I.A.V.C. VIOOIS-H T£A-C-H£RS: -H£RO£S T-H£N & NOW 13At-TIMOR~
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I.A.V.C. VIOOIS-H T£A-C-H£RS: -H£RO£S T-H£N & NOW 13At-TIMOR~ PROGRAM 13<90K- 8t~ WORt/0 CONf~R~NC~ - 1.-,t~.--.-,~ti.,Q.-,~L AssQ~L-~ti.,Q.-, Qf VL-ddL.sl-, CLl.4bs PROCLAMATION BY MAYOR MARTIN O'MALLEY DESIGNATING SEPTEMBER 2003 AS "YIDDISH MONTI-I" IN BALTIMORE WHEREAS, for nearly a thousand years, Yiddish was the primary, sometimes the only language that Ashkenazi Jews spoke, and Yiddish was spoken by nu.llions of Jews of different nationalities all over the globe; and WHEREAS, beginning in the tenth century,Jews from France and Northern Italy began to establish large Communities in Germany where small com.munities had existed and spoken Gennan, but the new residents along 1.he Rhine river arrived speaking a Jewish-French dialect know as Laaz; and WHEREAS. in the thirteenth cenrury, the Jews tended to m.igrate easrward to escape persecution, thus, Yiddish arrived in eastern Germany, Poland, and other European territories for the first time, and the exposure of Yiddish to the Slavic languages prevalent in the east changed it from a Germanic dialect to a language in its own right; and Wl-lEREAS. by the sixteenth cenu.uy, eastern Europe, had becom.e the center -world Jewry, and during this period Yiddish became a written language, using I-le brew characters, in addition to a spoken one; and WHEREAS, the rnid-rwentieth century marked the decline of Yiddish as a widely spoken language, and although some groups continue use Yiddish as their primaiy language, Yiddish is enjoying resurgence, v.rith Yiddish words and expressions enriching many languages, including English. NOW, THEREFORE, I, MARTIN O'MALLEY, MAYOR OF THE CITY OF BALTIMORE, do hereby proclaim September 2003 as "YIDDISH MONTH" IN BALTIM ORE, and do urge all citizens to join in this celebration. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set the Great Seal of the City of Baltimore to be affixed this firstdayof~4 Mayor Yiddish. the mother tongue ofAshbnazi Jews_ is an !ado-European language comprised of two brandies: Western Yiddish ad Eueem Yiddish. It spans four histori~ em: Barlielt Yiddish - 9th Cent.-l2SO; Old Yuldish- 1~1500; Middle Yiddiah - I 500-1700; and Modem Yiddish - 1700-preleDt. Most scholars believe that Westem Yiddish developed first Jews derived it ti'om Medieval ligh Osman m the 9th and lOdt Ceoturiea primarily in the middle Rhine n,gic,11 and leu so in Bavaria. By 1he 16008, the lan guage of the Jews in tlae area was distinctively Yiddith. Western Yiddis1u~ootimaed to evolve with inftu encea of Modem German in tho 1800s and 19009 in Gem.umy, Holl-'> Swi1zedand. Abace (Franoe), Cz.echoslonkia and Weaam Hunpry. Western Yiddish is the minority branch of th• language. Easaem Yiddish orisiDllecl eut of the Oder River throqh Poland, covering Belanu, lluuia. Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Rumania and Ukraine, and in pre-state British Mandate 1,rae1 in Jerusalem and Safed. It began developing u Jews fled Western and Central :Burope from the I Ith to 131h Cemuries, escaping mu saaa u they became scapegoats for the Black Plague. These mismina Jews brought Westcm Yiddish in oon tact with Slavic Languages. Eutem Yiddish_ the maj« branch of tM language, contains many loan wordt from Hebrew-Aramaic: as well u fiun Slavic Languages. The use of Hebrew script for Yiddilh and odier' Jewish non-Hebmv 1anauaps is a Judeo..linsuistic practice. Written Yiddish baa two recogoi~phasd. The First Utenry stindanl. based Oll Western and Cenual European Yiddish dialects, pnsdomiuted until its dedine in the 18th cemwy and near-disappearance in the 19th Cemury. The Modem Lnemy Standard, or Modem S1andard Yiddish, rose quietly in ill place and con tinues strong today. The standardization of'Yiddisb orthogtaphy bas rapidly inaeued in the lut 11 derades 1'hus. a standard written Yiddish exists, but a standard Yiddish pronunciation rests oa a variety or non-formal dialects. The &stem Yiddish dialec;t is divided into the Nonheutem Dialect (Lithuania and Latvia1 Central Dialect {Poland and \\'estem Galicia) and Southem/Soath~ Dialect (Wesaem Russia and Ulcrai.ne). In formal usage, the Nortbeastem Dwect is considered the standard. Modem Literary Yiddish employ1 a majority of the Nortbeutem Dialect's vowel features, leading credence to its ownership as 1he S1aDdard prommc:iation. The Sowbem Dialect, however, adds the most wammaucal fea- 1Ures, the COD$008lll system u wdl u die gender-neutral feature for many WOids. In America, die Northeutem Dialect is prevalent in expalitary ~ especially in New York. The Cen1ral Dialect became well known in the bella-lettrea. The Southern Dialect wu prominent in the Yiddilh Theater. At 1he height ofYiddish usage in :&rope in 1939, 11 million people spoke die language. Due to the Hol~ milliOD1 of Jews whoH mother toasue wu Yiddish wen; massaered. The center for Yiddish became the Omted States. While the decline of the U.S. ·Yiddish-speaking population da1m bade to 1940, a more rapid decline com menced around 19SO. Tcday. Israel ha, Bligbtly mere Yiddim speakers than the United SCatu. Yiddish is reviving in ~ particularly in the univenmes. lt also it pining strength in the Diaspora, u JOezmer muaie regains international popularity wl Yiddish ia taught at American w1 European universities ud in local Yiddish clubs. 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"1T~ titt;i Ott11 l"P't'~O tlltl"?J 1lJ~" 1~"7J D31i~:::i~p l( itt~ D?J~ji ,tl:J~Jt(::l P"tl"-"1~ .o',iy "PN117"7J c~~ ll77J~)l7l1l7::l'N T I Av~~ Pu-rp~ of -truv I t"ltt""e,r-~~ A ~io--V\I of Y ~ CWn, Historical bacqroud: The tint international conference of Yiddish clubs took place in Washington, D.C .• May 29-June 3, 1993, hosted by Yiddish of Greater Washington. It wu a great success and gave rise to the thought that it could be an ongoing event every year-and-a-half or two years. A nudeus of several delegates - Dr. Harold Bl~ Dr. Allan Blair and Fishl Kutner. - was asked to investigate holding another confenm~ but where? Toronto was suggested because of a very active Yiddish dub and an interested Yiddish community. The Friends of Yiddish accepted the challenge, and the second confcrcnce took place in Toronto, Oct. 7-10, 1994. Agajn a small group, mainly editors of club newsletters. formed an ad hoc oommiUee to consult about venues for the nm conference. They represented: Yiddish of Greater Wuhmgton; Der Bay, San Francisco Bay Area; Dos Bled. Toronto; and the Circle of Yiddish Oubs, Florida. At the third cooference in Mi~ March 1- 4, 1996, a more formal meeting of deleptes was held. Harold Black was appointed to bead a committee to incorporate this loosely knit group into a more formal o,:pnimioo, to t1nd a venue for the next conference, and to Jay the groundwork for a board that would be elected and thus would formalize the status of the organi zation.