DOCSLIB.ORG

URBAN WATER CHALLENGES in the AMERICAS Grenada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
URBAN WATER CHALLENGES in the AMERICAS Grenada 308 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS Grenada St. George’s is the Capital City of Grenada. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan caused widespread damage in the Caribbean, and Grenada suffered serious economic repercussions. Photo credit: ©iStock.com/Flavio Vallenari. IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT IN GRENADA 309 “While Grenada has an abundance of freshwater resources, significant challenges such as mountainous terrain, urban development that is clustered within 1km of the coast, and very limited distribution and storage systems has resulted in major areas of urbanisation experiencing periods of water shortage, especially during the dry season months of the year. Further, the lack of a holistic over-arching water management legislation has resulted in inefficient and inappropriate management of the island’s water resources” 310 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS Impact of Development on Water Supply and Treatment in Grenada Martin S. Forde and Brian Neff Summary Urbanization is not a phenomena limited to developed countries but is also occurring in many developing nations such as Grenada which is located within the Caribbean region. While defining clear-cut urban areas for an island that has a population of approximately 100,000 spread over a very small area (312 km2) may be somewhat challenging, clear evidence of increasing rates of development and clustering of human activities can be identified on the main island of this tri-island country. Two parishes in particular on the main island –St. George’s and St Andrew’s– can be considered as ‘urban’ parishes since about 60 percent of the population lives in these two parishes. Fundamentally, Grenada has an abundance of freshwater resources, however, several challenges currently exist in the management of these resources. As a result, water supply problems exist and prove challenging to resolve. Key challenges associated with managing a growing presence of urban centers, particular in the south of the main island, range from legislative (e.g. no holistic over-arching water management legislation currently exists) to administrative (the sole water provider is also responsible for evaluation of water provisioning services) to difficult geographic realities (e.g., piping water from sources in the North to areas in the South where the demand exists over mountainous terrain). IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT IN GRENADA 311 1. Introduction (Figure 1). The country comprises of three main islands: Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique. Urbanization is not limited to developed countries Grenada is the largest of the three islands (312 km2), but is also occurring in many developing nations followed by Carriacou (34 km2), which is located 24 km including those located within the Caribbean region. to the North East of Grenada, and Petite Martinique Indeed, the Caribbean is one of the most urbanized (2 km2), which lies east of the Northern section of regions in the world with approximately 69% Carriacou. Thus the total area of the island country residing in urban settings. By 2015, the Caribbean is approximately 348 km2 and the total length of the is expected to see an absolute urban population coastline is 121 km. Administratively, the island of increase of 4 million. Grenada is divided into six parishes. Carriacou and It should be noted that the highest rates of Petite Martinique are administratively managed as urbanization are not taking place where the largest the seventh parish. cities are located but rather in previously remote or sparsely populated areas. This may be due to national policies which encourage the development Figure 1. Map of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique of certain areas for tourism purposes. Among the many reasons why those who live in Caribbean islands are choosing to live in urban areas is the greater availability of public utilities such as piped water, which may be limited or even unavailable in rural areas. The resulting increased demand on water utilities to supply an ever increasing amount of potable water to these growing urban areas can and does impose challenges on water utility providers as they strive to meet this demand while at the same time not compromising on the continuous availability or quality of water delivered. The Caribbean region consists of a heterogeneous mix of islands that can be differentiated by language, geographies, land geologies, levels of economic development and political history, and culture. Rather than try to present a chapter detailing the impact of urbanization on water resources for the whole Caribbean, this chapter will focus on one English-speaking Caribbean country, Grenada. The issues and challenges experienced by this very small island will obviously not be fully representative of Source: wikipedia.org other much larger islands (e.g., Trinidad, Jamaica), however, much of what is discussed here in this 1.2 Geology and Geography chapter for Grenada will also be seen in many of the other English-speaking small island states located in Grenada is located in the Lesser Antilles, which is the Caribbean. a long arc of volcanic islands in the Caribbean Sea (Figure 1). Of the three main groups of which the 1.1 Location of Grenada Lesser Antilles is sub-divided into, Grenada belongs to the Windward group of islands, which starts with Grenada, located between latitude 11o 59’ and 12o Dominica in the North and then continues down to 20’ North and longitudes 61o 36’ and 61o 48’ West, is Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, the most southerly island of the Windward Islands and finally Grenada in the South. 312 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS Grenada is mostly of volcanic origin with 1.3 Climate a mountainous center which quickly descends towards the flatter coastline (Figure 2). The islands of Grenada experiences a semi-tropical climate within Carriacou and Petite Martinique are also of volcanic the Atlantic northeast trade wind belt characterized origin and represent the exposed summits of peaks with an average temperature range from 24˚C to on a single narrow bank of submerged volcanic 30˚C. The average temperature is 28˚C. Temperatures mountains. at sea level are generally high with little diurnal or Approximately 70% of the mountain slopes in spatial variation due to the effect of the adjacent Grenada have a gradient greater than 20˚ which ocean. predisposes terrestrial resources to rapid water Seasonal shifts in the trade winds give rise to runoff and land degradation. The highest peak is two main seasons –a dry season, which runs from Mount St. Catherine at 840 m. Steep mountain January to May, and a wet season which runs from peaks, sharp ridges and deep narrow valleys June to December. Approximately 77% of the annual sloping towards the coastline thus characterize the rainfall occurs in the wet season. topography of the main island of Grenada. Seventy- The marked spatial variation in rainfall five percent of the total land area lies below 305 pattern across Grenada is due to the difference meters while 23.4 percent lies between 305 meters in orthographic elevations (Figure 3). The high and 610 meters and 1.6 percent lies above 610 meters. mountainous areas are cooler compared to the Further, due to the very short 10 km average distance low coastline areas which are warmer. Annual from the mountain peaks to the coast, there is low evapotranspiration has been estimated to vary soil water holding capacity. Clay loams (84.5%), clays from 1000 to 1500 mm. High rainfall intensities are (11.6%) and sandy loams (2.9%) are the main types of common and this leads to severe soil erosion on the soils found in Grenada. The coastline itself is ringed sloping lands. Mountainous areas can experience by extensive coral reefs. an average of about 3,880 mm whereas lower areas along the northern and southern coastline Figure 2. Topography of Grenada can experience a much lesser average of 1,125 mm annually. This gives rise to different climatic zones as depicted in Figure 3. Thus, some parts of the island experience moderately warm temperatures between 20˚C and 22.5˚C, no dry season, and rainfall in excess of 4000 mm whereas other parts of the island are characterized by very warm temperatures over 27.5˚C, a long dry season, and rainfall ranging between 700 mm and 1000 mm. For Carriacou and Petite Martinique, due to their small size and relatively low elevations, both of these islands are significantly drier than Grenada with annual rainfall being only around 1,000 mm. In all three islands, however, extended dry periods and extreme drought conditions during the dry season are not uncommon and indeed over the past decade have become more pronounced. 1.4 Land Use Grenada’s total land area is 31,334 ha. Land use in Source: Photography Center (Montevideo City Hall) Grenada is closely linked to its agrarian history Source: Government of Grenada as a primary commodity producer of sugar in the IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT IN GRENADA 313 Figure 3. Climatic zones - Grenada Source: (CEHI, 2006a) 314 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS recent past to now where more tree crop products • Illegal developments and squatter settlements; such as nutmeg, cocoa, and bananas are cultivated. • Land use conflicts among the agricultural, tour- Additionally, a lot of subsistence farming now takes ism and construction sectors; place with the land that is being used for such • More settlements vulnerable to disasters includ- cultivation moving more and more from the lower ing flooding, land slides and rising sea levels; areas up and onto the mountainsides. As a result, the • Environmental management concerns; amount of forest acreage has steadily declined since • Inappropriate and inadequate land tenure ar- the 1960s to the present. rangements and institutional capacity for land Although it is difficult to determine the exact management; and magnitude of land use change over time in Grenada • Lack of adequate legal and regulatory frame- due to unavailable data, over the past two decades, works.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of a Multiplex PCR and Magnetic DNA Capture
    pathogens Article Development of a Multiplex PCR and Magnetic DNA Capture Assay for Detecting Six Species Pathogens of the Genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in Canine, Bovine, Caprine and Ovine Blood Samples from Grenada, West Indies Bhumika Sharma 1,* , Roman R. Ganta 2, Diana Stone 1, Andy Alhassan 1 , Marta Lanza-Perea 3, Vanessa Matthew Belmar 1, Inga Karasek 4, Elizabeth Cooksey 4, Catherine M. Butler 4, Kathryn Gibson 1,† and Melinda J. Wilkerson 1 1 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, St. George, West Indies, Grenada; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (V.M.B.); [email protected] (K.G.); [email protected] (M.J.W.) 2 Center of Excellence of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, St. George, West Indies, Grenada; [email protected] 4 Department of Large Animal Medicine & Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, St. George, West Indies, Grenada; [email protected] (I.K.); [email protected] (E.C.); Citation: Sharma, B.; Ganta, R.R.; [email protected] (C.M.B.) Stone, D.; Alhassan, A.; Lanza-Perea, * Correspondence: [email protected] M.; Matthew Belmar, V.; Karasek, I.; † Current address: Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Cooksey, E.; Butler, C.M.; Gibson, K.; United States Department of Agriculture, Edinburg, VA 22824, USA. et al. Development of a Multiplex PCR and Magnetic DNA Capture Abstract: Infections with tick-borne pathogens belonging to Anaplasma/Ehrlichia in various vertebrate Assay for Detecting Six Species hosts are a persistent problem resulting in nonspecific clinical signs during early infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Cedaw in Grenada
    United Nations CEDAW/C/GRD/1-5 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General 14 May 2010 of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Original: English ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Combined initial, second, third, fourth and fifth periodic report of States parties Grenada GE. CEDAW/C/GRD/1-5 GOVERNMENT OF GRENADA COMBINED INITIAL, FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH AND FIFTH REPORT ON THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN(CEDAW) This document represents the Initial Report for the Year 1991 and the subsequent reports for 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007 Submitted in 2009 2 CEDAW/C/GRD/1-5 Contents Page ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER I: SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF GRENADA....................................................................... 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Location and Topography......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER Changes in the List of Subdivision Names And
    ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER Date issued: 2010-02-03 No II-1 Corrected and reissued 2010-02-19 Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements The ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency1) has agreed to effect changes to the header information, the list of subdivision names or the code elements of various countries listed in ISO 3166-2:2007 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2: Country subdivision code. The changes are based on information obtained from either national sources of the countries concerned or on information gathered by the Panel of Experts for the Maintenance of ISO 3166-2. ISO 3166-2 Newsletters are issued by the secretariat of the ISO 3166/MA when changes in the code lists of ISO 3166-2 have been decided upon by the ISO 3166/MA. ISO 3166-2 Newsletters are identified by a two-component number, stating the currently valid edition of ISO 3166-2 in Roman numerals (e.g. "I") and a consecutive order number (in Latin numerals) starting with "1" for each new edition of ISO 3166-2. For all countries affected a complete new entry is given in this Newsletter. A new entry replaces an old one in its entirety. The changes take effect on the date of publication of this Newsletter. The modified entries are listed from page 4 onwards. For reasons of user-friendliness, changes have been marked in red (additions) or in blue (deletions). The table below gives a short overview of the changes made. This Newsletter was initially issued 2010-02-03 and the entry for Serbia was incomplete and this Newsletter was reissued 2010-02-19.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Staff Data Handbook
    Sources LIST OF SOURCES The following documents served as sources when investigating possible data elements, option lists, glossary terms, definitions, field lengths, and appendices for this handbook. American Medical Association. Physician's Current Procedural Terminology. Rev. 4th ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1999. American National Standards Institute. Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries and Their Subdivisions (ISO 3166-1). Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), October 1, 1999. American National Standards Institute. Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages—Part 2: Alpha-3 Code (ISO 639). Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1998. Beller-Simms, N. & O'Reilly, F.E. A Comparison of Federal and State Data Elements and Definitions for Special Education Personnel. Rockville, M.D.: Westat, Inc., May 1992. Boe, E.E. & Gilford, D.M., ed. Teacher Supply, Demand, and Quality: Policy Issues, Models, and Data Bases. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. Craig, R.L., ed. Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resources Development. 3d ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987. Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities. International Classification of Diseases—9th Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-1994). 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: HCIA Inc., April 1994. Committee on the Standardization of Postsecondary Education Electronic Data Exchange (SPEEDE) and Technical Advisory Group on the Exchange of Permanent Records Electronically for Students and Schools (ExPRESS). A Guide to the Implementation of the SPEEDE/ExPRESS Electronic Transcript. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), National Center of Education Statistics (NCES), and Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), May 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Intelligence Assisted Tracking of Non-Pharmaceutical
    WNTRAC: AI Assisted Tracking of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Implemented Worldwide for COVID-19 Parthasarathy Suryanarayanan1,*, Ching-Huei Tsou1, Ananya Poddar1, Diwakar Mahajan1, Bharath Dandala1, Piyush Madan2, Anshul Agrawal1, Charles Wachira3, Osebe Mogaka Samuel3, Osnat Bar-Shira4, Clifton Kipchirchir3, Sharon Okwako3, William Ogallo3, Fred Otieno3, Timothy Nyota3, Fiona Matu3, Vesna Resende Barros4, Daniel Shats4, Oren Kagan4, Sekou Remy3, Oliver Bent3, Pooja Guhan3, Shilpa Mahatma1, Aisha Walcott-Bryant3, Divya Pathak1, and Michal Rosen-Zvi4 1IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA 2IBM Research, Cambridge, USA 3IBM Research, Nairobi, Kenya 4IBM Research, Mount Carmel Haifa, Israel *corresponding author(s): Parthasarathy Suryanarayanan ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has transformed almost every facet of human society throughout the world. Against an emerging, highly transmissible disease with no definitive treatment or vaccine, governments worldwide have implemented non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) to slow the spread of the virus. Examples of such interventions include community actions (e.g. school closures, restrictions on mass gatherings), individual actions (e.g. mask wearing, self-quarantine), and environmental actions (e.g. public facility cleaning). We present the Worldwide Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Tracker for COVID-19 (WNTRAC), a comprehensive dataset consisting of over 6,000 NPIs implemented worldwide since the start of the pandemic. WNTRAC covers NPIs implemented across 261 countries and territories, and classifies NPI measures into a taxonomy of sixteen NPI types. NPI measures are automatically extracted daily from Wikipedia articles using natural language processing techniques and manually validated to ensure accuracy and veracity. We hope that the dataset is valuable for policymakers, public health leaders, and researchers in modeling and analysis efforts for controlling the spread of COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Danielle Sirek, Phd Candidate [email protected] 418-5340 Supervisor: Dr
    MUSICKING AND IDENTITY IN GRENADA: STORIES OF TRANSMISSION, REMEMBERING, AND LOSS DANIELLE DAWN SIREK A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Awarded for a Collaborative Programme of Research at the Royal Northern College of Music by the Manchester Metropolitan University December 2013 For my family, for my colleagues, for my students: May you find stories of ‘who you are’, and feel connected to others, through your musicking ii Acknowledgements I am grateful for the unending support, academic and personal, that I have received throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Firstly I would like to thank my husband Adam Sirek, my parents Kim and Marius LaCasse, and my father- and mother-in-law Jan and Elizabeth Sirek, who have been my constant support in every possible way throughout this journey. My thankfulness to you is immeasurable. And to my baby Kathryn, whose smiles were a constant source of strength and encouragement, my thanks and love to you. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-supervisory team, Drs Felicity Laurence and Byron Dueck, who devoted seemingly unending hours closely analysing my thesis, discussing ideas with me, and providing me with encouragement and inspiration in many more ways than just academic. I am truly grateful for their guidance, expertise, and for being so giving of their time and of themselves. I learned so much more than research techniques and writing style from both of them.
    [Show full text]
  • ADC Worldmap V7.2 Manual
    Go To Table of Contents ADC WorldMap Version 7.2 User Guide ADC WorldMap -The Desktop Mapping Division of ADCi Copyright © 2016 ADCi | Revised November 2015 338 W. College Ave., Suite 201 Appleton, Wisconsin 54911 Phone: 800-236-7973 or 920-733-6678 | Fax: 866-828-5512 E-mail: [email protected] | Web: adcworldmap.com Welcome to ADC WorldMap Version 7.2 ADC WorldMap brings together the most comprehensive, current and seamless geographic digital data for the whole earth. ADC WorldMap has proven to be a crucial tool for leaders in a variety of industries including aviation, weather, government, logistics management, cloud-based, fleet management and transportation, communication, and various business sectors. Our digital atlas is designed to be used with ArcGIS®, MapInfo®, or Oracle® Spatial software. You will find that ADC WorldMap is useful for any application requiring 1:1,000,000 scale vector maps of large areas. Our maps give you high-quality graphics on your screen and produce excellent printed maps for presentation purposes. In addition, the map data included in the ADC WorldMap digital atlas is organized so you can easily use your ArcGIS®, MapInfo®, or Oracle® Spatial software’s capabilities to work with different map features and perform a variety of desktop mapping activities. Chart your informed course into the World today! ADC WorldMap v7.2 User Guide 1 Go To Table of Contents About this User Guide The ADC WorldMap User Guide provides detailed information about ADC WorldMap v7.2 coverage and features. It is assumed that you have a working knowledge of ArcGIS, MapInfo and/or Oracle Spatial and your Windows operating system.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatialml: Annotation Scheme for Marking Spatial Expressions in Natural Language
    SpatioTemporal MITRE-Sponsored Research SpatialML: Annotation Scheme for Marking Spatial Expressions in Natural Language July 18, 2008 Version 2.3 Contact: [email protected] [email protected] ©The MITRE Corporation Approved For Public Release : Case Number 07-0614 ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Building on Prior Work ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3 Extent Rules (English-specific) ........................................................................................................................... 6 4 Toponyms ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 4.1 Mapping Continents, Countries, and Country Capitals ................................................................................. 7 4.2 Mapping via Gazetteer Unique Identifiers ................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Mapping via Geo-Coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 14 4.4 UnMappable Places
    [Show full text]
  • Culturally Sensitive Parenting Counseling, Corporal Punishment, and Early Childhood Development in Grenada
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2020 Culturally Sensitive Parenting Counseling, Corporal Punishment, and Early Childhood Development in Grenada Lauren Elizabeth Anne Orlando Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Health Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Lauren Elizabeth Anne Orlando has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Chinaro Kennedy, Committee Chairperson, Public Health Faculty Dr. Larissa Estes, Committee Member, Public Health Faculty Dr. W. Sumner Davis, University Reviewer, Public Health Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2020 Abstract Culturally Sensitive Parenting Counseling, Corporal Punishment, and Early Childhood Development in Grenada by Lauren Elizabeth Anne Orlando MSc, University College Dublin, 2010 BA, DePaul University, 2007 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University February 2020 Abstract Many children under 5 years of age in developing countries and regions, including the Caribbean, will not fulfill their developmental potential due to being exposed to risks such as poverty, poor health, violence, and unstimulating home environments.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Annual Report WINDREF Annual Report 2016
    WINDWARD ISLANDS RESEARCH & EDUCATION FOUNDATION 2016 Annual Report WINDREF Annual Report 2016 Cover Photo: On February 1, 2016 the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emer- gency of International Concern in response to clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syn- drome in the Americas, which were associated with the ongoing Zika virus outbreak in the region. The picture depicts Dr. Bill Nelson of Tetracore demonstrating the real time PCR equipment which can simultaneously diagnose Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue infection. 2 WINDREF Annual Report 2016 Mission Statement WINDREF seeks to advance health and sustainable environmental development through multi-disciplinary research and education programs. WINDREF strives for program excellence by promoting collaborative relationships between internationally recognized scholars and regional scientists, and by adhering to the highest ethical and academic standards in the design and conduct of research. Goals To provide a scientific resource centre capable of coordinating international collaborative research of the highest calibre in the areas of medicine, medical and veterinary public health, environmental health, anthropology, sociology, ecology, marine and terrestrial biology, and ethics. To provide a first rate academic opportunity to scientists from the Caribbean and around the world through unique research opportunities that enhances the knowledge and welfare of local and international communities. To conduct applied scientific research for the benefit of community and health development at the local, national and international levels. To share relevant scientific information with local and international communities in the pursuit of evidence-based policies. 3 WINDREF Annual Report 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Director’s 2016 Report………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 6 WINDREF Organization Board of Directors (USA/Grenada)……………………………………………………..……………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Grenadian Women's Perspectives on Screening for Breast and Cervical
    Global Journal of Health Education and Promotion Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 1–16 http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/GJHEP-2016-V17-I3-7072 Grenadian Women’s Perspectives on Screening for Breast and Cervical Cancers: A Participatory Approach to Understanding Prevention Kamilah B. Thomas-Purcell, Nova Southeastern University Will L. Tarver, Indiana University Christine Richards, St. George’s University Marva Primus-Joseph, T. A. Marryshow Community College Barrymore McBarnette, General Hospital of St. George’s Grenada Abstract Breast and cervical cancers present a heavy disease burden on countries with a limited resource base. This study explored the behavioral determinants that facilitate breast and cervical cancer screening among women within the cul- tural context of Grenada. One focus group discussion was held within each of the seven parishes of Grenada with women between the ages of 21 and 64 years with no history of abnormal cells of the breast or cervix. Four major themes emerged from the data, including (1) social interpretation of breast and cervi- cal cancers, (2) price of participating in screening, (3) facilitators to screening, and (4) preferred methods of communication. In addition to basic informa- tion on cancer prevention, educational campaigns must address health literacy and the social interpretations of breast and cervical cancers in this population, particularly the persistent stigma. The results of this study highlight potential issues faced in limited-resource settings that should be acknowledged. Kamilah B. Thomas-Purcell is an assistant professor in the College of Osteopathic Medicine Master of Public Health Program and Office of Research and Innovation at Nova Southeastern University.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pigs in Grenada, West Indies
    Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs in Grenada West Indian Veterinary Journal 2009, 9 (1) 22-27 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs in Grenada, West Indies Keshaw P Tiwari, Alfred Chikweto, Guillaume Belot1, Guillaume Vanpee1, Claude Deallie, Graeme Stratton, Ravindra N Sharma* Pathobiology Academic Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies 1DVM student, Ecole National Veterinary School. Toulouse, France. *Corresponding author: Tel: 1-473-444-4175 ext 3335. Email: [email protected] Abstract In order to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs of Grenada, a cross-sectional study was undertaken. During July 2009, coprological examination was carried out on 221 pigs from 16 farms. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 68.78% (95% CI, 62.67 to 74.89%). Four types of parasites were identified including Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides spp. Trichuris suis and coccidia. Mixed infections were common on some farms, comprising 6/10 (60.0%) in small herds and 5/6 (83.3%) in large herds. There was no significant difference between infection rates on larger and smaller pig farms (p > 0.05). There was also no association between infection rate and age group on either smaller farms (p = 0.12) or larger farms (p = 0.06). There was no evidence of infection with Ascaris suum. The results of this study provide baseline information about intestinal parasites of pigs and preventive methods currently in use in Grenada. Key words: Prevalence, intestinal parasites, pigs, Grenada Introduction uring the last 25 years, the pig industry in Grenada of the pigs were infected with Ascaris suum (54.6%), Dhas suffered major setbacks including closure of Trichostrongylus spp.
    [Show full text]