Glossary of

Latin Terms

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Contents 1. Latin Terms 6. Latin Maxims 39. Further Information

Glossary of Latin Terms

• Annus Horribilis - a horrible year. Latin Terms We have compiled this glossary of Latin terms. • Ante – before: An indication within text We also publish several other glossaries as well to refer to an earlier passage. (See Post – check our website or call us for details. for the opposite of Ante) • A Priori – From the caue to the effect: Below are common Latin terms and their from the antecedent to the consequent. 1 meaning . • A.R. – Anno Regni: the year of the • Ab Extra - approximately translating to reign. "from without" or "from outside". • Bona Fide - in good faith: A Bona Fide • Ab initio (ab init) - from the Agreement is one entered into beginning: Sometimes means breaking genuinely without attempt to fraud. The long-running contracts results in opposite is Mala Fides (in bad faith). In contracts having been broken from the company law, this usually implies an start. If a term or condition of a amount of trust that the parties are contract was illegal or invalid when it acting without any hidden or ulterior was signed, then the contract was void motive. "ab initio". • Bona Vacantia - vacant property: • Accessorius Sequitur – one who is an Denotes the absence of any known accessory to the crime cannot be guilty person entitled to the estate of a of a more serious crime than the deceased person. For example, an principal offender. owner dies with no heirs, or a company is struck off without all property being • Actus Reus – a guilty act: The offence distributed. If a contract becomes void of which the defendant is accused. and property cannot become restored • A.D. - Anno Domini: in the year of our to an owner it can also occur. In the UK Lord. any such property belongs to the • Ad Absurdum - to the point of crown. Expensive proceedings are needed to get it back. absurdity. • Cadit Quaestio - the question falls: • Ad Colligenda Bona - to collect the This is a legal term used to indicate goods: A temporary order for the that a settlement to a dispute or issue Administration of an estate of a has been reached, and is now resolved. deceased person used when the estate In journalism, the abbreviation "CQ" is is of a perishable nature. used to indicate that a fact, such as the • Ad Hoc - for this purpose: Ad Hoc spelling of a name, has been checked decisions are made as and when a and found to be correct. situation demands:- Ad Hoc • Caveat - beware/take care/warning: committees are formed to address a An entry in the court records that particular issue. Ad Hoc meetings would effectively prevents action by another take place to discuss specific matters. party without first notifying the party • Ad Idem - of same mind: ie as one; entering the Caveat. agreed, the parties are ad idem on this • Caveat Emptor - let the buyer point. beware: This general rule refers to the • Ad Infinitum - without limit: describes buyer being responsible for finding out an event apparently continuing without if what they are buying is what they end. want. Certain information must be • Ad Litem - for the suit: Denotes a declared and disclosed to consumers temporary appointment which under consumer regulations. Insurance continues during legal proceedings ie contracts need to be covered by Guardian Ad Litem. Uberrima Fides but many are covered by the caveat emptor rule. In contract • Ad Nauseam - to a sickening extent. law it is generally up to the buyer to • Aliunde - from another place/source, find out if what they are buying is what from elsewhere: As, where there is they want. Consumer regulations ambiguity, and the meaning/intention require certain information to be of the parties is not part of or derivable disclosed to buyers and insurance from the document or instrument itself. contracts are covered by the Uberrima Fides (utmost good faith) but many • Alter Ego - other (alternative) self. types of business contracts are covered • Amicus Curiae - a friend of the court: by the caveat emptor rule. A neutral party who does not represent • Certiorari - to be informed of, or to be any individual party in the case who will made certain in regard to: A writ of be asked by the Court to make certiorari means an order by a higher representations from an independent court directing a lower court, tribunal, viewpoint. or public authority to send the record in • a given case for review.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Ceteris Paribus - literally translated De Die In Diem - from day to day: as meaning "with other things the Usage - The workers are paid de die in same": It is commonly rendered in diem . English as "all other things being • De Facto - in fact: As a matter of fact. equal." A prediction, or a statement Opposite of De Jure. Having a practical about causal or logical connections effect differing from the legally between two states of affairs, is accepted or expected situation. An qualified by ceteris paribus in order to example is a person deliberately or acknowledge, and to rule out, the negligently giving the impression of a possibility of other factors which could company director, can be treated as the override the relationship between the de facto director. Any agreements or antecedent and the consequent. statements they make will bind the • Cogito Ergo Sum - I think, therefore I company as if a properly appointed am. director made them. • • Compos Mentis - of sound mind: De Futuro - in the future: Usually used Legally fit to conduct/defend in the context of "at a future time". proceedings. • De Integro – means “as regards the • Consensu – agreement reached whole”. unanimously or, by general consent. • De Jure - by right: According to the • Consensus Ad Idem - an agreement law. on an idea: Parties to the contract must • De Minimus - short for De Minimis Non all be in agreement on the basis of the Curat Lex: the law does not concern contract. If any party thinks differently itself with trifles. It means that the law then consensus has not been reached does not concern itself with small or and the contract is void. insignificant issues. • Contra – against, contrary or opposed • De Novo - to start afresh: Starting a to: In business, a transaction to swap new contract on the same basis as the goods or services; in accounting, an old. entry that cancels another entry. • Doli Incapax - incapable of crime. • Contra Bonos Mores – contrary to • Dominium – ownership. good morals; harmful to public morality. • Dnatio Mortis Causa – a gift in expectation of imminent death: A legal • Cor (Coram) - in the presence of. concept where a person in imminent • Coram Non Judice - before one who is mortal danger need not meet the not a judge: Typically used to indicate a requisite consideration to create or legal proceeding without a judge, with modify a will. improper venue, or without jurisdiction. • Dubitante - doubting the correctness • Corporalis Injuria Non Recipit of the decision. Aestimationem De Futuro - a • Duces Tecum - bring with you: An personal injury does no receive Order to produce a document in court. satisfaction from a future course of proceeding. • Ei Incumbit Probatio Qui – the onus of proving a fact rests upon the man. • Corpus – means “body”. • E Pluribus Unum - one from many. • Corpus Delicti – means "body of crime": It is a term from Western • Erratum - An error. jurisprudence which refers to the • Et Cetera (abbreviated to etc.) - principle that it must be proven that a 'and the rest': In modern usage, also crime has occurred before a person can used to mean 'and so on' or 'and more'. be convicted of committing the crime. • For example, a person cannot be tried Ex Concessis - in view of what has for larceny unless it can be proven that already been accepted. property has been stolen. Likewise, in • Exempli Gratia (abbreviated to eg) order for a person to be tried for arson - for example: Used when qualifying a it must be proven that a criminal act statement by explaining through a resulted in the burning of a property. relevant example from a greater list. • Custos Morum – means "a guardian of Compare with Id Est (ie) meaning “that morals": For example, a censor. is” or “such as” - which indicates a full definitive list of all possibilities. • De Bonis Non Administratis - of • goods not administered: A person Ex Gratia - as a matter of favour: An appointed to administer an estate Ex Gratia payment would be awarded following the death of the original without the acceptance of any liability administrator. or blame on the part of the giver or receiver.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Ex Officio - by virtue of his office: A In Omnibus - In every respect. magistrate sitting with a judge at the • In Personam - against the person: Crown Court would appear ex officio in Proceedings issued against or with a case where no judicial function is to reference to a specific person - an be exercised by the magistrate eg case admiralty action in personam would be committed to Crown Court for sentence issued against the owner of a ship Killings in Latin only. • In Pleno - In full • Filicide is the killing • Ex Parte - by a party: An ex parte of a child by his or • In Situ - In its place application is made to the Court during her parent). • proceedings by one party in the • In Re - in the matter of: A heading in Foeticide is the legal documents which introduces the killing of a foetus. absence of another or without notifying • Fratricide is the act the other party. title of the proceedings of a person killing his • Ex Post Facto - by a subsequent act: • In Rem - against the matter: or her brother. • Infanticide is the Something that occurs after the event Proceedings issued or directed against property as opposed to a specific killing of a child but having a retrospective effect. under the age of one person - an admiralty action in Rem • Faciendum - something which is to be year). would be issued against the ship itself. • done. Mariticide is the • In Situ - in its original situation. killing of one's • Factum - an act or deed. husband. • Inter Alia - among other things: • Matricide is the • Fieri Facias, (usually abbreviated Indicates that the details given are only killing of one's as Fi. Fa. - a writ of execution issued an extract from the whole. mother. in the High Court after judgment • Patricide is the obtained in a legal action for debt or • In Terrorem - As a warning or killing of one's father damages. deterrent. • Siblicide is the • killing of a sibling • Foenus – interest on money loaned. Intra – within. relative. • • Foresfactum – Forefeiture or forfeited • Intra Vires (also see opposite: Ultra Sororicide is the Vires) - within the power of: An act killing of one's goods. sister), that falls within the Jurisdiction of the • Forma – form. • Suicide is defined as Court or within the powers of the intentional taking • Forum Conveniens - at a convenient administration by directors pursuant to of one's own life. place: A Court having jurisdiction in a a company’s Memorandum & Articles Uxoricide is the killing of one's wife. particular case. • Ipso Facto - by the very fact: The • Functus Officio - having discharged reliance upon facts that together prove duty: A judicial or official person a point. prevented from taking a matter further • Locus In Quo - the place in which or because of limitation by certain the scene of the event: During legal regulations. proceedings it may be used as • Habeas Corpus - produce the body: A reference to subject matter such as the writ which directs a person to produce scene of an accident. someone held in custody before the • Mala Fides - bad faith: The opposite to court. Bona Fides. • Ibid - in the same place: Used in text • Mea Culpa - my fault. to refer to a page previously mentioned. • Mens Rea - guilty mind: The intention to commit an offence whilst knowing it • Idem - the same person or thing. to be wrong. • Id Est (abbreviated to ie) – meaning • Modus Operandi - mode of operating. “that is to say”: Used as a description to explain a statement. • Mutatis Mutandis - the necessary changes being made: Denotes that • Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat - instructions should not be followed ignorance of the law is no excuse: If verbatim but by amending where committing an offence a guilty party necessary. cannot use as a defence the fact that they did so without knowledge that • Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet - no one they were breaking the law. can give what they do not have. A seller cannot pass on a better right to a • In Camera - in the chamber: The property that they actually have. If hearing of a case in private without the goods are stolen, the buyer does not facts being reported to the public. get ownership even if there is no • In Curia - in open court: The hearing indication of goods being stolen. of a case before a court sitting in • Nexus – means “connection”. public. • Non Compos Mentis - not sound in • In Esse - in existence. mind: A person classed as unfit to • In Limine - at the outset, on the conduct/defend legal proceedings. Also, threshold. a person not of sound mind will not • In Loco Parentis - In place of the have full capacity to enter into a parent. contract.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Non Est Factum - not my act: A denial Pro Tempore (abbreviated to Pro that a party was involved in some Tem) - for the time being: Temporarily. action or dealings. It can occur if a • Quasi - as if: For example, any person party denies they signed a contract, for exercising powers similar to those of a example, if someone else forged their judge would be sitting in a Quasi- signature. Judicial capacity. • Nota Bene (abbreviated to nb) - • Quid Pro Quo - something in return note well: An abbreviation denoting for something else: The usual that the reader of an article should definition for consideration in a make a particular note of the article contract, based on the idea that each mentioned. party should offer something to the • Nulla Bona - no effects: A return other. entered by a Sheriff to a High Court • Ratio Decidendi - the principles of law writ of execution which indicates the applied by a Court upon which a judicial defendant had no goods of any value to decision is based. remove. • Res Gestae – means “the thing done”. • Obiter Dictum - a saying by the way: • Res Ipsa Loquitur - the thing speaks Words said in passing by a Judge on a for itself: An event that has occurred legal point but not constituting part of which, if the subject of litigation, would the evidence or judgment. not require an onus of proof by the • Onus probandi – the burden of proof. plaintiff because of the obvious • Opus Dei - the work of God. negligence of the defendant. • • Pari Passu - equal and even, side by Res Judicata - a thing adjudged: Once side: For example with shares it a case has been finally decided upon by denotes that newly issued shares have a Court the same parties cannot the same rights and restrictions as attempt to raise the issue by or during previously issued shares or, with further proceedings. inflation and interest rates that they • Res nulis – means “nobody’s increase pari passu. property”. • Per - as stated by. • Semble - it appears. • Per Capita - by heads: For example, • Sine Die - without a day: A hearing the cost is £50 per capita – meaning adjourned sine die stands open £50 for each person. indefinitely without a further hearing • Per Pro (abbreviated to pp) - having been allocated. through another: A person delegated to • Sine Qua Non - indispensable. act for another. • Sub Judice - In the course of trial: • Per Quod – means “by reason of Whilst a court case is under which”. consideration. Proceedings are Sub- • Per Se - by itself: Denoting that the Judice and details cannot be disclosed. topic should be taken alone. • Subpoena ad Testificum - to produce • Post – after: An indication to refer to evidence: A writ directed to a person something to be found further on. commanding him/her, under a penalty, to appear before a Court and give • Prima Facie – at first sight, on the evidence. face of it: Prima Facie evidence would • Suggestio Falsi - the suggestion of be considered sufficient to prove a case something which is untrue. unless disproved - if no Prima Facie evidence can be offered there is no • Sui Generis – means “unique”. case to answer. • Suppressio Veri - The suppression of • Pro Forma - a matter of form: Pro the truth. Forma procedure is performed subject • to and following an agreed manner. Talis Qualis – means “such as it is”. • • Pro Hac Vice – means for "for this Tempus Fugit - time flees/flies. occasion only" or "for this event only". • Terra Firma - Solid ground. • Pro Rata - in proportion, for the rate: • Trespass De Bonis Asportatis – Divided in proportion to an existing split means “of goods carried away": An of entitlement or liability. For example, action brought to recover damages dividends distributed on a Pro Rata from a person who has wrongfully basis would be according to the number taken goods or property from its of shares held by each party. rightful owner • Pro Tanto - for so much: To the extent specified, but no more.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Uberrima Fides - utmost good faith: A party to certain types of contract must act in good faith and declare all relevant facts even if not asked for. Generally refers to insurance contracts whereby insurers need to know all known risks. Used as an exemption to the general rule of caveat emptor. • Ultra Vires - beyond the power: An act that falls outside or beyond the jurisdiction of the court or beyond the powers of administration by directors pursuant to a company’s Memorandum & Articles. The opposite is Intra Vires . • Utrimque - from both sides, on both sides. • Utroque - to both sides, in both directions / at each point. • Utrum - whether. • Vaniloquentia - idle talk, vaunting. • Vaniloquus - lying; boastful • Vel Non – means “or not": Summary of alternatives, i.e. "this action turns upon whether the claimant was the deceased's grandson vel non." • Veni Vidi Vici - I came, I saw, I conquered. • Volo - to wish, want, will, ordain, suppose, maintain that, be willing. • Volubilis (of speech) - rapid, fluent, voluble. • Vox Populi - the voice of the people. • Vox Vocis - voice, word / (med.) power, right, authority. • Videlicet (abbreviated to Viz) – namely: Used in text to indicate examples. • Vulariter - in the common way, ordinary manner. • Vulgaris - common, ordinary, usual. • Xenium - a present to a guest.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Actore Non Probante Reus Latin Maxims Absolvitu When the plaintiff does not Maxims of law are established principles or prove his case, the defendant is propositions. They are a collection of legal absolved. truisms which are used as "rules of thumb" • Actus Dei Nemini Facit Injuriam - by both judges and lawyers and some have the act of God does no injury; that is, no one is responsible for inevitable the same strength as acts of parliament. The accidents. following are some of the more important • 2 Actus Incaeptus Cujus Perfectio maxims of law in Latin . Note that Pendet, Ex Voluntate Partium, application and acceptabilility will vary in Revocari Potest; Si Autem Pendet different countries and legal jurisdictions. Ex Voluntate Tertia Personae, Vel Ex Contingenti, Revocari Non • A Communi Observantia Non Est Potest - an act already begun, the Recedendum - there should be no completion of which depends upon the departure from common observance or will of the parties, may be recalled; but usage. if it depend on the consent of a third • Ad Eundum Quo Nemo Ante Iit - to person, or of a contingency, it cannot boldly go where no man has gone be recalled. before. • Actus Me Invito Factus, Non Est • A L'impossible Nul N'est Tenu – Meus Actus - an act done by me nobody is bound to do what is against my will, is not my act. impossible. • Actus Non Reum Facit, Nisi Mens • A Verbis Legis Non Est Recedendum Sit Rea - an act does not make a - from the words of the law there must person guilty, unless the intention is be no departure. also guilty. This maxim applies only to • Absentia Ejus Qui Reipublicae criminal cases but not in civil matters. Causa Abest, Neque Ei, Neque Alii • Actus Legitimi Non Recipiunt Damnosa Esse Debet - the absence Modum - acts required by law to be of him who is employed in the service done, admit of no qualification. of the state, ought not to be • Actus Legis Nemini Facit Injuriam - burdensome to him nor to others. the act of the law does no one an • Absoluta Sentetia Expositore Non injury. Indiget . An absolute unqualified • Ad Proximum Antecedens Fiat sentence or proposition needs no Relatio, Nisi Impediatur Sententia - expositor. the antecedent bears relation to what • Abundaans Cautela Non Nocet - follows next, unless it destroys the abundant caution does no harm. meaning of the sentence. • Accessorius Sequit Naturam Sui • Ad Quaestiones Facti Non Principalis - an accessary follows the Respondent Judices; Ad Quaestione nature of his principal. Legis Non Respondent Juratores - • Accessorium Non Ducit Sed Judges do not answer to questions of Sequitur Suum Principale - the fact; the jury do not answer to accessory does not lead, but follow its questions of law. principal. • Aestimatio Praeteriti Delicti Ex • Accusare Nemo Debet Se, Nisi Postremo Facto Nunquam Crescit . Coram Deo - no one ought to accuse The estimation of a crime committed himself, unless before God. never increased from a subsequent fact. • Actio Exteriora Indicant Interiora • Secreta - External actions show Ambiguitas Verborum Latens internal secrets. Verificatione Suppletur; Nam Quod Exfacto Oritur Ambiguum • Actio Non Datur Non Damnificato - Verificatione Facti Tollitur – a an action is not given to him who has hidden ambiguity of the words is received no damages. supplied by the verification, for • Actio Personalis Moritur Cum whatever ambiguity arises concerning Persona - a personal action dies with the deed itself is removed by the the person. This must be understood of verification of the deed. an action for a tort only. • Aequitas Agit In Personam - equity • Actor Qui Contra Regulam Quid acts upon the person. Adduxit, Non Est Audiendus - he • Aequilas Sequitier Legem - equity ought not to be heard who advances a follows the law. proposition contrary to the rules of law. • Aequum Et Bonum, Est Lex Legum - • Actor Sequitur Forum Rei - the what is good and equal, is the law of plaintiff must follow the forum of the laws. thing in dispute.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Affirmati, Non Neganti Incumbit Bonum Judex Secundum Aequum Et Probatio - the proof lies upon him who Bonum Judicat, Et Aequitatem affirms, not on him who denies. Stricto Juri Praefert - a good judge decides according to justice and right, • Aliud Est Celare, Aliud Tacere - to and prefers equity to strict law. conceal is one thing, to be silent is • Bonum Necessarium Extra another. Terminos Necessitatis Non Est • Alternatica Petitio Non Est Bonum - necessary good is not good Audienda - an alternate petition is not beyond the bounds of necessity. to be heard. • Carpe Diem – this is a phrase from a • Animus Ad Se Omne Jus Ducit . It is Latin poem by Horace. It is popularly to the intention that all law applies. translated as "seize the day" but the • Animus Moninis Est Anima Scripti . general definition of carpe is "pick, The intention of the party is the soul of pluck, pluck off, gather" as in plucking the instrument. or picking a rose or apple, although Horace uses the word in the sense of • Apices Juris Non Sunt Jura - points "enjoy, make use of, seize” . of law are not laws. • Casus Fortuitus Non Est Sperandus, • Arbitrium Est Judicium - an award is Et Nemo Tenetur Devinare - a a judgment. fortuitous event is not to be foreseen, • Argumentum Majori Ad Minus and no person is held bound to divine Negative Non Valet; Valet Converse it. - an argument from the greater to the • Casus Omissus Et Oblivione Datus less is of no force negatively; Dispositioni Communis Juris conversely it is. Relinquitur - a case omitted and given • Argumentum Divisione Est to oblivion is left to the disposal of the Fortissimum In Jure - an argument common law. arising from a division is most powerful • Catalla Just Possessa Amitti Non in law. Possunt - chattels justly possessed • Argumentum Ab Inconvenienti Est cannot be lost. Validum In Lege; Quia Lex Non • Catalla Repuntantur Inter Minima Permittit Aliquod Inconveniens - an In Lege - chattels are considered in argument drawn from what is law among the minor things. inconvenient is good in law, because the law will not permit any • Causa Proxima, Non Remota inconvenience. Spectator - the immediate, and not the remote cause, is to be considered. • Argumentum Ab Impossibili Plurmum Valet In Lege - an • Cessante Causa, Cessat Effectus - argument deduced from authority great the cause ceasing, the effect must avails in law. cease. • Argumentum Ab Authoritate Est • C'est Le Crime Qui Fait La Honte, Et Fortissimum In Lege - an argument Non Pas L'echafaud - it is the crime drawn from authority is the strongest in which causes the shame, and not the law. scaffold. • Argumentum Simili Valet In Lege - • Charta De Non Ente Non Valet - a an argument drawn from a similar case, charter or deed of a thing not in being or analogy, avails in law. is not valid. • Augupia Verforum Sunt Judice • Chirographum Apud Debitorem Indigna - a twisting of language is Repertum Praesumitur Solutum - a unworthy of a judge. deed or bond found with the debtor is presumed to be paid. • Bona Fides Non Patitur, Ut Bis Idem Exigatur - natural equity or good faith • Circuitus Est Evitandus - circuity is to do no allow us to demand twice the be avoided. payment of the same thing. • Clausula Inconsuetae Semper • Boni Judicis Est Ampliare Indicunt Suspicionem - unusual Jurisdictionem - it is the part of a clauses always induce a suspicion. good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction; • Clausula Quae Abrogationem that, his remedial authority. Excludit Ab Initio Non Valet - a • Boni Judicis Est Causas Litium clause in a law which precludes its Derimere - it is the duty of a good abrogation is invalid from the judge to remove the cause of litigation. beginning. • Bonum Defendentis Ex Integr Caus, Malum Ex Quolibet Defectu - the good of a defendant arises from a perfect case, his harm from some defect.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Clausula Vel Dispositio Inutilis Per Consuetudo Praescripta Et Legitima Praesumptionem Remotam Vel Vincit Legem - a prescriptive and Causam, Ex Post Facto Non Fulcitur legitimate custom overcomes the law. - a useless clause or disposition is not • Consuetudo Semel Reprobata Non supported by a remote presumption, or Potest Amplius Induci - custom once by a cause arising afterwards disallowed cannot again be produced. • Cogitationis Poenam Nemo Patitur - • Consuetudo Voluntis Ducit, Lex no one is punished for merely thinking Nolentes Trahit - custom leads the of a crime. willing, law, law compels or draws the • Commodum ex injuri su non habere unwilling. debet - no man ought to derive any • Contestio Litis Eget Terminos benefit of his own wrong. Contradictaris - an issue requires • Communis Error Facit Jus - a terms of contradiction; that is, there can be no issue without an affirmative common error makes law: what was at on one side and a negative on the first illegal, being repeated many times, other. is presumed to have acquired the force of usage, and then it would be wrong to • Contemporanea Expositio Est depart from it. The converse of this Optima Et Fortissima In Lege - a maxim is Communis Error No Facit contemporaneous exposition is the best Just - a common error does not make and most powerful in the law. law. • Contr Negantem Principia Non Est • Confessio Facta In Judicio Omni Disputandum - there is no disputing Probatione Major Est - a confession against or denying principles. made in court is of greater effect than • Contr Non Volentem Agere Nulla any proof. Currit Praescriptio - no prescription • Confirmare Nemo Potest Priusquam runs against a person unable to act. Just Ei Acciderit - no one can confirm • Contr Veritatem Lex Numquam before the right accrues to him. Aliquid Permittit - the law never • Confirmatio Est Nulla, Ubi Donum suffers anything contrary to truth.But Praecedens Est Invalidum – a sometimes it allows a conclusive confirmation is null where the presumption in opposition to truth. preceding gift is invalid. • Contractus Legem Ex Conventione • Consensus Facit Legem - consent Accipiunt - the agreement of the makes the law. A contract is a law parties makes the law of the contract. between the parties, which can acquire • Contractus Ex Turpi Caus, Vel Contr force only by consent. Bonos Mores Nullus Est - a contract • Consensus Tollit Errorem - consent founded on a base and unlawful removes or obviates a mistake. consideration, or against good morals, • Consentientes Et Agentes Pari Poen is null. Plectentur - those consenting and • Conventio Vincit Legem - the those perpetrating are embraced in the agreement of the parties overcomes or same punishment. prevails against the law. • Consequentiae Non Est • Copulatio Verborum Indicat Consequential - a consequence ought Acceptionem In Eodem Sensu - not to be drawn from another coupling words together shows that consequence. they ought to be understood in the • Consilii, Non Fraudulenti, Nulla Est same sense. Obligation - advice, unless fraudulent, • Corporalis Injuria Non Recipit does not create an obligation. Aestimationem De Futuro - a • Constructio Contra Rationem personal injury does not receive Introducta, Potius Usurpatio Quam satisfaction from a future course of Consuetudo Appellari Debet - a proceding. custom introduced against reason • Cujus Est Commodum Ejus Debet ought rather to be called an usurpation Esse Incommodum - he who receives than a custom. the benefit should also bear the • Construction Legis Non Facit disadvantage. Injuriam - the construction of law • Cujus Est Dare Ejus Est Disponere - works not an injury. he who has a right to give, has the • Consuetudo Debet Esse Certa - a right to dispose of the gift. custom ought to be certain. • Cujus Per Errorem Dati Repetitio • Consuetudo Loci Observanda Est - Est, Ejus Consult Dati Donatio Est - whoever pays by mistake what he does the custom of the place is to be not owe, may recover it back; but he observed. who pays, knowing he owes nothing; is presumed to give.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Cujus Est Divisio Alterius Est man, no delay is too long to admit of Electio - which ever of two parties has inquiring into facts. the division, the other has the choice. • De Non Apparentibus Et Non • Cujusque Rei Potissima Pars Existntibus Eadem Est Ratio - the Principium Est - the principal part of reason is the same respecting things everything is the beginning. which do not appear, and those which • Culpa Tenet Suos Auctores - a fault do not exist. finds its own. • De Similibus Ad Similia Eadem • Culpa Est Immiscere Se Rei Ad Se Ratione Procedendum Est - from Non Pertinenti - it is a fault to meddle similars to similars, we are to proceed with what does not belong to or does by the same rule. not concern you. • De Similibus Idem Est Judicium - • Culpa Paena Par Esto - let the concerning similars the judgment is the same. punishment be proportionate to the crime. • Debet Qui Juri Subjacere Ubi • Culpa Lata Aequiparatur Dolo - a Delinquit - every one ought to be concealed fault is equal to a deceit. subject to the law of the place where he offends. • Cum Confitente Sponte Mitius Est • Agendum - one making a voluntary Debile Fundamentum, Fallit Opus - confession, is to be dealt with more where there is a weak foundation, the mercifully. work falls. • • Cum Duo Inter Se Pugnantia Debitor Non Praesumitur Donare - a debtor is not presumed to make a gift. Reperiuntur In Testamento Ultimum Ratum Est - when two • Debitum Et Contractus Non Sunt things repugnant to each other are Nullius Loci - debt and contract are of found in a will, the last is to be no particular place. confirmed. • Delegata Potestas Non Potest • Cum Legitimae Nuptiae Factae Delegari - a delegated authority Sunt, Patrem Liberi Sequuntur - cannot be again delegated. children born under a legitimate • Delegatus Non Potest Delegare - a marriage follow the condition of the delegate or deputy cannot appoint father. another. • Cum Adsunt Testimonia Rerum • Derativa Potestas Non Potest Esse Quid Opus Est Verbis - when the Major Primitive - the power which is proofs of facts are present, what need derived cannot be greater than that is there of words. from which it is derived. • Curiosa Et Captiosa Intepretatio In • Derogatur Legi, Cum Pars Lege Reprobatur . A curious and Detrahitur; Abrogatur Legi, Cum captious interpretation in the law is to Prorsus Tollitur - to derogate from a be reproved. law is to enact something contrary to • Currit Tempus Contra Desides Et it; to abrogate a law, is to abolish it Sui Juris Contemptores - time runs entirely. against the slothful and those who • Designatio Unius Est Exclusio neglect their rights. Alterius, Et Expressum Facit • Cursus Curiae Est Lex Curiae - the Cessare Tacitum - the appointment or practice of the court is the law of the designation of one is the exclusion of court. another; and that expressed makes • De Fide Et Officio Judicis Non that which is implied cease. Recipitur Quaestio; Sed De Scientia, • Dictum Meum Pactum - my word is Sive Error Sit Juris Sive Facti - of my bond. the credit and duty of a judge, no • Dies Dominicus Non Est Juridicus - question can arise; but it is otherwise Sunday is not a day in law. respecting his knowledge, whether he be mistaken as to the law or fact. • Dies Inceptus Pro Completo Habetur - the day of undertaking or • De Jure Judices, De Facto commencement of the business is held Juratores, Respondent - the judges as complete. answer to the law, the jury to the facts. • Dies Incertus Pro Conditione • De Minimis Non Curat Lex - the law Habetur - a day uncertain is held as a does not notice or care for trifling condition. matters. • Dilationes In Lege Sunt Odiosae - • De Morte Hominis Nulla Est delays in law are odious. Cunctatio Longa - when the death of a human being may be the • Disparata Non Debent Jungi - consequence, no delay is long. When unequal things ought not to be joined. the question is on the life or death of a

9 9

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Dispensatio Est Vulnus, Quod Ejus Est Periculum Cujus Est Vulnerat Jus Commune - a Dominium Aut Commodum - he who dispensation is a wound which wounds has the risk has the dominion or a common right. advantage. • • Dissimilum Dissimiles Est Ratio - of Elect Un Vi, Non Datur Recursus Ad Alteram - when there is concurrence of dissimilars the rule is dissimilar. means, he who has chosen one cannot • Divinatio Non Interpretatio Est, have recourse to another. Quae Omnino Recedit A Litera - it is • a guess not interpretation which Electio Semel Facta, Et Placitum altogether departs from the letter. Testatum, Non Patitur Regressum election once made, and plea • Dolosus Versatur Generalibus - a witnessed, suffers not a recall. deceiver deals in generals. • Electiones Fiant Rite Et Libere Sine • Dolus Auctoris Non Nocet Interruptione Aliqua - elections Successori - the fraud of a possessor should be made in due form and freely, does not prejudice the successor. without any interruption. • Dolus Circuitu Non Purgatory - fraud • Error Fucatus Nud Veritate In is not purged by circuity. Multis Est Probabilior; Et • Domus Sua Cuique Est Tutissimum Saepenumero Rationibus Vincit Refugium - every man's house is his Veritatem Error - error artfully castle. coloured is in many things more probable than naked truth; and • Domus Tutissimum Cuique frequently error conquers truth and Refugium Atque Receptaculum - the reasoning. habitation of each one is an inviolable asylum for him. • Error Juris Nocet - error of law is injurious. • Donatio Perficitur Possesione • Accipientis - a gift is rendered Error Qui Non Resistitur, complete by the possession of the Approbatur - an error not resisted is receiver. approved. • Donatio Non Praesumitur - a gift is • Error Scribentis Nocere Non Debet - not presumed. an error made by a clerk ought not to injure; a clerical error may be • Donatur Nunquam Desinit corrected. Possidere Antequam Donatarius Incipiat Possidere - he that gives • Errores Ad Sua Principia Referre, never ceases to possess until he that Est Refellere - to refer errors to their receives begins to possess. origin is to refute them. • Dormiunt Aliquando Leges, • Est Autem Vis Legem Simulans - Nunquam Moriuntur - the laws violence may also put on the mask of sometimes sleep, but never die. law. • Duas Uxores Eodem Tempore • Est Boni Judicis Ampliare Habere Non Potest - it is not lawful to Jurisdictionem - it is the part of a have two wives at one time. good judge to extend the jurisdiction. • Duo Non Possunt In Solido Unam • Ex Antecedentibus Et Rem Possidere - two people cannot Consequentibus Fit Optima possess one thing each in entirety. Interpretation - the best interpration is made from antecedents and • Duplicationem Possibilitatis Lex consequents. Non Patitur -it is not allowed to double a possibility. • Ex Diuturnitate Temporis, Amnia Praesumuntur Solemniter Esse Acta • Ea est accipienda interpretation, - from length of time, all things are qui vitio curet - that interpretation is presumed to have been done in due to be received, which will not intend a form. wrong. • Ex Dolo Malo Non Oritur Action - out • Ei Incumbit Probatio Qui Dicit, Non of fraud no action arises. Qui Negat - the burden of the proof lies upon him who affirms, not he who • Ex Facto Jus Oritur - law arises out of denies. fact; that is, its application must be to facts. • Ei Nihil Turpe, Cui Nihil Satis - to whom nothing is base, nothing is • Ex Malificio Non Oritur Contractus - sufficient. a contract cannot arise out of an act radically wrong and illegal. • Ejus Est Non Nolle, Qui Potest Velle • - he who may consent tacitly, may Ex Multitudine Signorum, Colligitur consent expressly. Identitas Vera - from the great number of signs true identity may be ascertained.

10 10

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Ex Nudo Pacto Non Oritur Action - Expressio Unius Est Exclusio no actions arise on a naked contract Alterius - the expression of one thing without a consideration. See Nudum is the exclusion of another. Pactum. • Expressum Facit Cessare Tacitum - • Ex Tota Materia Emergat Resolution what is expressed renders what is implied silent. - the construction or resolution should arise out of the whole subject matter. • Extra Territorium Jus Dicenti Non • Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Action - Paretur Impune - one who exercises no action arises out of an immoral jurisdiction out of his territory is not consideration. obeyed with impunity. • • Ex Turpi Contractu Non Oritur Facta Sunt Potentiora Verbis - facts are more powerful than words. Action - no action arises on an immoral contract. • Factum Judice Quod Ad Ujus • Ex Uno Disces Omnes - from one Officium Non Spectat, Non Ratum thing you can discern all. Est - an act of a judge which does not relate to his office, is of no force. • Excusat Aut Extenuat Delictum In • Capitalibus, Quod Non Operatur Factum Negantis Nulla Probation - Idem In Civilibus - a wrong in capital negative facts are not proof. cases is excused or palliated which • Factum Non Dictur Quod Non would not be so in civil matters. Perseverat - it cannot be called a deed • Exceptio Ejus Rei Cujus Petitiur which does not hold out or persevere. Dissolutio Nulla Est - there can be no • Factum Unius Alteri Nocere Non plea of that thing of which the Debet - the deed of one should not dissolution is sought. hurt the other. • Exceptio Falsi Omnium Ultima - a • Facultas Probationum Non Est false plea is the basest of all things. Angustanda - the faculty or right of • Exceptio Firmat Regulam In offering proof is not to be narrowed. Contrarium - the exception affirms the • Falsa Demonstratio Non Nocet - a rule in contrary cases. false or mistaken description does not • Exceptio Firmat Regulam In vitiate. Casibus Non Exceptis - the exception • Falsa Ortho Graphia, Sive Falsa affirms the rule in cases not excepted. Grammatica, Non Vitiat • Exceptio Nulla Est Versus Actionem Concessionem - false spelling or false Quae Exceptionem Perimit - there grammar do not vitiate a grant. can be no plea against an action which • Falsus In Uno, Falsus In Omnibus - entirely destroys the plea. false in one thing, false in everything. • Exceptio Probat Regulam De Rebus • Fiat Justitia Ruat Caelum - let justice Non Exception - an exception proves be done, though the heavens should the rule concerning things not fall. excepted. • Felonia Implicatur In Quolibet • Exceptio Quoque Regulam Declarat Proditione - felony is included or - the exception also declares the rule. implied in every treason. • Exceptio Semper Ultima Ponenda • Festinatio Justitiae Est Noverca Est - an exception is always to be put Infortunii - the hurrying of justice is last. the stepmother of misfortune. • Executio Juris Non Habet Injuriam - • Fiat Prout, Fieri Consuerit, Nil the execution of the law causes no Temere Novandum - let it be done as injury. formerly, let nothing be done rashly. • Exempla Illustrant Non Restringunt • Fictio Est Contra Veritatem, Sed Pro Legem - examples illustrate and do not Veritate Habetur - fiction is aginst the restrict the law. truth, but it is to have truth. • Expedit Reipublicae Ut Sit Finis • Finis Rei Attendendus Est - the end Litium - it is for the public good that of a thing is to be attended to. there be an end of litigation. • Finis Finem Litibus Imponit - the • Expressa Nocent, Non Expressa end puts an end to litigation. Non Nocent - things expressed may • Finis Unius Diei Est Principium be prejudicial; things not expressed are Alterius - the end of one day is the not. beginning of another. • Expressio Eorum Quae Tacite • Firmior Et Potentior Est Operatio Insunt Nihil Operator - the Legis Quam Dispositio Hominis - the expression of those things which are disposition of law is firmer and more tacitly implied operates nothing. powerful than the will of man.

11 11

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Forma Legalis Forma Essentialis - Generale Dictum Generaliter Est legal form is essential form. Interpretandum - a general expression is to be construedgenerally. • Forma Non Observata, Inferiur • Generale Nihil Certum Implicat - a Adnullatio Actus - when form is not general expression implies nothing observed a nullity of the act is inferred. certain. • Forstellarius Est Pauperum • Generalia Sunt Praeponenda Depressor, Et Totius Communitatis Et Patriae Publicus Inimicus - a Singularibus - general things are to forestaller is an oppressor of the poor, be put before particular things. and a public enemy to the whole • Generalia Verba Sunt Generaliter community and the country. Intelligenda - general words are • Fortior Est Custodia Legis Quam understood in a general sense Hominis - the custody of the law is • Generalis Clausula Non Porrigitur stronger than that of man. Ad Ea Quae Antea Specialiter Sunt • Fortior Et Potentior Est Dispositio Comprehensa - a general clause does Legis Quam Hominis - the disposition not extend to those things which are of the law is stronger and more previously provided for specially. powerful than that of man. • Haeredem Deus Facit, Non Homo - • Fraus Est Celare Fraudem - it is a God and not man, make the heir. fraud to conceal a fraud. • Haeredem Est Nomen Collectivum - • Fraus Est Odiosa Et Non heir is a collective name. Praesumenda - fraud is odious and • Hominum Caus Jus Constitutum Est not to be presumed. - law is established for the benefit of • Fraus Et Dolus Nemini Patrocianari man. Debent - fraud and deceit should • Id Quod Nostrum Est, Sine Facto excuse no man. Nostro Ad Alium Transferi Non • Fraus Et Jus Numquam Cohabitant - Potest - what belongs to us cannot be transferred to another without our fraud and justice never agree together. consent. But this must be understood • Fraus Latet In Generalibu - fraud lies with this qualification, that the hidden in general expressions. government may take property for • Frustr Est Potentia Quae public use, paying the owner its value. Numcquam Venit In Actum - the The title to property may also be power which never comes to be acquired, with the consent of the exercised is vain. owner, by a judgment of a competent tribunal. • Frustr Feruntur Legis Nisi Subditis • Et Obedientibus - laws are made to Id Certum Est Quod Certum Reddi no purpose unless for those who are Potest - that is certain which may be subject and obedient. rendered certain. • Frustr Legis Auxilium Quaerit Qui • Idem Agens Et Patiens Esse Non In Legem Committit - vainly does he Potest - one cannot be agent and who offends against the law, seek the patient, in the same matter. help of the law. • Idem Est Facere, Et Nolle Prohibere • Frustr Probatur Quod Probatum Cum Possis - it is the same thing to do Non Relevat - it is vain to prove that a thing as not to prohibit it when in which if proved would not aid the your power. matter in question. • Idem Est Non Probari Et Non Esse; • Furiosus Absentis Loco Est - the Non Deficit Jus, Sed Probation - insane is compared to the absent. Dig. what does not appear and what is not is 50, 17, 24, 1. the same; it is not the defect of the law, but the want of proof. • Furiosus Solo Furore Punitur - a madman is punished by his madness • Idem Est Nihil Dicere Et alone. Insufficienter Dicere - it is the same thing to say nothing and not to say it • Furtum Non Est Ubi Initium Habet sufficiently. Detentionis Per Dominum Rei - it is not theft where the commencement of • Idem Est Scire Aut Scire Debet Aut the detention arises through the owner Potuisse - to be able to know is the of the thing. same as to know. This maxim is applied to the duty of every one to know the • Generale Tantum Valet In law. Generalibus, Quanium Singulare Singulis - what is general prevails or is • Idem Non Esse Et Non Apparet - it worth as much among things general, is the same thing not to exist and not as what is particular among things to appear. Jenk. Cent. 207. particular.

12 12

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Idem Semper Antecedenti Proximo In Consimili Casu Consilile Debet Refertur - the same is always referred Esse Remedium - in similar cases the to its next antecedent. remedy should be similar. • • Identitas Vera Colligitur Ex In Contractibus, Benigna; In Testamentis, Benignior; In Multitudine Signorum - true identity Restitutionibus, Benignissima is collected from a number of signs. Interpretation Facienda Est - in • Id Perfectum Est Quod Ex Omnibus contracts, the interpretation or Suis Partibus Constat - that is perfect construction should be liberal; in wills, which is complete in all its parts. more liberal; in restitutions, more • Id Possumus Quod De Jure liberal. Possumus - we may do what is • In Conventibus Contrahensium allowed by law. Voluntatem Potius Quam Verba • Ignorantia Excusatur, Non Juris Spectari Placuit - in the agreements Sed Facti - ignorance of fact may of the contracting parties, the rule is to excuse, but not ignorance of law. regard the intention rather than the words. • Ignorantia Legis Neminem Excusat (or Ignorantia Juris Neminem • In Criminalibus, Probationes Excusat) - ignorance of law excuses no Bedent Esse Luce Clariores - in one. criminal cases, the proofs ought to be clearer than the light. • Ignorantia Facti Excusat, • Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat - In Criminalibus Sufficit Generalis ignorance of facts excuses, ignorance of Malitia Intentionis Cum Facto Paris law does not excuse. Gradus - in criminal cases a general intention is sufficient, when there is an • Ignorantia Judicis Est Calamitas act of equal or corresponding degree. Innocentis - the ignorance of the judge is the misforture of the innocent. • In Disjunctivis Sufficit Alteram Partem Esse Veram - in disjunctives, • Ignorantia Terminis Ignoratur Et it is sufficient if either part be true. Ars - an ignorance of terms is to be • ignorant of the art. In Dubiis Magis Dignum Est Accipiendum - in doubtful cases the • Illud Quod Alias Licitum Non Est more worthy is to be taken. Necessitas Facit Licitum, Et Necessitas Inducit Privilegium • In Dubiis Non Praesumitur Pro Quod Jure Privatur - that which is not Testamento - in doubtful cases there otherwise permitted, necessity allows, is no presumption in favour of the will. and necessity makes a privilege which • In Dubio Haec Legis Constructio supersedes the law. Quam Verba Ostendunt - in a • Imperitia Culpae Annumeratur - doubtful case, that is the construction ignorance, or want of skill, is of the law which the words indicate. considered negligence for which one • In Dubio Pars Melior Est Sequenda who professes skill is responsible. - in doubt, the gentler course is to be • Impersonalitas Non Concludit Nec followed. Ligat - impersonality neither concludes • In Dubio, Sequendum Quod Tutius nor binds. Est - in doubt, the safer course is to be • Impotentia Excusat Legem - adopted. impossibility excuses the law. • In Eo Quod Plus Sit, Semper Inest • Impunitas Continuum Affectum Et Minus - the less is included in the Tribuit Delinquenti - impunity offers greater. continual bait to a delinquent. • In Facto Quod Se Habet Ad Bonum • In Alternativis Electio Est Debitoris Et Malum Magis De Bono Quam De - in alternatives there is an election of Malo Lex Intendit - in a deed which the debtor. may be considered good or bad, the law looks more to the good than to the • In Aequali Jure Melior Est Conditio bad. Possidentis - when the parties have • equal rights, the condition of the In Favorabilibus Magis Attenditur possessor is the better. Quod Prodest Quam Quod Nocet - in things favoured what does good is • In Commodo Haec Pactio, Ne Dolus more regarded than what does harm. Praestetur, Rata Non Est - if in a contract for a loan there is inserted a • In Fictione Juris, Semper Subsistit clause that the borrower shall not be Aequitas - in a fiction of law, equity answerable for fraud, such clause is always subsists. void. • In Judiciis Minori Aetati Sucuritur - • In Conjunctivis Oportet Utramque in judicial proceedings, infancy is aided Partem Esse Veram - in conjunctives or favoured. each part ought to be true.

13 13

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • In Judicio Non Creditur Nisi Juratis In Propri Cuus Nemo judex - no one - in law, none is credited unless he is can be judge in his own cause. sworn. All the facts must when • In Quo Quis Delinquit, In Eo De established, by witnesses, be under Jure Est Puniendus - in whatever oath or affirmation. thing he offends, in that he is rightfully • In Jure Non Remota Causa, Sed to be punished. Proxima Spectatur - in law the • In Repropri Iniquum Admodum Est proximate, and not the remote cause, Alicui Licentiam Tribuere is to be looked to. Sententiae - it is expremely unjust • In Majore Summ Continetur Minor - that any one should be judge in his own in the greater sum is contained the cause. less. • In Re Dubi Magis Inficiato Quam • In Maleficio Ratihabitio Mandato Affirmatio Intelligenda - in a doubtful matter, the negative is to be Comparator - he who ratifies a bad understood rather than the affirmative. action is considered as having ordered it. • In Republic Maxim Conservanda • In Mercibus Illicitis Non Sit Sunt Jura Belli - in the state the laws Commercium - no commerce should of ware are to be greatly preserved. be transacted in illicit goods. • In Restitutionem, Non In Paenam • In Maxim Potenti Minima Licentia - Haeres Succedit - the heir succeeds in the greater power is included the to the restitution not the penalty. smaller license. • In Restitutionibus Benignissima • In Obscuris, Quod Minimum Est, Interpretatio Facienda Est - the Sequitur - in obscure cases, the milder most favorable construction is made in course ought to be pursued. restitutions. • • In Odium Spoliatoris Omnia In Suo Quisque Negotio Hebetior Praesumuntur - all things are Est Quam In Alieno - every one is presumed in odium of a despoiler. more dull in his own business than in that of another. • In Omni Re Nascitur Res Qua • In Toto Et Pars Continetur - a part is Ipsam Rem Exterminate - in included in the whole. everything, the thing is born which destroys the thing itself • In Traditionibus Scriptorum Non • In Omnibus Contractibus, Sive Quod Dictum Est, Sed Quod Gestum Nominatis Sive Innominatis, Est, Inscpicitur - in the delivery of Permutatio Continetur – in every writing, not what is said, but what is contract, whether nominate or done is to be considered. innominate, there is implied a • Incerta Pro Nullius Habentur - consideration. things uncertain are held for nothing. • In Omnibus Quidem, Maxim Tamen • Incerta Quantitas Vitiat Acium - an In Jure, Aequitas Spectanda Sit - in uncertain quantity vitiates the act. all affairs, and principally in those • In Civile Est Nisi Tota Sententia which concern the administration of Inspectu, De Aliqua Parte Judicare justice, the rules of equity ought to be - it is improper to pass an opinion on followed. any part of a sentence, without • In Omnibus Obligationibus, In examining the whole. Quibus Dies Non Ponitar, Praesenti • Inclusio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius Die Debutur - in all obligations when - the inclusion of one is the exclusion of no time is fixed for the payment, the another. thing is due immediately. • Incommodum Non Solvit • In Praesentia Majoris Potestatis, Argumentum - an inconvenience does Minor Potestas Cessat - in the not solve an argument. presence of the superior power, the minor power ceases. • Indefinitum Aequipolet Universali - the undefined is equivalent to the • In Pari Causa Possessor Potior whole. Haberi Debet - when two parties have equal rights, the advantage is always in • Indefinitum Supplet Locum favor of the possessor. Universalis - the undefined supplies the place of the whole, • In Pari Causa Possessor Potior Est - in an equal case, better is the condition • Independenter Se Habet of the possessor. Assecuratio A Viaggio Vanis - the voyage insured is an independent or • In Pari Delicto Melior Est Conditio distinct thing from the voyage of the Possidentis - when the parties are ship. equally in the wrong, the condition of the possessor is better. • Index Animi Sermo - speech is the index of the mind.

14 14

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Inesse Potest Donationi, Modus, Interest Reipublicae Ut Carceres Conditio Sive Causa; Ut Modus Est; Sint In Tuto - it concerns the Si Conditio; Quia Causa - in a gift commonwealth that prisons be secure. there may be manner, condition and • Interest Reipublicae Suprema cause; as, (ut), introduces a manner; Hominum Testamenta Rata Haberi - if, (si), a condition; because, (quia), a it concerns the commonwealth that cause. men's last wills be sustained. • Infinitum In Jure Reprobatur - that • Interest Reipublicae Ut Sit Finis which is infinite or endless is Litium – it is in the commonwealth’s reprehensible in law. interest that there should be an end of • Iniquum Est Alios Permittere, Alios law suits. Inhibere Mercaturam - it is • Interpretare Et Concordare Leges inequitable to permit some to trade, Legibus Est Optimus Interpretandi and to prohibit others. Modus - to interpret and reconcile laws • Iniquum Est Aliquem Rei Sui Esse so that they harmonise is the best mode of construction. Judicem - it is against equity for any one to be judge in his own cause. • Interpretatio Fienda Est Ut Res • Iniquum Est Ingenuis Hominibus Magis Valeat Quam Pereat - that Non Esse Liberam Rerum Suarum construction is to be made so that the Alienationem - it is against equity to subject may have an effect rather than deprive freeman of the free disposal of none. Jenk. Cent. 198. their own property. • Interpretatio Talis In Ambiguis • Injuria Non Praesumitur - a wrong is Semper Fienda, Ut Evitetur Inconveniens Et Absurdum - in not presumed. ambiguous things, such a construction • Injuria Propria Non Cadet In is to be made, that what is Beneficium Facientis - one's own inconvenient and absurd is to be wrong shall not benefit the person avoided. doing it. • Interruptio Multiplex Non Tollit • Injuria Fit Ei Cui Convicium Dictum Praescriptionem Semel Obtentam - Est, Vel De Eo Factum Carmen repeated interruptions do not defeat a Famosum - it is a slander of him who prescription once obtained. a reproachful thing is said, or • concerning whom an infamous song is Inutilis Labor, Et Sine Fructu, Non made. Est Effectus Legis - useless labour and without fruit, is not the effect of • Intentio Caeca, Mala - a hidden law. intention is bad. • Invito Beneficium Non Datur - no • Intentio Inservire Debet Legibus, one is obliged to accept a benefit Non Leges Intention - intentions against his consent but if he does not ought to be subservient to the laws, not dissent he will be considered as the laws to intentions. assenting. • Intentio Mea Imponit Nomen Operi • Ipsae Legis Cupiunt Ut Jure Meo - my intent gives a name to my Regantur - the laws themselves act. require that they should be governed • Interest Reipublicae Ne Maleficia by right. Remaneant Impunita - it concerns • Judex Ante Occulos Aequitatem the commonwealth that crimes do not Semper Habere Debet - a judge remain unpunished. ought always to have equity before his • Interest Reipublicae Res Judicatas eyes. Non Rescindi - it concerns the • Judex Aeuitatem Semper Spectare common wealth that things adjudged Debet - a judge ought always to regard be not rescinded. equity. • Vide Res Judicata - a rule that a final • Judex Bonus Nihil Ex Arbitrio Suo judgment on the merits by a court Faciat, Nec Propositione having jurisdiction is conclusive Domesticae Voluntatis, Sed Juxta between the parties to a suit as to all Legis Et Jura Pronunciet - a good matters that were litigated or that could judge should do nothing from his own have been litigated in that action. judgment, or from the dictates of his • Interest Reipublicae Quod Homines private wishes; but he should Conserventur - it concerns the pronounce according to law and justice. commonwealth that we be preserved. • Judex Debet Judicare Secundum • Interest Reipublicae Ut Qualibet Re Allegata Et Probate - the judge ought Su Bene Utatur - it concerns the to decide according to the allegation commonwealth that every one should and the proof. use his property properly. • Judex Est Lex Loquens - the judge is the speaking law.

15 15

Glossary of Latin Terms

• Judex Non Potest Esse Testis In • Jura Sanguinis Nullo Jure Civili Propri Caus - a judge cannot be Dirimi Possunt - the right of blood awitness in his own cause. and kindred cannot be destroyed by • Judex Non Potest Injuriam Sibi any civil law. Datum Punier - a judge cannot punish • Jura Naturae Sunt Immutabilia - the a wrong done to himself. laws of nature are unchangeable. • Judex Damnatur Cum Nocens • Jura Eodem Modo Distruuntur Quo Absolvitur - the judge is condemned Constituuntur - laws are abrogated or when the guilty are acquitted. repealed by the same means by which • Judex Non Reddat Plus Quam Quod they are made. Petens Ipse Requireat - the judge • Juramentum Est Indivisibile, Et Non does demand more than the plaintiff Est Admittendum In Parte Verum Et demands. In Parte Falsam - an oath is • Judici Officium Suum Excedenti indivisible, it cannot be in part true and in part false. Non Paretur - to a judge who exceeds his office or jurisdiction no obedience is • Jurato Creditur In Judicio - he who due. makes oath is to be believed in • Judici Satis Paena Est Quod Deum judgment. Habet Ultorem - it is punishment • Jurare Est Deum In Testum Vocare, enough for a judge that he is Et Est Actus Divini Cultus - to swear responsible to God. is to call God to witness and is an act of • Judicia In Deliberationibus Crebro religion. Naturescunt, In Accelerato • Juratores Sunt Judices Facti - Juries Processu Nunquam - judgments are the judges of the facts. frequently become matured by • Juris Effectus In Executione deliberation, never by hurried process. Consistit - the effect of a law consists • Judicia Posteriora Sunt In Lege in the execution. Fortiori - the latter decisions are • Jus Accrescendi Inter Mercatores stronger in law. Locum Non Habet, Pro Beneficio • Judicia Sunt Tanquam Juris Dicta, Commercii - the right of survivorship Et Pro Veritate Accipiuntur - does not exist among merchants for the judgments are, as it were, the dicta or benefit of commerce. sayings of the law, and are received as • Jus Accrescendi Praefertur truth. Oneribus - the right of survivorship is • Judiciis Posterioribus Fides Est preferred to incumbrances. Adhibenda - faith or credit is to be • Jus Accrescendi Praefertur Ultimae given to the last decisions. Voluntati - the right of survivorship is • Judicis Est In Pronuntiando Sequi preferred to a last will. Regulam, Exceptione Non Probat - • Jus Descendit Et Non Terra - a right the judge in his decision ought to follow descends, not the land. the rule, when the exception is not made apparent. • Jus Est Ars Boni Et Aequi - law is the science of what is good and evil. • Judicis Est Judicare Secudnum Allegata Et Probate - a judge ought • Jus Et Fraudem Numquam to decide according to the allegations Cohabitant - right and fraud never go and proofs. together. • Judicium Non Suo Judice Datum • Jus Ex Injuria Non Oritur - a right Nullius Est Momenti - a judgment cannot arise from a wrong. given by an improper judge is of no • Jus Publicum Privatorum Pactis moment. Mutari Non Potest - a public right • Judicium Non Debet Esse cannot be changed by private Illusorium, Suum Effectum Habere agreement. Debet - a judgment ought not to be • Jus Respicit Aequitatem - law illusory, it ought to have its regards equity. consequence. • Jus Superveniens Auctori Accressit • Judicium Redditur In Invitum, In Successors - a right owing to a Praesumptione Legis - in possessor accrues to a successor. presumption of law, a judgment is • given against inclination. Justicia Est Virtus Excellens Et Altissimo Complacens - justice is an • Judicium Semper Pro Veritate excellent virtue and pleasing to the Accipitur - a judgment is always taken Most high. for truth. • Justitia Nemine Neganda Est - justice is not to be denied.

16 16

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Justitia Non Est Neganda, Non Les Fictions Naissent De La Loi, Et Differenda - justice is not to be denied Non La Loi Des Fictions - fictions or delayed. arise from the law, and not law from fictions. • Justitia Non Novit Patrem Nec • Lex Aliquando Sequitur Aequitatem Matrem, Solum Veritatem Spectat - the law sometimes follows equity. Justitia - justice knows neither father nor mother, justice looks to truth alone. • Lex Aequitate Guadet; Appetit • La Conscience Est La Plus Perfectum; Est Norma Recti - the Changeante Des Regles - conscience law delights in equity; it covets is the most changeable of rules. perfection; it is a rule of right. • • Lata Culpa Dolo Aequiparatur - Lex Beneficialis Rei Consimili Remedium Praestat - a beneficial law gross negligence is equal to fraud. affords a remedy in a similar case. • Le Contrat Fait La Loi - the contract • Lex Citius Tolerare Vult Privatum makes the law. Damnum Quam Publicum Malum - • Legatos Violare Contra Jus Gentium the law would rather tolerate a private Est - it is contrary to the law of nations wrong than a public evil. to violate the rights of ambassadors. • Lex De Futuro, Judex De Praeterito • Legatum Morte Testatoris Tantum - the law provides for the future, the Confirmatur, Sicut Donatio Inter judge for the past. Vivos Traditione Sol - a legacy is • Lex Deficere Non Potest In Justiti confirmed by the death of the testator, Exhibenda - the law ought not to fail in the same manner as a gift from a in dispensing justice. living person is by delivery alone. • • Leges Posteriores Priores Lex Dilationes Semper Exhorret - Contrarias Abrogant - subsequent the law always abhors delay. laws repeal those before enacted to the • Lex Est Ab Aeterno - the law is from contrary. everlasting. • Leges Humanae Nascuntur, Vivunt • Lex Est Dictamen Rationis - law is Et Moriuntur - human laws are born, the dictate of reason. live and die. • Lex Est Norma Recti - law is a rule of • Leges Non Verbis Sed Regus Sunt right. Impositae - laws, not words, are • Lex Est Ratio Summa, Quae Jubet imposed on things. Quae Sunt Utilia Et Necessaria, Et • Legibus Sumptis Disinentibus, Lege Contraria Prohibit - law is the Naturae Utendum Est - when laws perfection of reason, which commands imposed by the state fail, we must act what is useful and necessary and by the law of nature. forbids the contrary. • Legis Constructio Non Facit • Lex Est Sanctio Sancta, Jubens Injuriam - the construction of law Honesta, Et Prohibens Contraria - does no wrong. law is a scared sanction, commanding • Legis Figendi Et Refigendi what is right and prohibiting the Consuetudo Periculosissima Est - contrary. the custom of fixing and refixing • Lex Fingit Ubi Subsistit Aequitas - (making and annulling) laws is most law feigns where equity subsists. dangerous. • Lex Intendit Vicinum Vicini Facta • Legis Interpretatio Legis Vim Scire - the law presumes that one Obtinet - the construction of law neighbour knows the actions of obtains the force of law. another. • Legislatorum Est Viva Vox, Rebus • Lex Judicat De Rebus Necessario Et Non Verbis, Legem Imponere - Faciendis Quasire Ipsa Factis - the the voice of legislators is a living voice, law judges of things which must to impose laws on things and not on necessarily be done, as if actually done. words. • Lex Necessitatis Est Lex Temporis, • Legis Minister Non Tenetur, In I.E. Instantis - the law of necessity is Executione Officii Sui Fugere Aut the law of time, that is, time present. Retrocedere - the minister of the law • Lex Neminem Cogit Ad Vana Seu is not bound in the execution of his Inutilia Peragenda - the law forces office, neither to fly nor retreat. no one to do vain or useless things. • Legitime Imperanti Parere Necesse • Lex Nemini Facit Injuriam - the law Est - one who commands lawfully must does wrong to no one. be obeyed. • Lex Nemini Operatur Iniquum,

Nemini Facit Injuriam - the law never works an injury, or does him a wrong.

17 17

Glossary of Latin Terms

• Lex Nil Facit Frustra, Nil Jubet Juris Obstet - things permitted should Frustra - the law does nothing and be well contrived, lest the form of the commands nothing in vain. law oppose. • Lex Non Cogit Impossibilia - the law • Linea Recta Semper Praefertur requires nothing impossible. Transversali - the right line is always • Lex Non Curat De Minimis - the law preferred to the collateral. does not regard small matters. • Locus Contractus Regit Actum - the • Lex Non Cogit Ad Impossibilia - the place of the contract governs the act. forces not to impossibilities. • Longa Possessio Est Pacis Jus - long • Lex Non Praecipit Inutilia, Quia possession is the law of peace. Inutilis Labor Stultus - the law • Longa Possessio Parit Jus commands not useless things, because Possidendi, Et Tollit Actionem Vero useless labour is foolish. Domino - long possession produces • Lex Non Deficit In Justitia Exibenda the right of possession, and takes away - the law does not fail in showing from the true owner his action. justice. • Longum Tempus, Et Longus Usus • Lex Non Intendit Aliquid Qui Excedit Memoria Hominum, Impossibile - the law intends not Sufficit Pro Jure - long time and long anything impossible. use, beyond the memory of man, suffices for right. • Lex Non Requirit Verificare Quod • Loquendum Ut Vulgus, Sentiendum Apparet Curiae - the law does not Ut Docti - we speak as the common require that to be proved, which is people, we must think as the learned. apparent to the court. • • Lex Plus Laudatur Quando Ratione Magister Rerum Usus; Magistra Probatur - the law is the more praised Rerum Experiential - use is the when it is consonant to reason. master of things; experience is the mistress of things. • Lex Prospicit, Non Respicit - the law • Manga Negligentia Culpa Est, looks forward, not backward. Magna Culpa Dolus Est - gross • Lex Punit Mendacium - the law negligence is a fault, gross fault is a punishes falsehood. fraud. • Lex Rejicit Superflua, Pugnantia, • Magna Culpa Dolus Est - great Incongrua - the law rejects neglect is equivalent to fraud. superfluous, contradictory and • incongruous things. Maihemium Est Inter Crimina Majora Minimum Et Inter Minora • Lex Reprobat Moram - the law Maximum - mayhem is the least of dislikes delay. great crimes, and the greatest of small. • Lex Semper Dabit Remedium - the • Mahemium Est Homicidium law always gives a remedy. Inchoatum - mayhem is incipient • Lexspectat Naturae Ordinem - the homicide. law regards the order of nature. • Major Haeriditas Venit Unicuique • Lex Succurit Ignoranti - the laws Nostrum Jure Et Legibus Quam succour the ignorant. Parentibus - a greater inheritance comes to every one of us from right • Lex Semper Intendit Quod Convenit and the laws than from parents. Ratione - the law always intends what is agreeable to reason. • Major Numerus In Se Continet Minorem - the greater number • Lex Uno Ore Omnes Alloquitur - the contains in itself the less. law speaks to all with one mouth. • Majore Paen Affectus Quam • Libertas Inaestimabilis Res Est - Legibus Statuta Est, Non Est liberty is an inestimable good. Infamis - one affected with a greater • Liberum Corpus Aestimationem punishment than is provided by law, is Non Recipit - the body of a freeman not infamous. does not admit of valuation. • Majori Continet In Se Minus - the • Licet Dispositio De Interesse greater includes the less. Furture Sit Inutilis, Tamen Potest • Majus Dignum Trahit In Se Minus Fieri Declaratio Praecedens Quae Dignum - the more worthy or the Fortiatur Effectum Interveniente greater draws to it the less worthy or Novo Actu - although the grant of a the lesser. future interest be inoperative, yet a declaration precedent may be made, • Majus Est Delictum Seipsum which may take effect, provided a new Occidare Quam Alium - it is a greater act intervene. crime to kill oneself than another.

• Licita Bene Miscentur, Formula Nisi

18 18

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Mala Grammatica Non Vitiat Melior Est Conditio Possidentis Et Chartam; Sed In Expositione Rei Quam Actoris - better is the Instrumentorum Mala Grammatica condition of the possessor and that of Quoad Fieri Possit Evitanda Est - the defendant than that of the plaintiff. bad grammar does not vitiate a deed; • Melior Est Causa Possidentis - the but in the construction of instruments, cause of the possessor is preferable. bad grammar, as far as it can be done, • Melior Est Conditio Possidentis, Ubi is to be avoided. Neuter Jus Habet - better is the • Maledicta Est Expositio Quae condition of the possessor, where Corrumpit Textum - it is a bad neither of the two has a right. construction which corrupts the text. • Meliorem Conditionem Suum Facere • Maleficia Non Debent Remanere Potest Minor, Deteriorem Impunita, Et Impunitas Continuum Nequaquam - a minor can improve or Affectum Tribuit Delinquenti - evil make his condition better, but never deeds ought not to remain unpunished, worse. for impunity affords continual • Melius Est Omnia Mala Pati Quam excitement to the delinquent. Malo Concentire - it is better to suffer • Malificia Propositus Distinguuntur - every wrong or ill, than to consent to it. evil deeds are distinguished from evil • Melius Est Recurrere Quam Malo purposes. Currere - it is better to recede than to • Malitia Est Acida, Est Mali Animi proceed in evil. Affectus - malice is sour, it is the • Melius Est In Tempore Occurrere, quality of a bad mind. Quam Post Causam Vulneratum • Malitia Supplet Aetatem - malice Remedium Quaerere - it is better to supplies age. restrain or meet a thing in time, than to • Malum Hominun Est Obviandum - see a remedy after a wrong has been the malice of men is to be avoided. inflicted. • • Malum Non Praesumitur - evil is not Mens Testatoris In Testamentis presumed. Spectanda Est - in wills, the intention of the testator is to be regarded. • Malum Quo Communius Eo Pejus - • Mentiri Est Contra Mentem Ire - to the more common the evil, the worse. lie is to go against the mind. • Malus Usus Est Abolendus - an evil • Merx Est Quidquid Vendi Potest - custom is to be abolished. merchandise is whatever can be sold. • Mandata Licita Recipiunt Strictam • Interpretationem, Sed Illicita Mercis Appellatio Ad Res Mobiles Latam Et Extensam - lawful Tantum Pertinet - the term commands receive a strict merchandise belongs to movable things interpretation, but unlawful, a wide or only. broad construction. • Minima Paena Corporalis Est Major • Mandatarius Terminos Sobi Positos Qualibet Pecuniary - the smallest Transgredi Non Potest - a mandatory bodily punishment is greater than any cannot exceed the bounds of his pecuniary one. authority. • Minim Mutanda Sunt Quae Certam • Mandatum Nisi Gratuitum Nullum Habuerent Interpretationem - Est - unless a mandate is gratuitous it things which have had a certain is not a mandate. interpretation are to be altered as little as possible. • Manifesta Probatione Non Indigent • Minor Ante Tempus Agere Non - manifest things require no proof. Potest In Casu Proprietatis, Nec • Maxime Ita Dicta Quia Maxima Ejus Etiam Convenire - a minor before Dignitas Et Certissima Auctoritas, majority cannot act in a case of Atque Quod Maxim Omnibus property, nor even agree. Probetur - a maxim is so called • Minor Minorem Custodire Non because its dignity is chiefest and its authority most certain, and because it Debet, Alios Enim Praesumitur Male is universally approved by all. Regere Qui Seipsum Regere Nuscit - a minor ought not to be guardian of a • Maxim Paci Sunt Contraria, Vis Et minor, for he is unfit to govern others Injuria - the greatest enemies to who does not know how to govern peace are force and wrong. himself. • Melior Est Justitia Vere Praeveniens • Misera Est Servitus, Ubi Jus Est Quam Severe Pumens - that justice Vagum Aut Incertum - it is a which justly prevents a crime, is better miserable slavery where the law is than that which severely punishes it. vague or uncertain.

19 19

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Mitius Imperanti Melius Paretur - Multiplicat Transgressione Crescat the more mildly one commands the Paenae Inflictio - the increase of better is he obeyed. punishment should be in proportion to the increase of crime. • Mibilia Personam Sequuntur, • Multitudo Errantium Non Parit Immobilia Situm - movable things Errori Patrocinium - the multitude of follow the person, immovable their those who err is no excuse for error. locality. • Multitudo Imperitorum Perdit • Modica Circumstantia Facti Jus Mutat - the smallest circumstance may Curiam - a multitude of ignorant change the law. practitioners destroys a court. • • Modus Et Conventio Vincunt Legem Natura Appetit Perfectum, Ita Et Lex - nature aspires to perfection, and - manner and agreement overrule the so does the law. law. • Natura Non Facit Saltum, Ita Nec • Modus Legel Dat Donationi - the manner gives law to a gift. Lex - nature makes no leap, nor does the law. • Moneta Est Justum Medium Et • Mensura Rerum Commutabilium, Natura No Facit Vacuum, Nec Lex Nam Per Meduim Monetae Fit Supervacuum - nature makes no Omnium Rerum Conveniens, Et vacuum, the law no supervacuum. Justa Aestimatio - money is the just • Naturae Vis Maxima, Natura Bis medium and measure of all Maxima - the force of nature is commutable things, for, by the medium greatest; nature is doubly great. of money, a convenient and just • Necessarium Est Quod Non Potest estimation of all things is made. Aliter Se Habere - that is necessity • Mora Reprobatur In Lege - delay is which cannot be dispensed with. disapproved of in law. • Necessitas Est Lex Temporis Et Loci • Mors Dicitur Ultimum Supplicium - - necessity is the law of a particular death is denominated the extreme time and place. penalty. • Necessitaas Excusat Aut Extenuat • Mortuus Exitus Non Est Exitus - to Delicium In Capitalibus, Quod Non be dead born is not to be born. Operatur Idem In Civilibus - • Multa Conceduntur Per Obliquum necessity excuses or extentuates Quae Non Conceduntur De Directo - delinquency in capital cases, but not in many things are conceded indirectly civil. which are not allowed directly. • Necessitas Facit Licitum Quod Alias • Multa In Jure Communi Contra Non Est Licitum - necessity makes Rationem Disputandi Pro Communi that lawful which otherwise is unlawful. Ultilitate Introducta Sunt - many • Necessitas Inducit Privililegium things have been introduced into the Quoad Jura Privata - necessity gives common law, with a view to the public a preference with regard to private good, which are inconsistent with sound rights. reason. • Necessitas Non Habet Legem - • Multa Multo Exercitatione Facilius necessity has no law. Quam Regulis Percipies - you will • Necessitas Publica Major Est Quam perceive many things more easily by Private - public necessity is greater practice than by rules. than private. • Multa Non Vetat Lex, Quae Tamen • Necessitas Quod Cogit, Defendit - Tacit Damnavit - the law forbids many necessity defends what it compels. things, which yet it has silently condemned. • Necessitas Vincit Legem - necessity overcomes the law. • Multa Transeunt Cum Universitate Quae Non Per Se Transeunt - many • Negatio Conclusionis Est Error In things pass as a whole which would not Lege - the negative of a conclusion is pass separately. error in law. • Multi Multa, Non Omnia Novit - • Negatio Destruit Negationem, Et many men know many things, no one Ambae Faciunt Affirmativum - a knows everything. negative destroys a negative, and both make an affirmative. • Multiplex Et Indistinctum Parit Confusionem; Et Questiones Quo • Negatio Duplex Est Affirmatio - a Simpliciores, Eo Lucidiores - double negative is an affirmative. multiplicity and indistinctness produce • Negligentia Semper Habet confusion; the more simple questions Infortuniam Comitem – negligence are the more lucid. has misfortune for a companion.

20 20

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Neminem Oportet Esse Nemo In Propria Causa Testis Ese Sapientiorem Legibus - no man Debet - no one can be a witness in his ought to be wiser than the law. own cause. But to this rule there are many exceptions. • Nemo Admittendus Est Inhabilitare • Nemo Inauditus Condemnari Debet, Seipsum. No one is allowed to Si Non Sit Contumax - no man ought incapacitate himself. to be condemned unheard, unless he • Nemo Agit In Seipsum - no man acts be contumacious. against himself; therefore no man can • be a judge in his own cause. Nemo Nascitur Artifex - no one is born an artist. • Nemo Allegans Suam Turpitudinem, • Nemo Patriam In Qua Natus Est Audiendus Est - no one alleging his Exuere, Nec Ligeantiae Debitum own turpitude is to be heard as a Ejurare Possit - no man can renounce witness. the country in which he was born, nor • Nemo Bis Punitur Por Eodem abjure the obligation of his allegiance. Delicto - no one can be punished twice • Nemo Plus Juris Ad Alienum for the same crime or misdemeanour. Transfere Potest, Quam Ispe • Nemo Cogitur Rem Suam Vendere, Habent - one cannot transfer to Etiam Justo Pretio - no one is bound another a right which he has not. to sell his property, even for a just • price. Nemo Praesens Nisi Intelligat - one is not present unless he understands. • Nemo Contra Factum Suum Venire • Nemo Potest Contra Recordum Potest - no man can contradict his own Verificare Per Patriam - no one can deed. verify by the country against a record. • Nemo Damnum Facit, Nisi Qui Id The issue upon a record cannot be tried Fecit Quod Facere Jus Non Habet - by a jury. no one is considered as committing • damages, unless he is doing what he Nemo Potest Esse Tenes Et has no right to do. Dominus - no man can be at the same time tenant nad landlord of the same • Nemo Dat Qui Non Habet - no one tenement. can give who does not possess. • Nemo Potest Facere Per Alium • Nemo De Domo Sua Extrahi Debet - Quod Per Se Non Potest - no one can a citizen cannot be taken by force from do that by another which he cannot do his house to be conducted before a by himself. judge or to prison. This maxim in favor • Nemo Potest Sibi Devere - no one of Roman liberty is much the same as that "every man's house is his castle." can owe to himself. • • Nemo Debet Esse Judex In Propri Nemo Praesumitur Alienam Caus - no one should be judge in his Posteritatem Suae Praetulisse - no one is presumed to have preferred own cause. another's posterity to his own. • Nemo Debet Ex Alien Jactur Lucrari • Nemo Praesumitur Donare - no one - no one ought to gain by another's loss. is presumed to give. • • Nemo Debet Immiscere Se Rei Nemo Praesumitur Esse Immemor Alienae Ad Se Nihil Pertinenti - no Suae Aeternae Salutis, Et Maxim In one should interfere in what no way Articulo Mortis - no man is presumed concerns him. to be forgetful of his eternal welfare, and particularly at the point of death. • Nemo Debet Rem Suam Sine Facto • Nemo Praesumitur Malus - no one is Aut Defectu Suo Amittere - no one presumed to be bad. should lose his property without his act or negligence. • Nemo Praesumitru Ludere In • Nemo Est Haeres Viventes - no one Extremis - no one is presumed to trifle is an heir to the living. at the point of death. • • Nemo Ex Suo Delicto Melioroem Nemo Prohibetur Plures Negotiationes Sive Artes Exercere - Suam Conditionem Facere Potest - no one is restrained from exercising no one can improve his condition by a several kinds of business or arts. crime. • Nemo Prohibetur Pluribus • Nemo Ex Alterius Facto Praegravari Debet - no man ought to be burdened Defensionibus Uti - no one is in consequence of another's act. restrained from using several defences. • • Nemo Ex Consilio Obligatur - no Nemo Prudens Punit Ut Praeterita man is bound for the advice he gives. Revocentur, Sed Ut Futura Praeveniantur - no wise one punishes that things done may be revoked, but that future wrongs may be prevented.

21 21

Glossary of Latin Terms

• Nemo Punitur Pro Alieno Delicto – • Nihil Perfectum Est Dum Aliquid no one is to be punished for the crime Restat Agendum -nothing is perfect or wrong of another. while something remains to be done. • Nemo Punitur Sine Injuri, Facto, • Nihil Possumus Contra Veritatem - Seu Defalto - no one is punished we can do nothing against truth. unless for some wrong, act or default. • Nihil Quod Est Contra Rationem Est • Nemo, Qui Condemnare Potest, Licitum - nothing against reason is Absolvere Non Potest - he who may lawful. condemn may acquit. • Nihil Quod Inconveniens Est • Nemo Tenetur Seipsum Accusare - Licitum Est - nothing inconvenient is no one is bound to accuse himself. lawful. • Nemo Tenetur Ad Impossibile - no • Nihil Simul Inventum Est Et one is bound to an impossibility. Perfectum - nothing is invented and • Nemo Tenetur Armare Adversarum perfected at the same moment. Contra Se - no one is bound to arm his • Nihil Tam Naturale Est, Qu M Eo adversary. Genere Quidque Dissolvere, Quo • Nemo Tenetur Divinare - no one is Colligatum Est - it is very natural that bound to foretell. an obligation should not be dissolved but by the same principles which were • Nemo Tenetur Informare Qui observed in contracting it. Nescit, Sed Quisquis Scire Quod • Nihil Tam Conveniens Est Naturali Informat - no one is bound to inform Aequitati, Qu M Voluntatem Domini about a thing he knows not, but he who Voluntis Rem Suam In Alium gives information is bound to know what he says. Transferre, Ratam Haber i - nothing is more conformable to natural equity, • Nemo Tenetur Jurare In Suam than to confirm the will of an owner Turpitudinem - no one is bound to who desires to transfer his property to testify to his own baseness. another. • Nemo Tenetur Seipsam Infortunis • Nil Tamere Novandum - nothing Et Periculis Exponere - no one is should be rashly changed. bound to expose himself to misfortune • Nil Facit Error Nominis, Si De and dangers. Corpore Constat - an error in the • Nemo Tenetur Seipsum Accusare - name is immaterial, if the body is no man is bound to accuse himself. certain. • Nemo Videtur Fraudare Eos Qui • Nimia Subtilitas In Jure Reporbatur Sciunt, Et Consentiunt - one cannot - too much subtlety is reprobated in complain of having been deceived when law. he knew the fact and gave his consent. • Nimium Altercando Veritas • Nihil De Re Accrescit Ei Qui Nihil In Amiltitur - by too much altercation Re Quando Jus Accresceret Habet - truth is lost. nothing accrues to him, who, when the • Nobiliores Et Beniginores right accrues, has nothing in the subject matter. Presumptiones In Dubiis Sunt Praeferendae - when doubts arise the • Nihil Facit Error Nominis Cum De most generous and benign Corpore Constat - an error in the presumptions are to be preferred. name is nothing when there is certainty • as to the person. Nomen Est Quasi Rei Notamen - a name is, as it were, the note of a thing. • Nihil Habet Forum Ex Scen - the • Nomen Non Sufficit Si Res Non Sit court has nothing to do with what is not De Jure Aut De Facto - a name does before it. not siffice if there be not a thing by law • Nihil Infra Regnum Subditos Magis or by fact. Conservat In Tranquilitate Et • Nomina Si Nescis Perit Cognitio Concordi Quam Debita Legume Administratio - nothing preserves in Rerum - if you know not the names of tranquility and concord those who are things, the knowledge of things subjected to the same government themselves perishes. better than a due administration of the • Nomina Sunt Notae Rerum - names laws. are the notes of things. • Nihil In Lege Intolerabilius Est, • Nomina Sunt Mutabilia, Res Autem Eandem Rem Diverso Jure Censeri - Immobiles - names are mutable, but nothing in law is more intolerable than things are immutable. to apply the law differently to the same • Nomina Sunt Symbola Rerum - cases. names are the symbols of things. • Nihil Magis Justum Est Quam Quod Necessarium Est - nothing is more just that what is necessary.

22 22

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Non Accipi Debent Verba In Non Impedit Clausula Derogatoria, Demonstrationem Falsam, Quae Quo Minus Ab Eadem Potestate Res Competunt In Limitationem Veram Dissolvantur A Quibus - words ought not to be accepted to Constitutuntur - a derogatory clause import a false demonstration which has does not prevent things or acts from effect by way of true limitation. being dissolved by the same power, by which they were originally made. • Non Alio Modo Puniatur Aliquis, • Non In Legendo Sed In Intelligendo Quam Secundum Quod Se Habet Condemnatio - a person may not be Leges Consistunt - the laws consist punished differntly than according to not in being read, but in being what the sentence enjoins. understood. • • Non Concedantur Citationes Non Licet Quod Dispendio Licet - Priusquam Exprimatur Super Qua that which is permitted only at a loss, is Ne Fieri Debet Citatio - summonses not permitted to be done. or citations should not be granted • Non Nasci, Et Natum Mori, Pari Sunt before it is expressed under the - not to be born, and to be dead born, circumstances whether the summons is the same. ought to be made. • Non Obligat Lex Nisi Promulgata - a • Non Auditor Perire Volens - one who law is not obligatory unless it be wishes to perish ought not to be heard. promulgated. • Non Consentit Qui Errat - he who • Non Observata Forma, Infertur errs does not consent. Adnullatio Actus - when the form is • Non Debet, Cui Plus Licet, Quod not observed, it is inferred that the act is annulled. Minus Est, Non Licere - he who is permitted to do the greater, may with • Non Omne Quod Licet Honestum greater reason do the less. Est - everything which is permitted is • Non Decipitur Qui Scit Se Decipi - not becoming. he is not deceived who know himself to • Non Omne Damnum Inducit be deceived. Injuriam - not every loos produces an • Non Definitur In Jure Quid Sit injury. Conatus - what an attempt is, is not • Non Omnium Quae A Majoribus defined in law. Nostris Constituta Sunt Ratio • Non Differunt Quae Concordant Re, Reddit Potest - a reason cannot always be given for the institutions of Tametsi Non In Verbis Iisdem - our ancestors. those things which agree in substance though not in the same words, do not • Non Potest Adduci Exception differ. Jenk. Ejusdem Rei Cujus Petitur • Non Effecit Affectus Nisi Sequatur Dissolutio - a plea of the same matter, Effectus - the intention amounts to the dissolution of which is sought by nothing unless some effect follows. the action, cannot be brought forward. When an action is brought to annul a • Non Est Arctius Vinculum Inter proceeding, the defendant cannot plead Homines Quam Jusjurandum - there such proceeding in bar. is no stronger link among men than an • Non Praestat Impedimentum Quod oath. De Jure Non Sortitur Effectum - a • Non Est Disputandum Contra thing which has no effect in law, is not Principia Negantem - there is no an impediment. Jenk. disputing against a man denying • Non Quod Dictum Est, Sed Quod principles. Factum Est, Inspicitur - not what is • Non Est Recedendum Communi said, but what is done, is to be Observanti - there should be no regarded. departing from a common observance. • Non Refert An Quis Assensum • Non Est Regula Quin Fallat - there is Suum Praefert Verbis, An Rebus no rule but what may fail. Ipsis Et Factis - it is immaterial • Non Est Certandum De Regulis Juris whether a man gives his assent by - there is no disputing about rules of words or by acts and deeds. law. • Non Refert Quid Ex Aequipolentibus • Non Faciat Malum, Ut Inde Veniat Fiat - what may be gathered from Bonum - you are not to do evil that words of tantamount meaning is of no good may come of it. consequence when omitted. • Non Refert Quid Notum Sit Judice Si Notum Non Sit In Forma Judici - it matters not what is known to the judge, if it is not known to him judicially.

23 23

Glossary of Latin Terms

• Non Refert Verbis An Factis Fit • Nullus Recedat E Curi Concellari Revocatio - it matters not whether a Sine Remedio - no one ought to revocation be by words or by acts. depart out of the court of chancery • Non Solum Quid Licet, Sed Quidest without a remedy. Conveniens Considerandum, Quia • Nunquam Fictio Sine Lege - there is Nihil Quod Inconveniens Est no fiction without law. Licitum - not only what is permitted, • Nuptias Non Concubitas, Sed but what is proper, isto be considered, Consensus Facit - cohabitation does because what is improper is illegal. not make the marriage, it is the • Non Sunt Longa Ubi Nihil Est Quod consent of the parties. Demere Possis - there is no prolixity • Obedientia Est Legis Essentia - where nothing can be omitted. obedience is the essence of the law. • Non Temere Credere, Est Nervus • Obtemperandum Est Consuetudini Sapientae - not to believe rashly is the Rationabili Tanquam Legi - a nerve of wisdom. reasonable custom is to be obeyed like • Non Videtur Quisquam Id Capere, law. Quod Ei Necesse Est Alii Restituere • Officia Magistratus Non Debent - one is not considered as acquiring Esse Venalia - the offices of property in a thing which he is bound to magistrates ought not to be sold. restore. • Officia Judicialia Non Concedantur • Non Videntur Qui Errant Consentire Antequam Vacent - judicial offices - he who errs is not considered as ought not to be granted before they are consenting. vacant. • Non Videtur Consensum Retinuisse • Officit Conatus Si Effectus Sequatur Si Quis Ex Praescripto Minantis - the attempt becomes of consequence, Aliquid Immutavit - he does not if the effect follows. appear to have retained his consent, if he have changed anything through the • Officium Nemini Debet Esse means of a party threatening. Damnosum - an office ought to be injurious to no one. • Novatio Non Praesumitur - a novation is not presumed. • Omissio Eorum Quae Tacite Insunt Nihil Operatur - the omission of those • Novitas Non Tam Utilitate Prodest things which are silently expressed is of Quam Novitate Perturbat - novelty no consequence. benefits not so much by its utility, as it disturbs by its novelty. • Omne Actum Ab Intentione Agentis Est Judicandum - every act is to be • Novum Judicium Non Dat Novum estimated by the intention of the doer. Jus, Sed Declarat Antiquum - a new judgment does not make a new law, • Omne Crimen Ebrietas Et Incendit but declares the old. Et Detegit - drunkenness inflames and produces every crime. • Nul Ne Doit S'enrichir Aux Depens Des Autres - no one ought to enrich • Omne Magis Dignum Trahit Ad Se himself at the expense of others. Minus Dignum Sit Antiquius - every worthier thing draws to it the less • Nul Prendra Advantage De Son Tort worthy, though the latter be more Demesne - no one shall take ancient. advantage of his own wrong. • Omne Magnum Exemplum Habet • Nulla Impossibilia Aut Inhonesta Aliquid Ex Iniquio, Quod Publica Sunt Praesumenda - impossibilities Utilitate Compensatur - every great and dishonesty are not to be presumed. example has some portion of evil, • Nulle Regle Sans Faute - there is no which is compensated by its public rule without a fault. utility. • Nulli Enim Res Sua Servit Jure • Omne Majus Continet In Se Minus - Servitutis - no one can have a the greater contains in itself the less. servitude over his own property. • Omne Majus Minus In Se • Nullum Exemplum Est Idem Complecitur - always the greater is Omnibus - no example is the same for embraced in the minor. all purposes. • Omne Testamentum Morte • Nullum Iniquum Praesumendum In Consummatum Est - every will is Jure - nothing unjust is presumed in consummated by death. law. • Omne Sacramentum Debet Esse De • Nullum Simile Est Ide . - no simile is Certa Scienti - every oath ought to be the same. founded on certain knowledge. • Nullus Commodum Capere Potest • Omnia Delicta In Aperto Leviora De Injuri Su Propri - no one shall Sunt - all crimes committed openly are take advantage of his own wrong. considered lighter.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Omnia Praesumuntur Contra • Oportet Quod Certa Sit Res Spoliatorem - all things are presumed Venditur - a thing, to be sold, must be against a wrong doer. certain or definite. • Omnia Praesumuntur Legitime • Optima Est Lex, Quae Minimum Facta Donec Probetur In Relinquit Arbitrio Judicis - that is the Contrarium - all things are presumed best system of law which confides as to be done legitimately, until the little as possible to the discretion of the contrary is proved. judge. • Omnia Praesumuntur Rite Esse • Optimam Esse Legem, Quae Acta - all things are presumed to be Minimum Relinquit Arbitrio Judicis; done in due form. Id Quod Certitudo Ejus Praestat - • Omnia Praesumuntur Solemniter that law is the best which leaves the Esse Acta - all things are presumed to least discretion to the judge; and this is be done solemnly. an advantage which results from certainty. • Omnia Quae Sunt Uxoris Sunt • Optimus Judex, Qui Minimum Sibi - Ipsius Viri - all things which are of the he is the best judge who relies as little wife, belong to the husband. as possible on his own discretion. • Omnis Actio Est Loquela - every • Optimus Interpretandi Modus Est action is a complaint. Sic Legis Interpretare Ut Leges • Omnis Conclusio Boni Et Veri Judicii Legibus Accordant - the best mode of Sequitur Ex Bonis Et Veris interpreting laws is to make them Praemissis Et Dictis Juratorem - accord. every conclusion of a good and true • Optimus Interpres Rerum Usus - judgment arises from good and true usage is the best interpretor of things. premises, and the sayings of jurors. • Optimus Legum Interpres • Omnis Consensus T Ollit Errorem - every consent removes error. Consuetudo - custom is the best interpretor of laws. • Omnis Definitio In Jure Periculosa • Est; Parum Est Enim Ut Non Ordine Placitandi Servato, Servatur Subverti Posset - every devinition in Et Jus - the order of pleading being law is perilous, and but a little may preserved, the law is preserved. reverse it. • Origo Rei Inspici Debet - the origin • Omnis Exceptio Est Ipsa Quoque of a thing ought to be inquired into. Regula - an exception is, in itself, a • Paci Sunt Maxime Contraria, Vis Et rule. Injuria - force and wrong are greatly • Omnis Innovatio Plus Novitate contrary to peace. Perturbat Quam Utilitate Prodest - • Pacta Privata Juri Publico Derogare every innovation disturbs more by its Non Possunt - private contracts novelty than it benefits by its utility. cannot derogate from the public law. • Omnis Interpretatio Si Fieri Potest • Pacto Aliquod Licitum Est, Quid Ita Fienda Est In Instrumentis, Ut Sine Pacto Non Admittitur - by a Omnes Contrarietates Amoveantur contract something is permitted, which, - the interpretation of insturments is to without it, could not be admitted. be made, if they will admit of it, so that • Par In Parem Imperium Non Habet all contradictions may be removed. - an equal has no power over an equal. • Omnis Interpretatio Vel Declarat, For example, one of two judges of the Vel Extendit, Vel Restringit - every same court cannot commit the other for interpretation declares, extends or contempt. restrains. • Paria Copulantur Paribus - things • Omnis Regula Suas Patitur unite with similar things. Exceptiones - all rules of law are liable • Paribus Sententiis Reus Absolvitur . to exceptions. - when opinions are equal, a defendant • Omnis Privatio Praesupponit is acquitted. Habitum - every privation presupposes • Parte Quacumque Integranta former enjoyment. Sublata, Tollitur Totum - an integral • Omnis Ratihabitio Retro Trahitur Et part being taken away, the whole is Mandato Aequiparatur - every taken away. consent given to what has already been • Partus Ex Legitimo Thoro Non done, has a retrospective effect and Certius Noscit Matrem Quam equals a command. Genitorem Suam - the offspring of a • Oportet Quod Certa Res Deducatur legitimate bed knows not his mother In Judicium - a thing, to be brought to more certainly than his father. judgment, must be certain or definite.

25 25

Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Partus Sequitur Ventrem - the Persona Conjuncta Aequiparatur offspring follow the condition of the Interesse Proprio - a person united mother. This is the law in the case of equal one's own interest. This means slaves and animals; but with regard to that a personal connexion, as nearness freemen, children follow the condition of blood or kindred, may in some cases, of the father. raise a use. • • Parum Differunt Quae Re Perspicua Vera Non Sunt Probanda - plain truths need not be proved. Concordant - things differ but little which agree in substance. • Pirata Est Hostis Humani Generis - • Parum Est Latam Esse Sententiam, a pirate is an enemy of the human Nisi Mandetur Executioni - it is not race. enough that sentence should be given • Pluralis Numerus Est Duobus unless it is put in execution. Contentus - the plural number is • Parum Proficit Scire Quid Fieri contained in two. Pluralities are odious in law. Debet, Si Non Cognoscas Quomodo Sit Facturum - it avails little to know • Plures Cohaeredes Sunt Quasi what ought to be done, if you do not Unum Corpus, Propter Unitatem know how it is to be done. Juris Quod Habent - several co-heirs • Patria Potestas In Pietate Debet, are as one body, by reason of the unity Non In Atrocitate Consistere - of right which they possess. paternal power should consist in • Plures Participes Sunt Quasi Unum affection, not in atrocity. Corpus, In Eo Quod Unum Jus • Pater Is Est Quem Nuptiae Habent - several partners are as one body, by reason of the unity of their Demonstrant - the father is he whom rights. the marriage points out. • Plus Exempla Quam Peccata Nocent • Peccata Contra Naturam Sunt Gravissima - offences against nature - examples hurt more than offences. are the heaviest. • Plus Peccat Auctor Quam Actor - the • Peccatum Peccato Addit Qui Culpae instigator of a crime is worse than he Quam Facit Patrocinium who perpetrates it. Defensionis Adjungit - he adds one • Plus Valet Unus Oculatus Testis, offence to another, who, when he Quam Auriti De Cem - one eye commits a crime, joins to it the witness is better than ten ear ones. protection of a defence. • Paen Ad Paucos, Metus Ad Omnes • Per Rerum Naturam, Factum Perveniat - a punishment inflicted on a Negantis Nulla Probatio Est - it is in few, causes a dread to all. the nature of things that he who denies • Paen Non Potest, Culpa Perennis a fact is not bound to prove it. Erit - punishment may have an end, • Per Varius Actus, Legem crime is perpetual. Experientia Facit - by various acts, • Paen Ad Paucos, Metus Ad Omnes - experience framed the law. punishment to few, dread or fear to all. • Perfectum Est Cui Nihil Deest • Paenae Potius Molliendae Quam Secundum Suae Perfectionis Vel Exasperendae Sunt - punishments Naturae Modum - that is perfect should rather be softened than which wants nothing in addition to the aggravated. measure of its perfection or nature. • Posito Uno Oppositorum Negatur • Periculosum Est Res Novas Et Alterum - one of two opposite Inusitatas Inducere - it is dangerous positions being affirmed, the other is to introduce new and dangerous things. denied. • Periculum Rei Venditae, Nondum • Posteriora Derogant Prioribus Traditae, Est Emptoris - the posterior laws derogate former ones. purchaser runs the risk of the loss of a thing sold, though not delivered. • Potentia Non Est Nisi Ad Bonum - power is not conferred, but for the • Perpetua Lex Est, Nullam Legem public good. Humanum Ac Positivam Perpetuam Esse; Et Clausula Quae • Potentia Debet Sequi Justiciam, Abrogationem Excludit Initio Non Non Antecedere - power ought to Valet - it is a perpetual law that no follow, not to precede justice. human or positive law can be • Potentia Inutilis Frustra Est - perpetual; and a clause in a law which useless power is vain. precludes the power of abrogation is • void ab initio. Perpetuities are odious in Potest Quis Renunciare Pro Se, Et law and equity. Suis, Juri Quod Pro Se Introductum Est - a man may relinquish, for himself and his heirs, a right which was introduced for his own benefit.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Potestas Strict Interpretatur - • Privilegium Est Quasi Privata Lex - power should be strictly interpreted. a privilege is, as it were, a private law. • Postestas Suprema Seipsum • Probandi Necessitas Incumbit Illi Dissolvare Potest, Ligare Non Ui Agit - the necessity of proving lies Potest - supreme power can dissolve, with him who makes the charge. but cannot bind itself. • Probationes Debent Esse Evidentes, • Potior Est Conditio Defendentis - Id Est, Perspicuae Et Faciles better is the condition of the defendant, Intelligi - proofs ought to be made than that of the plaintiff. evident, that is, clear and easy to be • Potior Est Conditio Possidentis - understood. better is the condition of the possessor. • Probatis Extremis, Praesumitur • Praepropera Consilia, Raro Sunt Media - the extremes being proved, the intermediate proceedings are Prospera - hasty counsels are seldom presumed. prosperous. • Processus Legis Est Gravis Vexatio, • Praestat Cautela Quam Medela - prevention is better than cure. Executio Legis Coronat Opus - the process of the law is a grievous • Praesumptio Violenta, Plena vexation; the execution of the law Probatio - strong presumption is full crowns the work. proof. • Prohibetur Ne Quis Faciat In Suo • Praesumptio Violenta Valet In Lege Quod Nocere Possit Alieno - it is - strong presumption avails in law. prohibited to do on one's own property • Praetextu Liciti Non Debet Admitti that which may injure another's. Illicitum - under pretext of legality, • Propinquior Excludit Propinquum; what is illegal ought not to be admitted. Propinquus Remotum; Et Remotus • Praxis Judicim Est Interpres Legum Remotiorem - he who is nearer - the practice of the judges is the excludes him who is near; he who is interpreter of the laws. near, him who is remote; he who is remote, him who is more remote. • Praesentia Corporis Tollit Errorem Nominis, Et Veritas Nominis Tollit • Proprietas Verborum Est Salus Errorem Demonstrationis - the Proprietatum - the propriety of words presence of the body cures the error in is the safety of property. the name; the truth of the name cures • Protectio Trahit Subjectionem, an error in the description. Subjectio Projectionem - protection • Pretium Succedit In Locum Rei - the draws to it subjection, subjection, price stands in the place of the thing protection. sold. • Proviso Est Providere Praesentia Et • Prima Pars Aequitatis Aequalitas - Futura, Non Praeterita - a proviso is the radical element of justice is to provide for the present and the equality. future, not the past. • Principia Data Sequuntur • Proximus Est Cui Nemo Antecedit; Concomitantia - given principles Supremus Est Quem Nemo Sequitur follow their concomitants. - he is next whom no one precedes; he is last whom no one follows. • Principia Probant, Non Probantur - • principles prove, they are not proved. Prudentur Agit Qui Praecepto Legis Obtemperat - he acts prudently who • Principiorum Non Est Ratio - there is obeys the commands of the law. no reasoning of principles. • Pueri Sunt De Sanguine Parentum, • Principium Est Potissima Pars Sed Pater Et Mater Non Sunt De Cujusque Rei - the principle of a thing Sanguine Puerorum - children are of is its most powerful part. the blood of their parents, but the • Prior Tempore, Potior Jure - he who father and mother are not the blood of is before in time, is preferred in right. their children. • Privatorum Conventio Juri Publico • Quae Ab Hostibus Capiuntur, Statim Non Derogat - private agreements Capientium Fiunt - things taken from cannot derogate from public law. public enemies immediately become the property of the captors. • Privatum Incommodum Publico Bono Peusatur - private • Quae Ad Unum Finem Loquuta inconvenience is made up for by public Sunt; Non Debent Ad Alium benefit. Detorqueri - words spoken to one end ought not to be perverted to another. • Privilegium Est Beneficium Personale Et Extinguitur Cum • Quae Cohaerent Personae Person Person - a privilege is a personal Separari Nequeunt - things which benefit and dies with the person. belong to the person ought not to be separated from the person.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Quae Communi Legi Derogant • Quaeras De Dubiis, Legem Bene Stricte Interpretantur - laws which Discere Si Vis - inquire into them, is derogate from the common law ought the way to know what things are really to be strictly construed. true. • Quae Contra Rationem Juris • Qualitas Quae Inesse Debet, Facile Introducta Sunt, Non Debent Trahi Praesumitur - a quality which ought In Consequentiam - things introduced to form a part, is easily presumed. contrary to the reason of the law, ought • Quam Longum Debet Esse not to be drawn into precedents. Rationabile Tempus, Non Definitur • Quae Dubitationis Caus Tollendae In Lege, Sed Pendet Ex Discretione Inseruntur Communem Legem Non Justiciariorum - what is reasonable Laedunt - whatever is inserted for the time, the law does not define; it is left purpose of removing doubt, does not to the discretion of the judges. hurt or affect the common law. • Quamvis Aliquid Per Se Non Sit • Quae Incontinenti Vel Certo Fiunt Malum, Tamen Si Sit Mali Exemple, Inesse Videntur - whatever is done Non Est Faciendum - although, in directly and certainly, appears already itself, a thing may not be had, yet, if it in existence. holds out a bad example, it is not to be • Quae In Auri Acta Sunt Rite Agi done. Praesummuntur - whatever is done in • Quamvis Lex Generaliter Loquitur, court is presumed to be rightly done. Restringenda Tamen Est, Ut • Quae In Partes Dividi Nequeunt Cessante Ratione Et Ipsa Cessat - Solida, A Singulis Praestantur - although the law speaks generally, it is things which cannot be divided into to be restrained when the reason on parts are rendered entire severally. which it is founded fails. • • Quae Inter Alios Acta Sunt Nemini Quando Abest Provisio Partis, Adest Provisio Legis - a defect in the Nocere Debent, Sed Prodesse provision of the party is supplied by a Possunt - transactions between provision of the law. strangers may benefit, but cannot injure, persons who are parties to • Quando Aliquid Prohibetur Ex them. Directo, Prohibetur Et Per Obliquum • Quae Malasunt Inchoata In - when anything is prohibited directly, it Principio Vex Bono Peragantur is prohibited indirectly. Exitu - things bad in the • Quando Charta Continet Generalem commencement seldom end well. Clausulam, Posteaque Descendit Ad • Quae Non Valeant Singula, Juncta Verba Specialia Quae Clausulae Juvant - things which do not avail Generali Sunt Constnanea singly, when united have an effect. Interpretanda Est Charta Secundum Verba Specialia - when a • Quae Praeter Consuetudinem Et deed contains a general clause, and Morem Majorum Fiunt, Neque afterwards descends to special words, Placent, Necque Recta Videntur - consistent with the general clause, the what is done contrary to the custom of deed is to be construed according to our ancestors, neither pleases nor the special words. appears right. • Quando Do Una Et Eadem Re, Duo • Quae Rerum Natur Prohibentur, Onerabiles Existunt, Unus, Pro Null Lege Confirmata Sunt - what is Insufficientia Alterius, De Integro prohibited inthe nature of things, Onerabitur - when two persons are cannot be confirmed by law. liable on a joint obligation, if one makes • Quaecumque Intra Rationem Legis default the other must bear the whole. Inveniuntur, Intra Legem Ipsam • Quando Dispositio Referri Potest Ad Esse Judicantur - whatever appears Duas Res, Ita Quod Secundum within the reason of the law, ought to Relationem Unam Vitiatur Et be considered within the law itself. Secundum Alteram Utilis Sit, Tum • Quaelibet Concessio Fortissime Facienda Est Relatio Ad Illam Ut Contra Donatorem Interpretanda Valeat Dispositio - when a disposition Est - every grant is to be taken most may be made to refer to two things, so strongly against the grantor. that according to one reference, it would be vitiated, and by the other it • Quaelibet Jurisdictio Cancellos would be made effectual, such a Suos Habet - every jurisdiction has its reference must be made to the bounds. disposition which is to have effect. • Qualibet Paena Corporalis, Quam Vis Minima, Major Est Qu Libet Paen Pecuniari - every corporal punishment, although the very least, is greater than pecuniary punishment.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Quando Diversi Considerantur Qui Concedit Aliquid, Concedere Actus Ad Aliquem Statum Videtur Et Id Sine Quo Concessio Perficiendum, Plus Respicit Lex Est Irrita, Sine Quo Res Ipsa Esse Acium Originalem - when two Non Potuit - he who grants anything, different acts are required to the is considered as granting that, without formation of an estate, the law chiefly which his grant would be idle, without regards the original act. which the thing itself could not exist. • • Quando Duo Juro Concurrunt In Qui Confirmat Nihil Dat - he who Und Person, Aequum Est Ac Si confirms does not give. Essent In Diversis - when two rights • Qui Contemnit Praeceptum, concur in one person, it is the same as Contemnit Praecipientem - he who if they were in two separate persons. condemns the precept, condemnsthe • Quando Lex Aliquid Alicui Concedit, party giving it. Concedere Videtur Id Sine Quo Res • Qui Cum Alio Contrahit, Vel Est, Vel Ipsa Esse Non Potest - when the law Debet Esse Non Ignarus Conditio gives anything, it gives the means of Ejus - he who contracts, knows, or obtaining it. ought to know, the quality of the • Quando Lex Aliquid Alicui Concedit, person with whom he contracts, otherwise he is not excusable. Omnia Incidentia Tacite Conceduntur - when the law gives • Qui Destruit Medium, Destruit anything, it gives tacitly what is Finem - he who destroys the means, incident to it. destroys the end. • Quando Lex Est Specialis, Ratio • Qui Doit Inheritoer Al P Re, Doit Autem Generalis, Generaliter Lex Inheriter Al Fitz - he who ought to Est Intelligenda - when the law is inherit from the father, ought to inherit special, but its reason is general, the from the son. law is to be understood generally. • Qui Ex Damnato Coitu Nascuntur, • Quando Licet Id Quod Majus, Inter Liberos Non Computantur - he Videtur Licere Id Quod Minus - when who is born of an illicit union, is not the greate is allowed, the less seems to counted among the children. be allowed also. • Qui Evertit Causam, Evertit • Quando Plus Fit Quam Fieri Debet, Causatum Futurum - he who Videtur Etiam Illud Fieri Quod overthrows the cause, overthrows its Faciendum Est - when more is done future effects. than ought to be done, that shall be • Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se - he considered as performed, which should who acts by or through another, acts have been performed; as, if a man for himself. having a power to make a lease for ten years, make one for twenty years, it • Qui Habet Jurisdictionem shall be void for the surplus. Absolvendi, Habet Jurisdictionem Ligandi - he who has jurisdiction to • Quando Verba Et Mens Congruunt, loosen, has jurisdiction to bind. Non Est Interpretationi Locus - when the words and the mind agree, • Qui Haeret In Litera, Haeret In there is no place for interpretation. Cortice - he who adheres to the letter, adheres to the bark (it means that, if • Quem Admodum Ad Quaestionem you stick to the literal meaning of the Facti Non Respondent Judices, Ita law, you will not be able to reach the Ad Quaestionem Juris Non substance). Respondent Juratores - in the same manner that judges do not answer to • Qui Ignorat Quantum Solvere questions of fact, so jurors do not Debeat, Non Potest Improbus answer to questions of law. Videre - he who does not know what he ought to pay, does not want probity • Qui Accusat Integrae Famae Sit Et in not paying. Non Criminosus - let him who accuses be of a clear fame, and not criminal. • Qui In Utero Est, Pro Jam Nato Habetur Quoties De Ejus Commodo • Qui Adimit Medium, Dirimit Finem - Quaeritur - he who is in the womb, is he who takes away the means, considered as born, whenever it is for destroys the end. Qui aliquid staruerit his benefit. parte inaudita altera, aequum licet dixerit, haud aequum facerit. He who • Qui Jure Suo Utitur, Nemini Facit decides anything, a party being Injuriam - he who uses his legal unheard, though he should decide rights, harms no one. right, does wrong. • Qui Bene Interrogat, Bene Docet - he who questions well, learns well. • Qui Bene Distinguit, Bene Docet - he who distinguishes well, learns well.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Qui Jussu Judicis Aliquod Fuerit Qui Prior Est Tempore, Potior Est Non Videtur Dolo Malo Fecisse, Jure - he who is first or before in time, Quia Parere Necesse Est - he who is stronger in right. does anything by command of a judge, • Qui Providet Sibi, Providet will not be supposed to have acted from Haredibus - he who provides for an improper motive, because it was himself, provides for his heirs. necessary to obey. • Qui Rationem In Omnibus Quarunt, • Qui Male Agit, Odit Lucem - he who Rationem Subvertunt - he who seeks acts badly, hates the light. a reason for everything, subverts • Qui Melius Probat, Melius Habet - reason. he who proves most, recovers most. • Qui Semel Actionem Renunciaverit, • Qui Molitur Insidias In Patriam, Id Amplius Repetere Non Potest - he who renounces his action once, cannot Facit Quod Insanusnauta Perforans any more repeat it. Navem In Qua Vehitur - he who betrays his country, is like the insane • Qui Semel Malus, Semper sailor who bores a hole in the ship Prasumitur Esse Malus In Eodem which carries him. Genere - he who is once bad, is • Qui Nascitur Sine Legitimo presumed to be always so in the same Matrimonio, Matrem Sequitur - he degree. who is born out of lawful matrimony, • Que Sentit Commodum, Sentire follows the condition of the mother. Debet Et Onus - he who derives a • Qui Non Cadunt In Constantem benefit from a thing, ought to feel the Virem, Vani Timores Sunt Astinandi disadvantages attending to it. - those are vain fears which do not • Qui Tacet Consentire Videtur - he affect a man of a firm mind. who is silent appears to consent. • Qui Non Libere Veritatem • Qui Tardius Solvit, Minus Solvit - he Pronunciat, Proditor Est Verilatis - who pays tardily, pays less than he he who does not willingly speak the ought. truth, is a betrayer of the truth. • Qui Timent, Cavent Et Vitant - they • Qui Non Obstat Quod Obstare who fear, take care and avoid. Potest Facere Videtur - he who does • Qui Vult Decipi, Decipiatur - not prevent what he can, seems to whoever wishes to be deceived, let commit the thing. them be deceived. • Qui Non Prohibit Quod Prohibere • Quicpuid Acquiritur Servo, Potest Assentire Videtur - he who Acquiritur Domino Qui Vult Decipi, does not forbid what he can forbid, Decipiatur - whatever is acquired by seems to assent. the servant, is acquired for the master. • Qui Non Propulsat Injuriam Quando • Quicquid Plantatur Solo, Solo Cedit Potest, Infert - he who does not repel Qui Vult Decipi, Decipiatur - a wrong when he can, induces it. whatever is affixed to the soil belongs • Que Obstruit Aditum, Destruit to it. Commodum - he who obstructs an • Quicquid Plantatur Solo, Solo Cedit entrance, destroys a convenience. - whatever is affixed to the soil or the • Qui Omne Dicit, Nihil Excludit - he realty, thereby becomes a parcel. who says all, excludes nothing. • Qnicquid Est Contra Normam Recti • Qui Parcit Nocentibus, Est Injuria - whatever is against the Innocentibus Punit - he who spares rule of right, is a wrong. the guilty, punishes the innocent. • Quicquid In Excessu Actum Est, • Qui Peccat Ebuius, Luat Sobrius - he Lege Prohibitur - whatever is done in who offends when drunk, must be excess is prohibited by law. punished when sober. • Quicquid Judicis Auctoritati • Qui Per Alium Facit Per Seipsum Subjictur, Novitati Nonsubjiclur - Facere Videtur - he who does whatever is subject to the authority of anything through another, is considered a judge, is not subject to novelty. as doing it himself. • Quicquid Solvitur, Solvitur • Qui Per Fraudem Agit, Frustra Agit - Secundum Modum Solventis - he who acts fraudrlently acts in vain. whatever is paid, is paid according to • Qui Potest Et Debet Vetare, Jubet - the manner of the payer. he who can and ought to forbid, and • Quilibet Potest Renunciare Juri Pro does not, commands. Se Inducto - any one may renounce a • Qui Primum Peccat Ille Facit Rixam law introduced for his own benefit. To - he who first offends, causes the strife. this rule there are some exceptions.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Qusquis Est Qui Velit Juris Quod Inconsulto Fecimus, Consultus Haberi, Continuet Consultius Revocemus - what is done Studium, Velit A Quocunque Doceri without consideration or reflection, - whoever wishes to be a lowyer, let upon better consideration we should him continually study, and desire to be revoke or undo. taught everything. • Quod In Minori Valet, Valebit In • Quod Ab Initio Non Valet, In Tractu Majori; Et Quod In Majori Non Valet, Nec Valebit In Minori - what Temporis Non Convalescere - what is not good in the beginning cannot be avails in the less, will avail in the rendered good by time. greater; and what will not avail in the greater, will not avail in the less. • Quod Ad Jus Naturale Attinet, • Omnes Homenes Aequales Sunt - all Quod In Uno Similium Valet, Valebit men are equal before the natural law. In Altere - what avails in one of two similar things, will avail in the other. • Quod Alias Bonum Et Justum Est, Si • Quod Initio Vitiosum Est, Non Per Vim Vel Fraudem Petatur, Potest Tractu Temporis Malum Et Injustum Efficitur - what Convalescere - time cannot render is otherwise good and just, if sought by valid an act void in its origin. force or fraud, becomes bad and unjust. • Quod Meum Est Sine Me Auferri • Quod Constat Clare, Non Debet Non Potest - what is mine cannot be Verificari - what is clearly apparent taken away without my consent. need not be proved. • Quod Necessarie Intelligitur Id Non • Quod Constat Curiae Opere Testium Deest - what is necessarily understood is not wanting. Non Indiget - what appears to the court needs not the help of witnesses. • Quod Necessitas Cogit, Defendit - • Quod Contra Legem Fit, Pro Infecto what necessity forces, it justifies. Habetur - what is done contrary to the • Quod Non Apparet Non Est, Et Non law, is considered as not done. No one Apparet Judicialiter Ante Judicium - can derive any advantage from such an what appears not does not exist, and act. nothing appears judicially before • Quod Contra Juris Rationem judgment. Receptum Est, Non Est • Quod Non Habet Principium Non Producendum Ad Consequentias - Habet Finum - what has no beginning what has been admitted against the has no end. spirit of the law, ought not to be heard. • Quod Non Legitur, Non Creditor - • Quod Demonstrandi Caus Additur what is not read, is not believed. Rei Satis Demonstratae, Frusta Fit - • Quod Non Valet In Principalia, In what is added to a thing sufficiently Accessoria Seu Consequentia Non palpable, for the purpose of Valebit; Et Quod Non Valet In Magis demonstration, is vain. Propinquo, Non Valebit In Magis • Quod Dubitas, Ne Feceris - when you Remoto - what is not good in its doubt, do not act. principle, will not be good as to • Quod Est Ex Necessitate Nunquam accessories or consequences; and what is not of force as regards things near, Introducitor, Nisi Quando will not be of force as to things remote. Necessarium - what is introduced of necessity is never introduced except • Quod Nullius Est Id Ratione when necessary. Naturali Occupanti Conceditur - • Quod Est Inconveniens, Aut Contra what belongs to no one, naturally Rationem Non Permissum Est In belong to the first occupant. Lege - what is inconvenient or contrary • Quod Nullius Esse Potest, Id Ut to reason, is not allowed in law. Alicujus Fieret Nulla Obligatio Valet • Quod Est Necessarium Est Licitum - Efficere - those things which cannot be what is necessary is lawful. acquired as property cannot be the object of an agreement. • Quod Factum Est, Cum In Obscuro • Quod Pendet, Non Est Pro Eo, Quasi Sit, Ex Affectione Cujusque Capit Interpretationem - doubtful and Sit - what is in suspense is considered ambigious clauses ought to be as not existing. construed according to the intentions of • Quod Per Me Non Possum, Nec Per the parties. Alium - what I cannot do in person, I • Quod Fieri Non Debet, Factum Valet cannot do by proxy. - what ought not to be done, when • Quod Per Recordum Probatum, Non done, is valid. Debet Esse Negatum - what is proved by the record, ought not to be denied.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Quod Populus Postremum Jussit, Id Ratio Et Auctoritas Duo Clarisima Just Ratum Esto - what the people Mundi Limina - reason and authority have last enacted, let that be the are the two brightest lights in the established law. world. • • Quod Prius Est Verius Est; Et Quod Ratio In Jure Aequitas Integra - reason in law is perfect equity. Prius Est Tempore Potius Est Jure - what is first is truest; and what comes • Ratio Legis Est Anima Legis - the first in time, is best in law. reason of the law is the soul of the law. • Quod Pro Minore Licitum Est, Et Pro • Ratio Non Clauditur Loco - reason is Majore Licitum Est - what is lawful in not confined to any place. the less, is lawful in the greater. • Ratio Potest Allegari Deficiente • Quod Quis Ex Culpa Sua Damnum Lege, Sed Vera Et Legalis Et Non Sentit, Non Intelligitur Damnum Apparens - reason may be alleged Sentire - he who suffers damage by when the law is defective, but it must his own fault, has no right to complain. be true and legal reason, and not • Quod Quisquis Norat In Hoc Se merely apparent. Exerceat - let every one employ • Re, Verbis, Scripto, Consensu, himself in what he knows. Traditione, Junctura Vestes, • Quod Remedio Destituitur Ipsa Re Sumere Pacta Solent - compacts are Valet Si Culpa Absit - what is without accustomed to be clothed by thing a remedy is valid by the thing itself. itself, by words, by writing, by consent, by delivery. • Quod Semel Meum Est Amplius • Receditur A Placitis Juris, Potius Meum Esse Non Potest - what is mine cannot be taken away without my Quam Injuriae Et Delicta Maneant consent. Impunita - positive rules of law will be receded from, rather than crimes and • Quod Sub Certa Forma Concessum wrongs should remain unpunished. Vel Reservatum Est, Non Trahitur This applies only to such maxims as are Advalorem Vel Compensationem - called placita juris (willing assent or that which is granted or reserved under contract); these will be dispensed with a certain form, is not to be drawn into a rather than crimes should go valuation. unpunished, quia salus populi • Quod Solo Inaedificatur Solo Cedit - suprema lex, because the public whatever is built on the soil is an safety is the supreme law. accessory of the soil. • Recorda Sunt Vestigia Vetustatis Et • Quod Taciti Intelligitur Deessee Veritatis - records are vestiges of Non Videtur - what is tacitly antiquity and truth. understood does not appear to be • Recurrendum Est Ad wanting. Extraordinarium Quando Non Valet • Quod Vanum Et Inutile Est, Lex Non Ordinarium - we must have recourse Requirit - the law does not require to what is extraordinary, when what is what is vain and useless. ordinary fails. • Quotiens Dubia Interpretatio • Regula Pro Lege, Si Deficit Lex - in Libertatis Est, Secundum default of the law, the maxim rules. Libertatem Respondendum Erit - • Regulariter Non Valet Pactum Dare whenever there is a doubt between Mea Non Alienanda - regularly a liberty and slavery, the decision must contract not to alienate my property is be in favor of liberty. not binding. • Quoties In Verbis Nulla Est • Rei Turpis Nullum Mandatum Est - a Ambiguitas Ibi Nulla Expositio mandate of an illegal thing is void. Contra Verba Fienda Est - when • there is no ambiguity in the words, Reipublicae Interest Voluntates then no exposition contrary to the Defunctorum Effectum Sortiri – it words is to be made. concerns the state that the wills of the dead should have their effect. • Ratihabitiio Mandato Aequiparatur - • Relatio Est Fictio Juris Et Intenta ratification is equal to a command. Ad Unum - reference is a fiction of law, • Ratio Est Formalis Causa and intent to one thing. Consueetudinis - reason is the formal • cause of custom. Relatio Semper Fiat Ut Valeat Dispositio - reference should always • Ratio Est Legis Anima, Mutata Legis be had in such a manner that a Ratione Mutatur Et Lex - reason is disposition in a will should avail. the soul of the law; the reason of the • Relatiorum Cognito Uno, law being changed, the law is also Cognoscitur Et Alterum - of things changed. relating to each other, one being • Ratio Est Radius Divini Luminis - known, the other is known. reason is a ray of divine light.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Remisus Imperanti Melius Paretur – • Res Perit Domino Suo - the a man commanding not too strictly is destruction of the thing is the loss of its best obeyed. owner. • Remoto Impedimento, Emergit • Reservatio Non Debet Esse De Actio - the impediment begin removed Proficuis Ipsis Quia Ea the action arises. Conceduntur, Sed De Redditu Nova • Repellitur A Sacramento Infamis - Extra Proficua - a reservation ought not to be of the profits themselves, an infamous person is repelled or prevented from taking an oath. because they are granted, but from the new rent out of the profits. • Reprobata Pecunia Liberat • Solventum - money refused liberates Resignatio Est Juris Porprii the debtor. But this must be Spontanea Refutatio - resignation is understood with a qualification. the spontaneous relinquishment of one's own right. • Reputatio Est Vulgaris Opinio Ubi • Respondeat Superior - let the Non Est Veritas - reputation is a principal answer. In many vulgar opinion where there is no truth. circumstances, an employer is • Rerum Ordo Confunditur, Si responsible for the actions of Unicuique Jurisdictio Non Servetur employees performed within the course - the order of things is confounded if of their employment. This rule is also every one preserves not his called the "Master-Servant Rule". It is jurisdiction. recognised in both common law and • Rerum Progressus Ostendunt civil law jurisdictions. It is also Multa, Quae In Initio Praecaveri sometimes written as Respondeant Seu Praevideri Non Possunt - the Superior , the plural form.) progress of time shows many things, • which at the beginning could not be Responsio Unius Non Omnino guarded against, or foreseen. Auditur - the answer of one witness shall not be heard at all. This is a • Rerum Suarum Quilibet Est maxim of the civil law, where Moderator Et Arbiter - every one is everything must be proved by two the manager and disposer of his own. witnesses. • Res Denominator A Principaliori • Reus Laesae Majestatis Punitur, Ut Parte - a thing is named from its Pereat Unus Ne Pereant Omnes - a principal part. traitor is punished, that by the death of • Res Est Misera Ubi Jus Est Vagam one, all may not perish. Et Invertum - it is a miserable state of • Sacramentum Habet In Se Tres tings where the law is vague and Comites, Varitatem, Justitiam Et uncertain. Judicium; Veritas Habenda Est In • Res, Generalem Habet Jurato; Justitia Et Justicium In Significationem, Quia Tam Judice - an oath has in it three Corporea, Quam Incorporea, component parts - truth, justice and Cujuscunque Sunt Generis, Naturae judgment; truth in the party swearing; Sive Speciei, Comprehendit - the justice and judgment in the judge word things has a general significaiton, administering the oath. which comprehends corporeal and • Sacramentum Si Fatuum Fuerit, incorporeal objects, of whatever nature, Licet Falsum, Tamen Non Committit sort or specie. Perjurium - a foolish oath, though • Res Inter Alios Acta Alteri Nocere false, makes not perjury. Non Debet - things done between • Saepe Viatorim Nova Non Vetus strangers ought not to injure those who Orbita Fallit – often, it is the new are not parties to them. road, not the old one, which deceives • Res Judicata Pro Veritate Accipitur the traveller. - a thing adjudged must be taken for • Saepenumero Uvb Proprietas truth. Verboem Attenditur, Sensus • Res Judicata Facit Ex Albo Nigrum, Veritatis Amittitur - frequently where Ex Nigro Album, Ex Curvo Rectum, the propriety of words is attended to, Ex Recto Curvum - a thing adjudged the meaning of truth is lost. makes what was white, black; what • Salus Populi Est Suprema Lex - the was black, white; what was crooked safety of the people is the supreme straight; what was straight, crooked. law. • Res Per Pecuniam Aestimatur, Et • Salus Ube Multi Consiliarii - in many Non Pecunia Per Res - the value of a counsellors there is safety. thing is estimated by its worth in money, and the value of money is not estimated by reference to one thing.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Sapiens Incipit A Fine, Et Quod Semper Ita Fiat Relatio Ut Valeat Primum Est In Intentione, Ultimum Dispositio - let the reference always Est In Executione - a wise man be so made that the disposition may begins with the last, and what is first in avail. intention is last in execution. • Semper Necessitas Probandi • Sapiens Omnia Agit Cum Consilio - Incumbit Qui Agit - the claimant is always bound to prove: the burden of a wise man does everything advisedly. proof lies on him. • Sapientia Legis Nummario Pretio • Non Est Aestemanda - the wisdom of Semper Praesumitur Pro law cannot be valued by money. Legitimatione Puerorem, Et Filiatio Non Potest Probari - children are • Sapientis Judicis Est Cogitare always presumed to be legitimate, for Tantum Sibi Esse Permissum, filiation cannot be proved. Quantum Commissum Et Creditum - • Semper Praesumitur Pro Sententi - a wise man should consider as much presumption is always in favour of the what he promises as what he commits sentence. and believes. • Semper Specialia Generalibus • Satius Est Petere Fontes Quam Sectari Rivulos - it is better to search Insunt - special clauses are always the fountain than to cut rivulets. It is comprised in general ones. better to drink at the fountain than to • Sensus Verborum Est Anima Legis - sip in the streams. the meaning of words is the spirit of the • Scientia Sciolorum Est Mixta law. Ignorantia - the knowledge of • Sensus Verborum Ex Causa Dicendi smatterers is mixed ignorance. Accipiendus Est, Et Sermones • Scientia Et Volunti Non Fit Injuria - Semper Accipiendi Sunt Secundum a wrong is not done to one who knows Subjectam Materiam - the sense of and wills it. words is to be taken from the occasion of speaking them, and discourses are • Scientia Utrimque Per Pares always to be interpreted according to Contrahentes Facit - equal knowledge the subject-matter. on both sides makes the contracting • parties equal. Sententia Facit Jus, Et Legis Interpretatio Legis Vim Obtinet - • Scire Leges, Non Hoc Est Verba the sentence gives the right, and the Eorum Tenere, Sed Vim Et interpretation has the force of law. Potestatem - to know the laws, is not • Sententia Interlocutoria Revocari to observe their mere words, but their Potest, Difinitiva Non Potest - an force and power. interlocutory sentence or order may be • Scire Proprie Est, Rem Ratione Et revoked, but not a final. Per Causam Cognoscere - to know • properly is to know the reason and Sententia Non Fertur De Rebus Non cause of a thing. Liquidis - sentence is not given upon a thing which is not clear. • Scire Debes Cum Quo Contrahis - • Sequi Debet Potentia Justitiam, you ought to know with whom you Non Praecedere - power should follow deal. justice, not preceed it. • Scribere Est Agere - to write is to act. • Sermo Index Animi - speech is an • Scriptae Obligationes Scriptis index of the mind. Tolluntur, Et Nude Consensus • Obligatio, Contrario Consensu Sermo Relatus Ad Personam, Dissolvitur - written obligations are Intelligi Debet De Conditione dissolved by writing, and obligations of Personae - a speech relating to the naked assent by similar naked assent. person is to be understood as relating to hiscondition. • Secundum Naturam Est, Commoda • Si A Jure Discedas Vagus Eris, Et Cujusque Rei Eum Sequi, Quem Erunt Omnia Omnibus Incerta - if Sequentur Incommoda - it is natural that he who bears the charge of a you depart from the law, you will thing, should receive the profits. wander without a guide, and everything will be in a state of uncertainty to every • Securius Expediuntur Negotia one. Commissa Pluribus, Et Plus Vident • Oculi Quam Oculus - business Si Assuetis Mederi Possis Nova Non entrusted to several speeds best, and Sunt Tentanda - if you can be relieved several eyes see more than one eye. by accustomed remedies, new ones should not be tried. • Semel Malus Semper Praesumitur • Si Judicas, Cognasce – if you judge, Esse Malus In Eodem Genere - understand. whatever is once bad, is presumed to be so always in the same degree.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Si Meliores Sunt Quos Ducit Amor, Spes Est Vigilantis Somnium - hope Plures Sunt Quos Corrigit Timer - if is the dream of the vigilant. many are better led by love, more are • Spes Impunitatis Continuum corrected by fear. Affectum Tribuit Delinquendi - the • Si Nulla Sit Conjectura Quae Ducat hope of impunity holds out a continual temptation to crime. Alio, Verba Intelligenda Sunt Ex Proprietate, Non Grammatica Sed • Spoliatus Debet Ante Omnia Populari Ex Usu - if there be no Restitui - spoil ought to be restored conjecture which leads to a different before anything else. result, words are to be understood, • Spondet Peritiam Artis - he promises according to the proper meaning, not in to use the skill of his art. a grammatical, but in a popular and ordinary sense. • Stabit Praesumptio Donec Probetur In Contrarium - a presumption will • Si Quis Custos Fraudem Pupillo stand good until the contrary is proved. Fecerit, A Tutela Removendus Est - if a guardian behave fraudently to his • Statuta Pro Publico Commodo Late ward, he shall be removed from the Interpretantur - statutes made for guardianship. the public good ought to be liberally construed. • Si Quis Praegnantum Uxorem Reliquit, Non Videtur Sine Liberis • Statutum Affirmativum Non Decessisse - if a man dies, leaving his Derogat Communi Legi - an wife pregnant, he shall not be affirmative stature does not take from considered as having died childless. the common law. • Si Suggestio Non Sit Vera, Literae • Statutum Generaliter Est Patentes Vacuae Sunt - if the Intelligendum Quaudo Verva suggestion of a patent is false, the Statuti Sunt Specialia, Ratio Autem patent itself is void. Generalis . When the words of a statute are special, but the reason of it • Si Quid Universitate Debetur general, it is to be understood in a Singulis Non Debetur, Nec Quod general sense. Debet, Universitas Singuli Debent - if anything is due to a corporation, it is • Statutum Speciale Statuto Speciali not due to the individual members of it, Non Derogat - one special statute nor do the members individually owe does not take away from another what the corporation owes. special statute. • Sic Interpretandum Est Ut Verba • Sublata Causa Tollitur Effectus - Accipiantur Cum Effectu - such an remove the cause and the effect will interpretation is to be made, that the cease. words may have an effect. • Sublata Veneratione Magistraiuum, • Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non Respublica Ruit - the commonwealth Laedas - so use your own as not to perishes if respect for magistrates be injure another's property. taken away. • Sicut Natura Nil Facit Per Saltum, • Sublato Fundamento Cadit Opus - Ita Nec Lex - as nature does nothing remove the foundation and the by a bound or leap, so neither does the structure falls. law. • Sublato Principali Tollitur • Silent Leges Inter Arma - laws are Adjunctum - if the principal be taken silent amidst arms. away, the adjunct is also taken away. • Simplicitas Est Legibus Amica - • Summum Jus, Summa Injuria - the simplicity is favorable to the law. rigor or height of law, is the height of wrong. • Sine Possessione Usucapio Procedere Non Potest - there can be • Superflua Non Nocent - superfluities no prescription without possession. do no injury. • Solemnitas Juris Sunt Observandae • Surplusagium Non Nocet - - the solemnities of law are to be surplusage does no harm. Surplusage is observed. a term used in analysing legal documents and pleadings to refer to • Solo Cedit Quod Solo Implantatur - wording or statements which have no what is planted in the soil belongs to legal effect and, therefore, can be the soil. ignored. • Solo Cedit Quodquod Solo • Tacita Quaedam Habentur Pro Implantatur - what is planted in the Expressis - things silent are soil belongs to the soil. sometimes considered as expressed. • Solutio Pretii, Emptiones Loco Habetur - the payment of the price stands in the place of a sale.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Talis Interpretatio Semper Fienda Transgressione Multiplicata, Est, Ut Evitetur Absurdum, Et Crescat Paena Inflictio - when Inconveniens, Et Ne Judicium Sit transgression is multiplied, let the Illusorium - interpretation is always to infliction of punishment be increased. be made in such a manner, that what is • Triatio Ibi Semper Debet Fieri, Ubi absurd and inconvenient is to be Juratores Meliorem Possunt Habere avoided, so that the judgment be not Notitiam - trial ought always to be had nugatory. where the jury have the best • Talis Non Est Eadem, Nam Nullum knowledge. Simile Est Idem - what is like is not • Trupis Est Pars Quae Non Convenit the same, for nothing similar is the Cum Suo Toto - that part is bad which same. accords not with the whole. • Tantum Bona Valent, Quantum • Tuta Est Custodia Quae Sibimet Vendi Possunt - things are worth Creditur - that guardianship is secure what they will sell for. which yrusts to itself alone. • Terminus Annorum Certus Debet • Tutius Erratur Ex Parte Mittioro - it Esse Et Determinatus - a term of is safer to err on the side of mercy. years ought to be certain and • Ubi Aliquid Impeditur Propter determinate. Unum, Eo Remoto, Tollitur • Terra Transit Cum Onere - land Impedimentum - when anything is passes with the incumbrances. impeded by one single cause, if that be • Testamenta Latissimam removed the impediment is removed. Interpretationem Habere Debent - • Ubi Cessat Remedium Ordinarium wills ought to have the broadest Ibi Decurritur Ad Extraordinarium - interpretation. when a common remedy ceases to be • Testamentum Omne Morte of service, recoruse must be had to an Consumatum - every will is completed extraordinary one. by death. • Ubi Culpa Est Ibi Paena Subesse • Testatoris Ultima Voluntas Est Debet - where there is culpability, Perimplenda Secundum Veram there punishment ought to be. Intentionem Suam - the last will of a • Ubi Eadem Ratio, Ibi Idem Lex - testator is to be fulfilled according to where there is the same reason, there his real intention. is the same law. • Testibus Deponentibus In Pari • Ubi Damna Dantur, Victus Victori In Numero Dignioribus Est Credendum Expensis Condemnari Debet - where - when the number of witnesses is damages are given, the losing party equal on both sides, the more worthy should pay the costs of the victor. are to be believed. • Ubi Factum Nullum Ibi Sortia Nulla • Testis De Visu Praeponderat Aliis - - where there is no deed committed, an eye witness outweighs others. there can be no consequence. • Testis Nemo In Su Caus Esse Potest • Ubi Jus, Ibi Remedium - where there - no one can be a witness in his own is a right, there is a remedy. cause. • Ubi Jus Incertum, Ibi Jus Nullum - • Testis Oculatus Unus Plus Valet where the law is uncertain, there is no Quam Auriti Decem - one eye witness law. is worth ten ear witnesses. • Ubi Lex Aliquem Cogit Ostendere • Timores Vani Sunt Aestimandi Qui Causam, Necesse Est Quod Causa Non Cadunt In Constantem Virum - Sit Justa Et Letitima - where the law fears, which have no fixed persons for compels a man to show cause, the their object, are vain. cause ought to be just and legal. • Totum Prefertur Uni Cuique Parte - • Ubi Lex Est Specialis, Et Ratio Ejus the whole is preferable to any single Generalis, Generaliter Accipienda part. Est - where the law is special and the • Tout Ce Que La Loi Ne Defend Pas reason of it is general, it ought to be Est Permis - everything is permitted, taken as being general. which is not forbidden by law. • Ubi Lex Non Distinguit, Nec Nos • Tonte Exception Non Surveill E Distinguere Debemus - where the law does not distinguish, we ought not Tend Prendre La Place Du Principe - to distinguish. every exception not watched tends to assume the place of the principle. • Ubi Major Pars Est, Ibi Totum - • Tractent Fabrilia Fabri - let smiths where is the greater part, there is the perform the work of smiths. whole. • Traditio Loqui Facit Chartam - delivery makes the deed speak.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• • Ubi Non Adest Norma Legis, Omnia Uno Absurdo Dato, Infinita Quasi Pro Suspectis Habenda Sunt - Sequuntur – if one absurdity is when the law fails to serve as a rule, allowed an infinity will follow. almost everything ought to be • Unumquodque Eodem Modo Quo suspected. Colligatum Est Dissolvitur – in the • Ubi Non Est Condendi Auctoritas, same manner in which a thing is bound, it is loosened. Ibi Non Est Parendi Necessitas - where there is no authority to enforce, • Unumquodque Est Id Quod Est there is no authority to obey. Principalius In Ipso – that which is • Ubi Non Est Directa Lex, Standum the principal part of a thing is.the thing Est Arbitrio Judicis , Vel itself. Procedendum Ad Similia - where • Unumquodque Dissolvatur Eo Modo there is no direct law, the opinion of the Quo Colligatur – everything is judges ought to be taken, or reference dissolved by the same mode in which it made to similar cases. is bound together. • Ubi Non Est Lex, Non Est • Ut Paena Ad Paucos, Metus Ad Transgressio Quoad Mundum - Omnes Perveniat – that by the where there is no law there is no punishment of a few, the fear of it may transgression, as it regards the world. affect all. • Ubi Non Est Principalis Non Potest • Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam Pereat – Esse Accessorius - where there is no that the thing may rather have effect principal there is no accessory. than be destroyed. • Ubi Nullum Matrimonium Ibi • Utile Per Inutile Non Vitiatur – what Nullum Dos - where there is no is useful is not vitiated by the useless. marriage there is no dower. • Valeat Quantum Valere Potest – it • Ubi Periculum, Ibi Et Lucrum shall have effect as far as it can have Collocatur - he at whose risk a thing effect. is, should receive the profits arising • Vana Est Illa Potentia Quae from it. Numquam Venit In Actum – vain is • Ubi Quid Generaliter Conceditur, In that power which is never brought into Est Haec Exceptio, Si Non Aliquid action. Sit Contra Jus Fasque - where a thing • Vani Timores Sunt Aestimandi, Qui is concealed generally, this exception Non Cadunt In Constantem Virum – arises, that there shall be nothing vain are those fears which affect not a contrary to law and right. valiant man. • Ubi Quis Delinquit Ibi Punietur - let • Vendens Eandem Rem Doubus a man be punished when he commits Falsarius Est – it is fraudulent to sell the offence. the same thing twice. • Ubicunque Est Injuria, Ibi Damnum • Veniae Facilitas Incentivum Est Sequitur - whereever there is a wrong, Delinquendi – facility of pardon is an there damages follow. incentive to crime. • Ultima Voluntas Testatoris Est • Vreba Aliquid Operari Debent, Perimplenda Secundum Veram Verba Cum Effectu Sunt Accipienda Intentionem Suam - the last will of a – words are to be taken so as to have testator is to be fulfilled according to effect. his true intention. • Verba Aequivoca Ac In Dubio Sensu • Ultra Posse Non Est Esse, Et Vice Posita, Intelliguntur Dignori Et Versa - what is beyond possibility Potentiori Sensu – equivocal words cannot exist, and the reverse, what and those in a doubtful sense are to be cannot exist is not possible. taken in their best and most effective • Una Persona Vix Potest Supplere sense. Vices Duorum - one person can • Verba Currentis Monetae, Tempus scarcely supply the place of two. Solutionis Designat – the words • Universalia Sunt Notoria current money, refer to the time of Singularibus - things universal are payment. better known than things particular. • Verba Dicta De Persona, Intelligi • Universitas Vel Corporatio Non Debent De Conditione Personae – Dicitur Aliquid Facere Nisi Id Sit words spoken of the person are to be Collegialiter Deliberatum, Etiamsi understood of the condition of the Major Pars Id Faciat – a university or person. corporation is not said to do anything • Verba Fortius Accipientur Contra unless it be deliberated upon Proferentum – words are to be taken collegiately, although the majority most strongly against him who uses should do it. them.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

• Verba Generalia Generaliter Sunt Intelligenda – general words are to be generally understood. • Verba Ganeralia Restringuntur Ad Habilitatem Rei Vel Personae – general words must be confined or restrained to the nature of the subject or the aptitude of the person. • Verba Intentioni, Non E Contra, Debent Inservire – words ought to be made subservient to the intent, not contrary to it. • Verba Ita Sunt Intelligenda, Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam Pereat – words are to be so understood that the subject-matter may be preserved rather than destroyed. • Verba Nihil Operandi Melius Est Quam Absurde – it is better that words should have no operation, than to operate absurdly. • Verba Posteriora Propter Certitudinem Addita, Ad Priora Quae Certitudine Indigent, Sunt Referenda – words added for the purpose of certainty are to be referred to preceding words, in which certainty is wanting. • Verga Relata Hac Maximi Operantur Per Referentiam Ut In Eis In Esse Videntur – words referred to other words operate chiefly by the reference which appears to be impled towards them. • Veredictum, Quasi Dictum Veritas; Ut Judicium Quasi Juris Dictum – a verdict is, as it were, the saying of the truth, in the same manner that a judgment is the saying of the law. • Veritas Demonstrationis Tollit Errorem Nominis – the truth of the demonstration removes the error of the name. • Veritas Nihil Veretur Nisi Abscondi – truth fears nothing but concealment. • Veritas Nimium Altercando Amittitur – by too much altercation truth is lost. • Veritatem Qui Non Libere Pronunciat, Proditor Est Veritatis – he who does not speak the truth, is a traitor to the truth.

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Glossary of Latin Terms

Further Information Important Notice If what you were looking for isn't here, try the business dictionary and business glossary © Copyright 2001- 2012, Bizezia Limited. directory at: All Rights Reserved. www.glossarist.com/glossaries/business/ This publication is published on our This guide is for general interest - it is always behalf by Bizezia essential to take advice on specific issues. Limited. It is We believe that the facts are correct as at the protected by copyright law and reproduction date of publication, but there may be certain in whole or in part errors and omissions for which we cannot be without the publisher’s responsible. written permission is strictly prohibited. The publisher may be If you would like to receive further contacted at information about this subject or other [email protected] (telephone +44 (0) publications, please call us – see our contact 1444 884220). details on the next page. Articles and information contained herein are published without responsibility by us, the publisher or Acknowledgements: any contributing 1 © The glossary in this publication is largely derived from text on Her Majesty's Courts author for any loss howsoever occurring Service website ( www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/infoabout/glossary/latin.htm ) and as a consequence of other UK government locations and Crown copyright therein is duly acknowledged. any action which you take, or action which you choose not to 2 The various quoted maxims of law have been extracted from Bouvier's 1856 Law take, as a result of Dictionary (6th edition). John Bouvier (1787-1851) was born in Codogno, France, this publication or any and became a US citizen in 1812, was admitted to the bar in 1818 and began view expressed practicing law in Philadelphia. During his years of practice and study, he noticed the herein. Whilst it is lack of a solid American law dictionary and worked on a new law dictionary for 10 believed that the years. One of his main goals was to distinguish American law from its English information contained antecedent. in this publication is correct at the time of publication, it is not a substitute for obtaining specific professional advice and no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to its accuracy or completeness. The information is relevant within the United Kingdom. These disclaimers and exclusions are governed by and construed in accordance with English Law.

Publication issued or updated on: 27 January 2012

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