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0 TE REO RANGATIRA I ROTO I NGA KAINGA MAORI ME NGA ROHE Survey of Language Use in Maori Households and Communities

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0 TE REO RANGATIRA I ROTO I NGA KAINGA MAORI ME NGA ROHE Survey of Language Use in Maori Households and Communities TE TIROHANGA I TE KOREROT ANGA 0 TE REO RANGATIRA I ROTO I NGA KAINGA MAORI ME NGA ROHE Survey of Language Use in Maori Households and Communities PANUI WHAKAMQHIO f 25 INFORMATION BULLETIN ISSN 0113-3063 Localities in which ten or more households were visited e Two thirds or more of adults were fluent speakers of Maori + Less than two thirds of adults were fluent speakers of Maori • HEPURONGORONGO + WHAKAMQHIO MA NGA KAIURU KI TE TORONGA TUATAHI, 1973-1978 A report to Participants in the Initial Investigation, 1973-1978 1llE MAORI LANGUAGE IN EASTERN HOKIANGA This report summarizes the information gained in the survey of the use of the Maori language which was carried out in six communities in the eastern part of Hokianga County in January 1975. These were Rawene, Waima, Horeke, Mangamuka, Omanaia and Wh1rinaki. Three other Hokianga communities were also visited at that time, and are included in other reports in this series: Panguru and Rangi Point (Report No. 28), and Pawarenga (Report No. 124). •Kaitaia "v • Altogether 24 households with 104 people (99 of Maori descent) were visited in the six districts Keri Keri "v discussed here. Five families were visited in Omanaia "v (with 22 people, 21 of whom were of Maori descent), "v four each in "v "v five in Horeke (17 people, all Maori), Waima ' (22 people, 19 Maori), Rawene (20 people, 19 "v • • "v Maori), and Whirinaki (21 people, all Maori), and only Kaikohee one in Mangamuka (2 people, both Maori). This was far Map showing the Towns and "v "v fewer than we would have liked to include in our Lo::alities in Northwest Northland "v survey of this part of Northland, but we did not have Visited during the Census of • the resources to do a more intensive study of the fate Language Use. ® Nonetheless, even though "v of the Maori language there. only a few people from each community were interviewed, the information we were given by the "v families we visited fits in well with what we learned in other parts of the North, and seems to give a good picture of the language situation in their districts 1 Percentage of fluent speakers of Maori @ More than 85% Less than 60° 0 at the time. among persons aged 25 and over in the • households visited. • 76% to85% "v Fewer than 7 households visited e 60% to75% The interviewers were Kahu Waititi (Ngapuhi & Te Whanau- a-Apanui) , Peter and Iriaka Wensor (Ngapuhi), KNOWLEDGE OF SPOKEN MAORI IN NORTHERN HOKIANGA (1975) Joan Walker (Ng apuhi), Charis Rata (Te Whanau-a­ Horeke & Apanui), John Mil l er (Ngapuhi), Pare Rata (Ngapuhi), Rawene Waima Mangamuka Omanaia Whirinaki Hiti Tientjes (Tuhoe), William Martin (Ngati Manawa & Te Aupouri) , Ripeka Koo pu (Te Whanau-a-Apanui), Pare No . % No. % No . % No. % No. % Irwin (Ngati Kahungunu) , Lorraine Williams, Joe Rua (Te Whanau-a-Apanui), Ameria Ponika (Tuhoe), Gerard Fluent Speakers Ngawati (Ngapuh i), Carol Hindmarsh (Ngati Porou). Ani 45 yrs & over 0 1 100% 5 100% 7 100% 5 83% Allen (Ngati Awa), Helen Gillespie, and Titihuia Pryor 25 to 44 yrs 4 57% 4 67% 2 5 0% 0 1 33% (Tuhoe). 15 to 24 yrs 1 33% 4 67% 0 0 0 2 to 14 yrs 0 0 0 0 0 Iwi Affiliation Overall 5 25% 9 41% 7 37% 7 32% 6 29% Ngapuhi was t he iwi to which most of the people Understand Easily and their families belonged everywhere except Rawene. In Rawene, five d ifferent iwi were mentioned, with 45 yrs & over 0 1 100% 5 100% 7 100% 6 100% Ngapuhi having six members, and Ngati Kaharau (which 25 to 44 yrs 6 86% 6 100% 3 75% 0 2 33% is also linked to Ngapuhi) having five. More than 15 to 24 yrs 3 100% 6 100% 0 5 71% 2 40% half of the heads of the households we visited had 2 to 14 yrs 2 22% 5 63% 1 11% 2 29% 0 been born and brought up in Hokianga County, and many Overall 11 55% 18 86% 9 47% 14 64% 10 48% had spent most of t heir · lives in the district where they resided at the time of the interview. Limited Understanding 45 yrs & over 1 100% 0 0 0 0 25 to 44 yrs 0 0 0 0 1 33% Results of the Linguistic Survey 15 to 24 yrs 0 Q 1 100% 2 100% . 3 60% 2 to 14 yrs 4 44% 0 0 3 43% 13 43% Ability to Speak and Understand Maori Overall 5 25% 0 1 5% 5 23% 17 33% As you can see from the table on the page opposite, most of the older people in the various No Knowledge I districts could speak and understand Maori. In Waima, 45 yrs & over 0 0 0 0 l o Omanaia and Rawene, the majority of the younger adults 25 to 44 yrs 1 14% 0 1 25% 1 100% l o in the families surveyed at least understood Maori 15 to 24 yrs 0 0 0 0 well. There were no households where young children 2 to 14 yrs 3 33% 3 38% 8 89% 2 29% I~ 57% were fluent Maori speakers, and it was only in Waima 19% that a majority of children were said to be able to Overall 4 20% 3 14% 9 47% 3 14% 14 understand conversational Maori without much trouble. ------------------------------------------------------------------------I (Numbers and percentages refer to members of households visited; percentages have been rounded to nearest whole number) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------3 only one such family spoke English all the time. This is• puttly im•gin•ry map of the district conred by lhis Although Maori was used less often in the homes where ttport, on which the households Included in the survey hne • there were children under the age of 18. only a few of bttn located to show the Maori l.1ngu.1ge resources of the area, these used nothing but English when all the family were together -- one each in Waima, Whirinaki and Horeke. Similarly. only one (in Waima). used Maori most of the time on such occasions. Of the remaining 11. six used both English and Maori fairly often. and five used more English than Maori. Of the five parents (one in each district. excluding Mangamuka) who told us that they usually spoke to their children in Maori. only two (one in Waima and one in Horeke) said that their children were likely to reply in Maori most of the time. Knowl~ge of :\!Jori English was obviously the language most likely to among Hou~hold Hc.1ds be used by the younger generation. even in many of the • 811th fluent ~pl·,,k,·r~ Maori-speaking homes. Adult members of the family A One fluent spcJkcr 'il Some understandini; 0 Little or no knuwbli;e This is a purely imaginary map of the district covtred by this RAWENE AND HOREKE report, on which the households included in the survey ha\'e been located to show the Maori language resources of the area. This was interesting. because several of the parents we interviewed there had learned Maori after they had already learned English. Elsewhere. the majority of the adults we interviewed were native speakers of ,, Maori. Altogether. 13 people had Maori as their first I language, one person had learned Maori and English together as a young child. and ten had English as a first language. Nine of the native speakers of Maori had learned to read and write in Maori at home. before they were able to read and write in English. Knowledge of Maori among Household Heads e Both fluent speakers Use of the Maori Language in the Household A One fluent speaker "v Some understanding Maori was the main language used in six of the 0 Little or no knowled~e nine households we visited where there were no young children; two others used both Maori and English. and WHIRINAKI. OMANAIA AND WAIMA 4 5 would often speak Maori to each other, however, and New Zealand". This was because one of the main b~th Maori and English were likely to be used with purposes of the Maori schools was not just to teach visitors everywhere except Rawene (where most people English, but to turn Maori children into Englishmen said they used only English). There were no families and Englishwomen. At the time, a lot of people in the among those we vis i ted where the heads of the Hokianga seem to have thought that this was quite a households had no knowledge of Maori at all. As the good idea: Wi Te Hakiro and 336 others petitioned diagrams on the last two pages illustrate, only three Parliament in 1876 asking that only teachers who homes (one each in Waima, Horeke and Rawene) did not themselves and their wives and children were "entirely have at least one fluent adult speaker of Maori, but ignorant of the Maori language" should be appointed to even in these the household heads had at least a Maori schools. They thought that those children and limited knowledge of the language. adults at school at the time should be taught in Maori, but from that time on all Maori babies should be taught to speak English. They quoted the proverb hutia te kauri i te itinga ano ka taea to support Maori Language in the Community their plan, which they thought would mean that their children "would soon attain to the acquirements of the In Rawene, t he people we interviewed said that Europeans''.
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