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Gældsophævelsens Akt Gældsophævelsens akt En kritisk udforskning af gældsmodstand med afsæt i Slavoj Žižeks dialektiske materialisme Andreas Beyer Gregersen Studienummer: 20134786 Underskrift: ________________ Anders Frederiksen Jensen Studienummer: 20134787 Underskrift: ________________ Vejleder: Kasper Porsgaard Afleveringsdato: 31/05/2018 Ikke-fortroligt kandidatspeciale (Master’s Thesis) 10. semester på kandidatuddannelsen i Anvendt Filosofi (AAU) Anslag med mellemrum: 334.515 Billede: Profilfoto på den amerikanske organisation Strike Debts Twitter-konto Indholdsfortegnelse Indledning .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Del 1: Gældsøkonomi ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1: Produktion, ideologi, magt ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1a: Gældens betydning(er) ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.2: ”Luksus”, ”kredit” og hvad dertil hører .................................................................................................. 9 1.3: Et gældsspøgelse i Europa? .................................................................................................................. 12 Del 2: Gældsdialektik ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1: En materialisme uden materialisme? ................................................................................................... 19 2.1a: Den transcendentale andethed ...................................................................................................... 20 2.1b: Dialektikkens udgangspunkt ........................................................................................................... 22 2.1c: Det absolutte og det hele - men ikke ’alt’....................................................................................... 25 2.1d: Begæret, skammen og den mystiske Odradek ............................................................................... 31 2.1e: Minimal forskel - parallakser og antagonismer .............................................................................. 37 2.2: Om penge, økonomi og bankgæld ....................................................................................................... 43 2.2a: Pengenes logik ................................................................................................................................ 46 2.2b: Gældens logik ................................................................................................................................. 48 2.2c: Den nedadrettede gældsophævelse ............................................................................................... 53 2.3: Aktens ontologi ..................................................................................................................................... 56 2.3a: Symbolske selvmord og genfødsler ................................................................................................ 60 2.3b: Subtraktionens kortslutninger ........................................................................................................ 62 Del 3: Gældsmodstand .................................................................................................................................... 65 3.1: Gældsrevision ....................................................................................................................................... 67 3.1a: Odiøs, ubæredygtig og irrationel gæld ........................................................................................... 68 3.1b: Gældseftergivelse på højt plan: Jubilee 2000 ................................................................................ 70 3.1c: Immanent kritik og overidentifikation ............................................................................................ 72 3.2: Gældsfrihed .......................................................................................................................................... 80 3.2a: At afbrænde sig fri af gæld? ........................................................................................................... 83 3.2b: Gældsfrihed som fantasme? .......................................................................................................... 85 3.3: Gældsafvisning ..................................................................................................................................... 87 3.3a: Begyndelsen til noget større? ......................................................................................................... 90 3.3b: Når kritikken og modstanden eskalerer ......................................................................................... 93 3.4: Gældsrevolution ................................................................................................................................... 97 3.4a: Jubelåret genbesøgt ....................................................................................................................... 99 3.4b: Fra økonomisk til moralsk, økologisk og religiøs gæld ................................................................. 101 3.4c: Den æstetiske fare: Strike Debt .................................................................................................... 106 3.4d: Tid til revolution? ......................................................................................................................... 109 Konklusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 112 Litteraturliste ................................................................................................................................................. 117 "Insofar as the current regime of indebtedness really operates as an ‘apparatus of capture’, every battle against it will be ineluctably drawn into its parameters, as the choice of one or another position within its horizon. If debt always begets more of the same, until debt service becomes the first and last function of the economy, what are our options?” - Richard Dienst (2017) Indledning Følgende speciale vil undersøge, hvorledes gældsmodstand kan analyseres og diskuteres ud fra Slavoj Žižeks filosofi. Med særligt fokus på den dialektiske materialisme som teoretisk ramme vil vi særligt udforske mulighederne for dét, som vi vil betegne som radikal gældsophævelsespolitik i nutidige former for bestræbelser på forandring, der omhandler gældsproblematikker. Vores udgangspunkt er i den forbindelse, at vi i dag lever i en vis form for ’gældsøkonomi’, hvilket vi i de første kapitler vil redegøre for og diskutere med henvisning til både filosoffer, sociologer og økonomer såsom Ole Bjerg, Étienne Balibar og Maurizio Lazzarato. I en tid, hvor politikere taler om, at vi er på vej ud af efterdønningerne fra finanskrisen i 2008, er der samtidig flere teoretikere og videnskabsfolk som de førnævnte, der advarer om fremtidige kriser givet gældsposters makroøkonomiske konsekvenser verden over. Alene af den grund er vi overbeviste om, at det er relevant at beskæftige sig filosofisk med de muligheder og begrænsninger, der følger af gæld. ’Gældsmodstand’ er et begreb, som den danske idéhistoriker Mikkel Thorup bruger til at betegne vidt forskellige former for kritik- og modstandsformer på både lokalt, nationalt og globalt niveau. Det gælder alt lige fra afbrænding af gældsbeviser til simpel nægtelse af at betale gæld tilbage, fra bevægelser for eftergivelse eller revision af offentlig gæld til opkøb af privat gæld med det formål at 'give den fri', fra magtkampe på højeste niveau til på lokalt plan at melde sig ud af gældsøkonomien. Vores interesse i disse udspringer ikke af en overbevisning om, at alle former for gældsmodstand er lige berettigede og hver især konstituerer en reel modstand. Tværtimod er formålet med specialet især at kaste et kritisk blik på det valgte område ved at spørge nærmere ind til, hvornår gældsmodstand konstituerer en egentlig politisk handling og kan fremprovokere radikale samfundsforandringer. Et nærliggende spørgsmål i den forbindelse omhandler subjektet selv, idet man også kan spørge til, hvordan man bliver virkelig ’fri’ for gæld, og hvad det kan indebære. Er f.eks. økolandsbyen Friland på Djursland fri for gæld, blot fordi de stiller som et krav til alle indbyggere, at de ikke må optage gæld i private banker - og er det lig med at gøre modstand mod gældsøkonomien omkring Friland, som landsbyen ikke har isoleret sig fuldstændigt fra? Sådanne spørgsmål omhandler også selve gældens ontologi, som i vores optik ikke bare involverer et rent økonomisk forhold men ligeledes implicerer subjektivitet, moral, politik og mere til. Med et berømt udtryk fra Karl Marx’ karakteristik af varer i Kapitalen - Bind 1 (1867) synes gæld endda at være fuld af ”metafysisk spidsfindighed og teologiske nykker”, som må afdækkes for at besvare, Side | 1 hvordan vi kan gøre modstand mod gæld (Marx 1970, s. 170). Det er bl.a. i den forbindelse, at Slavoj Žižek er interessant at beskæftige sig med som filosof, idet han konsekvent kobler idéer og analyser om samfundsforandringer
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