PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Visual Quality – Summary of Assessment

. The Project is located within a predominately urban residential and industrial land use setting that includes several residential, commercial, recreational, and industrial areas and transportation infrastructure. At night these areas also have visible light sources.

. During daytime viewing the Project could potentially change the visual quality in the area

due to an increase in the visibility of infrastructure and a change in its visual character.

. During night-time viewing Project-related temporary construction lighting and permanent street and navigational lighting could potentially change the existing lighting conditions.

. Potential Project-related residual effects on visual quality could arise during construction and

operations as result of:

o A change in daytime views

o A change in night-time views

. Key mitigation measures include: Lighting plan o o Landscape plan

o Communication and engagement with the community

. No significant Project-related residual or cumulative effects on visual quality are expected.

6.4.1 Context and Boundaries This section describes the context for assessment of potential Project-related effects on the Visual Quality Valued Component (VC). It includes the selection and rationale of the Visual Quality VC, subcomponents, and indicators, an overview of the regulatory context, and the definition and rationale for the spatial, temporal, administrative, and technical assessment boundaries.

6.4.1.1 Valued Component Selection Visual Quality has been identified as a Valued Component in the Valued Components Selection and Rationale Document for the Project. The following provides additional rationale for the assessment of Project effects on visual quality.

6.4.1.1.1 Rationale for Selection of Visual Quality For the purposes of this assessment, the term “Visual Quality” refers to the visual aesthetic aspects of a landscape, which are often related to public enjoyment of scenic views and concerns over the visual impact of development. These matters are of interest in an area where scenic landscapes provide the context for residential, recreational, and tourism activities, such as within Metro Vancouver, including urban areas along the Fraser River.

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The Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project (Project) has the potential to affect visual quality as a result of the visibility of the construction and operation of the new Pattullo Bridge and associated approaches, interchanges, and road extensions in the City of New Westminster and the City of Surrey.

The Project overlaps parts of federal land and water under the jurisdiction of the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (VFPA). Public and stakeholder consultation, ongoing consultation between MoTI and Aboriginal Groups, and related Project-specific studies have identified concerns related to effects on visual quality. As such, visual quality is a component of the human environment that is considered to have Aboriginal, regulatory, and social importance.

An assessment was undertaken to determine the existing visual quality of the landscape setting surrounding the Project and to examine the potential for visual effects from the Project components and activities. The assessment fulfills the requirements of the BC Environmental Assessment Act and the VFPA Project Environmental Review (PER) process as laid out in the Application Information Requirements (AIR) for the Project (posted on EAO website ePic). The assessment of visual effects is considered a pathway to support the assessment of the following VCs:

. Marine Use VC

. Land Use VC

The assessment of visual effects also contributes to the assessment of current land and resource use for traditional purposes (Section 11.0) and Aboriginal Interests (Section 12.0).

The evaluation of visual effects was informed by the assessments of Lighting and Shading, which are considered pathways to support the Visual Quality VC. Section 6.5 Lighting assesses the environmental setting and effects to perceived lighting conditions (i.e., configuration of light sources and related level of brightness) at selected receptor locations during the night-time, whereas Section 6.6 Shading assesses the environmental setting and effects to the pattern of shadow (i.e., visible extent and form of shadow cast by objects surrounding the Project) during the daytime.

The selected subcomponents for the Visual Quality VC are Daytime Viewing to address effects associated with the perception of Project-related changes to visual quality that are visible during daylight hours, and Night-time Viewing to address effects associated with the visibility of Project-related lighting and changes to visual quality during night-time hours. Table 6.4-1 summarizes the subcomponents of the Visual Quality VC.

Table 6.4-1 Subcomponents of Visual Quality Valued Component

Subcomponent Rationale for Selection

Daytime Viewing The Project could potentially affect daytime viewing conditions and visual quality for residents and visitors (e.g., recreational and tourism users).

Night-time Viewing An increase in light levels from Project-related operational street and navigational lighting that could alter night-time viewing conditions and visual quality from nearby locations.

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6.4.1.1.2 Indicators of Potential Effects The assessment of potential Project effects on Visual Quality evaluates the level of change to visual quality from current viewing conditions for the Daytime Viewing and Nighttime Viewing sub-components. The following parameters were used to analyze and characterize potential effects:

. Visibility of the Project – for daytime viewing, refers to the visible extent and prominence of Project components from key viewing locations; for night-time viewing, refers to the visibility of Project light sources from key viewing locations.

. Visual contrast of the Project – for daytime viewing, refers to the visual character of Project components and the resulting level of visual contrast between the Project and the existing landscape setting from key viewing locations. The determination of visual contrast is used further for visual impact assessment to characterize the effects of visual contrast on potential viewers. For night-time viewing, contrast refers to a change in perceived lighting levels related to Project lighting from key viewing locations.

The assessment adapted established standards and guidelines and qualitative definitions were used to compare pre-Project (baseline) and Project-related viewing conditions. Table 6.4-2 summarizes the indicators and measurable parameters for each subcomponent of the Visual Quality VC.

Table 6.4-2 Indicators for Assessment of Potential Effects for Visual Quality

Subcomponent Indicators Measurable Parameter

Daytime Viewing Level of change in visual quality from . Visibility of Project features and their visual current daytime viewing conditions prominence from key viewpoints . Visual contrast of Project features with the existing visual character and the resulting visual impact to viewers from key viewpoints

Night-time Viewing Level of change in visual quality from . Visibility of Project lighting from key viewpoints current night-time viewing conditions . Change in perceived light levels from key viewpoints

6.4.1.2 Regulatory Context The Project site is located within the Metro Vancouver area of British Columbia and overlaps portions of New Westminster, Surrey, and federal land and water under the jurisdiction of the VFPA. Existing relevant information and planning documents on visual resources, obtrusive lighting, and shade management were reviewed to understand the regional context for visual quality management during daytime and night-time. This included a review of the British Columbia Visual Landscape Inventory (VLI) database (MFLNRO 2011); the British Columbia Strategic Land and Resource Plans (SLRP) listing (MFLNRO n.d.); regional and municipal planning guidance and bylaws for Metro Vancouver, New Westminster, and Surrey; and the VFPA land use plan and permitting process. The regulatory and policy setting of the Project as it relates to the management of visual quality is summarized below.

The analysis of Project visual effects provides information relevant to subsection 5(1) and 5(2) of CEAA 2012 related to effects on federal lands and effects on Aboriginal peoples.

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Within British Columbia, visual resources are managed under the authority of the Forest and Range Practices Act (MFLNRO 2002) and through policy within higher-level SLRPs that draw on the application of the Visual Resource Management (VRM) system of the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (FLNRORD). The VRM system provides a systematic framework for managing visual resources on forested landscapes through the use of inventories of visually sensitive areas throughout the province and the designation of visual quality objectives for each area. A review of the VLI database identified no established visually sensitive areas or management objectives within the Metro Vancouver area. Similarly, no SLRPs have been developed for the Metro Vancouver area.

Regional, municipal, and public authorities may provide visual design and development guidelines to address visual appearance and related impacts of development projects within their jurisdiction. At present there are no specific regional or municipal regulatory requirements or limits associated with visual effects of roadway or related infrastructure development within urban areas of Metro Vancouver, New Westminster, or Surrey. Similarly, there are no specific regional or municipal3 regulatory requirements or limits associated with the effects of intrusive lighting or shade for roadway or related infrastructure (see Section 6.5 Lighting and Section 6.6 Shading for more information on the regulatory context).

Visual quality is acknowledged as a value within local community plans, which indicate that development should generally retain viewing opportunities of the Fraser River, including views of the Skytrain and Pattullo Bridge; minimize the impact of lighting (City of Surrey 2003); balance opportunities for development with the preservation of aesthetic value and in consideration of scenic views such as those along the Fraser River (City of New Westminster 2011a; City of New Westminster 2011b; City of New Westminster 2016); and encourage development to enrich the aesthetic quality of nearby communities (City of Surrey 2014).

The VFPA has established guidelines related to view, shade, and lighting as part of its PER process supporting stewardship of federal port lands at the Port of Vancouver (VFPA 2015a; VFPA 2015b). These guidelines provide direction to address potential view, shade, and lighting effects where developments are proposed in close proximity to residential or public areas. They do not provide a framework to assess the quality of existing visual resources or potential visual effects.

In the absence of regulatory requirements or specific visual assessment guidelines for the Visual Quality VC, technical visual impact assessment methods from the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Guidelines for the Visual Impact Assessment of Highway Projects were adapted and used to evaluate potential Project effects to visual quality during daytime viewing (FHWA 2015). The FHWA approach provides a set of guidelines for conducting visual inventories and visual analysis for proposed highway and related infrastructure projects. It is based on public perception research and professional techniques and includes a range of objective criteria for the inventory, analysis, and mitigation of changes to visual quality.

3 New Westminster has a light intrusion bylaw to regulate light intrusion onto residential properties but it does not apply to street lights, traffic lights, or other lights on City property (City of New Westminster 2008).

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Further guidance is available from the Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage, also known as the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), and from the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) for evaluating and addressing the visual effects of outdoor lighting (CIE 1997; IESNA 2000; CIE 2003) (see Section 6.5 Lighting and Section 6.6 Shading for more information on the assessment approach and standards).

Table 6.4-3 provides a summary of the regulatory requirements, guidelines, standards, and best management practices (BMPs) related to the management of visual quality for the Visual Quality VC.

Table 6.4-3 Relevant Regulatory Requirements, Guidelines, Standards, and Best Management Practices

Description Relevance to VC/IC Assessment

Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, Information relevant to subsection 5(1) and 5(2) of CEAA 2012. 2012 (CEAA 2012)

Vancouver Fraser Port Authority Project and Guidelines relate to view, shade, and lighting as part of the PER Environmental Review Guidelines for View, Guidelines process applicable to federal lands and waters within Shade, and Lighting VFPA jurisdiction. These guidelines provide the basic information requirements of a view and shade analysis for proposed buildings and structures, and for the design, installation, and operation of outdoor lighting.

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Technical framework for conducting visual assessments for Highway Administration (FWHA) Guidelines highway projects based on best practices for identifying, for the Visual Impact Assessment of assessing, and mitigating adverse visual effects of roadways and Highway Projects related infrastructure.

International Commission on Illumination The Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Outdoor Lighting Installations provides standards for assessing the Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting environmental impacts of outdoor lighting installations and Installations (CIE 2003) and Guidelines for provides recommended limits for relevant lighting parameters to Minimizing Sky Glow (CIE 1997) minimize obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting. The Guidelines for Minimizing Sky Glow provide general guidance for lighting designers and policy makers on the reduction of diffused light effects.

6.4.1.3 Assessment Boundaries

6.4.1.3.1 Spatial Viewing distance affects the level of visible detail perceived by a viewer such that visual elements of the landscape are more discernible and prominent the closer they are to the observer (USDI BLM 1986; BC MoF 1997). That is, as viewing distance from the Project increases, the level of visible detail perceived by viewers decreases. Viewing distance zones were measured outward from the Project site to help define the influence of viewing distance and support the definition of study boundaries. These distances were defined as foreground (less than 1 km), middle-ground (1 to 5 km), and background (greater than 5 km), based on distances consistent with research on visible viewing thresholds and in consideration of the scale of the Project components.

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The spatial boundaries for the Visual Quality assessment are defined as follows: . Project Boundary: Corresponds to the proposed Reference Concept, a preliminary design that meets the identified design guidelines and construction specifications, plus additional area intended to capture a reasonable spectrum of possible design refinements and anticipated extent of direct ground disturbance.

. Local Study Area (LSA): A 5 km spatial buffer from the Project Boundary, which includes potential viewing locations within New Westminster and Surrey that represent areas of residential, transportation, recreational/tourism, and Aboriginal cultural use activities. These locations are within viewing distances that generally allow viewers to perceive a discernible level of visual detail. This provides a spatial extent appropriate for the residual effects assessment.

. Regional Study Area (RSA): A 10 km spatial buffer from the Project Boundary. The outer extent of the RSA was selected based on the farthest reasonable distance at which Project features may be visible and represents viewing distances where the perception of visual detail is less discernible by viewers and more frequently affected by atmospheric conditions (e.g., fog, haze). This provides a regional landscape context within Metro Vancouver and includes locations from which other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable Projects may be assessed for cumulative effects.

These spatial boundaries are all shown in Figure 6.4-A-1. Table 6.4-4 summarizes the LSA and RSA for the Visual Quality VC.

Table 6.4-4 Spatial Boundary Definitions for Visual Quality

Spatial Boundary Description of Assessment Area

Visual Quality Local Study Area Encompasses the Project footprint plus a 5 km buffer zone. This represents (LSA) viewing distances that generally allow viewers to perceive a discernible level of visual detail.

Visual Quality Regional Study Area Encompasses the Project footprint plus a 10 km buffer zone, based on the (RSA) farthest reasonable distance at which some proposed Project features may be visible. This represents viewing distances where the perception of visual detail is less discernible by viewers.

6.4.1.3.2 Temporal Temporal boundaries for the Visual Quality assessment were established based on the phases of the Project and potential Project effects to visual quality for each phase, as outlined below:

. Pre-Project Baseline Conditions: The period before the start of construction that represents the existing daytime and night-time conditions surveyed in 2016 and 2017. This phase characterizes cumulative effects from past and present developments and activities.

. Construction Phase: The period from the start of construction to the start of operations (approximately four years). This phase includes site preparation and pre-construction activities, construction of the new bridge, and decommissioning and removal of the existing Pattullo Bridge. Demolition of the existing bridge would commence after the new bridge becomes operational and would be completed in approximately one year.

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. Operations Phase: Encompasses operating and maintenance activities throughout the life of the Project, assumed to be 100 years. This phase will represent the period with the largest anticipated effect to visual quality, both spatially and temporally, and will be the phase assessed for residual and cumulative effects of the Visual Quality VC.

6.4.1.3.3 Administrative No issues related to political, economic, or social constraints were identified that could inhibit assessment of the Visual Quality VC; therefore, no administrative boundary is defined.

6.4.1.3.4 Technical Within British Columbia, FLNRORD uses the VRM system to manage visual resources and maintain timber supply within the provincial landbase. The VRM system also provides a standardized approach, including guidance and methods, for visual impact assessment in the context of BC’s land and resource management programs. However, this system is designed principally to assist in the management of forestry applications involving the visual impacts of vegetation clearing related to timber harvesting (i.e., cutblocks) and road construction, and it is therefore not wholly suitable for assessing the visual effects of projects that consist primarily of infrastructure development within an urban environment, such as the Project.

Accordingly, the Project assessment considers guidance from the VRM system where applicable but adapts elements of the guidance from the FHWA methodology (FHWA 2015), This method is based on technical methods and expert judgement and does not reflect local public perception or preferences for visual quality. The results of public and stakeholder engagement and Aboriginal consultation and studies were used to complement this system and inform an understanding of local concerns pertaining to visual effects.

Limited information was available for the construction phase of the Project to accurately assess visual effects related to key viewpoints. As a result, effects during construction are characterized more broadly, with specific details related to location and schedule of construction activities provided where available. 6.4.2 Existing Conditions This section describes the pre-Project baseline conditions of Visual Quality in sufficient detail to enable potential Project interactions to be identified, understood, and assessed.

6.4.2.1 Methodology

6.4.2.1.1 Data Sources and Reliability Spatial data and non-spatial information describing the physical characteristics and cultural uses or features of the environmental setting within the Visual Quality LSA were collected and reviewed. The key sources of information are listed below:

. Available mapping data describing transportation networks, parks, and protected areas; recreation areas and amenities; community locations and services; and administrative boundaries from CanVec data and from New Westminster and Surrey Open Data catalogues to determine land use activity patterns and potential viewing opportunities (City of New Westminster n.d.; City of Surrey n.d.; Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) 2017).

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. Digital terrain data from Canadian Digital Elevation Data and LiDAR data for New Westminster and Surrey (Natural Resources Canada 2013; McElhanney Consulting 2016).

. Heritage and cultural resource-related locations from BC Remote Access to Archaeological Data (BC Archaeology Branch 2016).

. Publicly available aerial imagery for the LSA (ESRI 2009; Google Earth 2016).

. Land use zoning and associated bylaws from New Westminster and Surrey to determine development patterns and existing management objectives that may be related to visual quality (City of New Westminster 2011b; City of Surrey 2014).

. Information obtained from community group and user websites and reports to determine land use activity locations and values associated with visual quality.

. Reference Concept design information for the proposed Pattullo Bridge and approaches as presented in Section 18.17 of this Application.

Visual quality in the Visual Quality LSA has been studied recently for a number of industrial and infrastructure developments, including other environmental assessment applications. The following key studies were reviewed to provide additional context for the understanding of visual quality in the Project area:

. Port Mann/Highway 1 Environmental Assessment Certificate Application (MOTI 2007)

. George Massey Tunnel Replacement Project (MOTI 2017)

. Vancouver Airport Fuel Delivery Project Environmental Assessment Certificate Application (Vancouver Airport Fuel Facilities Corporation 2011)

. South Fraser Perimeter Road Project Application for an Environmental Assessment Certificate (MOTI 2006)

6.4.2.1.2 Input from Engagement and Consultation Between 2012 and 2016, MoTI and its partners undertook public and stakeholder consultation to develop and evaluate options for rehabilitating or replacing the existing Pattullo Bridge. Public open house sessions and “Community Connections Consultation” events were held, where local concerns about visual effects of the Project, among other issues, were raised. MoTI will continue to engage and inform the public and stakeholders throughout all phases of the Project.

MoTI will also continue to engage with Aboriginal Groups whose Aboriginal Interests may be affected by the Project. This process has produced input about the concerns and perspectives of Aboriginal people with regard to visual quality. Project-specific studies completed by Aboriginal Groups were another source of Aboriginal perspectives and were reviewed to identify potential viewing locations within the LSA associated with Aboriginal cultural use and values (Tsleil-Waututh Nation 2016; Cowichan Nation Alliance 2017; Kwantlen First Nation 2017a; Kwantlen First Nation 2017b; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017a; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017b; Lake Cowichan First Nation 2017; Lyackson First Nation 2017; Musqueam Indian Band 2017). A photographic field survey attended by members of the Kwikwetlem First Nation also helped identify potential viewing locations associated with Aboriginal cultural use and values within the Fraser River.

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6.4.2.1.3 Visibility Analysis and Viewpoint Identification Visibility modelling and analysis identifies areas across a landscape that can be seen from one or more viewpoints, often called a “viewshed.” Preliminary visibility modelling was performed using a geographic information system (GIS) and spatial data describing the terrain within the Visual Quality LSA to identify areas with a potential line-of-sight to the Project. This analysis was calibrated to a geodetic model outlining the shape of the earth to compute elevations of the terrain and surface features that may provide screening.

The following criteria were used with the results of initial visibility modelling to identify locations that represent public viewing opportunities:

. proximity to features that provide publicly accessible viewing, including roads, trails, waterbodies, parks, and recreation amenities near residential areas

. ease of access and use by a range of viewer/user groups, including recreational users, tourists, motorists, residents, and Aboriginal Groups

. representation of a range of viewing angles and distances

. the potential for unobstructed views of the Project (USDI BLM 1986; FHWA 2015)

Viewing locations were further identified through input from the public engagement and consultation programs, including Project-specific studies provided by Aboriginal Groups that identified areas for fishing, hunting/trapping, and gathering activities, and for other traditional and cultural interests, including cultural continuity and sense of place (Tsleil-Waututh Nation 2016; Cowichan Nation Alliance 2017; Kwantlen First Nation 2017a; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017b; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017a; Lake Cowichan First Nation 2017; Lyackson First Nation 2017; Musqueam Indian Band 2017).

Photographic field surveys were conducted at the identified viewpoints.

6.4.2.1.4 Photographic Field Survey The purpose of the photographic field surveys was to gain on-the-ground familiarity with the Project Boundary area and surrounding landscape from an observer’s perspective, to confirm the viewpoints identified from the visibility analysis, and to gather photographic images and related geographic data from surveyed viewpoints.

Four photographic field surveys were conducted within the Visual Quality LSA during daytime and night- time viewing conditions on December 6 and 7, 2016; October 16, 2017; September 11, 2017; and October 16, 2017, to gather photographs from land-based and water-based locations that offered representative views of the Project site. A Nikon D3200 digital camera was used to take photographs. Night-time exposures were adjusted to represent viewing conditions similar to those perceived by the human eye during night-time observation. The locations of the viewpoints were recorded in the field with a global positioning system (GPS), and observation information that describes the local environment, camera settings, and viewing conditions were documented for each surveyed viewpoint. The conditions referenced in the photographs do not take account of varying weather or atmospheric conditions that

6.4-9 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY potentially decrease visibility (i.e., haze or fog). The photographs were processed into panoramic images, and the observation log data were correlated with each image. Details of the information gathered at each surveyed location are provided in Attachment 6.4-B and Appendix 18.12.

The visibility and viewpoint identification analysis, together with the photographic field surveys, resulted in the documentation of 32 surveyed viewpoint locations. Of these, 11 key viewpoints that represent a range of viewing distances and angles within the LSA were selected to support the assessment of existing visual quality. Figure 6.4-A-2 shows the location of the surveyed and key viewpoints. The photographs and related information from key viewpoints were used for further evaluation of current daytime and night- time conditions.

6.4.2.1.5 Existing Daytime Visual Character Analysis The above information sources were reviewed to describe the visual quality within the landscape setting related to the natural, cultural, and project environments and to generally determine the existing visual character of pre-Project baseline conditions (FHWA 2015). Natural environments include features such as landforms, water features, and vegetation. Cultural environments include features such as buildings, infrastructure, and structures (i.e., walls, towers). The Project environment includes existing features related to the Project Boundary as it currently exists, such as roadway geometry, grading, and ancillary elements (i.e., rest areas, signage, railings).

To determine the relationship of potential viewers with the visual quality of the Visual Quality LSA for the assessment of pre-Project baseline conditions, typical viewers potentially affected by the Project were identified, along with their anticipated expectations/concerns for visual quality4. Representative key viewpoints were evaluated based on the activity types of distinct groups of viewers (recreational user/tourist, resident, motorist, and Aboriginal cultural use/value), viewing conditions (viewer exposure to the Project including proximity, number of viewers, and duration of views), and any established local expectations/concern for visual quality. The overall understanding of visual expectations/concerns was based on the application of established visual inventory criteria, input from consultation and engagement, spatial analysis, research results about land use activities in the Visual Quality LSA, and professional judgement (FHWA 2015).

The characterization of the perception of natural, cultural, and project environments for key viewpoints within the Visual Quality LSA is based on qualitative assessment of three dimensions:

. Natural Harmony – the degree to which the natural elements of the landscape form a unified and balanced composition; can be described as harmonious or inharmonious

. Cultural Order – the degree to which the composition of cultural resources is organized so that elements have a clear relationship and function with little visual confusion; can be described as orderly or disorderly

. Project Coherence – the degree to which the composition of elements in the Project Boundary area are understandable, rather than chaotic; can be described as coherent or incoherent (FHWA 2015)

4 A key assumption of this technical approach to determining viewer expectations is that it relates to typical or known values that viewers place on the existing visual quality and is not related to aesthetic appeal, viewer preference, or concepts of beauty.

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The classification of each dimension is based on how the composition of the visual resource is anticipated to meet the expectations of viewer groups at each key viewpoint. Characterization is based on reviewing the results of baseline photography, observed conditions during field surveys, and guidance from established visual inventory criteria (FHWA 2015).

Shade analysis was carried out using a GIS and the shadow pattern extents generated for analysis periods throughout the year related to the changing position of the sun (solstice and equinox). The resulting information on the spatial extent of the current shadow pattern and its relationship to the surrounding community and public areas was considered to understand the existing shade conditions’ influence on daytime visual character (see Section 6.6 Shade for more details).

6.4.2.1.6 Existing Night-time Visual Character Analysis The assessment of the existing night-time visual character is based on the current perceived lighting conditions experienced by viewers during the nighttime. To establish a baseline of pre-Project lighting conditions, the existing exterior light levels at selected key viewpoints were assessed qualitatively based on observations during field surveys and analysis of night-time photographs. Viewpoints were selected to represent a range of night-time-related viewing opportunities that could potentially be affected by the presence of excessive artificial exterior lighting, including locations related to residences, commercial, or public spaces used at night-time, and areas associated with Aboriginal cultural use of the night-time environment. Lighting conditions were classified based on definitions and descriptions from CIE guidelines, which consist of a set of established environmental lighting zones for classifying exterior light levels (CIE 1997; CIE 2003) (see Section 6.5 Lighting for more details).

Table 6.4-5 lists the technical studies related to the assessment of pre-Project baseline conditions for the Visual Quality VC.

Table 6.4-5 Summary of Relevant Studies Related to Visual Quality

Study Name Study Relevance/Purpose

Engagement and Consultation Public and stakeholder engagement and consultation processes provided input to help understand local concerns pertaining to visual effects of the Project. Ongoing engagement with Aboriginal Groups whose Aboriginal Interests may be affected by the Project provided input on concerns and perspectives related to visual quality. Project-specific studies completed by Aboriginal Groups were reviewed to identify potential viewing locations within the Visual Quality LSA.

Visibility Analysis and Viewpoint A desktop study to define areas with a potential line-of-sight to the Project and Identification viewpoints for field survey of existing viewing conditions.

Photographic Field Surveys Four photographic field surveys consisting of site photography to gather (2016-2017) photographs of daytime and night-time viewing conditions.

A qualitative desktop study analyzing baseline photographs from key viewpoints to determine daytime and night-time viewing conditions and visual Visual Character Analysis character based on definitions from FHWA and CIE guidelines. Related to further analysis in the Lighting IC (Section 6.5) and the Shading IC (Section 6.6).

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6.4.2.2 Regional Overview and Historical Activities The Project is located within a predominately urban residential and industrial land use setting that includes a number of residential, commercial, and recreational areas in New Westminster and Surrey, industrial facilities along the foreshore of the Fraser River, marine shipping and navigation activity within the Fraser River, and transportation infrastructure that spans the Fraser River - TransLink SkyBridge, New Westminster Railway Bridge (NWRB), and existing Pattullo Bridge. During the night-time, a number of visible light sources and ambient light are visible related to existing land uses in New Westminster, Surrey, and the greater Metro Vancouver area.

Past and present land use patterns in New Westminster and Surrey, and within the wider context of urbanization in Metro Vancouver, have resulted in physical changes to the environment surrounding the Project. Relative to the first half of the 20th century, the history of development and growth in commercial, residential, and transportation facilities has increasing influenced the daytime and night-time viewing characteristics within the Visual Quality LSA (Sleath 1996; Laven 2008; Destination BC Corp. 2017a; Destination BC Corp. 2017b).

The Visual Quality LSA includes lands and resources valued by Aboriginal Groups for fishing (including commercial fishing), hunting/trapping, and gathering activities, and for other traditional and cultural interests, including cultural continuity and sense of place (Tsleil-Waututh Nation 2016; Kwantlen First Nation 2017a; Kwantlen First Nation 2017b; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017a; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017b; Musqueam Indian Band 2017). Use of these lands and resources by Aboriginal Groups has changed over time as a result of the developments referenced above. Details of past, present, and desired future use of lands and resources by Aboriginal Groups are addressed in Section 11.0 and Section 12.0 of the Application.

6.4.2.3 Current Daytime Viewing Conditions of Visual Quality LSA The Project is located within Metro Vancouver and crosses the Fraser River near the site of the existing Pattullo Bridge between New Westminster and Surrey. The local topography slopes sharply southwards to the Fraser River on the New Westminster side and is a relatively flat floodplain on the Surrey side; beyond the floodplain, the landscape rises to a plateau in the southeast. Although the Project area has historically been subject to extensive anthropogenic disturbance, some consolidated patches of riparian and upland vegetation cover remain. The Fraser River shoreline in the Visual Quality LSA contains fragmented and narrow riparian vegetation communities with few mature trees. Urban forest cover within the uplands of New Westminster and Surrey are predominately deciduous forest (e.g., Queen’s Park), and some areas in Surrey are dominated by conifer species. Many developed areas include semi-natural land cover such as grass lawns and gardens (e.g., Albert Crescent Park, Brownsville Bar Park).

The area within the Visual Quality LSA was an important hub of Aboriginal occupation and use before the arrival of non-Aboriginal settlers and has historically undergone industrial and residential development since that time. The current land use pattern in New Westminster and Surrey consists of an urban landscape featuring a combination of industrial, commercial, and residential land uses. Built up areas near the waterfront in New Westminster include a mix of dense low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise residential communities, commercial development and public spaces such as Westminster Quay, and

6.4-12 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY some small industrial facilities and boat docks. Farther upslope, land uses include low-density single- family residential neighbourhoods, commercial areas, and forested parkland. The part of Surrey within the Visual Quality LSA consists of predominately light and heavy industrial land use, some commercial areas, and parkland, including Brownsville Bar Park and Bridgeview Park. Low-density, single-family resident areas include the community of Bridgeview and the treed upland neighbourhoods of South Westminster Heights and St. Helen’s Park southeast of the Project site.

Transportation infrastructure within the LSA includes the existing Pattullo Bridge, the TransLink SkyBridge, the CN Rail New Westminster Rail Bridge, associated railway lines and loading facilities, and a network of local and regional roadways throughout Surrey and New Westminster. Major roadways include McBride Boulevard, Royal Avenue, Columbia Street, Highway 17, King George Boulevard, Scott Road, and 124 Street. Structural transportation infrastructure elements present in this area include bridge ramps and interchanges, signage, street lighting, and traffic controls and barriers.

The composition of dominant urban residential, commercial, and industrial development patterns and natural landscapes within the Visual Quality LSA are illustrated in Figures 6.4-B-1 to 6.4-B-11. Table 6.4-6 summarizes the types of viewers, activities, and viewing conditions, and characterizes the existing visual quality based on dimensions of natural, cultural, and project environments for each key viewpoint.

Table 6.4-6 Visual Quality Baseline Daytime Viewing Characterization at Key Viewpoints

Viewpoint Description of Viewers Baseline Visual Quality

VP#1 – New . Relatively moderate to high number . Influence of urban development and Westminster Quay of viewers at a local attraction transportation infrastructure diminish and/or high frequency; seasonal natural harmony; mostly harmonious peak in summer environment visible along the southern . Typical viewers are recreational shoreline of the Fraser River users and tourists such as . Cultural order of the New Westminster pedestrians and cyclists Harbourfront is considered orderly due to . Brief to sustained duration of views the patterns of buildings, walkways, and tourist attractions / services . within middle-ground viewing distance (approximately 1.9 km) . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#2 – . Relatively moderate to high number . Influence of urban and industrial Westminster Pier of viewers at a local recreational development and transportation Park amenities and/or high frequency; infrastructure diminish natural harmony; seasonal peak in summer landscape design features such as planted . Typical viewers are recreational trees, aid in the integration of natural users and tourists such as elements pedestrians and cyclists . Cultural order of the New Westminster . Brief to sustained duration of views Harbourfront is considered orderly, due to the patterns of buildings, walkways, and . within foreground viewing distance tourist attractions / recreation amenities (approximately 0.9 km) . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

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Viewpoint Description of Viewers Baseline Visual Quality

VP#3 – Albert . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of urban development and Crescent Park viewers at a local park and/or transportation infrastructure diminish regular frequency natural harmony; shoreline vegetation aids . Typical viewers are recreational in integration of the natural environment by users within the park; nearby providing screening residents (low-rise and high-rise . Cultural order is considered generally buildings) orderly, due to the design of open spaces, . Aboriginal cultural use/value related patterns of buildings, roadways, and to location identified as sχʷəyem, transportation infrastructure sxwáymelth, sxwóymelh (and other . Cultural order may be considered variations) disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of . Brief to permanent duration of views cultural continuity and sense of place . Within foreground viewing distance . Project environment is considered (approximately 0.6 km) coherent as the existing bridge and exchanges are consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#4 – Sapperton . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of industrial development and Landing Greenway viewers on local greenway trail transportation infrastructure diminish and/or regular frequency natural harmony; shoreline vegetation is . Typical viewers are recreational fragmented but aids in integration of users within the park and along the industrial development with the natural greenway trail environment . Aboriginal cultural use/value related . Cultural order is considered generally to nearby location identified as orderly due to the nearby recreational t̕sic̓ ələs, ćećλəs, skwekwte'xwqen amenities; industrial development (and other variations) diminishes cultural order along southern shoreline of the Fraser River . Brief to sustained duration of views . Cultural order may be considered . Within foreground viewing distance disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of (approximately 1.0 km) cultural continuity and sense of place . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#5 – Port Royal . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of urban and industrial viewers with a residential development, and transportation neighbourhood and/or regular infrastructure diminish natural harmony; frequency shoreline vegetation is fragmented but aids . Typical viewers are recreational in integration of industrial and urban users along the shoreline walkway; development with the natural environment nearby residents (low-rise and high- . Cultural order of the New Westminster rise buildings) Harbourfront is considered generally . Aboriginal cultural use/value related orderly, due to the patterns of buildings, to nearby location identified by walkways, and landscape design features; Tsawwassen First Nation within industrial development diminishes cultural Fraser River order along southern shoreline of the Fraser River . Brief to permanent duration of views

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Viewpoint Description of Viewers Baseline Visual Quality

. Within middle-ground viewing . Cultural order may be considered distance (approximately 2.5 km) disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of cultural continuity and sense of place . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#6 – . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of transportation infrastructure Brownsville Bar viewers at local park and/or regular and residential development diminish Park frequency natural harmony; surrounding vegetation . Typical viewers are recreational aids in integration of transportation and users within the park and along the residential development with the natural shoreline (e.g., fishing) environment . Aboriginal cultural use/value related . Cultural order of the park is considered to nearby location identified as generally orderly, due to the design of sxwóymelh, qiqéyt, qəqəyt, Qiqà:yt, open spaces, and recreation amenities; (and other variations); provides transportation development plays a role in visual relationship to t̕sic̓ ələs site the setting (i.e., park provides views of the Pattullo Bridge) cultural order along . Sustained duration of views southern shoreline of the Fraser River . Within foreground viewing distance . Cultural order may be considered (approximately 0.4 km) disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of cultural continuity and sense of place . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#7 – Scott Road . Relatively high number of viewers . Natural environment is considered SkyTrain Station and/or high frequency at SkyTrain inharmonious resulting from the Station prominence of transportation infrastructure . Typical viewers are transit users (i.e., parking lots and roadways); (i.e., commuters); motorists on local surrounding vegetation aids in integration roadways with the natural environment . Brief duration of views . Cultural order is considered generally disorderly due to the complex patterns of . Within foreground viewing distance roadways, signage, lighting standards, and (approximately 0.1 km) parking areas . Project environment is considered coherent as the roadways are consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

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Viewpoint Description of Viewers Baseline Visual Quality

VP#8 – 100 Ave. . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of urban and industrial Surrey viewers within a residential development and transportation neighbourhood infrastructure diminish natural harmony; . and/or regular frequency distant view of the forested mountain landscape provides context of regional . Typical viewers are residents and natural settings motorists on local roadways . Cultural order is considered generally . Brief to permanent duration of views orderly, due to the suburban patterns of . Within middle-ground viewing homes, roadways, and view of urban distance (approximately 2.8 km) development within New Westminster . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#9 – 124th St. . Relatively moderate number of . Influence of urban and industrial Surrey viewers within a residential development and transportation neighbourhood and/or regular infrastructure diminish natural harmony frequency . Cultural order is diminished due to the . Typical viewers are residents and patterns of industrial buildings and areas, motorists on local roadways fencing, and utilities . Brief to permanent duration of views . Project environment is considered . Within foreground viewing distance coherent as the existing bridge and (approximately 0.1 km) roadway are consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

VP#10 – Fraser . Relatively low number of viewers . Influence of urban and industrial River Upstream and/or intermittent frequency development and transportation . Typical viewers are commercial boat infrastructure diminish natural harmony; traffic and limited recreational shoreline vegetation aids in integration of marine users industrial and urban development with the natural environment . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to location identified as stal'əw . Cultural order is considered generally (river) or stó:lō; area identified by orderly, due to the patterns of buildings Musqueam Nation, Kwikwetlem First and waterfront park and transportation Nation, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, and features; industrial development Tsawwassen First Nation as area diminishes cultural order along southern related to fishing activity shoreline of the Fraser River . Brief duration of views . Cultural order may be considered disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of . Within middle-ground viewing cultural continuity and sense of place distance (approximately 1.2 km) . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

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Viewpoint Description of Viewers Baseline Visual Quality

VP#11 – Fraser . Relatively low number of viewers . Influence of urban and industrial River Downstream and/or intermittent frequency development and transportation . Typical viewers are commercial boat infrastructure diminish natural harmony; traffic and limited recreational shoreline vegetation is fragmented but aids marine users in integration of industrial and urban development with the natural environment; . Aboriginal cultural use/value related distant view of the forested mountain location identified as stal'əw (river) landscape provides context of regional or stó:lō; area identified as by natural settings Musqueam Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, and . Cultural order of the New Westminster Tsawwassen First Nation as area Harbourfront is considered generally related to fishing activity orderly, due to the patterns of buildings, walkways, and waterfront park features; . Brief duration of views industrial development diminishes cultural . Within middle-ground viewing order along the southern shoreline of the distance (approximately 1.8 km) Fraser River . Cultural order may be considered disorderly relative to Aboriginal values of cultural continuity and sense of place . Project environment is considered coherent as the existing bridge is consistent with its function as a transportation corridor

Notes: VP = viewpoint; km = kilometre Viewing duration ratings reflect the exposure of viewers related to types of activities typically available at each site and the opportunities they present for viewing: Brief = temporary and/or intermittent viewing opportunity (e.g., moving vehicle); Sustained = extended viewing opportunity (e.g., rest stop); Permanent = continual viewing opportunity (e.g., residence). Viewing distances are defined as foreground (0-1 km), middle ground (1-5 km). Number of viewers and frequency of visits are estimates relative to the type of activities identified at the key viewpoints.

Built structures within the vicinity of the Project have diverse forms and dimensions, which generate a variety of shadow patterns. Shadows generally remain compact during the spring and fall equinox periods and the summer solstice, with shading at some public parks—Victoria Hill Park, Albert Crescent Park, Brownsville Park, Westminster Pier Park—typically limited to the early or late hours of the day when the sun is low in the sky. During the winter solstice, shadows extend farther from structures as a result of the sun’s low position relative to the equator, and the shading at public parks is more extensive, especially in the late hours of the day. The existing Pattullo Bridge and approach ramps shade a small portion of Sapperton Landing Park not accessible for recreational use, and commercial and industrial land use areas north of the bridge along 116 Ave and Musqueam Drive. Shade from the bridge decks and piers falls mostly within the Fraser River in areas identified as being of value for Aboriginal cultural use.

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6.4.2.4 Current Night-time Viewing Conditions in the Visual Quality LSA The viewer in the Visual Quality LSA are currently exposed to exterior lighting from residential and commercial development, industrial facilities, public space lighting for walkways and parking lots, and transportation infrastructure lighting such as street lighting. The closest prominent light sources to the Project Boundary include:

. residential lighting from 14 East Royal Ave, 38 Leopold Place, 120 Agnes St, 31 Elliot St, and 125 Columbia St in New Westminster, located within 300 m of the west end of the Project Boundary.

. industrial facility lighting from Amix Marine Services, Lehigh Materials Surrey Depot, and Ocean Concrete ready-mix operations, located within 300 m of the east end of the Project Boundary.

. transportation infrastructure lighting from the TransLink SkyBridge and the NWRB located approximately 270 m downstream and 70 m upstream, respectively, from the Pattullo Bridge. The existing Pattullo Bridge also includes operational lighting.

. vessel movements within the Fraser River that provide additional temporary lighting effects related to navigational lighting on vessels.

Other evident light sources within the LSA include direct and ambient light related to:

. residential and commercial developments in downtown New Westminster, along Columbia St, the New Westminster Harbourfront, and Quayside Dr, and at Port Royal in Queensborough

. industrial facilities on Annacis Island in Delta

. industrial facilities and commercial development in the South Westminster area of Surrey

. residential neighbourhoods in Bridgeview and South Westminster Heights in Surrey

The characteristics of existing lighting conditions were determined from field observations and analysis of baseline photographs at four selected night-time viewpoint locations in the Visual Quality LSA. These viewpoints are described in Table 6.4-7, including their CIE classifications. The key nighttime viewpoint locations are shown in Figure 6.4-A-2; Figures 6.4-B-12 to 6.4-B-15 illustrate the existing lighting conditions and visible light sources at each location.

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Table 6.4-7 Environmental Light Classification for Key Night-time Viewpoints

Environmental Environmental Viewpoint Description Lighting Zone Light Level

. Foreground recreation / tourism related viewing opportunity located in low brightness setting with VP#2 – Low district existing lighting visible from adjacent residential, Westminster E2 brightness industrial, and transportation infrastructure Pier Park (SkyBridge, Pattullo Bridge, and NWRB) . Ambient light visible from regional urban context

. Foreground recreation / tourism and Aboriginal cultural use/values-related viewing opportunity VP#4 – located in a low brightness setting with existing Low district Sapperton E2 lighting visible from nearby residential, industrial, and brightness Landing Park transportation infrastructure (SkyBridge, Pattullo Bridge, and NWRB) . Ambient light visible from regional urban context

. Middle-ground residential and Aboriginal cultural use/values viewing opportunity located in low brightness setting with existing lighting visible from VP#5 – Port Low district E2 residential (Quayside Dr and South Westminster), Royal brightness industrial (Annacis Island), and transportation infrastructure (SkyBridge, Pattullo Bridge) . Ambient light visible from regional urban context

. Middle-ground residential viewing located in medium brightness setting with existing lighting visible from VP#8 – St. Medium district residential, commercial, and transportation Helen’s Park E3 brightness infrastructure (street lighting and distant view of neighbourhood bridges) . Ambient light visible from regional urban context

6.4.3 Potential Effects This section describes and discusses anticipated interactions of Project activities with Visual Quality and the potential effects of such interactions.

Statutory requirements under CEAA 2012 were integrated throughout the assessment and are summarized in Section 11.0.

6.4.3.1 Potential Interactions The assessment of potential Project effects on Visual Quality follows the general methodology described in Section 3.0 Assessment Methodology. It considers both the Construction Phase and the Operations Phase. Where it is determined that an interaction between a Project activity and Visual Quality could occur, a preliminary effects rating was assigned using the categories in Table 3.4-2 (Section 3.0). Interactions with potential effects are carried forward in the assessment.

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6.4.3.1.1 Daytime Viewing The key Project components could potentially change the existing visual quality during daytime viewing by altering the appearance and character of the existing landscape setting. Potential interactions are outlined below:

. During construction, development of the new bridge, approaches, interchanges, and road connections in New Westminster and Surrey (e.g., Scott Road Extension) will involve the introduction of temporary facilities, staging and laydown areas, construction equipment and materials, and temporary trestles to erect the bridge structure itself (installing foundations, constructing piers, erecting girders, and decking). This will result in a temporary increase in the visibility of construction-related features and activities, and the progressive introduction of roadway infrastructure that has the potential to change the visual character of the landscape setting as viewed within the Visual Quality LSA during the daytime.

. During the later stages of construction, the existing Pattullo Bridge will be decommissioned after the new bridge is opened to traffic. Decommissioning will involve removal of the old bridge main span and related structures, such as the approach span and in-stream piers, not required on completion of the new bridge. This will reduce the visibility of roadway infrastructure and have the potential to change the visual character of the landscape setting as viewed within the Visual Quality LSA during the daytime.

. During operations, completion of the new Pattullo Bridge structures, approaches, interchanges, and road connections in New Westminster and Surrey to their full extent will increase the visibility of roadway infrastructure and have the potential to change the visual character of the landscape setting within the Visual Quality LSA during the daytime.

6.4.3.1.2 Night-time Viewing Project-related lighting could potentially change the existing lighting conditions during night-time hours. Potential interactions are outlined below:

. During construction, temporary lighting will be installed for night work and during the winter months to illuminate construction areas around the new bridge and approaches and to provide for worker safety and security. This will temporarily increase perceivable light sources and potentially change light levels within the Visual Quality LSA.

. During the later stages of construction, when the existing bridge structures are decommissioned, the lighting along the old bridge deck and existing navigational lighting will be removed. This will reduce perceivable light sources within the Visual Quality LSA.

. During operations, the Project-related street lighting and navigational lighting required for safety will result in the addition of perceivable light sources and potentially change light levels within the Visual Quality LSA.

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6.4.3.2 Effects Assessment

6.4.3.2.1 Daytime Viewing The following sections outline the methods used to assess Project-induced changes to visual quality related to visibility, visual contrast, and the related level of visual impact with the Project during daytime viewing.

Landscape Modelling A computer-generated 3D model of the Project Reference Concept was developed from design information to simulate the form and character of the major components of the Project. Images of the Project model were then generated for each key viewpoint based on the geographic coordinates and camera positions recorded during the photographic field surveys. These simulated images were composited with photographic images from corresponding viewpoints to illustrate the predicted visual effects of the Project within the existing landscape context. Composition involved the use of control points for accurate image alignment to confirm the simulation is representative of the correct location and scale of the Project. These images were used for the characterization of visibility and prominence of Project components, and for the rating of the visual contrast of the Project during daytime viewing from key viewpoints.

Simulated images of the Reference Concept from key viewpoints during the Construction Phase, before decommissioning of the existing Pattullo Bridge, and the Operations Phase, after decommissioning of the existing Pattullo Bridge, are presented in detail in the figures in Attachment 6.4-C.

Visibility and Visual Prominence The simulated images from key viewpoints that represent the form and character of the major Project components were reviewed to identify the specific components that would be visible from each key viewpoint and to classify each component by prominence according to the following definitions:

. Dominant – visible object(s) of such large size that it occupies most of the visual field of view and is the major focus of visual attention

. Prominent – visible object(s) is large in size and is a major focus of visual attention

. Obvious – visible object(s) is a distinct feature of sufficient size to be plainly visible to a casual observer, but does not strongly attract viewer attention

. Noticeable – visible object(s) is detectable and/or would be visible to most casual observers but is subordinate in size to most landscape elements

. Inconspicuous – visible object(s) is small in size and/or an indistinct feature

. Faint – object(s) is very small in size and/or requires extended viewing to be discernable

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Visual Contrast and Visual Impact Analysis Key elements of the FHWA Visual Impact Assessment methodology were applied to the analysis of visual contrast and the resulting visual impact of the Project. This approach involves evaluating the visual compatibility, or contrast, of the Project with the visual character of the existing landscape setting, and considering this relative to viewer sensitivity to changes to determine the degree of impact to the visual quality (FHWA 2015).

The level of contrast of the Project was assessed from key viewpoints to determine how compatible the Project was with the existing visual character. The analysis considered visual dimensions (form, line, texture), scale, and materials of each visible Project component (bridge structure, approaches, roadways) with the context of the natural, cultural, and project environments to determine an overall contrast rating from each key viewpoint. The rating classes for visual contrast are characterized as follows:

. Negligible – the alteration is barely perceptible and is compatible with the existing visual character

. Low – the alteration is evident but would not attract the attention of the viewer and is compatible with the existing visual character

. Moderate – the alteration provides a noticeable contrast that begins to attract attention, but is subordinate and compatible with the existing visual character

. Strong – the alteration contrasts in such a way that it is a dominant element with the surrounding landscape and is not compatible with the existing visual character

. Severe – the alteration contrasts dramatically with the patterns or elements of the surrounding landscape with a high degree of contrast and is not compatible with the existing visual character

Assessment of viewer sensitivity to changes in the visual character of the natural, cultural, and project environments from each key viewpoint was based on criteria related to viewer exposure to the Project (proximity to Project, number of viewers, duration of view) and awareness of the visual character of the Project (attention to viewing, focal point of viewing opportunities, concern and/or level of protection for visual quality). Viewers are also anticipated to be more or less sensitive to visual changes depending on their typical interest in natural harmony, cultural order, and project coherence relative to their activity (FHWA 2015). The rating classes for viewer sensitivity are characterized as follows:

. High – a relatively high number of viewers and/or frequent visits; sustained or permanent viewing duration; typically foreground viewing distance5; public, commercial, and/or cultural use where scenic views are of primary importance; exposure to the site or area; and high public interest in adverse impacts to visual quality

5 In general, the closer a viewer is to the project, the more exposure and/or dominance of the object within the view; however, the influence of viewing distance is relative to the scale of the project.

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. Medium – a relatively moderate numbers of viewers and/or regular visits; temporary or short-term viewing duration; typically middle-ground viewing distance; public, commercial, and/or cultural use where scenic views are of secondary importance; a general level of public interest in adverse impacts to visual quality

. Low – a relatively low number of viewers and/or infrequent visits; brief viewing duration; typically middle-ground or background viewing distance; characteristically little concern about adverse impacts to visual quality

The overall sensitivity rating of each key viewpoint took into consideration each evaluation criterion as well as the context of the viewpoint and any knowledge of local concerns related to visual quality.

A visual impact assessment was completed for each key viewpoint to determine to what degree the visual contrast created by the Project components would create a visual change in the viewing opportunities and adversely affect the existing level of visual quality in the Visual Quality LSA. A matrix showing how the interrelationship of the viewer sensitivity rating and the visual contrast rating of the Project features are combined is presented in Table 6.4-8.

Table 6.4-8 Visual Impact Ratings

Visual Contrast Rating

Negligible Low Moderate Strong Severe

Viewer Low Negligible Low Low Moderate Moderate Sensitivity Medium Negligible Low Moderate Moderate High Rating High Low Moderate Moderate High High Notes: Based on the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LI/IEMA 2002)

The visual impact ratings are defined as follows:

. Negligible – the very minor loss or alteration to key elements or features that occurs in a low or medium viewer sensitivity context, and would not change the existing visual landscape character

. Low – the minor loss or alteration to key elements or features and/or introduction of elements that occurs in a low, medium, or high viewer sensitivity context, and is consistent with the existing visual landscape character

. Moderate – the partial loss or alteration to one or more key elements or features of the existing visual environment and/or introduction of elements that may be prominent and that occurs in either a low, medium, or high viewer sensitivity context, but is generally consistent with the existing visual landscape character

. High – the loss of, or major alteration to, key elements or features of the visual environment and/or introduction of elements that may be dominant, occurs in a medium or high viewer sensitivity context, and will be inconsistent with the existing visual landscape character

The visual impact rating, considered together with the assessment of visibility, was used to determine the level of change in visual quality from current daytime viewing conditions.

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6.4.3.2.2 Night-time Viewing The assessment of lighting effects from the Project is presented in Section 6.5 Lighting. The assessment followed CIE guidance to characterize the change in lighting conditions based on the overall visibility of lighting sources and perceived light levels created by the Project from key viewpoints during the Operations Phase. The results of this assessment were used to determine the potential effects of Project-related changes to the visual quality of night-time viewing. The lighting effects were defined as follows:

. Negligible – awareness of light sources that would be a barely perceptible change in baseline conditions and no change in the level of district brightness

. Low – awareness of light sources that would result in a small perceptible change in baseline conditions and no change in the level of district brightness

. Moderate – awareness of light sources that would result in a noticeable effect on baseline conditions and an increase in the level of district brightness

. High – awareness of light sources that would result in a major effect on baseline conditions and a major increase in the level of district brightness

The lighting effects rating was used to determine the level of change in visual quality from current night- time viewing conditions.

6.4.3.3 Potential Effect #1: Temporary Change in Visual Quality During Daytime Viewing from Construction Activities Construction of the new bridge, approaches, interchanges, and road connections, and decommissioning of the existing Pattullo bridge, will create temporary changes in visual quality from current daytime viewing conditions. The presence of construction equipment, facilities, and materials, staging and laydown areas, temporary barge facilities, and temporary trestles for tower construction will all alter viewing conditions. Wherever possible, staging and laydown sites will be in previously disturbed areas, although some vegetation clearing will be necessary during site preparation, ground improvement (preloading), and construction work near waterbodies.

The crews will work progressively on pre-construction and site preparation, road construction, and pier and superstructure construction in localized areas along the Project alignment, access roads, and at pier foundation locations. Considering the scale of the facilities, most construction activities and equipment would likely be visible only to viewers adjacent to the work sites; progressive assembly of the bridge structure itself will be visible from a greater distance due to the size of the towers and the elevation of the bridge deck. Although plans for construction sequencing and staging have not been finalized at the time of this assessment, it is assumed that the duration of construction activity in any given area would be brief (months).

After the new bridge becomes operational, decommissioning and removal of the existing Pattullo Bridge will continue for a year. Both the existing and new bridges will be visible within the Project Boundary area during this period. This will potentially result in a temporary change in visual quality from current daytime viewing conditions. Figures in Attachment 6.4-C illustrate the visibility of the Project during construction before the existing bridge is decommissioned.

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6.4.3.4 Potential Effect #2: Change in Visual Quality During Daytime Viewing Associated with Operation of New Bridge and Approaches The assessment of Project effects on visual quality during daytime viewing took into consideration:

. change in visibility from built infrastructure associated with the operation of the new bridge and approaches

. change in level of visual contrast and resulting visual impact

The analysis of simulated images and viewing distance for each key viewpoint resulted in a qualitative characterization of the visibility and prominence of Project components within the Visual Quality LSA. Table 6.4-9 summarizes the results of the visibility analysis. Figure 6.4-A-2 shows the locations of the key viewpoints.

Table 6.4-9 Visibility and Prominence of Project at Key Viewpoints During Daytime Viewing

Approximate Description of Prominence Viewpoint Description of Visible Features Viewing within Field of View Distance (km) VP#1 – New . Bridge structure partially . Obvious element within the 1.9 Westminster Quay screened by foreground view but does not strongly (middle-ground) buildings; South tower and attract attention of viewer portion of deck are visible . Co-dominate in scale with . Approach in Surrey partially the SkyBridge structure screened by vegetation

VP#2 – Westminster . Bridge structure (towers and . Noticeable element within 0.9 Pier Park deck) partially obscured behind the view but does not (foreground) SkyBridge structure strongly attract attention of . Approaches screened by viewer vegetation . Subordinate in scale with the SkyBridge structure

VP#3 – Albert . Bridge structure partially . Prominent element of the 0.6 Crescent Park screened by foreground view that strongly attracts (foreground) vegetation; tower and portion attention of viewer of deck are visible . Similar in scale to nearby . Approaches are screened by SkyBridge structure foreground vegetation

VP#4 – Sapperton . Bridge structure partially . Prominent element of the 1.0 Landing Greenway screened by foreground view that strongly attracts (foreground) vegetation; towers and portion attention of viewer of deck are visible . Similar in scale with the . Approach in Surrey mostly SkyBridge structure, which visible it overlaps visually

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Approximate Description of Prominence Viewpoint Description of Visible Features Viewing within Field of View Distance (km) VP#5 – Port Royal . Bridge structure (towers and . Noticeable element within 2.5 deck) partially obscured behind the view recognizable as a (middle-ground) SkyBridge structure distinct feature to the . Approach in Surrey mostly viewer screened by vegetation . Co-dominate in scale with the SkyBridge structure

VP#6 – Brownsville . Bridge structure (predominately . Dominant element that 0.4 Bar Park towers and cables) partially occupies most of the (foreground) screened behind foreground viewer’s visual field of view vegetation . Major focal point of . Portion of deck and railing attention visible

VP#7 – Scott Road . Unobstructed view of roads . Prominent element of the 0.1 SkyTrain Station and interchange section of view that strongly attracts (foreground) southern approach in Surrey attention of viewer . Multi-use paths and . Towers are minor focal infrastructure (tunnel) for point of attention due to community connection vertical form . Top part of bridge towers visible in background

VP#8 – 100 Ave. . Bridge structure (towers and . Inconspicuous element 2.8 Surrey deck) partially obscured behind within the view (middle-ground) SkyBridge structure . Indistinct, as it blends with . Approach in Surrey mostly the form of SkyBridge and screened by vegetation urban pattern of background

VP#9 – 124th St. . Scott Road Extension partially . Obvious element within the 0.1 Surrey obscured by foreground view but does not strongly (foreground) vegetation attract attention of viewer . Top part of bridge towers . Towers are minor focal visible in background point of attention due to . Approach ramp in Surrey vertical form mostly screened by vegetation

VP#10 – Fraser . Unobstructed view of bridge . Dominant element that 1.2 River Upstream structure (towers and deck) occupies most of the (middle-ground) . Approach in Surrey mostly viewer’s visual field of view visible . Major focal point of attention

VP#11 – Fraser . Bridge structure (towers and . Obvious element within the 1.8 River Downstream deck) partially obscured behind view but does not strongly (middle-ground) SkyBridge structure attract attention of viewer . Approach in Surrey partially . Subordinate in scale with screened by vegetation the SkyBridge structure

Notes: km = kilometre; foreground = 0-1 km, middle-ground = 1 to 5 km

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Viewers at VP#2, VP#3, VP#4, VP#6, VP#7, and VP#9 will experience foreground views of the Project within a distance of 1 km where visible detail will be most easily discernable. At VP#6 and VP#7, viewing locations are in close proximity to the Project alignment or interchange areas and visible Project components will be evident and perceived as dominant or prominent elements of the landscape. At other locations within foreground viewing distance but not adjacent to the Project (VP#3 and VP#4), the overall scale of the Project components will contribute to its prominence within the field of view.

Viewers at VP#1, VP#5, VP#8, VP#10, and VP#11 will experience middle-ground views of the Project between distances of 1 km and 5 km, where visual details will be less evident in the landscape and the Project components may appear more readily as shapes and patterns. At VP#10 the Project will be a dominant focal feature for viewers where the view of nearly the full extent of the bridge span and approaches will be unobstructed. In general, however, Project components will be less visually prominent from these middle-ground locations and will be seen within the larger urban pattern of New Westminster and Surrey, blending in with existing conditions.

In addition to the changes in visibility from the key viewpoints in the daytime, the assessment of Project- related effects considered the level of visual contrast of the Project with natural, cultural, and project environments, and evaluating viewer sensitivity to changes in visual quality from key viewpoints.

Table 6.4-10 summarizes the results of the visual contrast analysis and the ratings assigned for each key viewpoint.

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Table 6.4-10 Visual Contrast Ratings of Project at Key Viewpoints During Daytime Viewing

Contrast Viewpoint Natural Environment Cultural Environment Project Environment Rating VP#1 – New . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge consistent . Form of new bridge consistent with Low Westminster Quay contrasts with natural environment with existing SkyBridge structure existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge dominates . Composition of the view allows new . Scale of new bridge larger than existing natural features bridge to partially blend with existing Pattullo Bridge setting . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within . Visual unity of form and scale increases project environment order within cultural environment

VP#2 – Westminster . Thin, open form of new bridge . Form of new bridge consistent with . Form of new bridge consistent with Low Pier Park provides views of natural environment existing SkyBridge structure existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge dominates . Scale of new bridge perceived as . Scale of new bridge larger than existing natural features subordinate to SkyBridge and urban Pattullo Bridge structures . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within . Visual unity of form, scale, and material project environment increases order within cultural environment

VP#3 – Albert . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form of new bridge consistent with the . Form of new bridge consistent with Strong Crescent Park contrasts with natural environment SkyBridge structure, but geometric existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge dominates pattern is pronounced . Scale and extent of new bridge natural features . Scale of new bridge perceived as noticeably larger than existing Pattullo dominant feature Bridge . Prominent position of new bridge creates . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within a strong focal point project environment

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Contrast Viewpoint Natural Environment Cultural Environment Project Environment Rating VP#4 – Sapperton . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge consistent . Form of new bridge consistent with Moderate Landing Greenway contrasts with natural environment with existing SkyBridge structure existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge dominates . Position of new bridge provides a weak . Scale and extent of new bridge larger natural features focal point that may attract attention than existing Pattullo Bridge . Visual unity of form, scale, and material . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within increases order within cultural project environment environment

VP#5 – Port Royal . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge consistent . Form of new bridge consistent with Low contrasts with natural environment with the existing SkyBridge structure existing transportation corridor setting . Composition of view allows the new . Scale of new bridge larger than existing bridge to blend with existing setting Pattullo Bridge . Visual unity of form and scale increases . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within order within cultural environment project environment

VP#6 – Brownsville . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Prominent scale and position of new . Form of new bridge consistent with Moderate Bar Park contrasts with natural environment bridge creates a stronger focal point than existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge dominates existing Pattullo Bridge . Scale and extent of new bridge larger natural features . Form provides visual rhythm and order than existing Pattullo Bridge within cultural environment . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within project environment

VP#7 – Scott Road . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge consistent . Form of new bridge and interchange Moderate SkyTrain Station contrasts with natural environment with the existing SkyBridge structure consistent with existing transportation . Clearing of interchange area reduces (now visible) corridor setting natural character . Interchange area is a prominent feature . Scale of new bridge larger than existing that creates a weak focal point Pattullo Bridge . Design of road and paths integrate the . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within open spaces and increases order within project environment cultural environment

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Contrast Viewpoint Natural Environment Cultural Environment Project Environment Rating VP#8 – 100 Ave. . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge consistent . Form of new bridge consistent with Low Surrey contrasts with natural environment with existing SkyBridge structure existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge is subordinate to . Composition of the view allows new . Scale of new bridge larger than existing natural features bridge to blend with existing setting Pattullo Bridge . Visual unity of form and scale increases . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within order within cultural environment project environment

VP#9 – 124th St. . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Scott Road Extension is consistent . Form of new bridge, road, and Low Surrey contrasts with natural environment feature within residential neighbourhood approach consistent with existing . Planting along median increases setting transportation corridor setting natural character . Screening of industrial buildings and . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within removal of fencing increases order within project environment cultural environment

VP#10 – Fraser River . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form of new bridge and approaches is . Form of new bridge and approaches Strong Upstream contrasts with natural environment dominant structure within urban setting; consistent with existing transportation . Scale of new bridge dominates geometric pattern is pronounced corridor setting natural features . Scale of new bridge perceived as . Scale and extent of new bridge expansive and dominant feature noticeably larger than existing Pattullo . Prominent position of new bridge creates Bridge a strong focal point . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within project environment

VP#11 – Fraser River . Geometric pattern of new bridge . Form and scale of new bridge . Form of new bridge consistent with Low Downstream contrasts with natural environment subordinate with existing SkyBridge and existing transportation corridor setting . Scale of new bridge is co-dominate urban structures . Scale of new bridge larger than existing with natural features . Composition of view allows new bridge to Pattullo Bridge partially blend with existing setting . Coherent pattern of infrastructure within . Visual unity of form and scale increases project environment order within cultural environment

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Viewers at VP#3 and VP#10 would experience a strong level of contrast due to the dominant scale and geometric form of the new bridge in combination with its prominent position, making it a focal point that strongly attracts the attention of viewers. At VP#4 and VP#6 would experience a moderate level of contrast resulting from the prominent scale and/or position of the new bridge structure, which would attract attention. The level of contrast at VP#7 would also be moderate level of contrast due to vegetation clearing and presence of the interchange area, which would be prominent features that would attract attention. The remaining key viewpoints. The level of contrast at the other key viewpoints (VP#1, VP#2, VP#5, VP#6, VP#9, and VP#11) would be low level of contrast due to the subordinate scale and consistent form of the new bridge, approaches, and roadway, and the potential for Project components to blend within the existing setting. From nearly all key viewpoints, the Project is anticipated to provide some additional visual unity and increased order within the cultural environment as well as provide a coherent pattern of infrastructure within the project environment.

For each key viewpoint, an evaluation of identified viewers (see Table 6.4-6) was conducted to determine the characteristics related to viewer exposure and viewer awareness as a way to understand anticipated sensitivity to changes in visual quality. Table 6.4-11 summarizes the viewer sensitivity analysis results and rating assigned for each key viewpoint

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Table 6.4-11 Viewer Sensitivity Characterization and Rating for Key Viewpoints

Viewer Viewpoint Description of Viewers Awareness Exposure Sensitivity Rating VP#1 – New . Typical viewers are and tourists and . Attention related to scenic viewing . Relatively moderate to high number of Medium Westminster recreational (e.g., pedestrians and opportunities and the environmental viewers at a local attraction Quay cyclists) setting for activities . (seasonal peak in summer) . Located within an urban park setting . Focal points include existing bridge . Brief to sustained duration of views structures, and urban features along . Within middle-ground viewing distance New Westminster waterfront (approximately 1.9 km) . Tourists and recreational users generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important

VP#2 – . Typical viewers are tourists and . Attention related to scenic viewing . Relatively moderate to high number of Medium Westminster recreational users (e.g., pedestrians and opportunities and environmental setting viewers at local recreation amenities Pier Park cyclists) for activities . (seasonal peak in summer) . Located within an urban park setting . Focal points include existing bridge . Brief to sustained duration of views structures, and urban features along . Within foreground viewing distance New Westminster waterfront (approximately 0.9 km) . Tourists and recreational users generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important

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Viewer Viewpoint Description of Viewers Awareness Exposure Sensitivity Rating VP#3 – Albert . Typical viewers are recreational users . Attention related to routine residential . Relatively moderate number of viewers High Crescent Park . Nearby residents in low-rise and high- views and environmental setting for at a local park; moderate to high number rise buildings activities of viewers at residences . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to . Focal points include Columbia St, . Brief to permanent duration of views location identified as sχʷəyem, existing bridge structures, and urban and . Within foreground viewing distance sxwáymelth, sxwóymelh (and other natural features along the Fraser River (approximately 0.6 km) variations) . Recreational users and residents . Located within an urban park setting generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value of cultural order related to identity and historical sense of place

VP#4 – . Typical viewers are recreational users . Attention related to environmental setting . Relatively moderate number of viewers Medium Sapperton within the park and along the greenway for activities . Brief to sustained duration of views Landing trail (pedestrians and cyclists) . Focal points include existing bridge . Within foreground viewing distance Greenway . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to structures, and historical and natural (approximately 1.0 km) nearby location as t̕sic̓ ələs, ćećλəs, features along the Fraser River skwekwte'xwqen (and other variations) . Recreational users generally consider . Located within an urban greenway cultural order and natural harmony setting important . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value of cultural order related to identity and historical sense of place

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Viewer Viewpoint Description of Viewers Awareness Exposure Sensitivity Rating VP#5 – Port . Typical viewers are recreational users . Attention related to routine residential . Relatively moderate number of viewers Medium Royal along the shoreline walkway views and environmental setting for . Brief to permanent duration of views activities . Nearby residents (low-rise and high-rise . Within middle-ground viewing distance buildings) . focal points include views over the (approximately 2.5 km) . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to Fraser River of existing bridge nearby location identified by structures, and urban and natural Tsawwassen First Nation within Fraser features River . Recreational users and residents generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value of cultural order related to identity and historical sense of place

VP#6 – . Typical viewers are recreational users . Attention related to environmental setting . Relatively moderate number of viewers Medium Brownsville within the park and along the shoreline for activities . Sustained duration of views Bar Park (e.g., fishing) . Focal point is existing Pattullo Bridge . Within foreground viewing distance . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to . Recreational users generally consider (approximately 0.4 km) nearly location identified as sxwóymelh, cultural order and natural harmony qiqéyt, qəqəyt, Qiqà:yt, (and other important variations); provides visual relationship . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value to t̕sic̓ ələs site of cultural order related to identity and . Located within an urban park setting historical sense of place

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Viewer Viewpoint Description of Viewers Awareness Exposure Sensitivity Rating VP#7 – Scott . Typical viewers are transit users . Attention related to routine views during . Relatively high number of viewers Low Road (commuters) at Skytrain Station transit movement . Brief duration of views SkyTrain . Motorists on local roadways . Focal points include views of King . Within foreground viewing distance Station George Boulevard and 120 St in Surrey (approximately 0.1 km) . Travellers and motorists generally consider cultural order and project coherence important

VP#8 – . Typical viewers are residents and . Attention related to routine residential . Relatively moderate number of viewers Medium 100 Ave motorists on local roadways views . Brief to permanent duration of views Surrey . located within a residential . Focal points include views of existing . Within middle-ground viewing distance neighbourhood bridge structures, and urban and natural (approximately 2.8 km) features in Surrey and New Westminster . Residents generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important; motorists generally consider project coherence important

VP#9 – 124th . Typical viewers are motorists on local . Attention related to views of motorists . Relatively moderate number of viewers Medium St. Surrey roadways; nearby resident residents and routine residential views . Brief to permanent duration of views . Located within a residential . Focal point is 124 St . Within foreground viewing distance neighbourhood . motorists generally consider project (approximately 0.1 km) coherence important; residents generally consider cultural order and natural harmony important

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Viewer Viewpoint Description of Viewers Awareness Exposure Sensitivity Rating VP#10 – . Typical viewers are commercial boat . Attention related to routine views during . Relatively low number of viewers Medium Fraser River traffic and limited recreational marine vessel movement and environmental . Brief duration of views Upstream users setting for activities . Within middle-ground viewing distance . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to . Focal points include views over the (approximately 1.2 km) location identified as stal'əw (river) or Fraser River of existing bridge stó:lō; area identified by Musqueam structures, and urban and natural Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Tsleil- features Waututh Nation, and Tsawwassen First . Recreational users generally consider Nation as area related to fishing activity cultural order and natural harmony important; commercial users generally consider project coherence and cultural order important . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value of cultural order related to identity and historical sense of place VP#11 – . Typical viewers are commercial boat . Attention related to routine views during . Relatively low number of viewers Medium Fraser River traffic and limited recreational marine vessel movement and environmental . Brief duration of views Downstream users setting for activities . Within middle-ground viewing distance . Aboriginal cultural use/value related to . Focal points include views over the (approximately 1.8 km) location identified as stal'əw (river) or Fraser River of existing bridge stó:lō; area identified by Musqueam structures, and urban and natural Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Tsleil- features Waututh Nation, and Tsawwassen First . Recreational users generally consider Nation as area related to fishing activity cultural order and natural harmony important; commercial users generally consider project coherence and cultural order important . Aboriginal Groups have expressed value of cultural order related to identity and historical sense of place Notes: km = kilometre; foreground = 0-1 km; middle-ground = 1 to 5 km

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The visual contrast ratings in Table 6.4-10 and the viewer sensitivity ratings in Table 6.4-11 were then combined to determine the Project’s overall level of visual impact for each key viewpoint during operations. The resulting visual impact ratings are summarized in Table 6.4-12.

Table 6.4-12 Visual Impact Ratings of Project Operations at Key Viewpoints During Daytime Viewing

Level of Visual Viewer Sensitivity Visual Contrast Viewpoint Impact with the Rating Rating Project VP#1 – New Westminster Quay Medium Low Low VP#2 – Westminster Pier Park Medium Low Low VP#3 – Albert Crescent Park High Strong High VP#4 – Sapperton Landing Greenway Medium Moderate Moderate VP#5 – Port Royal Medium Low Low VP#6 – Brownsville Bar Park Medium Moderate Moderate VP#7 – Scott Road SkyTrain Station Low Moderate Low VP#8 – 100 Ave. Surrey Medium Low Low VP#9 – 124 St. Surrey Medium Low Low VP#10 – Fraser River Upstream Medium Strong Moderate VP#11 – Fraser River Downstream Medium Low Low

For most key viewpoints, the level of visual impact during Project operations was assessed to be “Low,” representing a visual change to the existing visual environment and/or the introduction of elements that are characteristic within the existing landscape. At VP#4, VP#6, and VP#10 the level of visual impact during Project operations was assessed as “Moderate”, where alteration of the existing visual environment and/or introduction of elements such as the new bridge would be prominent but would generally be in keeping with the existing visual character at these locations. VP#3 was assessed as having a “High” level of visual impact because a major alteration of the visual environment and/or introduction of elements such as the dominant view of the new bridge would change the existing visual character at this location.

Section 6.6 Shade identifies the changes in the existing shadow pattern associated with the operation of the Project in the daytime. Removal of the existing Pattullo Bridge and approaches will reduce the amount of shaded area in a small portion of Sapperton Landing Park and in the commercial and industrial land use areas north of the bridge along 116 Ave and Musqueam Drive. Most shade from the existing bridge decks and piers falls within the Fraser River downstream of the proposed Project location. In this area, which has been identified as being of value for Aboriginal cultural use, the amount of shade will decrease compared to the current shade conditions.

Conversely, construction of the new bridge will increase the extent of shaded areas and change the locations compared to current daytime conditions. The extent of shaded area will typically increase between 5% and 10% relative to seasonal solstice and equinox periods throughout the year, with effects

6.4-37 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY most noticeable in the mid- to late-day hours. Overall, this is predicted to result in a relatively small overall change to the existing shade conditions during Project operations, and the shade effects are not expected to contribute to a noticeable change in visual quality during daytime viewing within the Visual Quality LSA.

6.4.3.5 Potential Effect #4: Temporary Change in Visual Quality During Night- time Viewing Associated with Lighting for Construction Section 6.5 Lighting identifies the temporary changes in the existing lighting pattern associated with construction. Some construction work related to the new bridge and approaches, and for decommissioning of the existing structure would typically need to be during the evening or at night and would require the use of supplemental lighting such as floodlights. Security lighting would be also required at the various work sites and staging or laydown areas during night-time hours.

Construction lighting is required to be sufficiently bright to illuminate work areas and as such would result in a temporary increase in perceivable light sources and light levels at viewing locations adjacent to the Project Boundary. The effects would occur in multiple localized areas progressively throughout the Project Boundary. Lighting from construction activities would be most evident to viewers adjacent to the work sites and become less discernable with increased viewing distance. These impacts would be limited to the four-year construction period.

The removal of street lighting along the old bridge deck and of the existing navigational lighting during decommissioning of the existing Pattullo Bridge will reduce evidence of direct light sources.

6.4.3.6 Potential Effect #5: Change in Visual Quality During Night-time Viewing Associated with Operational Lighting Section 6.5 Lighting identifies the changes in the existing lighting pattern associated with Project operation. New light sources will be introduced into the Visual Quality LSA, which presently has a range of direct light sources and ambient lighting. The changes to light sources during Project operations will include new and more prominent navigational lighting of the bridge towers, which will be located in the Fraser River. Red flashing navigational lights will be installed on the two towers at heights between 70 m and 120 m above deck level. The height of the operational street lighting above the bridge deck will be similar to that of the current Pattullo Bridge span and approaches, approximately 40 m to 50 m above the surface of the Fraser River.

Supplementary lighting may also be required to illuminate work areas during maintenance activities, which would result in a temporary increase in perceivable light sources and light levels at viewing locations adjacent to the Project Boundary.

The street and navigational lighting for Project operations will introduce perceivable direct light sources that may appear larger in vertical extent and more prominent than the baseline conditions. The predicted result is a small change to the existing lighting conditions that will not change the visual quality during night-time viewing within the Visual Quality LSA.

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6.4.3.7 Assessment of Effects on Aboriginal Peoples It is expected that the results of the analysis of potential visual effects to daytime and night-time viewing would apply equally to the general population and to Aboriginal peoples within the Visual Quality LSA. The Project-related studies provided by Aboriginal Groups indicated areas of traditional and current land and resource use as well as Aboriginal perspectives and concerns related to visual quality; this information was integrated into the assessment of existing conditions (Table 6.4-6) and viewer sensitivity (Table 6.4-11).

As discussed under Section 6.4.3.5, indicators based on objective criteria—visibility of the Project and visual contrast presented by the Project—were selected to measure the level of change to the existing visual quality during daytime and night-time viewing of the visual landscape. The discussion of proposed mitigation measures and residual effects in the following sections take into consideration the vulnerability of Aboriginal peoples to the potential visual effects of the Project. 6.4.4 Mitigation Measures This section describes the mitigation approach and relevant management plans proposed to avoid or reduce potential adverse effects of the Project for the Visual Quality VC.

6.4.4.1 Mitigation Approach and Relevant Management Plans A hierarchical approach to mitigating potential Project-related effects is proposed and employs strategies in the following order of priority:

. Avoidance: Measures to avoid potential effects to VCs are implemented during the planning stage of a project, including considerations of overall design, route selections, and scheduling options.

. Minimization: Where disturbances cannot be avoided through planning, measures are implemented to minimize or reduce potential effects through the adoption of standard best management practices (BMPs), construction / operation environmental management plans (C/OEMPs), and site-specific environmental protection plans (EPPs).

. Restoration / enhancement: Where adverse effects cannot be fully eliminated through standard mitigation measures, affected components are restored to pre-Project conditions or otherwise improved.

. Offsetting: Where on-site restoration or enhancement is not feasible, appropriate means to compensate or offset adverse effects will be identified.

The Reference Concept design incorporates certain BMPs related to the form and siting of the Project bridge structure that contribute to reducing potential visual effects, as follows:

. The selected cable-stayed bridge structure is generally thin with long spans that are considered more visually transparent. This structure type is often used where visual impacts are a concern (Transportation Research Board 2010).

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. A cable-stayed bridge structure is consistent with the other adjacent bridges spanning the Fraser River—SkyBridge, Port Mann, Alex Fraser—which increases the sense of visual consistency and unity within the Visual Quality LSA and the Metro Vancouver region.

. By repeating the pattern of tall, vertical features, the pier shape and placement create a sense of visual rhythm, which increases the perception of visual order within the bridge structure and other nearby structures such as SkyBridge and the high-rise towers in New Westminster (Transportation Research Board 2010).

The overall form, scale, and location of the new bridge were determined during the selection and engineering of the Reference Concept bridge design. Because of its size and conspicuous location spanning the Fraser River, limited mitigation measures are available to address the visual effects of the new bridge during daytime viewing. As a result, mitigation measures focus on addressing the visual effects of approaches, interchanges, and planned road connections, where efforts will be most effective.

The Reference Concept lighting design follows design criteria that include best practices for addressing lighting effects. The final Lighting Plan will be prepared by a qualified lighting professional engaged by the contractor to determine lighting requirements, regulations, and standards. This Lighting Plan will provide further mitigation measures to avoid or minimize adverse Project-related lighting effects.

6.4.4.2 Avoidance The following mitigation measures have been identified to avoid Project-related effects:

. Incorporate practices into the CEMP to manage obtrusive lighting, such as turning off all non- essential lights at the end of scheduled construction periods and using directional lighting fixtures and other measures to shield light sources during construction activity. This mitigation is considered to be moderately effective, would be effective immediately upon implementation, and, being an established BMP, has high a certainty of functioning as intended.

. Develop a Lighting Plan that includes provisions to avoid floodlighting bridge piers and to use hazard marker lighting at the base of piers for proper navigation warning with minimal light trespass. This mitigation is considered to be moderately effective, would be intermittently effective in relation to timing of marine use, and, being an established BMP, has a high certainty of functioning as intended.

6.4.4.3 Minimization The following mitigation measures have been identified to minimize Project-related effects:

. Incorporate practices into the Vegetation Protection Plan to minimize the extent of site clearing required so as to reduce the visual impact on existing vegetation and to retain potential screening and natural landscape features during pre-construction and construction. This mitigation is considered to be low to moderately effective relative to the specific site conditions, would be effective upon implementation of design, and, being an established BMP, has a high certainty of functioning as intended.

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. Develop a Lighting Plan that includes measures to minimize adverse Project-related lighting effects during operations by incorporating the following:

o an appropriate combination of luminaire wattage and compact mounting height (i.e., avoid high mast lighting) to provide uniform lighting while minimizing light trespass6

o a luminaire layout and positioning configuration as required to achieve the proper lighting levels while minimizing the number of luminaires

o the use of luminaires with full cut-off hoods (e.g., flat glass cobra head luminaires) to direct the light downward and reduce light trespass beyond the direct area of illumination

This mitigation is considered to be moderately effective, would be effective upon implementation of design, and, being a common requirement for roadway and exterior lighting, has a high certainty of functioning as intended.

6.4.4.4 Enhancement or Restoration The following mitigation measures have been identified related to enhancing or restoration of Project- related effects:

. Develop a Landscape Management Plan to meet the requirements to progressively restore temporarily disturbed areas such as staging and laydown areas to pre-construction condition, or better where feasible, during or after construction to minimize impact to the visual character of these sites. This may include re-contouring and revegetation of disturbed terrain along with a monitoring schedule to ensure the survival of landscaped vegetation. This mitigation is considered to be highly effective, would be increasingly effective as vegetation and ground cover become established, and, being a recognized BMP, has a high certainty of functioning as intended.

. Incorporate design and practices into the Landscape Management Plan that will enhance the landscape design of interchange areas and new roads to visually integrate open spaces, proposed pedestrian/cyclist connections, and roadways within the local setting and create a visually compatible relationship between the Project and the existing landscape (FHWA 2015).

At the time of this assessment, the landscape design being explored is focused on potential community access facilities for pedestrian and cycle use: multi-use trails, overpasses, underpasses, and connections with existing greenways and roadways in New Westminster and Surrey. While detailed landscape design information was not available, the conceptual planning suggests that this mitigation could include opportunities to re-contour disturbed areas to mimic natural terrain; establish vegetation suitable for a natural transition with the adjacent land uses; provide screening of the Project facilities; and, through the development of multi-use trails, add visual diversity to open spaces.

6 Light trespass is a condition in which light is cast beyond its intended area of illumination.

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Based on the conceptual design information (MoTI 2016), this mitigation is considered to be moderately effective, would be increasing effective with the establishment and ongoing maintenance of landform and vegetation features for screening purposes, and, considering that effective application requires further design and alignment with the community plans of New Westminster and Surrey, has a moderate certainty of functioning as intended.

. MoTI will undertake engagement with Aboriginal Groups to identify enhancement opportunities in the form of aesthetic design and/or greenspace elements that allow for viewers to observe visual reference to Aboriginal cultural values and practices related to the Project area. It is anticipated that through successful engagement with Aboriginal Groups, an appropriate design will be developed and implemented to address adverse effect. The aesthetic design elements from this mitigation may take the form of artwork or treatments such as a gateway monument, interpretive signage, or architectural detailing. This mitigation has the opportunity to provide positive benefit to the visual environment by adding a distinct landmark and/or visual interest. It may also serve as an expression of Aboriginal cultural values to address concern and recommendations identified by Aboriginal Groups. This mitigation is considered to be highly effective based on a review of similar forms of enhancement mitigation, and more importantly as it is a recommendation provided by Aboriginal Groups within Project-specific studies (Kwantlen 2014; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017b; Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Tsawwassen First Nation 2017). This mitigation would be effective upon implementation of the design, and has moderate certainty as the effective application of this mitigation to address adverse effect requires further engagement and design.

It is broadly acknowledged that aesthetic architectural details and treatments, including colour, texture, and ornamentation, can potentially add visual interest and emphasis to aesthetic bridge design (Transportation Research Board 2010). The design and implementation of these elements are typically complex processes, however, requiring specialized technical knowledge and consultation with architects, engineers, and urban planners. As a result, this potential mitigation is not considered further in this assessment.

6.4.4.5 Off-setting There is no need for offsetting measures because the predicted adverse effects to visual quality in the Visual Quality LSA are anticipated to generally be of a low level of visual impact.

6.4.4.6 Summary of Proposed Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures outlined above to further avoid and minimize adverse lighting effects in the Visual Quality LSA are summarized in Table 6.4-13.

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Table 6.4-13 Summary of Proposed Mitigation Measures for Visual Quality

Visual Quality VC Relevant Residual Effect Potential Effect Mitigation Measure Project Phase Effectiveness Certainty Subcomponent Management Plan (Y/N) Daytime Viewing Removal of existing Minimize the extent of site Construction Low / Moderate High Vegetation Plan Y vegetation and potential clearing screening Disturbance of areas for Re-contouring and Construction High High Landscape Plan N temporary staging and revegetation of disturbed laydown areas area Construction of new Landscape design of Construction Moderate Moderate Landscape Plan Y interchange and new roads interchange areas and new Operations roads Loss of valued place Engagement with Aboriginal Construction Moderate Moderate N/A N7 characteristics that support Groups to develop cultural Operations cultural continuity and representation elements sense of place

7 It is anticipated that through successful engagement with Aboriginal Groups, an appropriate design will be developed and implemented to address adverse effects.

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Visual Quality VC Relevant Residual Effect Potential Effect Mitigation Measure Project Phase Effectiveness Certainty Subcomponent Management Plan (Y/N) Night-time Viewing Light spillage from Implement construction Construction Moderate Moderate Construction Y temporary construction and management practices Environmental security lighting Management Plan Increase in direct lighting Design luminaire wattage Construction Moderate High Lighting Plan Y sources during operation and compact mounting Operations height Configuration of layout and Construction Moderate High Lighting Plan Y position of luminaires to Operations minimize their number Light trespass outside Use of luminaires with full Construction High High Lighting Plan Y direct area of illumination cut-off hoods Operations during operation Avoid floodlighting and use Construction Moderate Moderate Lighting Plan N hazard marker lighting for Operations bridge piers

Notes: Y = Yes; N = No

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The temporary residual effects expected during construction, such as the visibility of construction activity and light spillage from construction and security lighting, are expected to occur over a relatively short period of approximately four years and will be fully mitigated when construction activities have ended. Considering the temporary nature of these lighting requirements, no residual effects of construction on Visual Quality in the LSA are expected, and they were not carried forward into the assessment of residual effects and significance. Any remaining effects from construction activities, such as the presence of the new bridge structure and approaches, are incorporated in the assessment of residual effects of operations. 6.4.5 Residual Effects and their Significance

6.4.5.1 Characterization of Residual Effects Residual effects were characterized in terms of the criteria and definitions provided in Table 3.6-1 (Section 3.0). Visual Quality specific residual effects are defined in Table 6.4-14. The definitions were developed with specific reference to lighting and related to measurement indicators described in Table 6.4-2.

Table 6.4-14 Specific Criteria Used to Characterize Residual Effects of Visual Quality

Criteria Characterization

Magnitude . Negligible (N): change in existing visual quality not perceptible from baseline conditions . Low (L): small change to existing visual quality that is not uncharacteristic with the existing visual character . Moderate (M): noticeable and distinct change to existing visual quality that may not be considered uncharacteristic with the existing visual character . High (H): evident and extensive change to existing visual quality that is uncharacteristic with the existing visual character

The probability of residual effects on Visual Quality in the LSA were determined in consideration of context, understanding of the characteristics of visual effects, and the effectiveness of mitigation to characterize likelihood, using the following scale:

. Low – likelihood of residual effect to occur is possible but unlikely

. Moderate – likelihood of residual effect is possible but not certain

. High – likelihood of residual effect to occur is probable or certain

The understanding of the potential and character of visual effects is based on the development of detailed landscape modelling to illustrate the Reference Concept design; the limited ability to mitigate effects to visual quality given the scale and location of the Project, and reference to other, similar projects nearby. As a result, there is a high likelihood that residual effects will occur.

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6.4.5.2 Proponent’s Determination of Significance

Significance Definition The assessment of significance of residual effects on Visual Quality is informed by the interaction between residual effects criteria, with magnitude and duration being the factors that primarily determine how viewers would experience the visual effects of the Project; and the consistency of the visual quality with the existing landscape character. The residual effects significance threshold for Visual Quality is defined as a noticeable and distinct change to daytime and/or night-time viewing that adversely, permanently, and irreversibly alters the existing landscape character of the landscape, thereby affecting the ability to maintain existing scenic value for viewers.

6.4.5.3 Confidence and Risk Uncertainty in the assessment of residual effects, significance, and likelihood determinations is addressed through the use of reliable data sources and established best practices for visual effects assessment and mitigation measures. The understanding of existing conditions was based on information describing concern/interest related to visual quality raised by stakeholders and by Aboriginal groups during the engagement and consultation processes; observation and data gathered during multiple field surveys; and a systematic approach to conducting qualitative visual analysis of existing visual quality.

A landscape model was developed based on the Reference Concept design information to illustrate the visual effects of the Project from key viewpoints. While the final design may vary, the Reference Concept defines the key Project elements required for efficient operation of the proposed infrastructure and to meet performance objectives, and provides a reasonable basis for the effects assessment. There is an inherent level of uncertainty in accurately representing lighting effects due to the lack of a detailed Lighting Plan at the time of the assessment. However, the Reference Concept lighting design is based on established design criteria and regulatory requirements for lighting that will be consistent with the key assumptions of the Lighting Plan, which will include further standards and design guidelines to minimize adverse lighting effects.

The evaluation of visual effects is based on established professional methods and definitions provided by the FHWA and developed for the purpose of assessing visual impacts of transportation infrastructure. This guidance provides structured methods for the appropriate use of data, description and classification of landscape characteristics, and analysis that allows for the consistent evaluation of visual quality and visual impacts. The effectiveness of most mitigation measures is well known, as they are prescribed based on established BMPs and an understanding of Project-specific design and site conditions.

To address remaining uncertainty, a conservative approach was used in the determination of qualitative assessment and classifications. Considering these factors, the overall confidence in the assessment of residual effects, significance, and likelihood is considered to be high because sufficient evidence is available, and most or all available evidence supports the predictions.

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6.4.5.4 Summary of Residual Effects Assessment The context of the Visual Quality LSA is characterized by an urban setting that includes residential, commercial, recreational, and industrial land and marine use, and transportation developments and facilities in New Westminster and Surrey. Within this context, the urban setting contains a range of light sources from existing land and marine uses as well as ambient lighting from New Westminster, Surrey, and the greater Metro Vancouver area. This landscape setting has the capacity to visually absorb a degree of additional infrastructure development and related lighting without altering its visual quality. Given the resilience to visual change and maintenance of the existing visual character, the context for residual effects is considered to be high.

Aboriginal Groups have indicated that landscape changes resulting from urban and industrial development over time have adversely affected their use of lands and resources within the Visual Quality LSA, indicating a vulnerability to additional visual change. However, it is anticipated with the successful implementation of enhancement mitigation that provides expression of Aboriginal cultural values within the landscape that Aboriginal Groups vulnerability to visual change will be partially addressed.

Residual effects to visual quality from construction activities during daytime viewing are considered to be temporary, extending over a relatively short time of approximately four years; these effects will be fully mitigated after the conclusion of construction and restoration of temporarily disturbed areas. By nature of their temporal boundary, the residual effects of construction are not expected to have a lasting effect on Visual Quality in the LSA during daytime viewing. Consequently, these effects were not carried forward in the assessment.

Residual effects to visual quality from construction activities during night-time viewing are also considered to be temporary, extending over a relatively short time of approximately four years; these effects and will be fully mitigated after the conclusion of construction work when work site and security lighting will be removed. By nature of their temporal boundary, the residual effects of construction are not expected to have a lasting effect on Visual Quality in the LSA during night-time viewing. Consequently, these effects were not carried forward in the assessment.

Residual effects to visual quality during daytime viewing with the operation of the new bridge, approaches, and planned roads is considered of low to moderate magnitude since. With mitigation, Project components are predicted to be visible from all key viewpoints, appearing as prominent features from several of these locations, and will represent a generally small visual change to the existing visual quality with the introduction of elements characteristic within the existing landscape setting.

Residual effects on visual quality during night-time viewing due to the visibility of Project operational street lighting and navigational lighting are of low magnitude because, with mitigation, a small perceptible change to existing lighting conditions is predicted resulting from an increase in perceived lighting sources but no increase in the light level from existing conditions.

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The extent for residual effects is local because the changes are most likely to be discernable only within the Visual Quality LSA. With the effects on daytime and night-time viewing expected to begin during construction and continue into the operations/maintenance phases of the Project, duration will be long- term. Effects will be reversible after decommissioning. The perception of visual effects to daytime and night-time viewing is expected to remain as long as the Project is operational, and so frequency will be continuous. The residual effects are considered likely to occur.

Significance Determination

The residual Project effects on visual quality for operations during daytime viewing is characterized as a potentially prominent but generally small level of visual change over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context that would not result in a change to the existing visual character of the landscape from most viewing locations and would maintain existing scenic value for viewers. The night-time effects are characterized as a small perceptible change over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context that would not change in character and would maintain existing scenic value for viewers. Consequently, the Project residual effects on visual quality are considered to be not significant.

The determination of residual effects and significance would likely apply equally to the general population and to Aboriginal peoples within the Visual Quality LSA. Information received from Aboriginal Groups through ongoing engagement and Project-specific studies was integrated into the assessment of existing conditions and viewer sensitivity. Indicators selected for assessing the change to the existing visual quality are based on objective criteria that describe the experience of observing the visual landscape.

The assessment of residual effects and significance of the Project is summarized in Table 6.5-15.

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Table 6.5-15 Summary of Residual Effects Assessment and Significance for Visual Quality

Visual Quality Project Characterization of Residual Residual Effect Mitigation Measure Likelihood Confidence Significance Subcomponent Phase Effect Daytime Viewing Change in visual Construction Landscape design of Context: High High High Not Significant quality during Operations interchange areas and new Magnitude: Low - Moderate daytime viewing roads Extent: Local Engagement with Aboriginal Duration: Long-term Groups to develop cultural Reversibility: Reversible representation elements Frequency: Continuous Night-time Viewing Change in visual Construction Develop a Lighting Plan that Context: High High High Not Significant quality during night- Operations will include measures to Magnitude: Low time viewing avoid or minimize adverse Extent: Local Project-related lighting Duration: Long-term effects Reversibility: Reversible Frequency: Continuous

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6.4.6 Cumulative Effects and their Significance This section presents an assessment of the overall effects on Visual Quality from the predicted residual effects of the Project in combination with the residual effects from past and existing projects and activities, and with the certain and reasonably foreseeable future projects and activities identified in Table 3.8-1 (Section 3.0).

6.4.6.1 Cumulative Effects Assessment Boundaries

6.4.6.1.1 Spatial The cumulative effects assessment boundary is defined as the Visual Quality RSA, which includes a 10 km spatial buffer from the Project Boundary and provides a regional landscape context within Metro Vancouver. This area also includes the locations of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable Projects that may contribute to cumulative effects. The Visual Quality RSA is illustrated in Figure 6.4-A-1.

6.4.6.1.2 Temporal The temporal scope of the cumulative effects assessment includes pre-Project baseline conditions, which include past and present projects or activities that have already been built and/or are expected to continue into the future; certain projects and activities approved to be built before construction and operations/maintenance of the Project; and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities proposed or planned for the future.

6.4.6.1.3 Technical The availability of information on location and design of the projects and activities considered for cumulative effects assessment was limited to varying degrees. The characterization of visual effects was therefore based on available information, assessment, and permitting documentation, consideration of the proposed context, regulatory, or operational requirements for lighting, and reference to existing designs for similar projects.

6.4.6.2 Interactions with Other Past, Present, and Foreseeable Projects The cumulative effects assessment recognizes that historic urban residential and industrial land and marine use and transportation infrastructure development has contributed to the existing visual quality within the Visual Quality RSA. Past and present projects or activities are described in the characterization of existing conditions (Section 6.4.2).

Table 3.8-1 (Section 3.0) lists the certain and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities identified as candidates for inclusion in the assessment of cumulative effects of the Project. Where it is determined that a cumulative interaction between a certain or reasonably foreseeable project or activity and Visual Quality could occur, a preliminary effects rating was assigned using the categories in Table 3.8-2 (Section 3.0)

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Interactions with potential cumulative effects are carried forward in this assessment. Four projects were identified that could overlap spatially and temporally with the Visual Quality RSA and may present a potential cumulative interaction with the Project. These are briefly described below along with their potential cumulative interactions with Visual Quality.

Bosa 660 Quayside Development In 2016, Bosa Development submitted an application for permitting to build a mixed-use development at 660 Quayside Drive that will include two residential towers of 43 and 53 storeys, one commercial building, and a 2 acre (0.8 hectare) expansion to Westminster Pier Park, with related public access infrastructure such as public parking and pedestrian/cyclist linkages along the waterfront (Brook Pooni Associates 2015; City of New Westminster 2017). The project site is approximately 1.2 km southwest of the Project site along the shore of the Fraser River between Begbie Street and Sixth Street.

Construction of this project is proposed to begin in spring/summer 2018 for completion in fall 2022 (Brook Pooni Associates 2015). Although the detailed schedule of construction activities is not known at the time of this assessment, the project is likely to introduce temporary night-time lighting at work sites and for security. Construction activities would include decommissioning and preparation of the existing site (currently a surface parking lot) and would continue with progressive development of the amenity areas, commercial building, and residential towers. After construction, the predominant effects would be related to the visibility of the residential towers and the commercial building during the daytime and to lighting associated with the residential towers at night (i.e., porch/balcony lighting) (City of New Westminster 2017).

Fraser Grain Terminal Fraser Grain Terminal Ltd. proposes to build a grain terminal on VFPA land located along the Fraser River in Surrey. The project includes the construction of 34 above-ground steel storage silos, a travelling ship-loader, a semi-loop rail track, container loading facility and storage yard, rail- and truck-loading facility, and other associated terminal infrastructure. The terminal would receive loads of grain by rail, which would then be transferred to storage silos or loaded directly into ocean-going vessels at Fraser Surrey Docks (VFPA 2017).

In September 2017, Fraser Grain Terminal Ltd. submitted a project permit application for review by the VFPA as part of the PER process. This application included a viewscape and shade study, and a lighting assessment to provide an impact statement for the proposed visual effects and lighting effects of the terminal (Enns Gauthier Landscape Architects Inc. 2016; DMD & Associates Ltd. 2016).

The assessment of visual effects was informed by a desktop review of visual quality management guidelines, photographic inventories, simulation modelling, and visual impact assessment. In general, the potential view impacts of the project were determined to be minimal owing to the adequate vegetation screening, long viewing distances, and ability of the new facilities to effectively blend in with the adjacent industries and infrastructure setting. Some viewing locations, such as residential areas and public parks in Queensborough, may be affected.

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The assessment of lighting effects was based on available lighting plans and general lighting design standards for lighting fixtures. The proposed lighting fixtures include roadway lights mounted on 9.1 m high poles to light the roadway, floodlights mounted on 20 m high poles to light the container storage area, floodlights mounted at 25 m above grade to light the shipping area and walkway to the ships, and wall-mounted lights for safety and security-related lighting (i.e., galleries, walkways, landings, platforms, rail receiving areas).

The pole-mounted lights in the container storage and shipping areas were identified as having the most potential for light trespass impacts. Light reflected off surfaces such as pavement and steel structures will be redirected into the sky; this is a common procedure for lighting installations (DMD & Associates Ltd. 2016).

New Westminster Railway Bridge – Seismic Upgrade Public Works Canada is proposing to seismically upgrade the New Westminster Railway Bridge (NWRB) adjacent to the Project. The upgrade will involve the addition and tie-in of two new 2.5 m diameter piles at the upstream and downstream ends of the existing NWRB piers (Klohn Crippen Berger 2017).

Upgrading at the piers is assumed to include the temporary construction of walkways and platforms to access the pier areas and laydown areas for material on shore. This would likely involve temporary worksite and security lighting during night-time hours; the temporary structures and related lighting would be removed after the seismic upgrading activities were finished.

Fraser Surrey Docks Direct Transfer Coal Facility In 2015, VFPA approved an amendment to a project permit for the Fraser Surrey Docks Direct Transfer Coal Facility. The amendment included changes to the approved loading infrastructure to allow coal to be loaded directly to ocean‐going vessels. This would involve the construction and operation of a new coal receiving/unloading facility and marine vessel loading infrastructure within the existing area of the Fraser Surrey Docks terminal, approximately 3.5 km southwest of the Project (VFPA 2015c).

No new high-mast or low-mast lighting is expected to be required for the project, and the existing overhead terminal lighting is considered adequate for construction and operation. Any additional direct lighting that may be required for safe operations will be developed within regulatory standards (VFPA 2015c). The generation of coal dust and fugitive dust emissions was identified as a potential project effect, including the potential for visual impacts related to visible changes in air quality.

6.4.6.3 Potential Cumulative Effects and Mitigation Measures The certain and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities described above are predicted to have potential cumulative interaction with the Project that could alter the existing visual quality for daytime viewers and the perceived lighting conditions during night-time viewing. Potential cumulative effects, mitigation measures, and residual cumulative effects for each project are described below.

Bosa 660 Quayside Development Based on available conceptual layout and illustration information, and a description of the project components and lighting elements, the Bosa 660 Quayside Development project is expected to contribute to a cumulative visual effect resulting from the visibility of temporary worksite safety and security lighting during night-time construction, and from the prominent visibility of the residential towers and commercial building in the daytime and the lighting of each structure at night.

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Temporary cumulative effects related to the visibility of temporary worksite safety and security lighting would be fully mitigated after construction. During operation, exterior safety lighting of building perimeters, parking facilities, and common areas will be provided within the Westminster Pier Park expansion area and waterfront in accordance with the New Westminster Light Intrusion Bylaw (City of New Westminster 2017). Mitigation measures to comply with the local lighting bylaws would likely draw on best practices to reduce obtrusive exterior lighting. These measures are considered to be moderately effective, would be effective immediately upon implementation, and, owing to the requirement to meet local lighting bylaws, would have a high certainty of functioning as intended.

The residual cumulative effect would be related to the prominent visibility of the new buildings during the daytime and of the residential lighting at night within the existing urban development pattern along the New Westminster waterfront.

Based on assessment of cumulative effects for shading in Section 6.6, the Bosa development is expected to create a residual cumulative effect on shading resulting from a small increase in the extent of shaded area along the New Westminster waterfront and Fraser River, most noticeably during late hours of the day.

Fraser Grain Terminal Following recommendations in the earlier viewscape and shade study (Enns Gauthier Landscape Architects Inc. 2016) on techniques to mitigate adverse visual impacts (e.g., screening with vegetation, architectural screening, and surface treatment of the structures), it was predicted that residual effects would remain in certain areas. On review of the available simulations in the study, it was concluded that views from the Port Royal area, where the project would be prominently visible, would be subject to residual cumulative effects.

The lighting design and proposed operation of the Fraser Grain Terminal from the previous lighting assessment are consistent with industry lighting standards and practices to reduce obtrusive exterior lighting (DMD & Associates Ltd. 2016). Pole-mounted light sources will be aimed downward and away from off-site locations to minimize potential off-site effects, and most of the fixtures defined for the project are shielded to limit up-lighting into the sky; some light will typically reflect off surfaces such as pavement and steel structures and be redirected upwards. Full lighting will be turned on only as required for night- time activity.

The proposed mitigation measures to diminish adverse visual impacts and reduce obtrusive exterior lighting are considered to be moderately effective. Mitigation for visual effects would be increasingly effective as vegetation becomes established on a site-by-site basis. Mitigation for lighting effects would be effective immediately upon implementation and, being established BMPs, would have a high certainty of functioning as intended.

The previous lighting assessment concluded that, after the application of industry lighting standards and codes to minimize potential for adverse lighting effects, light trespass from the grain terminal project site would be consistent with existing lighting levels, and the lighting design would be effective in minimizing sky-glow to the greatest extent practical (DMD & Associates Ltd. 2016).

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New Westminster Railway Bridge – Seismic Upgrade Based on available information, the NWRB Seismic Upgrade is anticipated to create a cumulative effect related to the visibility of temporary walkways and platforms constructed to access the piers and laydown areas for material on shore during the daytime, and to lighting for worksite safety and security at night.

Mitigation measures would likely draw on best practices to manage obtrusive lighting, such as limiting the amount of construction work scheduled at night and the use of directional lighting fixtures during construction activities. Such mitigations are considered to be moderately effective, would be effective immediately upon implementation, and, being established BMPs, would have a high certainty of functioning as intended.

The visibility of temporary worksite walkways and platforms, laydown areas, and safety and security lighting would be a temporary cumulative effect that would be fully mitigated after construction. Therefore, no residual cumulative effects are predicted.

Fraser Surrey Docks Direct Transfer Coal Facility A review of project renderings illustrating the localized extent and small scale of the new coal receiving/unloading facility and marine vessel loading infrastructure found that the new facilities would present negligible potential for visual impacts within the context of industrial development and activity in the area (Kirk & Co. Consulting Ltd. 2015).

Part of the permit amendment submission included an assessment of potential light effects and effects on air quality. A range of mitigation measures drawing on best practices was introduced to address potential project effects on air quality, including a covered conveyor system and a water-based dust suppression system. With the application of these mitigation measures, particulate matter emissions from fugitive dust sources are anticipated to be localized around the facility, and predicted air quality impacts are low (SNC- Lavalin Inc. 2013). The effects of light from construction and operation were considered negligible after the application of mitigation measures (SNC-Lavalin Inc. 2013). The mitigation practices to capture or prevent particulate matter emissions from fugitive dust sources and to reduce obtrusive exterior lighting are considered to be moderately effective, would be effective immediately upon implementation, and, being established BMPs, would have a high certainty of functioning as intended.

A negligible residual cumulative effect may remain with regard to the effects of light from operation and the potential visibility of particulate matter emissions from fugitive dust.

No additional Project mitigation for visual quality is considered necessary to eliminate or reduce the predicted residual cumulative effects from the projects and activities described above.

6.4.6.4 Residual Cumulative Effects Assessment Residual cumulative effects were characterized in terms of the criteria and definitions provided in Table 3.6-1 (Section 3.0) and the Visual Quality VC-specific residual effects definitions in Table 6.4-14.

The context of the Visual Quality RSA is characterized by an urban setting that includes residential, commercial, recreational, and industrial land and marine use, and transportation developments and facilities in New Westminster and Surrey. Within this context, the urban setting contains a range of light

6.4-54 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY sources from existing land and marine uses as well as ambient lighting from New Westminster, Surrey, and the greater Metro Vancouver area. This landscape setting has the capacity to visually absorb a degree of additional infrastructure development and related lighting without altering its visual quality. Given the resilience to visual change and maintenance of the existing visual character, the context for residual effects is considered to be high.

Aboriginal Groups have indicated that landscape changes over time, as a resulting from of urban and industrial development over time, have adversely affected their use of lands and resources within the Visual Quality LSA, indicating a vulnerability to additional visual change. However, it is anticipated with the successful implementation of enhancement mitigation that provides expression of Aboriginal cultural values within the landscape that Aboriginal Groups vulnerability to visual change will be partially addressed.

The residual cumulative effects on visual quality during daytime viewing are considered to be of moderate magnitude, considering that the residential towers of the Bosa 660 Quayside Development and the new silos and loading facility at Fraser Grain Terminal would increase the visibility of built infrastructure within the Visual Quality RSA. This would represent a noticeable and distinct change to the existing visual quality by introducing new but characteristic elements into the existing landscape.

Similarly, the residual cumulative effects on visual quality during night-time viewing are considered to be of moderate magnitude, considering that residential lighting at the Bosa 660 Quayside Development would contribute perceived lighting sources and potentially increase light levels from existing conditions within the Visual Quality RSA. This would represent a noticeable and distinct change to the existing lighting conditions by introducing additional but characteristic elements into the existing landscape.

The extent of the residual cumulative effects is considered to be local because the changes are most likely to be discernable only within the Visual Quality LSA. With the daytime and nighttime viewing conditions being altered during construction and throughout operation of the projects, duration will be long-term. Effects may be reversible at decommissioning and removal. Frequency will be continuous, as the perception of visual effects to both daytime and night-time viewing is expected to remain as long as the projects are operational. The residual cumulative effects are considered likely to occur.

Significance Determination The residual cumulative effects on visual quality during daytime viewing are characterized as being a moderate level of visual change over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context. As such, the existing landscape character from most viewing locations and would maintain the existing scenic value for viewers. Similarly, the residual cumulative effects on visual quality during night-time viewing are characterized as being a moderate level of visual changeover the long term within a resilient visual landscape context. The existing landscape character from most viewing locations and would maintain existing scenic value for viewers. Consequently, the residual cumulative effects of the Project on visual quality are considered to be not significant.

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6.4.6.5 Confidence and Risk The understanding of the visual and lighting effects for certain and reasonably foreseeable projects and activities was based on qualitative desktop analysis of available project design and lighting design information and/or previous visual and lighting assessments. Given the lack of detailed project construction and operation, lighting design, or lighting assessment information at the time of this assessment, there is an inherent level of uncertainty with regard to accurate representation of residual cumulative visual and lighting effects. A conservative approach was taken in the qualitative analysis and determination of potential effects, and reference was made to similar lighting environments to help understand potential lighting effects. The prescribed mitigation measures are based on guidance from established BMPs and an understanding of the site conditions, and their effectiveness is well known. Confidence in their application is dependent on project- or activity-specific lighting design information. Considering these factors, the overall level of confidence in the assessment of residual cumulative effects is moderate. 6.4.7 Follow-up Strategy The recommended follow-up strategies relevant to Visual Quality to verify effects assessment predictions, and to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in accordance with relevant Management Plans, are described below:

. Monitoring should be conducted throughout reclamation of temporarily disturbed areas (e.g., re-contouring and revegetation) to confirm that mitigation measures, particularly those related to minimizing impact to the visual character of these sites, are being established appropriately.

. With further development of a detailed Lighting Plan, some changes could potentially be made to the lighting design parameters from those used in this assessment. If this should occur to the extent they may alter the effects results, then the lighting assessment may to be revised, along with a mechanism to permit key stakeholders and Aboriginal Groups to communicate their concerns with respect to the Project lighting effects.

. With the further development of detailed landscape management planning, Landscape Design Plans will be presented to local stakeholders such as resident associations, municipalities, and Aboriginal Groups for review and input prior to implementation. This would provide opportunities to address site-specific visual effects and to maximize the opportunity for landscape enhancement.

. In addition to the recommendations included for expression of Aboriginal cultural values and practices, further engagement and consultation with Aboriginal Groups could help identify opportunities to address concerns of identity and historical sense of place.

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6.4.8 Conclusions This assessment determined that the Project is anticipated to result in adverse residual effects to Visual Quality for the following reasons:

1. The Project is located within a predominately urban residential and industrial land use setting that currently includes a number of residential, commercial, and recreational use areas in New Westminster and Surrey, industrial facilities along the foreshore of the Fraser River, and transportation infrastructure that spans the Fraser River - TransLink SkyBridge, NWRB, and the existing Pattullo Bridge. Light sources and ambient light emissions are visible within the Visual Quality LSA related to existing land and marine uses in New Westminster, Surrey and the greater Metro Vancouver area.

2. Established best management practices and mitigation measures will be applied to avoid or minimize the increase in visibility of built infrastructure associated with the new bridge and approaches and the perceivable light sources during Project construction and operations. This will be partially effective at addressing Project visual effects during daytime and night-time viewing.

3. The residual Project effects to visual quality during daytime viewing with the operation of the new bridge, approaches, and roads is characterized as a potentially prominent effect but of low to moderate magnitude, representing a generally small visual change over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context. As such, the effects would not change the existing visual character of the landscape from most viewing locations, and the existing scenic value for viewers would be maintained. Similarly, residual Project effects on visual quality for operations during night-time viewing due to the visibility of Project operational street lighting and navigational lighting is characterized as being of low magnitude, representing a small perceptible change to existing lighting conditions over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context. This would not change the existing visual character of the landscape, and the existing scenic value for viewers would be maintained. Consequently, the residual effects of the Project on visual quality are considered to be not significant.

4. The residual cumulative effects on visual quality during daytime viewing is characterized as a moderate level of visual change resulting from the visibility of built infrastructure related to the reasonably foreseeable Bosa 660 Quayside Development (residential) and the Fraser Grain Terminal (industrial) projects. The effects will last over the long term duration within a resilient visual landscape context. This will not change the existing visual character of the landscape, and the existing scenic value for viewers would be maintained. Similarly, residual cumulative effects on visual quality during night-time viewing is characterized as a moderate level of visual change resulting from an increase in perceived lighting sources and potential increase in the light level from existing conditions. This would represent a noticeable and distinct change to the existing lighting conditions, with the effects extending over the long term within a resilient visual landscape context. There would be no change to the existing visual character of the landscape, and the existing scenic value for viewers would be maintained. Consequently, the residual cumulative effects of the Project on visual quality are not significant.

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6.4.9 References BC Archaeology Branch. 2016. BC Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD). [accessed 2016 Dec 15]. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/archaeology/accessing_archaeological_data/.

BC MoF. 1997. Visual Landscape Inventory: Procedures and Standards Manual. Victoria, BC: Forest Practices Branch for the Culture Task Force, Resource Inventory Committee.

Brook Pooni Associates. 2015. Bosa Development - Open House Display Boards. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. www.brookpooni.com/app/uploads/2015/12/Bosa-Development-660-Quayside-Open-House- Display-Boards.pdf.

CEAA. 2012. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. [accessed 2015 Nov 2]. http://laws- lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-15.21/index.html.

CIE. 1997. Technical Report: Guidelines for Minimizing Sky Glow. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage Report No.: CIE 126: 1997, ISBN 978 3 900734 83 1.

CIE. 2003. Technical Report: Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Installations. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage Report No.: CIE 150: 2003, ISBN 9788 3 901906 19 0.

City of New Westminster. n.d. New Westminster Open Data. [accessed 2017 Jun 1]. http://opendata.newwestcity.ca/datasets.

City of New Westminster. 2008. Light Intrusion Bylaw No. 7277, 2008.

City of New Westminster. 2011a. Schedule A to Bylaw 7435 - Downtown Community Plan.

City of New Westminster. 2011b. Schedule A to Bylaw 7435 -The Official Community Plan for the City of New Westminster.

City of New Westminster. 2016. Waterfront Vision - Regular Meeting of Council: February 29, 2016.

City of New Westminster. 2017. New Westminster Design Panel - Tuesday, March 28th, 2017. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.newwestcity.ca/database/files/library/NWDP_March_28_2017_ONLINE_AGENDA_PAC KAGE_A(1).pdf.

City of Surrey. n.d. Surrey Open Data. [accessed 2017 Jun 1]. https://data.surrey.ca/.

City of Surrey. 2003. A Neighbourhood Concept Plan for South Westminster.

City of Surrey. 2014. Bylaw 18020 - City of Surrey Official Community Plan.

Cowichan Nation Alliance. 2017. Cowichan Nation Alliance, Strength of Claim Report, Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project, October 16, 2017.

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Destination BC Corp. 2017a. Surrey - Culture and History. [accessed 2017 Nov 15]. https://www.hellobc.com/surrey/culture-history.aspx.

Destination BC Corp. 2017b. New Westminster - Culture and History. [accessed 2017 Nov 15]. https://www.hellobc.com/new-westminster/culture-history.aspx.

DMD & Associates Ltd. 2016. Fraser Grain Terminal Ltd - Lighting Assessment. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/15-041_FGT-GrainExportFacility- LightingAssessment.pdf.

Enns Gauthier Landscape Architects Inc. 2016. Fraser Grain Terminal Ltd - Viewscape and Shade Study. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/15-041_FGT- GrainExportFacility-ViewscapeShadeStudy.pdf.

ESRI. 2009. ArcGIS Online Basemaps.

FHWA. 2015. Guidelines for the Visual Impact Assessment of Highway Projects.

Google Earth. 2016. Google Earth. Vancouver, BC.

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Kirk & Co. Consulting Ltd. 2015. Consultation Summary Report - Round 2 Public Consultation July 17 - August 2, 2015. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. http://www.fsd.bc.ca/_documents/amendment/FSD_Consultation%20Summary%20Report_Septemb er2015-WEB.PDF.

Klohn Crippen Berger. 2017. Yale 118.7 Piers 6 to 11 Preliminary Strengtherning Design Plan and Elevation. [accessed 2018 Jan 6].

Kwantlen. 2014. Kwantlen First Nation: Seyem’ Qwantlen Business Group An overview – June 19, 2014.

Kwantlen First Nation. 2017a. Kwantlen Land Use and Occupation in the Vicinity of Pattullo Bridge.

Kwantlen First Nation. 2017b. Pattullo Bridge Replaement PRoject Environmental Assessment, Noise, Visual Impacts and Vegetation.

Kwikwetlem First Nation. 2017a. TransLink/Kwikwetlem First Nation Boat Tour – October 16, 2017.

Kwikwetlem First Nation. 2017b. Kwikwetlem First Nation Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Heritage Interests Relating to the Pattullo Bridge Rehabilitation Project.

Lake Cowichan First Nation. 2017. Ts’uubaasatx Interests: Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project 2017.

Laven BR. 2008. Surrey, BC - An OVerview of Development Trends. [accessed 2017 Nov 15]. http://theoryandpractice.planning.dal.ca/_pdf/suburbs/development_trends/surrey_trends.pdf.

LI/IEMA. 2002. Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. First Edition. Spoon Press, New York: Landscape Institute and the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment.

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Lyackson First Nation. 2017. Lyackson First Nation Traditional Land Use and Mapping Study for The South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority’s Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project, October 19, 2017.

McElhanney Consulting. 2016. LiDAR sigital surface model.

MFLNRO. n.d. Strategic Land and Resource Planning.

MFLNRO. 2002. Forest and Range Practices Act.

MFLNRO. 2011. Visual Landscape Inventory.

MOTI. 2006. South Fraser Perimeter Road Project – Volume 15: Socio-Community Impact Assessment.

MOTI. 2007. Port Mann/Highway 1 Environmental Assessment Certificate Application – Volume 3: Socio- Community Studies.

MOTI. 2017. George Massey Tunnel Replacement Project – Section 5.5: Visual Quality.

Musqueam Indian Band. 2017. Musqueam Indian Band Knowledge and Use Study.

Natural Resources Canada. 2013. Canadian Digital Elevation Data.

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). 2017. CanVec Topographic Data. [accessed 2017 Jun 1]. http://ftp.geogratis.gc.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/vector/canvec/.

Sleath E. 1996. New Westminster Heritage Resource Inventory - Volume 2. [accessed 2017 Nov 15]. https://www.newwestcity.ca/database/rte/Heritage%20Resource%20Inventory%20Queens%20Park_ Uptown_Brow%20of%20the%20Hill.pdf.

SNC-Lavalin Inc. 2013. Environmental Impact Assessment for the Direct Transfer Coal Facility. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/volume-1-main-document- and-executive-summary.pdf.

TransLink. 2016. Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project - Community Connections Phase 2 Consultation Appendix 3. [accessed 2017 Feb 10]. https://www.translink.ca/-/media/Documents/plans_and_projects/roads_bridges/pattullo_bridge/phase 2/pattullo_replacement_ph2_appendix_3.pdf.

Transportation Research Board. 2010. Bridge Aesthetic Sourcebook, 1st Edition. [accessed 2017 Dec 12].

Tsawwassen First Nation. 2017. Tsawwassen First Nation - Pattullo Bridge Replacement: Project Impact Study.

Tsleil-Waututh Nation. 2016. Tsleil-Waututh Nation Traditional Use Study in Relation to the Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project.

6.4-60 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

USDI BLM. 1986. Handbook H-8410-1 - Visual Resource Inventory. Bureau of Land Management Manual Handbook H-8410-1, Rel. 8-30. Washington, DC: United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management.

Vancouver Airport Fuel Facilities Corporation. 2011. Vancouver Airport Fuel Delivery Environmental Assessment Certificate Application - Chapter 6: Assessment of Social and Economic Effects.

VFPA. 2015a. Project and Environmental Review Guidelines – Lighting. [accessed 2016 Nov 28]. http://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/PER-Lighting-Guidelines-Final-2015-07- 08.pdf.

VFPA. 2015b. Project and Environmental Review Guidelines – View and Shade Impact. [accessed 2016 Nov 28]. http://www.portvancouver.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/PER-View-and-Shade-Impact- Guidelines-FINAL-2015-07-13.pdf.

VFPA. 2015c. Fraser Surrey Docks LP - Direct Transfer Coal Facility Project. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.portvancouver.com/development-and-permits/status-of-applications/fraser-surrey-docks- direct-transfer-coal-facility-project/.

VFPA. 2017. Fraser Grain Terminal Ltd. - Grain Export Facility Project. [accessed 2017 Nov 1]. https://www.portvancouver.com/development-and-permits/status-of-applications/fraser-grain-terminal- grain-export-facility/.

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ATTACHMENTS

PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Attachment 6.4-A

Figures

North Vancouver North Vancouver (City) (District) ± Burrard Inlet

Port Moody

Vancouver

Burnaby Coquitlam Port Coquitlam Maple Port Mann Pitt

Bridge Meadows Ridge

K K K Fraser River New

Westminster

K

K K ort Queensborough N h Arm F rase r R Bridge iv er Surrey

Richmond

McBride Blvd t 0 250 500 S m a Project Location i

b

m u New l Alex Fraser o 116 Ave C ad Westminster Ro Bridge Langleyer et m ri e

m Frase P

Ar r R r

Legend K th iver e 114 Ave

K ou s K S a r Project Boundary F h Royal Ave t 124 St 124 St 125A u Reference Concept o S King George Blvd Municipal Boundary

er VFPA Managed Lands iv R r se 110 Ave

VFPA Managed Waters ra

K F

K Viewing Distances K Delta Scott Road Project Boundary - 1 km Buffer Project Boundary - 5 km Buffer (LSA) Surrey Project Boundary - 10 km Buffer (RSA)

REFERENCE DRAWING DESIGNED ______Proposed Pattullo Bridge Contract No. 0906-14/SC001110CA Replacement Project DRAWN AS 18 - 05 - 18 NO. DESCRIPTION 1 Reference Concept, Parsons 2018. CHECKED ______Spatial Boundaries for SCALE 1:110,000 FIGURE NO. REV NO. APPROVAL ______the Visual Quality Assessment 0 1 2 Km 6.4-A-1 5 K:\Data\Project\TRANS7593-NV\A_MXD\Report_Maps\Impact_Assessments\Visual_Quality\Impact_Assessment\TRANS7593_Fig6_4_A1_SpatialBoundaries_VisualQuality_20180518_v5_AnS.mxd ±

Coquitlam Burnaby !(PID1

Port Pitt Coquitlam Meadows

PID16 PID24 !( !( PID6 PID9

PID10 !( !(

Port Mann K K K !( K !(PID20 Fra Bridge ser River PID5A PID30 PID8 !( !( PID13 !(" PID18 PID19 !( Surrey *#!( !( *# VP4 *#!( PID5B VP9 PID7!( VP10 New Westminster PID31!( New !( !(!( Westminster !(!( *#!( !( PID4 PID14 !( !( PID25 *#!( !( !(

*# !( !( VP3

!(*#!( !( K !( PID15

*#!(" *#!(!(!( PID32 K PID21B !( K K !( *#!( PID3 VP6 PID17C PID17A Queensborough PID2 Fraser River PID21A !( PID26 *#!(" *#!( !(!( !( PID22 *# VP2 VP7 PID17B Bridge PID11A *#!( !( VP1 VP11 Surrey 0 100 200 400 PID11B*#!(" m !( VP5 PID12 PID29 McBride Blvd

!( t 0 250 500 S K !(

Queensborough PID27 m a

K Project Location i K Island b

N m o PID28*#!(" Legend u rt l h New o 116 Ave A !( VP8 d rm r Project Boundary C a F e PID23 Westminster Ro r iv er aser R et m Reference Concept ri e P r e 114 Ave LSA Boundary s a r Richmond F h Municipal Boundary Royal Ave t 124 St 124 St 125A Annacis u o Island S VFPA Managed Lands King George Blvd VFPA Managed Waters

Delta er Alex Fraser iv Viewpoint Locations R r Bridge se 110 Ave

Key Daytime Viewpoint ra

*# K F

Locations K K

K rm Frase

K uth A r Riv Scott Road K So e r Key Daytime / Nightime *#" Viewpoint Locations Surrey !( Photographic Survey Locations

REFERENCE DRAWING DESIGNED ______Proposed Pattullo Bridge Contract No. 0906-14/SC001110CA Replacement Project DRAWN AS 18 - 05 - 18 NO. DESCRIPTION 1 Reference Concept, Parsons 2018. CHECKED ______Surveyed and Key Viewpoints SCALE 1:60,000 FIGURE NO. REV NO. APPROVAL ______2 Viewpoint Locations, Golder 2017. for Visual Quality 0 500 1000 m 6.4-A-2 5 K:\Data\Project\TRANS7593-NV\A_MXD\Report_Maps\Impact_Assessments\Visual_Quality\Impact_Assessment\TRANS7593_Fig6_4_A2_SurveyedAndKey_Viewpoints_VisualQuality_20180518_v5_AnS.mxd PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Attachment 6.4-B

Key Viewpoint Photographic Inventory

PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.4-B.1 DAYTIME PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY ...... 1 6.4-B.2 NIGHTTIME PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY ...... 17 6.4-B.3 KEY VIEWPOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY ...... 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.4-B.1-1 Photo Survey Viewpoint 1 (VP#1) – New Westminster Quay ...... 1 Figure 6.4-B.1-2 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park ...... 3 Figure 6.4-B.1-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 3 (VP#3) – Albert Crescent Park ...... 5 Figure 6.4-B.1-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway ...... 7 Figure 6.4-B.1-5 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal ...... 7 Figure 6.4-B.1-6 Photo Survey Viewpoint 6 (VP#6) – Brownsville Bar Park ...... 9 Figure 6.4-B.1-7 Photo Survey Viewpoint 7 (VP#7) – Scott Road Skytrain Station ...... 9 Figure 6.4-B.1-8 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey ...... 11 Figure 6.4-B.1-9 Photo Survey Viewpoint 9 (VP#9) – 124th St. Surrey ...... 13 Figure 6.4-B.1-10 Photo Survey Viewpoint 10 (VP#10) – Fraser River Upstream ...... 13 Figure 6.4-B.1-11 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream ...... 15

Figure 6.4-B.2-1 Nighttime Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park ...... 17 Figure 6.4-B.2-2 Nighttime Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Park ...... 19 Figure 6.4-B.2-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal ...... 21 Figure 6.4-B.2-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey ...... 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.4-B.3-1 Key Viewpoint Observation Log ...... 25

i PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

6.4-B.1 DAYTIME PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY

Figure 6.4-B.1-1 Photo Survey Viewpoint 1 (VP#1) – New Westminster Quay

1 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-2 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park

3 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 3 (VP#3) – Albert Crescent Park

5 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway

Figure 6.4-B.1-5 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal

7 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-6 Photo Survey Viewpoint 6 (VP#6) – Brownsville Bar Park

Figure 6.4-B.1-7 Photo Survey Viewpoint 7 (VP#7) – Scott Road Skytrain Station

9 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-8 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey

11 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-9 Photo Survey Viewpoint 9 (VP#9) – 124th St. Surrey

Figure 6.4-B.1-10 Photo Survey Viewpoint 10 (VP#10) – Fraser River Upstream

13 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.1-11 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream

15 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

6.4-B.2 NIGHTTIME PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY

Figure 6.4-B.2-1 Nighttime Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park

17 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.2-2 Nighttime Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Park

19 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.2-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal

21 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-B.2-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey

23 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

6.4-B.3 KEY VIEWPOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY

Type of Camera: Nikon D3200 Lens: 18-55mm Projection: UTM Zone 10 Datum: NAD 83

Table 6.4-B.3-1 Key Viewpoint Observation Log

35 mm Approx. Approx. Photo Viewpoint Time of Viewing Viewpoint Viewing Purpose of Focal Exposure Elevation Viewing Viewing Approx. Photo Date Comments F Stop ISO X Coordinate Y Coordinate ID ID Day Conditions Type Duration (a) Photo Length (sec) (MASL) Direction Distance Tilt (°) (mm) (°) (km) PID2 VP#1 9/11/2017 7:55AM sunny and Recreation, Brief / View from view from viewing platform along New 52 f/7.1 100 1/200 506303 5449542 8 52 1.9 0 clear Tourism Sustained New Westminster Harbourfront walkway; Westminster represents potential view of pedestrian / Harbourfront cyclists and tourists towards the Project site; near local tourism attractions / services (e.g., Inn on the Quay hotel, conference centre, paddleboat tours, Fraser River Discovery Centre, restaurants and shops) PID3 VP#2 9/11/2017 9:19AM sunny and Recreation, Brief / View from view from viewing platform along New 52 f/7.1 100 1/200 507050 5450200 8 57 0.9 +5 clear Tourism Sustained New Westminster Harbourfront walkway; Westminster represents potential view of pedestrian / 12/6/2016 11:21PM clear; after 52 f/5 200 1.3" Harbourfront cyclists and tourists towards the Project site; astronomical near local tourism attractions / services (e.g., twilight Inn on the Quay hotel, conference centre, paddleboat tours, Fraser River Discovery Centre, restaurants and shops) PID4 VP#3 9/11/2017 9:48AM sunny and Recreation, Brief / View from view from Albert Crescent Park; represents 51 f/6.3 100 1/160 507161 5450566 39 75 0.6 0 clear Aboriginal Permanent New potential view of recreational park users cultural Westminster towards Project site, nearby low-rise and use/values, high-rise residential buildings and roadways nearby (i.e., Highway 1A, E Columbia St.); near residential DhRr-376 (oral history of transformer stone); location identified by Musqueam Nation as sχʷəyem, location also identified as sxwáymelth, sxwóymelh (and other variations) PID8 VP#4 9/11/2017 10:31AM sunny and Recreation, Brief / View from view from Sapperton Landing Park greenway 54 f/10 100 1/400 507820 5451704 5 170 1.0 0 clear Aboriginal Permanent New trail at viewing platform / dock near historic cultural Westminster site; represents potential view of recreational 12/6/2016 8:44PM clear; after 52 f/5 200 2" use/values, park users towards the Project site; astronomical nearby near location identified by Musqueam Nation twilight residential as t̕sic̓ ələs; near location identified by Tsleil- Waututh Nation as skwekwte'xwqen; location also identified as ćećλəs, PID11b VP#5 9/11/2017 12:39PM sunny and Recreational, Brief / View from view from Port Royal (Queensborough 52 f/8 100 1/250 505690 5448980 1 55 2.5 0 clear Residential, Permanent New community) along shorefront walkway at dock Aboriginal Westminster used for ferry to New Westminster Quay; 10/16/2017 9:31PM cloudy; after 27 f/3.5 200 1" cultural represents potential view of pedestrian astronomical use/values towards the Project site; nearby high-rise and twilight low-rise residents; within context of residential and industrial land use areas along the Fraser River (i.e., Annacis Island); near location identified by Tsawwassen First Nation within Fraser River

25 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

35 mm Approx. Approx. Photo Viewpoint Time of Viewing Viewpoint Viewing Purpose of Focal Exposure Elevation Viewing Viewing Approx. Photo Date Comments F Stop ISO X Coordinate Y Coordinate ID ID Day Conditions Type Duration (a) Photo Length (sec) (MASL) Direction Distance Tilt (°) (mm) (°) (km) PID17c VP#7 9/11/2017 11:12AM sunny and Transportation Brief View from view from Scott Rd. Skytrain Station parking lot 52 f/8 100 1/250 509078 5450215 5 294 0.1 0 clear Surrey C represents potential view of motorists and transit users towards roads and interchange, multi-use paths and the Project site; near industrial and commercial area along Scott Rd. (120 St.) and King George Blvd. PID18 VP#10 10/16/2017 11:34AM cloudy Transportation, Brief View from water-based view from the Fraser River 48 f/5.6 100 1/125 508713 5451630 0 226 1.2 0 Recreation, Fraser River approx. 1.5 km upstream of the Pattullo 52 Aboriginal Bridge; represents potential view of cultural recreational (limited recreational use in this use/values area) and commercial boat traffic towards the Project site; ; within context of industrial and commercial land use area along Fraser River; near location identified by Musqueam Nation as stal'əw (river); also identified as stó:lō; identified by Musqueam Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, and Tsawwassen First Nation as area related to fishing activity. PID21B VP#6 9/11/2017 11:44AM sunny and Transportation, Sustained View from view from Brownsville Bar Park; represents 52 f/8 100 1/250 507921 5450325 8 315 0.4 0 clear Recreation, Surrey potential view of recreational park users Aboriginal towards the Project site; day use opportunities cultural for picnics or fishing; within context of use/values industrial and commercial land use area along Fraser River; near location identified by Musqueam Nation, Kwantlen First Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, and Tsleil-Waututh Nation as qiqéyt, qəqəyt, Qiqà:yt (and other variations); nearby location identified as sxwóymelh; provides visual relationship to t̕sic̓ ələs site PID22 VP#11 10/16/2017 11:08AM cloudy Transportation, Brief View from water-based view from Fraser River across 42 f/5.6 125 1/125 506645 5449375 0 40 1.8 0 Recreation, Fraser River from New Westminster Harbourfront dock for 52 Aboriginal Paddlewheeler Riverboat Tours approx. 1.5 27 cultural km downstream of the Pattullo Bridge; use/values represents potential view of recreational and commercial boat traffic towards the Project site; within context of industrial and commercial land use area along Fraser River; near location identified by Musqueam Nationas stal'əw (river); also identified as stó:lō; identified by Musqueam Nation, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, and Tsawwassen First Nation as area related to fishing activity. PID28 VP#8 9/11/2017 12:00PM sunny and Transportation Brief / View from view from St. Helen’s Park neighbourhood 51 f/7.1 100 1/200 508449 5447974 76 348 2.8 0 clear Residential Permanent Surrey (100 Ave.); represents potential views of residents and local motorists towards the 10/16/2017 10:01PM cloudy; after 30 f/3.8 200 1/2" Project site; nearby local roadways and astronomical residences; potential for seasonal vegetation twilight screening. PID30 VP#9 9/11/2017 11:30AM sunny and Transportation, Brief / View from view from 124 St.; represents potential view of 52 f/8 100 1/250 508850 5450904 4 180 0.1 0 clear Residential Permanent Surrey residents and local motorists towards Scott Road Extension and the Project site; near industrial and commercial land use along Surrey Fraser Perimeter Road. Notes: (a) Viewing duration ratings reflect the exposure of viewers related to types of activities typically available at each site and the opportunities they present for viewing: Brief = temporary and/or intermittent viewing opportunity (i.e., moving vehicle); Sustained = extended viewing opportunity (i.e., rest stop); Permanent = continual viewing opportunity (i.e., residence) ° = degrees; m = metres; mm = millimetres; km = kilometres; sec = seconds; “ = minutes; MASL = metres above sea level; ID = identification; NAD = North American Datum; UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator

27 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Attachment 6.4-C

Project Simulations

PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.4-C.1 PROJECT SIMULATIONS ...... 1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.4-C.1-1 Photo Survey Viewpoint 1 (VP#1) – New Westminster Quay (Operation) ...... 1

Figure 6.4-C.1-2 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park (Construction) ...... 3

Figure 6.4-C.1-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park (Operation) ...... 5

Figure 6.4-C.1-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 3 (VP#3) – Albert Crescent Park (Operation) ...... 7

Figure 6.4-C.1-5 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway (Construction) ...... 9

Figure 6.4-C.1-6 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway (Operation) ...... 9

Figure 6.4-C.1-7 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal (Construction) ...... 11

Figure 6.4-C.1-8 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal (Operation) ...... 11

Figure 6.4-C.1-9 Photo Survey Viewpoint 6 (VP#6) – Brownsville Bar Park (Operation) ...... 13

Figure 6.4-C.1-10 Photo Survey Viewpoint 7 (VP#7) – Scott Road Skytrain Station (Operation) ...... 15

Figure 6.4-C.1-11 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey (Construction) ...... 17

Figure 6.4-C.1-12 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey (Operation) ...... 17

Figure 6.4-C.1-13 Photo Survey Viewpoint 9 (VP#9) – 124th St. Surrey (Operation) ...... 19

Figure 6.4-C.1-14 Photo Survey Viewpoint 10 (VP#10) – Fraser River Upstream (Operation) ...... 19

Figure 6.4-C.1-15 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream (Construction) ..... 21

Figure 6.4-C.1-16 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream (Operation) ...... 23

i PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

6.4-C.1 PROJECT SIMULATIONS Figure 6.4-C.1-1 Photo Survey Viewpoint 1 (VP#1) – New Westminster Quay (Operation)

1 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-2 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park (Construction)

3 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-3 Photo Survey Viewpoint 2 (VP#2) – Westminster Pier Park (Operation)

5 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-4 Photo Survey Viewpoint 3 (VP#3) – Albert Crescent Park (Operation)

7 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-5 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway (Construction)

Figure 6.4-C.1-6 Photo Survey Viewpoint 4 (VP#4) – Sapperton Landing Greenway (Operation)

9 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-7 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal (Construction)

Figure 6.4-C.1-8 Photo Survey Viewpoint 5 (VP#5) – Port Royal (Operation)

11 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-9 Photo Survey Viewpoint 6 (VP#6) – Brownsville Bar Park (Operation)

13 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-10 Photo Survey Viewpoint 7 (VP#7) – Scott Road Skytrain Station (Operation)

15 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-11 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey (Construction)

Figure 6.4-C.1-12 Photo Survey Viewpoint 8 (VP#8) – 100 Ave. Surrey (Operation)

17 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-13 Photo Survey Viewpoint 9 (VP#9) – 124th St. Surrey (Operation)

Figure 6.4-C.1-14 Photo Survey Viewpoint 10 (VP#10) – Fraser River Upstream (Operation)

19 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-15 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream (Construction)

21 PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION PART B SECTION 6.4 VISUAL QUALITY

Figure 6.4-C.1-16 Photo Survey Viewpoint 11 (VP#11) – Fraser River Downstream (Operation)

23