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The Epidemiology of Homicide Perpetration by Children David Hemenway1 and Sara J

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The Epidemiology of Homicide Perpetration by Children David Hemenway1 and Sara J Hemenway and Solnick Injury Epidemiology (2017) 4:5 DOI 10.1186/s40621-017-0102-2 ORIGINALCONTRIBUTION Open Access The epidemiology of homicide perpetration by children David Hemenway1 and Sara J. Solnick2* Abstract Background: The United States has by far the highest rates of homicide perpetration among high-income countries. The perpetration of homicide by children is often newsworthy, but little is known about the incidence or the circumstances of child homicide perpetration. Methods: We use data from the sixteen states reporting to the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for all years 2005–2012. We read every violent death report that was classified a homicide with a child suspect (aged 0–14). To help ensure that we did not miss any homicide cases we also read those classified as an other- inflicted unintentional firearm injury death with a child shooter, to determine if they were actually homicides. Results: There were 154 child suspects, which corresponds to an average annual rate of 1.2 child perpetrators per million child population. We estimate for the United States as a whole, 74 children per year were homicide perpetrators. Nearly 90% were boys, 79% were aged 13–14, and another 13% were aged 11–12. We created five categories, which accounted for over 70% of events with sufficient information to determine what happened: (1) The caretaker, a juvenile, typically an older brother, is given the responsibility to care for an infant. The homicide usually occurs in a residence, and blunt force is used (no guns); (2) Killing an adult family member, typically a parent or grandparent. These cases usually occur in a residence, and the child uses either a gun or a knife; (3) Impulsive shooting during play, the child typically shoots a sibling or friend. Except for some notion of momentary anger, these cases look much like unintentional firearm fatalities; (4) Robbery, a group of youth are trying to steal money, usually from an adult; and (5) Group Assault, a group of youth are fighting, usually other youth. Conclusions: Child homicide perpetrators are typically boys who use guns, and the events can be classified into a small number of relevant categories. Such a categorization of events is useful for understanding the problem and determining solutions. Keywords: Children, Homicide, Perpetrator, Guns Background child (ages 0–14) homicide perpetration and to create a The United States has by far the highest rates of homi- typology of events. cide perpetration and victimization among high-income A number of books have been written about “children countries (Grinshteyn and Hemenway 2016). The per- who kill” which typically examine a dozen or so cases, petration of homicide by children sometimes makes the where many of the child killers are older adolescents evening news. Information that has not previously been (Davis 2004; Ewing 1990). There also have been many available to reporters is how common it is for children case studies examining the psychiatry and environments to murder, and in what circumstances. In this paper we of child perpetrators of homicide (Shumaker and Prinz use data from the National Violent Death Reporting Sys- 2000). tem (NVDRS) to help determine the epidemiology of A small literature also exists that uses crime databases [e.g., the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)] to * Correspondence: [email protected] focus on a variety of related issues, including family vio- 2University of Vermont, 94 University Place, 237 Old Mill, Burlington, VT 05405, USA lence by perpetrators of any age such as offspring killing Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Hemenway and Solnick Injury Epidemiology (2017) 4:5 Page 2 of 6 parents (Fegadel and Heide KM. Offspring-perpetrated agreement for RAD forbids presenting cell sizes with familicide: examining family homicides involving parents fewer than 10 individuals. This study was deemed ex- as victims. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2017; empt by the Harvard Human Subjects Institutional Re- Heide and Petee 2007), murder by brothers (Walsh and view Board since it uses only data which are publically Krienert 2014), sibling homicide (Underwood and Patch available to bona fide researchers. 1999), patricide and steppatricide (Heide 2014), and The data do not tell us whether or not the child even- matricide and stepmatricide (Heide 2013). tually was found legally responsible as a murderer; we Most relevant to our paper are studies using criminal examine all cases in which the child was a suspected databases that have looked at such topics as girl homi- perpetrator of the homicide at the time the NVDRS in- cide perpetrators (Heide and Sellers 2014) and male and formation was recorded. The authors of this paper read female children who murder (Sellers and Heide 2012). every violent death report that was classified as a homi- These articles compared younger girls and older girl cide with a child (aged 0–14) suspect. Two cases that homicide perpetrators, and boy versus girl perpetrators. had been classified as homicide were suicides according As far as we can tell, no prior study has used NVDRS to the narratives and we re-classified them accordingly. data to examine homicide perpetration by children. The Twenty other cases were moved from homicides to un- SHR has data problems (Pizarro and Zeoli 2013) includ- intentional gun deaths. The NVDRS has been shown to ing the non-reporting of homicides, and missing and in- sometimes incorrectly classify cases between uninten- accurate reporting regarding victim-offender relationship tional firearm deaths and child firearm homicides and circumstances. Such data problems are less serious (Barber and Hemenway 2011). To help ensure that we in the NVDRS, which combines multiple databases, and did not miss any cases we also read those classified as incorporates SHR data. The NVDRS also has the advan- other-inflicted unintentional firearm injury death with a tage of providing narratives about the event from both child shooter. None of these appeared to be a homicide. the police and the medical examiner. By reading these The narratives were read by both authors, and in the narratives we were able to create a typology of child very few cases of disagreement about whether or not this homicide events that we believe will be helpful for pre- was a child perpetrated homicide, we met and reached vention efforts. agreement. A priori, we divided the perpetrator age groups into Methods ages 0–10, 11–12 (pre-teen) and 13–14 (early teen). For We use data on child perpetrators of homicide from simplicity of exposition, when we report on incidents in states reporting to the National Violent Death Reporting the tables and there was more than one child suspect, System (NVDRS) for all years 2005–2012. Sixteen of the we report the age of the youngest suspect. Number of reporting states met that criteria (Alaska, Colorado, child years exposure is defined as the sum of the popula- Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New tion of children living in the sixteen NVDRS states each Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Ore- of the eight years. gon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, and We created the categories for these homicides induct- Wisconsin). Ohio only began providing data in 2010 and ively, informed by our background in injury prevention. was excluded. As there was no established categorization for this par- The NVDRS is a state-based surveillance system that ticular age group of perpetrators, we read all the cases links data from the death certificate, law enforcement re- with an open mind. Five major types of cases emerged. cords, and coroner/medical examiner records on deaths There were no disagreements about the classification of due to suicide, homicide, legal intervention, uninten- individual cases. tional firearm injury, and firearm fatalities of unknown intent (Paulozzi et al. 2004; Hemenway et al. 2009; Results Barber et al. 2013). The records are incident-based and There were 146 incidents and 151 deaths (in 5 incidents include information on the persons (victims and perpe- two people were killed) with a homicide perpetrator trators), weapons, and circumstances involved. In aged 0–14 in the 16 states for the eight-year period addition to the coded data, the abstractor writes two in- (Tables 1 and 2). In 94 of the 146 incidents there was cident narratives summarizing the findings from the one suspect; in 52 there were multiple suspects. In eight coroner/medical examiner records and from law en- of the multiple suspect cases the additional suspect was forcement records. Data are collected and linked at the also aged 0–14. Thus in the 146 incidents, there were state level, stripped of personal identifiers, and for- 154 child suspects. warded to the Centers for Disease Control and Preven- We estimate that this represents some 1.2 children as tion (CDC). Data for this study come for the NVDRS homicide perpetrators per million child years. The child Restricted Access Dataset (RAD). The CDC data use population of the 16 states is 26% of the total US child Hemenway and Solnick Injury Epidemiology (2017) 4:5 Page 3 of 6 Table 1 Characteristics of children (0–14) as suspects in homicide Age of Child Suspect # Child Suspects Total Child-Years Homicides/ % Male Suspect % Black (000) 1 Million Child-Years 0–10 12 94,274 0.1 92% 54% 11–12 20 17,464 1.1 85% 64% 13–14 122 17,623 6.9 88% 63% All 154 129,361 1.2 88% 62% population.
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