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Programa De Educación Para El Desarrollo Y Conservación La Escuela De Posgrado PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO Y CONSERVACIÓN LA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO DEFINICIÓN DE TIPOS FUNCIONALES DE ESPECIES ARBÓREAS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SU RESPUESTA A DIFERENTES INTENSIDADES DE PERTURBACIÓN EN UN BOSQUE MUY HÚMEDO TROPICAL MESOAMERICANO Tesis sometida a consideración de la Escuela de Posgrado, Programa de Educación para el Desarrollo y la Conservación del Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza como requisito para optar por el grado de: Magister Scientiae en Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad Por Beatriz Eugenia Salgado Negret Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2007 II DEDICATORIA A mis papás, Carlis y Dani III AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a mi consejero principal Bryan Finegan por ser un excelente guía, por los invaluables aportes al documento y sobretodo por las largas discusiones que hicieron de este trabajo un proyecto a futuro. Gracias por su apoyo y por creer en mí. A Fernando Casanoves por los infinitos análisis y modelos evaluados, por dedicarle más tiempo del establecido a este trabajo, pero sobretodo por su gran apoyo y amistad. A Diego Delgado por el tiempo dedicado a la revisión de varios borradores y por sus excelentes aportes que enriquecieron el manuscrito. A Hugo Brenes por las incontables bases de datos que generó, pero sobretodo por su paciencia. Don Hugo no hubiera sido posible sin usted! A Nelson Zamora en el INBio, por ayudarme con la identificación de los rasgos funcionales y por corregir varias veces la base de datos. A Gustavo López por que siempre me asesoró en momentos de crisis. A la Organización Internacional de Maderas Tropicales (ITTO) por el apoyo financiero para realizar esta maestría y el trabajo de investigación. Al CATIE por el apoyo financiero para cursar la maestría. A la cátedra de bosques por permitirme trabajar con los datos de las parcelas permanentes de investigación. Al Instituto Interamericano para el Cambio Global (Supported by the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research - IAI) CRN 2015 que es apoyado por US National Science Foundation (GrantGEO-0452325). A mis compañeras de batalla y familia en CATIE Carolina Alcázar, Carolina Useche, Olga Caro, Sonia Ospina y Adriana Cárdenas….no hubiera sido lo mismo sin ustedes. A mis padres por permitirme soñar libremente, por estar siempre cerca, por sus enseñanzas, por todo mil gracias! A Carlis y Dani por estar siempre tan cerquita, por estar siempre ahí. A Leo por la paciencia, por el apoyo, por el cariño, por tantos momentos… por todo! Gracias cielo. A todas aquellas personas que no he nombrado pero que hicieron parte de este logro. Muchas gracias. IV CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................................................ III AGRADECIMIENTOS............................................................................................................. IV CONTENIDO ............................................................................................................................. V RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................. VIII SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ X ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ..........................................................................................................XII ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................... XIV 1 INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objetivos del estudio.......................................................................................................2 1.1.1 Objetivo general.............................................................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Objetivos específicos......................................................................................................................................2 2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL............................................................................................... 4 2.1 Tipos funcionales de las plantas y el funcionamiento ecosistémico ............................... 4 2.2 Tipos funcionales y su respuesta a la perturbación ......................................................... 7 2.3 Tipos funcionales de especies arbóreas......................................................................... 11 2.4 Función de las especies raras en los grupos funcionales de especies arbóreas ............. 15 2.5 Impacto del manejo forestal en la estructura y composición de los bosques naturales. 16 2.6 Dinámica temporal de los bosques naturales manejados .............................................. 19 3 BIBLIOGRAFÍA........................................................................................................... 22 4 ARTÍCULO I. ............................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Introducción................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Materiales y métodos..................................................................................................... 32 4.2.1 Área de estudio ............................................................................................................................................32 4.2.2 Parcelas permanentes de muestreo.............................................................................................................34 4.2.3 Rasgos funcionales ......................................................................................................................................35 4.2.3.1 Identificación de rasgos funcionales ............................................................................. 35 4.2.3.2 Estrato............................................................................................................................ 36 4.2.3.3 Agente dispersor............................................................................................................ 36 4.2.3.4 Tipo de polinizador ....................................................................................................... 37 4.2.3.5 Sistema sexual ............................................................................................................... 37 V 4.2.3.6 Tasa de crecimiento....................................................................................................... 38 4.2.4 Reconstrucción filogenética y mapeo de rasgos funcionales .....................................................................39 4.2.5 Identificación de tipos funcionales de las especies arbóreas.....................................................................39 4.2.6 Distribución de especies raras en los tipos funcionales identificados.......................................................40 4.3 Resultados ..................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Identificación de rasgos funcionales...........................................................................................................40 4.3.1.1 Tasa de crecimiento....................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1.2 Estrato............................................................................................................................ 41 4.3.1.3 Rasgos reproductivos .................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Interacciones entre rasgos funcionales.......................................................................................................43 4.3.2.1 Relación entre tasa de crecimiento y estrato ................................................................. 43 4.3.2.2 Relación entre tasa de crecimiento y estrato con los rasgos reproductivos dispersión, polinización y sistema sexual........................................................................................ 45 4.3.2.3 Rasgos reproductivos .................................................................................................... 50 4.3.3 Análisis filogenéticos ...................................................................................................................................52 4.3.4 Identificación de tipos funcionales de especies arbóreas...........................................................................54 4.3.5 Proporción de especies raras en los tipos funcionales de especies arbóreas............................................57 4.4 Discusión....................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.1 Distribución de los rasgos funcionales en las especies identificadas........................................................58 4.4.2 Análisis filogenético.....................................................................................................................................62 4.4.3 Identificación de tipos funcionales de especies arbóreas...........................................................................64 4.4.4 Distribución de especies raras ....................................................................................................................70
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