„Behandlung Von Textilfarbstoffen Durch Aquatische Pilze“ D

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„Behandlung Von Textilfarbstoffen Durch Aquatische Pilze“ D „Behandlung von Textilfarbstoffen durch aquatische Pilze“ D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Lehrstuhl für Umweltbiotechnologie des Internationalen Hochschulinstitutes Zittau von Herrn Diplom-Biologen Charles Junghanns geb. am 09. April 1979 in Leipzig Gutachter 1. Prof. Dr. Gerd-Joachim Krauß 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Hofrichter 3. Prof. Dr. Georg Gübitz Halle (Saale), 05. Juni 2008 urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000013693 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3-000013693] Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS.........................................................................................1 1. EINLEITUNG.......................................................................................................................4 1.1. Aquatische Pilze..........................................................................................................4 1.2. Laccasen (E.C. 1.10.3.2) .............................................................................................8 1.3. Textilfarbstoffe..........................................................................................................10 1.4. Anliegen der Arbeit ..................................................................................................19 2. MATERIAL UND METHODEN......................................................................................20 2.1. Herkunft, Isolation und Identifizierung der Pilzstämme......................................20 2.2. Kultivierung ..............................................................................................................24 2.2.1. Stammhaltung und -auswahl.............................................................................24 2.2.2. Flüssigkulturen in Erlenmeyerkolben ...............................................................25 2.2.2.1. Optimierung der Laccaseproduktion .............................................................27 2.2.3. Flüssigkulturen in Rührkesselreaktoren............................................................28 2.2.4. Flüssigkulturen in Bioreaktoren im Labormaßstab...........................................30 2.3. Analytische Methoden ..............................................................................................32 2.3.1. Bestimmung von Biotrockenmassen.................................................................32 2.3.2. Absorptionsmessungen .....................................................................................33 2.3.3. Aufnahme von Spektren....................................................................................33 2.3.4. Bestimmung des chemischen Sauerstoffbedarfs...............................................34 2.3.5. Aktivitätsbestimmungen von Enzymen ............................................................34 2.3.6. Bestimmung von Proteinkonzentrationen.........................................................35 2.3.7. Massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen von Farbstoffen..............................35 2.4. Reinigung der Laccase aus Phoma sp. UHH 5-1-03...............................................37 2.5. Strukturelle Charakterisierung der Laccase..........................................................37 2.5.1. Gelelektrophoresen ...........................................................................................37 2.5.2. Gelfiltration.......................................................................................................38 2.5.3. Massenspektrometrie ........................................................................................39 2.5.4. Glycosylierungsgrad .........................................................................................39 2.6. Funktionelle Charakterisierung der Laccase.........................................................40 2.6.1. pH-Wert und Temperatur..................................................................................40 2.6.2. Entfärbung von Textilfarbstoffen......................................................................40 2.6.3. Kinetische Parameter ........................................................................................41 2.6.4. Inhibitoren.........................................................................................................41 2.7. Charakterisierung des Laccasegens und –transkripts ..........................................42 2.7.1. Isolation von Nukleinsäuren und cDNA-Synthese ...........................................42 2.7.2. PCR-Bedingungen ............................................................................................42 2.7.3. Klonierung, Sequenzierung und Sequenzanalyse .............................................43 2.8. Statistische Auswertungen .......................................................................................44 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3. ERGEBNISSE.....................................................................................................................45 3.1. Isolation, Identifizierung und Auswahl der Pilzstämme .......................................45 3.1.1. Identifizierung neuer Stämme...........................................................................45 3.1.2. Screening auf Agarplatten.................................................................................46 3.1.3. Screening in Mikrotiterplatten..........................................................................47 3.2. Entfärbungsversuche in Erlenmeyerkolben...........................................................53 3.2.1. Einzelfarbstoffe in Malzextraktmedium ...........................................................54 3.2.2. Einzelfarbstoffe in Modellabwässern mit Malzextrakt .....................................56 3.2.3. Farbstoffgemische in Modellabwässern mit Malzextrakt .................................59 3.2.4. Einzelfarbstoffe ohne zusätzliche Nährstoffquelle ...........................................61 3.2.5. Farbstoffgemische in Modellabwässern ohne Malzextrakt...............................64 3.2.6. Massenspektrometrie des Abbaus von Acid Blue 62 ........................................66 3.3. Entfärbungsversuche in Bioreaktoren....................................................................68 3.3.1. Entfärbung von Reactive Blue 19 in einem airlift-Reaktor...............................68 3.3.2. Entfärbung von Direct Blue 71 in Bioreaktoren ...............................................70 3.3.3. Entfärbung eines Modellabwassers in Bioreaktoren.........................................72 3.3.4. Entfärbung eines Modellabwassers in aufskalierten Bioreaktoren ...................73 3.4. Laccase des Stammes UHH 5-1-03 ..........................................................................74 3.4.1. Produktion, Reinigung und strukturelle Charakterisierung ..............................74 3.4.2. Substratspezifität...............................................................................................77 3.4.3. pH-Optimum und –stabilität .............................................................................79 3.4.4. Temperaturoptimum und – stabilität.................................................................80 3.4.5. Inhibition der Laccase.......................................................................................81 3.4.6. Sequenzierungsstrategie zur Analyse von Gen und Transkript ........................82 3.4.7. Laccasegen und theoretische Eigenschaften des Proteins.................................83 3.4.8. Nachweis der Expression des Laccasegens.......................................................87 3.5. Optimierung der Laccaseproduktion......................................................................87 3.5.1. Reactive Blue 19 als Elizitor und Tomatensaft als Medium .............................87 3.5.2. Identifizierung optimaler Produktionsbedingungen..........................................88 3.5.2.1. Interaktionen zwischen Reactive Blue 19 und Tomatensaft ..........................91 3.5.3. Maßstabsvergrößerung der Laccaseproduktion ................................................91 4. DISKUSSION .....................................................................................................................93 4.1. Klassifizierung der Stämme.................................................................................... 93 4.2. Eignung von aquatischen Pilzen zur Behandlung von Farbstoffen .................... 93 4.3. Mechanismen des Farbstoffabbaus bei aquatischen Pilzen................................. 96 4.4. Laccase des Stammes UHH 5-1-03....................................................................... 102 4.5. Optimierung der Laccaseproduktion................................................................... 105 4.6. Einsatz des Stammes UHH 5-1-03 in Bioreaktoren............................................ 108 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG......................................................................................................110 6. AUSBLICK...........................................................................................................................113 7. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS............................................................................................114 8. DANKSAGUNG...................................................................................................................130 9. ANHANG...................................................................................................................................i
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