilitate open-minded, informed and respectful dialogue among a broad and engaged public and its leaders to arrive at outcomes for a better community. www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 2 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 3 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 4 UNDER THE DISTINGUISHED PATRONAGE OF H.E. Heinz Fischer, President of the Republic of Austria HONORARY CO-CHAIRS H.E. Josef Ostermayer Minister of Culture, Media and Constitution H.E. Sebastian Kurz Minister of Foreign Affairs and Integration CHAIR Joel Bell Chairman, Chumir Foundation for Ethics in Leadership CONGRESS SECRETARY Manfred Matzka Director General, Chancellery of Austria CHAIRMAN INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL Oliver Rathkolb HOST Chancellery of the Republic of Austria CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 4 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 5 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 6 It is a great honor for Austria and a special pleasure for me that we can host the Congress of Vienna 2015 in the Austrian Federal Chancellery. -
I the CONGRESS of VIENNA NOVELIST of His Day Said of Lamartine That He Had a Raised History to the Level of Fiction
I THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA NOVELIST of his day said of Lamartine that he had A raised History to the level of Fiction. The fear of earning similar praise has made many another historian tell a simple story of events which sometimes seem unrelated to all that came before or after. But in stern times like these it is more than ever evident, as Morley has so finely said, that “We are all of us a good many hundreds of thousands of years old two minutes after we find our way into the mid- wife’s arms,” and also this from the same wise man, that “Progress is a working belief that the modern world will never consent to do without.’’ The historian may safely write in the light of this belief, if he only keep in mind what Oliver Cromwell said to the Presbyterian elders, “My brethren, in the name of Christ, I beseech you to think it possible that you may be mistaken I” To judge the work of statesmen by future events to them unknown or only dimly guessed seems scarcely fair; and yet it is the only test which can ever be applied. All statesman- ship must ever have something of the prophetic quality. The judgment of posterity is the truest measure of a man’s great- ness. Did he read aright the principles of progress and of life? Did he guide his own generation in such a way as to prepare the way for other generations to live in better times? Or did he only solve the immediate problem and leave his real task to be performed by some wiser man? These are the questions which we must ask of the men of other ages; 39 40 Nineteenth Century Peace Congresses and especially in these days, when surely another peace con- ference will be meeting, these are the questions which we must ask of Metternich, of Talleyrand, of Napoleon, and of Disraeli. -
The Collectio Autogra- Phorum of the Imperial Public Library
Tomasz Szwaciński THE COLLECTIO AUTOGRA- PHORUM OF THE IMPERIAL PUBLIC LIBRARY. ITS CONTENTS AND HISTO- RY IN ST. PETERSBURG AND WARSAW In the mid-1840s, the so-called Collection of Autographs and Documents (Col- lectio Autographorum, Коллекция Автографов и Грамот ) was created at the Im- perial Public Library (IPL) in St. Petersburg from a part of the library’s manu- script holdings. It formed an important basis for research for eight decades. The reborn Polish state reclaimed a part of it, large enough to determine that at that point it ceased to exist as a separate collection. The Collectio Autographorum has not been studied yet individually as a his- torically formed collection.1 Thus, providing an overview of its origins as well as a guide to its contents and the history of its components upon liquidation may prove to be a valuable contribution to studies on historical library collections. The basic groundwork of the Collectio Autographorum and the history of its creation at the IPL have been retraced based on materials from the Department of Archival Documents of the National Library of Russia. The fundamental source for any research on the contents of the Collectio Au- tographorum is its old catalogue, held at the Manuscript Department of the Rus- sian National Library. This item has no individual shelf mark and is not available to readers under an ordinary loan procedure. 2 It is a codex in a cardboard binding with leather back and corners, and a dust jacket of well-worn marble paper. It has a 37 cm long back, a 22 cm large panel and is 10 cm thick. -
Congress of Vienna
congress of vienna Topic A: Reconstructing a Post-Napoleonic Europe In the shadow of the most seminal revolution in modern history and the collapse of a French empire, delegates convened at Vienna to conclude settlements not addressed by the Treaty of Paris (1814). Many expected the proceedings to last weeks; all told, they spent over eight months in Vienna, arguing over territorial distributions, constitutionalism, and a plan of perpetual peace. This committee will place you in their position within standard BMUN procedure. Initially set in September of 1814, you will represent delegates who attended the Congress of Vienna and operate on a moving timeline; therefore, our committee will conclude in July of 1815 on the third day of BMUN conference. This also demands a certain General escape from Elba in February, a situation that must be addressed regardless of your progress through the topics. Topic A is primarily concerned with territorial arrangements not settled by the Treaty of Paris (1814) and the construction of a military alliance to prevent conflict. Having suffered continuous bloodshed since revolutionary France incited the War of the First Coalition (1792) and having finally toppled Napoleon Bonaparte - the briefly undisputed master of Europe more powerful than any Roman Emperor - a top priority was to avert the possibility of another armed conflict and the emergence of a Napoleon-esque figure through sound rearrangements of European borders and the formation of a military alliance. The specific questions our committee will center on are as follows: the arrangement of Italian city-states, the construction of a constitution governing German principalities in the absence of the Holy Roman Empire, and a system to avert European warfare. -
696 Mikołaj Getka-Kenig Badaniach Nad Tym Okresem, Wprawdzie Krótkim, Ale Dość Ważnym Z Per- Spektywy Całej Historii Ziem Polskich XIX W
Kwartalnik Historyczny Rocznik CXXIII, 2016, 4 PL ISSN 0023-5903 MIKOŁAJ GETKA-KENIG Instytut Historii Sztuki, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie RZĄDOWE PRZEDSIĘWZIĘCIA POMNIKOWE KU CZCI ALEKSANDRA I A IDEOLOGIA „WSKRZESZENIA” POLSKI W LATACH 1815–1830 Abstrakt: Przedmiot analizy stanowią Abstract: This analysis deals with the pro- projekty i zarazem okoliczności budowy jects and circumstances of erecting monu- pomnika (pomników) ku czci cesarza rosyj- ments in honour of Emperor Alexander I skiego Aleksandra I jako „wskrzesiciela” Pol- of Russia, conceived as the “resurrector” of ski, które były związane z rządem konsty- Poland, and involving the government tucyjnego Królestwa Polskiego (1815–1830). of the constitutional Kingdom of Poland Jest to przyczynek do badań nad fenomenem (1815–1830). This text is a contribution to ideologii „wskrzeszenia” Polski pod postacią research into the ideology of “resurrecting” Królestwa Polskiego, powstałego na mocy Poland in the form of the Kingdom of Poland decyzji Kongresu Wiedeńskiego, ale z woli established upon the basis of a decision Aleksandra I. made at the Congress of Vienna but deter- mined by Alexander I. Słowa kluczowe: pomniki publiczne, Kró- Keywords: public memorials, Congress lestwo Polskie, Aleksander I, naród, polityka Poland, Alexander I, nation, politics and art. i sztuka. Cesarz rosyjski Aleksander I (1777–1825) jest centralną postacią w dzie- jach konstytucyjnego Królestwa Polskiego — nie tylko jako osoba z krwi i kości, czyli jego twórca i zarazem władca, lecz również jako konstrukt