GLOUCESTER QUAYS GLOUCESTER
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION
CA PROJECT: 1602 CA REPORT: 03144
Author: Mark Brett
Approved: Cliff Bateman
Signed: …………………………………………………………….
Issue: 01 Date: 24 October 2003
This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.
© Cotswold Archaeology Headquarters Building, Kemble Business Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ Tel. 01285 771022 Fax. 01285 771033 E-mail: [email protected]
Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology
CONTENTS
SUMMARY...... 4
1. INTRODUCTION...... 6
The site ...... 6 Archaeological background...... 7 Archaeological aims and objectives...... 8 Methodology ...... 9
2. RESULTS...... 12
Llanthony Wharf: Area B...... 12 Llanthony Wharf: Area C...... 14 Baker’s Quay: Area D ...... 15
3. DISCUSSION ...... 16
Introduction ...... 16 Medieval...... 16 Late medieval/early post-medieval ...... 17 Post-medieval ...... 17 Modern...... 18
4. CA PROJECT TEAM...... 19
5. REFERENCES...... 19
APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...... 21
APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS BY ED McSLOY...... 30
APPENDIX 3: THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE BY THERESA GILMORE ...... 34
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APPENDIX 4: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES...... 35
APPENDIX 5: STRATIGRAPHIC MATRICES ...... 36
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1 Site location plan Fig. 2 Trench location plan, showing recorded archaeological features Fig. 3 Trench B3; plan Fig. 4 Trench B3; sections Fig. 5 Trench B4; plan Fig. 6 Trench B4; sections Fig. 7 Trench C1(a); plan and section Fig. 8 Trench C2; plan Fig. 9 Trench C2; section Fig. 10 Trench D1; plan Fig. 11 Trench D3; plan Fig. 12 Trenches B3 and B4; photographs Fig. 13 Trenches B4 and C2; photographs
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SUMMARY
Site Name: Gloucester Quays Location: Gloucester NGR: SO 8255 1800 Type: Evaluation Date: 18 August – 15 September 2003 Planning Reference: 02/00271/OUT Location of Archive: Gloucester City Museum and Art Gallery Accession no. 2003.44 Site Code: GQG 03
An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between August and September 2003 at the request of Scott Wilson (on the behalf of British Waterways and Peel Developments (UK) Ltd) at Gloucester Quays, Gloucester. In compliance with an approved project design, a total of 10 trenches were excavated throughout the proposed development area.
The evaluation identified archaeological deposits and features dating from the medieval period (and evidently related to Llanthony Priory), through to those associated with the construction of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal (later the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal) at the end of the 18th century, and the associated industrial development of the site in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The earliest features include a mortared limestone wall, with abutting accumulated layers, dating to the 13th to 15th centuries, and a channel dated at the earliest to the medieval period.
Numerous deposits associated with the post-medieval development of the site were encountered. These included a burial soil in which quantities of disarticulated human bone, and at least one fully articulated inhumation were identified. Lengths of walling, associated stone surfaces and a culvert dating to this period were also revealed. Various other accumulated and dumped layers were also recorded, a number of the latter evidently
4 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology representing material excavated during the construction of, and the subsequent widening of, the canal.
Later deposits encountered included a number of levelling horizons associated with the construction of the many railway lines that serviced the quays. Other features associated with the later development of the site included brick-built culverts, one of which evidently still conveys water underneath the canal, and a number of brick-wall foundations representing the remains of structures associated with the local canal trade as well as house footings dated to the nineteenth century.
The evaluation has characterised the archaeological potential of the study area, and has indicated that deposits dating from the medieval period survive, in places, at a depth of approximately 1.6m below the modern ground surface. The upper limit of post-medieval deposits is approximately 0.9m below the existing ground surface. Later industry-related deposits lie immediately beneath the current ground surface in certain areas.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Between August and September 2003 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for Scott Wilson (on behalf of British Waterways and Peel Developments (UK) Ltd) at Gloucester Quays, Gloucester (centred on NGR: SO 8255 1800; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken to support an application for outline planning permission for a mixed use regeneration scheme.
1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief for archaeological recording prepared by Gloucester City Council Planning Services and with a subsequent detailed project specification produced by Scott Wilson (2003c). Class 7 Consent was also granted by English Heritage for the works. The fieldwork followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluations issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (1999). It was monitored by Robert Iles, English Heritage, and by Richard Sermon, City Archaeologist, Gloucester City Council. A site visit was made by Mr Iles on 2nd September 2003 and Mr Sermon visited on 26th August and 2nd September 2003.
The site 1.3 The proposed development encloses an area of approximately 25ha on the south- western periphery of Gloucester, some 0.8km from the modern city centre (Fig. 1). It is currently occupied by 19th and 20th-century industrial and commercial premises and includes areas of car-parking and rough ground. It also contains the scheduled ancient monument of Llanthony Priory (Glos. SAM 337), a medieval monastic site with extant remains. The proposed development area has, in previous stages of archaeological assessment, been divided into three areas; Monk Meadow, Llanthony Wharf and Baker’s Quay, as shown on Figure 2. The current evaluation was undertaken solely within the Llanthony Wharf and Baker’s Quay areas. It is intended that Monk Meadow be evaluated separately.
1.4 The site lies at approximately 10m AOD, and is generally flat, excepting the flanks of the canal where the ground rises slightly. The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Lower Lias Clays overlain by Estuarine Alluvium in the north and west of the proposed development area (IGS 1975). The natural substrate was revealed in all but one of the evaluation trenches.
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Archaeological background 1.5 The archaeological and historical background of the proposed development area has been subject to a considerable degree of assessment to support the planning application. This work includes site visits, desk-based studies, geophysical survey and archaeological recording of geotechnical investigations (JSAC 2001; Hughes 2003; Hughes and Rhodes 2003; Scott Wilson 2003a, 2003b; Stratascan 2003; CgMS 2003). It is not intended to repeat the findings of these investigations in full here, rather this report should be read in conjunction with them.
Llanthony Wharf 1.6 Llanthony Wharf includes the site of Llanthony Secunda Priory, an Augustinian priory founded in 1136 and subject to at least two phases of reconstruction. The surviving extant remains, scheduled as an Ancient Monument, relate largely to the latter, 15th-century phase. Recent research contradicts the previous assumptions regarding the layout of the priory and suggests that ancillary buildings lie within the scheduled area, the site of the main church and cloister complex actually lie to the north, outside the SAM. This part of the development area includes an area that originated as an orchard, later to become ‘Sizes Ground’, which extends from the northern end of the priory buildings complex and churchyard to Llanthony Road which formed the northern boundary to the outer priory precinct and marks the northern limit of the proposed development area. (Hughes and Rhodes 2003; Scott Wilson 2003c)
1.7 Following the dissolution of the priory in 1538, the site was sold into private hands and although the church continued in use as a parish church, part of the adjacent cloister was converted to a private dwelling. The former priory suffered substantial damage during the Civil War and by the end of the 1660s the church and the house had been demolished. By the early 18th century little remained of the former church and cloister and records attest to the systematic dismantling of several buildings. Subsequently, the site became divided and different parts were subject to change. Ponds were dug and a cottage was attached to the western gateway ruins. Surviving buildings were let for agricultural purposes, and in 1912 a horn works was established within the complex. More recently, the site has been used for industrial purposes, including the current use of part of it as a scrap yard. (ibid.)
1.8 Construction of the Gloucester and Berkeley canal in the 1790s bisected the former churchyard, cutting through some of the claustral buildings and leaving small areas
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on either side of the canal. Commentators later reported the discovery of ‘many large stones’ during its excavation. The later widening of the waterway in 1852 led to the discovery of stone walls, a drain, two stone coffins, encaustic tiles, fragments of stone arches and sections of windows and doors, as well as a quantity of human bone. This was in addition to the discovery in 1846 of a number of Norman pillars to the west of the line of the canal. (ibid.)
1.9 During the latter half of the 19th century development in this area was dominated by the construction of the railways which extended through the priory site towards Monk Meadow, to the south. The construction of associated sheds and other buildings followed. (Scott Wilson 2003c)
Baker’s Quay 1.10 The boundaries to the rear of properties fronting Southgate Street (A420) form the easternmost limit of the proposed development area. The current line of Southgate Street lies along the postulated route of the Roman road linking Gloucester with Sea Mills (near Bristol). A number of find spots of unknown provenance intimate outlying Roman settlement and/or burials along the road in this area. (Scott Wilson 2003c)
1.11 During the medieval period the whole of this area lay within the outer precinct of Llanthony Priory, with Southgate Street forming the precinct’s easternmost boundary. The priory complex was bounded to the south by the Sudbrook, a stream along which, within the Baker’s Quay part of the site, the priory mill is believed to have been situated. However its precise location is unknown and its remains may have been removed during construction of the canal. (ibid.)
1.12 There is no documentary evidence for any buildings within Baker’s Quay prior to the 19th century. Poor quality buildings and dwellings are known to have been present in the early 1800s, however organised development, including the provision of proper housing to replace the ‘shanties’ and a new quayside with warehouses, was not begun until the 1830s. Subsequent development was dominated by timber yards, railways and docks. High Orchard dock was infilled in the mid 19th century, although the associated railways lines were not removed until the 1970s. (ibid.)
Archaeological aims and objectives 1.13 The aim of the evaluation was to provide sufficient information to enable a decision to be made regarding the archaeological implications of the current planning
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application. The results will contribute to the determination of an appropriate archaeological mitigation strategy for the development.
1.14 The general objectives of the evaluation were as follows:
• to identify the presence/absence of buried archaeological remains; • to determine (where possible) the nature, depth, extent, character and date of any archaeological deposits or features encountered; • to determine the condition or state of preservation of any archaeological deposits or features encountered; • to identify the depth/extent and complexity of stratigraphy present; • to determine the likely range, quality and quantity of artefactual and environmental evidence present; • to test the interpretations of anomalies identified by the geophysical surveys; • to provide further information on the extent of modern disturbance; • to determine the significance of any archaeological remains present.
1.15 In addition, a number of site specific aims and objectives were identified. These are described at the beginning of each sub-section in the ‘Results’ section below.
Methodology 1.16 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 10 trenches in the locations shown on Figure 2. Local ground conditions (areas of concrete, existing fences etc.) resulted in the relocation, after consultation with Scott Wilson, of several trenches, and the division of Trench C1 into two parts (C1(a) and C1(b)). The trenches were generally initially excavated to a width of 4m. However, as the identified archaeological deposits lay at a depth in excess of 1.5m below the existing ground surface, the trenches were subsequently stepped resulting in a narrower exposure of the identified deposits, typically 2m wide, at the base of the trench.
1.17 For ease of reference, the Llanthony Wharf part of the development area was sub- divided into two specific areas; B and C. Baker’s Quay was designated as Area D.
Llanthony Wharf: Area B 1.18 Five trenches were excavated throughout Area B. Trenches B3, B4 and B5 were located within the south-eastern corner of the scheduled area, whilst trenches B1 and B2 lay entirely outside it.
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1.19 Area B was considered of medium to high archaeological potential (Scott Wilson 2003c), and accordingly the trenches were either targeted on the postulated position of archaeological remains or on the location of more intrusive elements of the proposed development:
• Trench B1 (20m x 2m) was located at the approximate position of the southern priory boundary and South Gate
• Trench B2 (20m x 2m) was located at the approximate position of the southern priory boundary and South Gate
• Trench B3 (25m x 4m, 10m x 4m) was located at the approximate position of the southern priory boundary and South Gate, however it was possible that it may have lain within the inner priory precinct. It was located in the area of a proposed new building
• Trench B4 (20m x 4m, 10m x 4m) was located within the inner priory precinct, in the area of a proposed new building
• Trench B5 (20m x 2m) was located to the rear of the priory stables, probably within the inner priory precinct. It was located in the area of a proposed new building
Llanthony Wharf: Area C 1.20 Two trenches were excavated in Area C (C1 and C2), the southern end of each extended into the scheduled area.
1.21 Area C was considered of high archaeological potential, lying in the recently postulated area of the priory church and cloister (Scott Wilson 2003c):
• Trench C1 (14m x 4m, 45m x 2m) was located across the probable site of the church and cloister, and targeted anomalies identified by geophysical survey. The eastern end of the trench also crossed a possible boundary extending from the northern side of the tithe barn
• Trench C2 (60m x 4m) was located across the probable site of the church and cloister, and targeted anomalies identified by geophysical survey. It
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also crossed the location of structural remains identified during the geotechnical survey. The southern end of the trench was positioned to cross a possible boundary extending from the northern side of the tithe barn.
Baker’s Quay 1.22 This area was considered of medium to low archaeological potential, although the eastern edge of the development area lay close to the route of the Roman road, and remains of the priory mill buildings and ponds were anticipated close to the canal (Scott Wilson 2003c):
• Trench D1 (25m x 4m, 15m x 4m) was located at the possible site of the priory mill
• Trench D2 (20m x 2m) was located close to the postulated route of the Roman road, thought to correspond with the present A420 (Southgate Street/Bristol Road)
• Trench D3 (15m x 2m) was located in an area of unknown/low archaeological potential
1.23 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where interpretation of the identified archaeological deposits necessitated it, excavation continued by hand in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 1: Excavation Recording Manual (1996).
1.24 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential and, where appropriate, sampled and processed in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (1995).
1.25 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive (including artefacts) will be deposited with Gloucester City Museum and Art Gallery under accession number 2003.44.
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2. RESULTS
2.1 The results from each of the three areas covered by the archaeological evaluation are presented below. This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (biological evidence) are to be found in Appendices 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Details of the relative heights of the principal deposits and features expressed as metres above Ordnance Datum (m AOD) appear in Appendix 4.
Llanthony Wharf: Area B Trench B1 2.2 No archaeological features or deposits were encountered within the trench. The natural clay substrate was typically revealed at a depth of 2.4m below present ground level overlain by clay 704, the latter possibly representing the original ground surface. Overlying deposit 704 was a further layer of clay, 703, up to 1.4m thick, containing frequent inclusions of brick and stone. This deposit was covered by two more layers (702 and 701) both of which contained large amounts of modern demolition material. Three modern brick walls were revealed, the construction cuts for which penetrated layers 701 to 704. The sequence was sealed by further demolition material 700 which formed the present ground surface.
Trench B2 2.3 As in Trench B1, no archaeological deposits or features were identified in this trench. Natural Lias Clay was revealed at a depth of between 2.1 and 2.5m below the present ground level. Immediately above this was clay deposit 606, similar in composition to 703 in Trench B1. Here, this layer was up to 0.8m thick. It was overlain by three layers of demolition material which appear to correspond with the uppermost three deposits found in Trench B1. Above these was a layer of gravel for the overlying tarmacadam surface.
Trench B3 (Figs. 3 and 4) 2.4 Natural clay substrate 310 was revealed at a depth of approximately 2m below the existing ground surface. It was cut by two parallel channels, 326 and 329 from which a moderate assemblage of bone was recovered. In addition, pottery dated to the 15th to 16th centuries was recovered from the uppermost fill of channel 326.
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2.5 Redeposited clay 339, post-medieval in date, covered the natural substrate and sealed both channels. This was in turn overlain by three distinct deposits of demolition material comprising limestone fragments with ceramic brick and tile inclusions. Further episodes of post-medieval and modern dumping or levelling are represented by a sequence of layers overlying demolition layers 338 and 339. These were cut by substantial modern feature 321 that contained a clinker-rich fill. Three modern layers completed the sequence, the uppermost of which formed the present ground surface.
2.6 Within the western arm of the trench stone wall 311 was revealed at a depth of 1.6m below the existing ground surface. It was aligned approximately north/south, of mortared limestone rubble construction, and measured 0.8m wide. A small assemblage of artefactual material dated to the 13th to 15th centuries was retrieved from deposit 312 that abutted the western side of the wall. This was overlain by limestone rubble 308. To the east of the wall 16th to 17th centuries artefacts were retrieved from deposits 315 and 316.
2.7 Immediately sealing the aforementioned deposits was demolition debris 314. This was in turn partially overlain by deposit 306, above which a series of modern deposits, collectively up to 1.5m thick, were identified.
2.8 Due to onsite restrictions it was not possible to excavate both sections of Trench B3 in a single episode. Consequently the physical relationship between the two channels in the main part of the trench and the wall in the western arm could not be determined.
Trench B4 (Figs. 5 and 6) 2.9 Two further lengths of wall were uncovered in Trench B4. Wall 428 was identified in the main, eastern portion of the trench. It was revealed at a depth of 1.4m below present ground level aligned north to south and was of mortared limestone rubble construction, with squared blocks, possibly part of long and short work indicative of an entrance, at its northern end. Towards the southern end of the trench the wall had been truncated by large intrusive feature, 449. This sequence was sealed by a series of dumped layers (436, 425, 429, 430, 431, 406, 423, 401 and 400) collectively up to approximately 1.9m thick. Modern drainage trench 426, which contained the remains of a timber box drain, cut redeposited clay layer 406 and the underlying deposits, and truncated wall 428.
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2.10 In the western arm of the trench a second section of wall, 412, was revealed aligned perpendicular to wall 428. This survived in poor condition but appeared to be of similar character to 428. Areas of cobbled surfacing (410 and 411) were revealed on either side of wall 412 and a contemporary stone lined drain or culvert was also identified, passing beneath the wall. The wall and culvert cut through deposit 419 from which a considerable assemblage of finds dated to no earlier than the 17th century were recovered. The structural remains in this part of the trench were sealed by a number of dumped layers, which were in turn truncated by large 19th-century rectangular pit 402 at the eastern end of the trench and a further large, undefined feature, 422, at the western extent. Pit 402 and drain 426 obscured any relationship between walls 412 and 428.
2.11 All the deposits in Trench B4 were sealed by a layer of modern make-up and the overlying concrete base of a former building, which formed the present ground level.
Trench B5 2.12 Trench B5 contained no significant archaeological deposits. Natural clay substrate 503 was revealed at a depth of between 2.15m and 2.45m below present ground level. It was overlain by substantial clay deposit 502, containing abundant modern artefacts, that was inturn cut by a large pit housing a circular reinforced concrete tank at the north-eastern end of the trench. The tank and deposit 502 were sealed by rubble make-up 501, which was in turn covered by the present concrete yard surface.
Llanthony Wharf: Area C Trench C1(a) (Fig. 7) 2.13 Within trench C1(a), natural sandy clay 108 was encountered at a depth of 2.7m below the existing ground surface. At the north-eastern end of the trench it was overlain by sandy clay 112, interpreted as the original ground surface. This was cut by feature 110, aligned approximately east/west, that contained an abundance of limestone fragments, including dressed masonry pieces. This feature has been interpreted as a robber trench and a brick recovered from its backfill is dated to the 18th to 19th centuries. It was sealed by a series of dumped and/or levelling layers which had a combined thickness of up to 2.2m. A layer of tarmacadam formed the present ground surface
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Trench C1(b) 2.14 Natural sand substrate 108 was typically encountered at a depth of 2.8m below the existing ground surface. This was covered throughout the trench by dark grey sandy clay 116, up to 1.3m thick. Immediately sealing this homogenous fill was a possible former ground surface 115, comprising dark brown/black clay silt. This in turn was covered by layers of redeposited clays and sands, crushed brick and finally by modern hardstanding 102.
Trench C2 (Figs. 8 and 9) 2.15 At the southern end of the trench, sandy clay natural substrate 007 was encountered at an average depth of 2.2m below the present ground surface. It was overlain by sandy silt 024, typically 0.6m in depth, which contained the east/west aligned articulated remains of two human burials (B1 and B2), as well as a large quantity of disarticulated human bone. It is worth noting that within the confines of the trench, identification of grave cuts remained difficult. Artefactual material from this burial soil is dated to the 16th to 17th centuries.
2.16 At the extreme southern end of the trench poorly-constructed and unbonded stone wall 032, aligned approximately east to west, was revealed founded directly on top of burial soil 024. The wall and the burial soil were overlain by two layers of demolition rubble (022 and 023), the earliest of which, as well as containing a large amount of disarticulated human bone and fragments of medieval stained glass and floor tile, yielded an assemblage of artefactual material dated to the 16th to 17th centuries. Throughout the majority of the remainder of the trench, the natural substrate (observed at its highest point at 1.3m below present ground level) was cut by large feature 011 which contained homogeneous dark grey sandy clay 009, similar to 116 in Trench C1(b). It yielded finds dated to the 14th to 17th centuries. This feature, and the rubble layers at the southern end of the trench were overlain by 18th/19th-century deposits.
Baker’s Quay: Area D Trench D1 (Fig. 9) 2.17 Substantial arched brick-built culvert 816 was revealed in the northern arm of Trench D1 at a depth of approximately 2.2m below present ground level. It was aligned perpendicular to the canal and cut through considerable accumulative layers of dumped clay. A smaller feature of similar construction joined it from the south-west. Brick footings 811 were identified close to the eastern limit of the trench. The
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presence of these features prohibited the trench being excavated further to identify the natural substrate. At the southern end of the trench, a buried Tarmacadam road was revealed below the modern bund.
Trench D2 2.18 No significant archaeological remains were encountered in this trench. The natural Lias Clay was revealed at an average depth of 1.35m below the modern ground surface. It was overlain by dumped and/or levelling layers which included redeposited clay, crushed brick, sand, and gravel. The earliest of these deposits, 206, contained building materials dated to no earlier than the 19th century.
Trench D3 (Fig. 10) 2.19 Natural clay substrate 905 was typically encountered at a depth of 0.7m below existing ground level. Brick foundations (906 and 908) and part of a block floor had been constructed directly onto the natural clay. These were in turn overlain by two modern layers, the earliest of which contained large amounts of ash, coal and clinker. A layer of tarmacadam sealed the sequence and formed the present car- park surface.
3. DISCUSSION
Introduction 3.1 The archaeological evaluation has identified the presence of archaeological deposits within the proposed development area. These range from medieval in date, undoubtedly associated with the priory in the period when it functioned as a religious complex, to the post-medieval period when it was transferred into private ownership and further buildings and a number of ponds were added. Deposits associated with the construction of the canal at the end of the 18th century and the industrial development of the area that followed were widely observed.
Medieval 3.2 The trenches in Area B were positioned to explore the south-eastern corner of the priory precinct, and the possible gatehouse. No evidence for any priory remains were identified within trenches B1, B2 and B5. Indeed, each of these trenches revealed a broadly comparable sequence of considerable quantities of overburden,
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possibly attributable to R. J. Powell in the 1960s (Hughes and Rhodes 2003, 37). The possibility that archaeological deposits in this area have previously been truncated should not be overlooked particularly as little evidence was retrieved for the survival of original ground surfaces in any of these trenches.
3.3 Medieval structural remains dated to the 13th to 15th centuries were, however, revealed in Trench B3. Although there is no excavated evidence for the function of wall 311, it is position and alignment correlates closely with cartographic evidence for the inner precinct boundary. The presence of broadly contemporary channel 326, and indeed slightly later channel 329, indicate that the area to the east of the wall required drainage, and as such probably lie outside the inner precinct.
3.4 It is entirely possible that robbed wall footing 110 in Trench C1(a) is also of medieval origin. Although the artefactual evidence intimates that the wall was robbed in the 19th century (or later), its location and alignment strongly suggest an association with the priory, possibly even with the church or cloister. It is also noteworthy that the feature corresponds closely with a linear anomaly detected in the radar survey of this part of the site.
Late medieval/early post-medieval 3.5 Channel 326 in Trench B3 is tentatively dated to the period spanning the 15th and 16th centuries on the evidence of a small assemblage of finds. Its presence and nature only inform us that drainage of the priory churchyard probably began in the medieval period and continued into post-medieval times.
Post-medieval 3.6 Numerous deposits and features dated to 16th to 17th centuries were revealed within trenches B3, B4, C1(b) and C2. Perhaps the most striking evidence comes from Trench C2, where two burials that post-date the dissolution of the priory were identified. Such evidence further substantiates documentary evidence that the priory church continued to serve the local community after the priory itself had been sold into private ownership.
3.7 Wall 032 and demolition spreads 022 and 023 within Trench C2 may represent remains of the church structure itself. Wall 032, aligned east/west and therefore appropriate to the postulated position of the church, may represent later additions/alteration dated to the early post-medieval period (the wall itself being
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founded upon burial soil 024). The demolition spreads in Trench C2 and those identified in a number of the other trenches contained fragments of medieval architectural fragments, floor tile and stained glass in addition to post-medieval artefactual material. Such evidence is likely to reflect the documented piecemeal dismantling and demolition of priory buildings throughout this period.
3.8 The structural remains in Trench B4 would also appear to be associated with development of the site in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is interesting to note that wall 428 in particular is of similar construction to the walls surviving into the 1960s that are depicted in the Historical Evaluation (Hughes and Rhodes 2003, Ills 5 and 6). The presence of decorated medieval floor tile within the fabric of wall 428 suggests that this wall was constructed using material from the disused priory.
3.9 It is also at this time that large feature 011 identified in Trench C2 and also extending throughout Trench C1(b) appears. The nature of its fill strongly suggests that it represents a pond.
3.10 Recurrently, layers of redeposited clay and sand were found throughout the proposed development area (indeed, Trench D3 was the only trench where such deposits were not encountered). As previously discussed (3.2 above) the material in Trenches B1, B2 and B5, is likely to be that referred to by Hughes and Rhodes (2003, 37) as being tipped throughout the Llanthony Wharf site by R. J. Powell in the 1960s. However, elsewhere the redeposited material, which was largely sterile of artefactual material, appears to represent the dumping and levelling of spoil from the construction of the canal.
Modern 3.11 Very little archaeological potential was postulated in the Specification for Area D, east of the canal. This was confirmed by the lack of significant archaeological deposits uncovered by the trenches throughout this area. However, most notable of the modern features identified during the evaluation was brick culvert 816 in Trench D1. The trench was, according to Hughes’ map (2003), located along the postulated line of the Sudbrook. Indeed Hughes states that ‘the course of the Sudbrook was subject to regular adaptations and diversions throughout the 19th century and its present culverted course lies to the south of its natural flow’. It is therefore entirely possible that structure 816 represents the culverted Sudbrook.
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3.12 Trench D3 was sited in an area illustrated on 19th century maps as being occupied by a row of cottage built by the Reverend Samuel Lysons in the early 1840s (Hughes 2003). It may therefore be suggested that the brick footings and block flooring revealed in Trench D3 relate to these cottages.
3.13 Deposits relating to the industrial development and use of the site were recorded in the form of layers of waste material such as clinker, coal, ash and crushed brick throughout the whole of the site. Lengths of in-situ railway line were encountered in trenches B3 and C2. The tracks in Trench C2 correspond with those that appear on the British Waterways map of 1854, whilst those revealed in Trench B3 do not appear cartographically until on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1883.
4. CA PROJECT TEAM
Fieldwork was undertaken by Mark Brett, assisted by David Kenyon, Laurent Coleman, Franco Vartuca, Darren Muddiman, Briege Williams, John Naylor, Heather Hirons, Jocelyn Davis, Michael Rowe and Darren Langstead. The report was written by Mark Brett, assisted by John Naylor. The illustrations were prepared by Lorna Gray. The archive has been compiled by Mark Brett, and prepared for deposition by Ed McSloy. The project was managed for CA by Clifford Bateman.
5. REFERENCES
CgMS Consulting 2003 Gloucester Quays. Cultural Heritage – Built Environment (draft report)
Hughes, P. 2003 Llanthony /High Orchard, Gloucester: A Historical Evaluation of the Impact of Canal, Railway and Industrial Development Hughes, P. and Rhodes, J. 2003 Llanthony Priory, Gloucester: A Historical Evaluation
IGS (Institute of Geological Sciences) 1975 Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) Sheet 234: Gloucester
JSAC 2001 Gloucester Quays Urban Regeneration: Archaeological desktop study
19 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology
Scott Wilson 2003a Gloucester Quays Urban Regeneration. Geotechnical investigations: Archaeological observe and record
Scott Wilson 2003b Gloucester Quays Urban Regeneration. Cultural Heritage: Archaeology (draft report)
Scott Wilson 2003c Gloucester Quays Urban Regeneration: Specification for Archaeological Evaluation (Phase 2)
Stratascan Ltd 2003 Llanthony Priory, Gloucester Quays, Gloucester. Ground probing radar survey
20 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology
APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS
Trench B1 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 700 Rubble Layer. Consists of large unconsolidated limestone c.0.35m blocks, bricks and other debris 701 Layer. Dark brown/black silt/clay matrix with abundant rubble c.0.4m inclusions (limestone blocks, bricks and ceramic pipes). 702 Layer. Mid brown sandy silt layer. Contains abundant crushed c.0.15m brick fragments. 703 Layer. Dark grey/olive green clay. Contains moderate amounts c.1.40m of brick and stone fragments. The layer is moderately contaminated. 704 Layer. Dark olive green clay with no visible inclusions. The c.0.10m layer was heavily contaminated. 705 Natural. Light olive green clay. - 706 Cut. Near vertical cut aligned N/S in NE end of trench c.2.10m containing dump 707 and wall 708. The width was not discerned. Cuts 701 to 704. Removed by machine. 707 Backfill of 706 comprising a large dump of modern brick on the c.2.10m SW side of wall 708. 708 Wall. Brick construction two courses thick, oriented N/S 1.10m 709 Wall/culvert. Brick construction at least six courses in height, 0.75m and one brick length in width. Oriented NE/SW with no visible cut. Brick dimensions 0.07 x 0.11 x 0.22m. 710 Layer. Modern ground surface comprising layer of red bricks c.0.50m capped by concrete. 711 Same as 701. c.0.20m 712 Same as 702. c.0.10m 713 Same as 703. c.1.30m 714 Same as 704. c.0.10m 715 Same as 705. - 716 Same as 709. c.0.60m
Trench B2 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 600 Layer. Modern tarmac surface. c.0.10m 601 Layer. Modern concrete surface. c.0.15m 602 Layer. Pale orange brown sandy gravel, fairly loose consistency c.0.15m containing fragments of crushed limestone. 603 Layer. Dark grey/black gritty clay silt deposit with modern c.0.25m contaminants (oil, diesel, ash). Contains occasional modern building rubble. Fairly compact. 604 Layer. Mid olive grey silt/clay deposit containing abundant c.0.80m modern building rubble and occasional lenses of yellow grey clays. 605 Layer. Fairly compact layer of bright orange brown crushed c.0.25m brick. 606 Layer. Compact mid olive green clay with frequent inclusions of c.0.80m modern building rubble. Heavy contamination with oil and diesel. 607 Natural. Light to mid olive green clay, contaminated at surface. -
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Trench B3 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 301 Layer. Homogeneous crushed red brick and clay layer c..030m containing abundant modern inclusions. 302 Layer. Very compact. granitic ‘hardcore’ rubble. c.0.60m 303 Layer. Unconsolidated limestone rubble. c..030m 304 Layer. Compact, dark grey clay containing abundant dark c.0.75m orange mineral inclusions. Possibly derived from dredging of canal. 305 Layer. Compacted burnt orange material. c.0.02m 306 Layer. Unconsolidated black material, possibly coal dust. c.0.30m 307 Layer. Dark red/brown sandy clay with occasional brick c.0.40m inclusions. 308 Layer. Dark grey sandy clay containing yellow limestone and c.0.10m red sandstone rubble fragments, possibly derived from demolition. Butts wall 311. 309 Layer. Orange/light brown mottled sandy clay containing c.0.10m frequent charcoal flecks/patches. 310 Natural. Light olive brown clay with mid brown mottling. No - inclusions. 311 Wall. Five courses of unmortared, rough-faced limestone blocks c.0.45m 0.80m thick, oriented N/S. Probably boundary wall rather than visible outer wall of priory. 312 Layer. Grey/green clay butting W side of wall 311, probably c.0.18m representing silting between episodes of demolition. 313 Layer. Dark grey clay containing abundant limestone rubble Not excavated fragments. Butts W side of wall 311. 314 Layer. Compact yellow/brown clay containing frequent mortar c.0.12m fragments covering wall 311. 315 Layer. Compact mid blue/grey clay butting E side of wall 311 c.0.07m probably representing silting between episodes of demolition. 316 Layer. Compact yellow/brown clay containing no visible c.0.34m inclusions. Butts E side of wall 311. 317 Layer. Dark brown silt/clay matrix containing occasional stone, c.0.20m charcoal and mortar inclusions. 318 Same as 301. c.0.25m 319 Layer. Compact, light grey/brown silt/clay matrix containing c.0.35m mixture of modern building material, scrap metal fragments plastic and wood. 320 Layer. Compact, mid grey/brown silt/clay containing occasional c.040m modern building rubble, plastic, scrap metal fragments and wood. Also occasional lenses/tip lines of black material (clinker, ash, soot). 321 Cut. Large cut for a pit of probable circular/oval shape with c.1.10m steep convex SW side, and moderately steep concave NE side. The base was uneven and irregular. Filled by 322 and 323. 322 Fill. Upper fill of pit 321 comprising a loose, mid to dark c.0.25m grey/brown gritty silt matrix with abundant inclusions of modern building rubble mixed with ash, clinker and charcoal/cinder. 323 Fill. Primary fill of pit 321 comprising a loose, light to mid grey c.0.90m brown gritty silt matrix with abundant inclusions of lenses of modern building rubble mixed with cinder/clinker material. Also found were large slabs of undressed limestone laid flat at base of fill. 324 Layer/deposit. Fairly loose, light to mid grey/brown silt/clay c.0.35m matrix with inclusions of small fragments of modern building rubble mixed with cinder/clinker. 325 Layer/deposit. Fairly loose, dark grey/black cinder/clinker c.0.30m deposit with abundant inclusions of slag and very occasional small fragments of building material. 326 Cut. Straight-sided cut for a straight ditch, oriented N/S. The W >c.0.65m side is lined with stone, and it contains two fills 327 and 328. 327 Fill. Primary fill of ditch 326 comprising compact mid green/grey c.0.25m clay matrix with abundant inclusions of charcoal.
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328 Fill. Upper fill of ditch 326 comprising compact mid green/grey .0.40m matrix with occasional inclusions of charcoal. Large amounts of animal bone plus occasional finds of oyster shell and pottery sherds were made. 329 Cut. Moderately steep cut for a straight feature with an uneven, c.0.30m concave base, oriented N/S. Possibly a watercourse (part of Sudbrook or a tributary). It contained a single fill 330, and was only exposed on its E side. 330 Fill. Single fill of the possible watercourse 329 comprising a c.0.30m fairly compact mid grey/brown matrix with occasional off- white/grey mottling. It contained occasional inclusions of pebbles, building material (brick/tile), charcoal and mortar flecks, and angular limestone fragments. 331 Brick structure. Plinth/base three courses in height constructed c.0.25m of red bricks (0.23 x 0.08 x 0.11m) bonded by off-white mortar. 332 Layer/dump. Loose, crushed limestone and brick fragments, c.0.45m mixed with fragments of off-white mortar and concrete. 333 Layer. Compact, light to mid grey/blue silt/clay matrix with very c.0.30m occasional inclusions of small to medium-sized fragments of modern building material and occasional flecks of brick and mortar. Probably a levelling deposit. 334 Layer. Fairly loose sandy/mortar matrix with pale pink/orange c.0.03m crushed building material and small limestone fragments. 335 Layer. Compact clay, light to mid yellow/brown mottled with light c.0.30m olive/grey. Contains very occasional inclusions of pebbles, crushed building material, limestone and charcoal flecks. Probably derived from material dredged up from canal, possibly during its construction. 336 Layer. Lens of post-medieval demolition material spread over c.0.10m the possible original ground surface, 337, prior to the construction of the canal. It comprises a sandy mortar/crushed limestone matrix with moderate inclusions of limestone, crushed building material and very occasional charcoal. 337 Layer. Rubble deposit of building material in a mid olive/grey c.0.30m silt/clay matrix. Possibly dumped during canal construction to consolidate/level ground. 338 Layer. Rubble deposit of building material in a mid olive/grey c.0.30m silt/clay matrix. Possibly dumped during canal construction to consolidate/level ground. 339 Layer. Compact clay, light to mid yellow/brown mottled with light c.0.35m olive/grey. Contains very occasional inclusions of pebbles, crushed building material, limestone and charcoal flecks. Probably derived from material dredged up from canal, possibly during its construction. 340 Cut. Modern cut for trench containing wooden posts. Filled by Not excavated to 341. base 341 Fill. Single fill of 340 comprising loose, light olive/grey silt/clay Not excavated to with orange/brown mottles. Abundant crushed building material base inclusions and occasional charcoal fragments. Fill packed around series of wooden posts. 341 is cut by 321.
Trench B4 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 400 Layer. White re-enforced concrete, yellowed towards base. c.0.38m 401 Layer. Dark black/brown friable soot, coal dust and sandy grit. c.0.42m Contains occasional fragments of brick, tile, and stone. 402 Cut. Square, modern cut with near vertical sides, 4 x 3.60m. c.0.80m Filled by 403 and 404. Cuts 405 and 406. 403 Fill. Secondary fill of feature 402 consisting of friable c.0.65m orange/brown silt/clay. Contains frequent mortar and occasional stone inclusions. 404 Fill. Primary fill of feature 402 consisting of friable dark Excavated to brown/black silt/clay. Contains frequent stone and occasional c.060m
23 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology
mortar inclusions. 405 Layer. Brown/yellow crushed mortar containing abundant c.0.10m fragments of oolitic limestone. Cut by 402. 406 Layer/fill. Plastic, blue/grey clay containing occasional brick and c.0.60m charcoal and moderate mortar inclusions. Two railway sleepers were also observed at the base of the layer. Probably derived from dredging of canal. Observed as both a layer and a fill of 422. 407 Layer. Friable, yellow crushed sandy mortar. Visible only in S c.0.16m section. 408 Layer. Dark brown/black silt/clay containing frequent charcoal c.0.20m fragments and flecks, and occasional mortar, limestone and brick fragments. Probably dump/make-up layer. 409 Layer. Compact, dark grey/brown silt/clay containing frequent c.0.10m sand, moderate charcoal and mortar, and occasional brick and stone inclusions. Probably dump/make-up layer. 410 Cobbled surface. Very compact, dark brown/grey sandy silt None given matrix with abundant rounded cobbles (0.05-0.10m in size). Contains frequent charcoal, moderate mortar and occasional abraded brick inclusions. Butts wall 412, possible forming part of an entranceway. 411 Cobbled surface. Very compact dark brown/grey silt/clay matrix None given with abundant angular and sub-angular cobbles (0.05-0.15m in size). Contains abundant charcoal, moderate mortar, and occasional oyster shell and brick inclusions. Butts wall 412 and cobbled surface 410. 412 Wall. Single course of fair-faced limestone blocks (0.41 x 0.82 x 0.14m 0.14m in size) bonded with pink/beige hard sandy/crushed stone mortar. Upper surface of longest stone burnt. Cut by 402. 413 Layer. Friable, light yellow/brown silt/fine sand matrix with c.0.15m moderate stone and brick rubble, crushed stone, and occasional charcoal inclusions. Cut by 414 and wall 415. Probably dump/make-up layer. 414 Cut. Straight, vertical cut for E/W wall 415, visible for 1.70m. Not fully Cuts 413. excavated 415 Wall. Single course of rough-faced limestone blocks, 0.61m in 0.14m width, and bonded with hard yellow/brown sand/crushed stone mortar. Oriented E/W within cut 414, and visible for c.1.90m. 416 Cut. Vertical, linear cut for stone drain 417 running NW/SE c.0.85m under wall 415. Filled by 417 and 418. Cuts 419. 417 Stone-lined drain. Section of rough-faced oolitic limestone drain 0.24m within cut 416. Vertically placed side blocks 0.15 x 0.10 x 0.55m (minimum) in size, base blocks 0.10 x 0.30 x c.0.80m. Capped for most of visible length. Filled by 420 and 421. 418 Fill. Secondary fill of 416, consisting of claggy, mid brown/grey c.0.20m silt/clay matrix. Contains abundant charcoal flecks, moderate charcoal lumps, and occasional brick mortar and stone fragments. Probably dumped above drain 417 to seal cut 416. 419 Layer. Rubble payer consisting of mid brown/grey silt/clay Excavated to matrix with abundant building rubble inclusions. Finds included 0.55m window lead and possible window glass. Cut by drain 417. 420 Fill. Primary fill of drain 417 consisting of very claggy light c.0.03m yellow/brown clay containing occasional small pebbles. 421 Fill. Secondary fill of drain 417 consisting of mid brown silt/fine c.0.11m sand matrix with moderate small stone and charcoal inclusions. 422 Cut. Linear cut with U-shaped profile, c.1.45m wide. Filled by c.0.80m 406, and cuts 409. 423 Layer consisting of crushed red brick. <0.35m 424 Layer. Flat surface of sub-angular stone. c.0.15m 425 Layer. Dark brown silt/clay containing inclusions of occasional <0.40m limestone fragments. 426 Cut. Straight, near vertical cut for modern (Victorian) drain. None given Cuts all layers beneath and including 423, including wall 428 and mortar surface 433. Filled by 427. 427 Fill. Single fill of drain cut 426 consisting of firm, grey/blue clay Not fully and mid brown clay/silt. Contains frequent inclusions of red excavated
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brick and limestone rubble fragments probably derived from demolished part of wall (?428) and cut layers, occasional mortar and a wooden box pipe drain. 428 Wall. Constructed of two materials, and bonded with a gritty None given limestone mortar. North end of wall consists of large, cut limestone blocks, 1.09 x 0.34m in size (unknown depth), possibly the terminus or an opening, with other visible length constructed of smaller stones only one side of which was cut to form face. Rubble fill in centre. Cut by 426. 429 Layer. Mid grey clay/sand with no visible inclusions. c.0.05m 430 Layer. Mid orange/grey/brown silt/clay matrix containing c.0.10m moderate stone rubble and brick inclusions, and occasional charcoal and mortar. 431 Layer. Orange/brown silt/clay containing moderate inclusions of c.0.35m red brick fragments and charcoal flecks, and occasional white mortar and limestone fragments. 432 Fill. Rubble backfill of cut for wall 428 consisting of mid brown Not fully silt/clay matrix with limestone fragments, and containing excavated occasional inclusions of charcoal and mortar. Fill of cut 434, and cut by 426. 433 Mortar surface. Compact light cream/yellow sand mortar c.0.04m containing inclusions of charcoal, brick and limestone fragments. Butts wall 428, and cut by drain 426. 434 Cut for wall 428. Not visible within the limit of the trench, but - existence assumed. Filled by 428 and 432. 435 Layer. Firm, mid brown/yellow silt/clay containing inclusions of Not fully limestone and occasional brick fragments. Cut by 426. excavated 436 Same as 430 - 437 Layer. Green/blue/grey clay. <0.25m 438 Layer. Mid brown/grey silt/clay with occasional inclusions of <0.40m stone. 439 Layer. Mid orange/brown silt/clay with moderate inclusions of <0.35m limestone/ 440 Layer. Mid grey brown ?silt/clay (not stated) with frequent <0.20m inclusions of grey stone rubble. 441 Layer. Mid brown/grey silt/clay with frequent inclusions of yellow <0.95m limestone and grey stone rubble. 442 Layer. Mid grey/brown clay/sand with occasional inclusions of <0.30m grey stone fragments. 443 Layer. Mid grey/brown silt/clay with inclusions of yellow <0.30m limestone and occasional red brick fragments. 444 Layer. Mid orange/brown sandy clay with moderate inclusions of <0.50m yellow limestone fragments. 445 Layer. Mid grey clay/sand with frequent inclusions of grey stone <0.20m fragments. 446 Layer. Mid brown silt/clay with moderate inclusions of grey <1.00m stone, yellow limestone, red brick and charcoal flecks. 447 Layer. Dark grey clay/sand with occasional inclusions of <0.50m fragments of grey stone. 448 Natural. Yellow/orange clay/sand with coarser sand inclusions. - 449 Cut. Large modern cut >10.4m long x >2m wide. 1m
Trench B5 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 500 Surface. Present concrete surface. c.0.40m 501 Layer. Sub-base for concrete consisting of pale yellow crushed 25 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology with oil and diesel. Trench C1 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 100 Surface. Present tarmac car park surface. c.0.10m 101 Layer. Sub-base for present surface consisting loose pale <0.20m yellow crushed limestone fragments and sandy gravel. 102 Layer. Loose mid to dark grey/brown clay/silt containing c.0.30m moderate inclusions of crushed limestone, very occasional brick fragments and scrap metal, and occasional lumps of slag and wood. Probably a dumped layer. 103 Layer. Fairly loose, bright red/orange dumped layer consisting c.0.30m of crushed bricks. 104 Layer. Compact, very dark grey/black clay/silt. Heavily c.0.25m contaminated with oil and diesel. 105 Layer. Compact mid brown/grey silt/clay with occasional off- c.0.60m white and pale orange flecks. Contains occasional inclusions of brick, limestone, coal and slag fragments. Possibly derived from dredging of canal. 106 Layer. Possible demolition spread consisting loose band of c.0.05m small fragments of yellow/white limestone and mortar, which may have been crushed. The material may have been possibly derived from the demolition of the priory church. 107 Layer. Mid yellow/brown sandy clay, possibly representing an Trench C2 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 001 Modern tarmac surface. c.0.05m 002 Layer. Compacted hardcore consisting of stone rubble. c.0.73m 003 Layer. Unconsolidated rubble layer consisting of crushed red c.0.30m bricks. 004 Layer. Red sand matrix containing occasional yellow and grey c.1.00m clay inclusions. Probably re-deposited. 005 Layer. Very dark grey sandy silt matrix containing moderate c.0.13m ceramic inclusions. Possibly an original ground surface. 006 Layer. Mid grey/green silt/clay which may represent a sub-soil c.0.05m base to 005. 007 Natural. Orange/red sandy clay containing moderate grey clay - 26 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology inclusions. 008 Layer. Red sand deposit. Probably re-deposited. c.0.22m 009 Layer. Dark grey sandy silt. Contains inclusions of brick, stone c.0.40m and mortar in places, becoming more concentrated towards SW end of trench. Fill of pond cut 011. 010 Layer. Green/grey clay containing inclusions of brick, coal and c.0.20m charcoal. 011 Cut. Unknown shape with irregular sides sloping at c.45 seen <0.90m in E side of trench section, c.26.70m from N end of trench. Filled by 009, and cuts 007. 012 Structure. Lowest five courses of brick structure remain, >2.60m <0.40m long (extending SE beyond limit of trench) x 1.40m wide. Rectangular shape, filled by 013. Bricks unfrogged, and bonded with light buff sand mortar. 013 Fill. Single fill of structure 012 consisting of brick rubble mixed Not excavated with 004. 014 Cut. Initial cut for modern pipe, seen in both the SE and NE c.1.15m sections of the trench. Filled by 015. 015 Fill. Single fill of cut 014 consisting of red brick and limestone c.1.15m rubble in a sandy silt matrix, with inclusions of (unspecified) burnt material. Very homogeneous. Cut by 015. 016 Cut for modern pipe. Filled by pipe and 017, and cuts 015. c.0.53m 017 Fill. Secondary fill of 016, covering modern pipe. Sandy silt c.0.53m matrix with red brick and grey clay inclusions. Very homogeneous. 018 Layer. Grey clay with moderate charcoal fleck inclusions. c.0.02m 019 Layer. Mid brown silty sand with small limestone rubble c.0.05m inclusions. 020 Layer. Light grey/brown clay/sand. c.0.03m 021 Layer. Compact, dark brown silty sand. c.0.09m 022 Layer. Mid brown clay/silt matrix containing yellow limestone c.0.12m rubble inclusions. 023 Layer. Compacted, mid brown/yellow clay/sand containing c.0.58m limestone rubble inclusions, some shaped. Finds of decorated floor tile, medieval pottery, possible decorated window glass and disarticulated ?human bone also made. Possibly demolition level from priory. 024 Layer. Friable, mid orange/brown sandy silt containing Not fully inclusions of charcoal flecks and limestone rubble. Two human excavated. skeletons, one articulated, and scatters of human bone were found. Unclear whether skeletons in grave cut or moved to 024 from original burial place. 025 Layer. Mid brown clay/silt matrix containing limestone rubble, c.0.10m and frequent red brick and white mortar inclusions. 026 Layer. Mid brown silty sand matrix with frequent yellow c.0.14m limestone inclusions. 027 Cut of trench for modern drainage pipe. Filled by 028 and cuts c.0.29m 030. 028 Fill of 027 consisting of brown silt matrix with red brick c.0.29m inclusions, and modern drainage pipe. 029 Possible cut made for the construction of pipe trench 027. Filled c.0.30m by 030, and cut by 027. 030 Fill of 029 consisting of dark brown silty sand. Cut by 027. c.0.30m 031 Layer. Mid brown silty sand matrix containing inclusions of c.0.15m` yellow limestone and red sandstone rubble. 032 Wall. Two courses of yellow limestone and red sandstone <0.30m blocks, maximum size 0.35 x 0.10 x 0.25m, some dressed on the N and E faces. Extends for 1.00m with a width of 0.40m. Possibly formed boundary wall, but not substantial enough for foundation or supporting wall. 27 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology Trench D1 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 800 Modern tarmac surface. Present only in first 5.50m at SE end of <0.12m trench. 801 Layer. Sub-base of 800 consisting of fairly loose red/brown <0.20m sandy gravel with pink clay inclusions in places. 802 Layer. Sub-base/levelling layer consisting of loose pale <0.20m red/brown sandy gravel with pink clay inclusions in places. 803 Layer. Compact, light olive/grey clay containing frequent c.0.70m inclusions of small brick fragments, occasional patches and lenses of clinker and other modern material. Probably a dumped layer. 804 Layer. Sub-base/levelling deposit virtually identical to 801. <0.30m 805 Layer. Fairly loose, dark grey/black cinder deposit containing <0.25m abundant inclusions of ash, cinders, slag and coal, and occasional crushed building material, and very occasional limestone and slate fragments. 806 Layer. Fairly loose, pale orange/brown deposit of crushed <0.05m building material. 807 Layer. Fairly compact, mid grey fine silt/ashy deposit <0.20m occasionally mottled with flecks of charcoal and ash. Contains very occasional inclusions of small fragments of brick and limestone. 808 Structure. Consisted of red bricks, 0.23 x 0.11 x 0.07m in size, Not fully bonded by pale yellow sandy mortar. It sloped towards the SE, excavated. possibly forming a ramp or part of a cellar floor. Cuts 809. 809 Layer. Compact, homogeneous mid olive/green clay c.0.90m contaminated with lenses of oil and diesel. Contained rare inclusions of brick and tile. 810 Same as 814. - 811 Wall. Possibly part of 808. Not fully excavated. 812 Culvert. Semi-circular culvert covering southern half of trench Not fully constructed of same brick type as 808, with ceramic pipe excavated. draining into top of structure. Oriented NW/SE. 813 Layer. Black silt with abundant inclusions of stone, wood and None given. brick. Highly contaminated with oil. Visible along W length of trench. 814 Blue4/green clay with occasional inclusions of mortar building c.1.70m materials and limestone fragments. Some oil and diesel contamination. 815 Same as 809. c.0.60m Trench D2 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 200 Modern tarmac surface. c.0.10m 201 Layer. Sub-base to 200 consisting of pale red/brown sandy c.0.10m gravel with frequent inclusions of crushed limestone. 202 Layer. Fairly loose, dark grey/black sandy silt containing c.0.12m abundant small, angular limestone fragments, and occasional fragments of brick and tile. Probably deposited as a levelling layer. 203 Layer. Fairly loose, pale yellow sand/mortar mix with frequent c.0.20m inclusions of small angular fragments of crushed limestone. 204 Layer. Compact, dark grey/black clay/silt containing abundant c.0.25m ash and cinder inclusions, and rare building rubble and coal and slag. 205 Layer. Fairly compact, bright red/orange deposit of crushed c.0.25m brick and tile, containing rare inclusions of slag and small angular fragments of limestone. 28 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology 206 Layer. Very compact, mid olive/grey clay with rare charcoal c.0.40m flecks, and very occasional inclusions of small fragments of brick, slate and tile, coal, and slag. 207 Natural. Light to mid olive/green to pale blue/grey clay, - occasionally including bands of pale yellow/brown clay. Trench D3 Context No Description Depth/thickness (m) 900 Modern tarmac surface. c.0.10m 901 Layer, probably sub-base to 900. Fairly compacted pale yellow <0.12m sandy mortar containing frequent small, angular fragments of crushed limestone. Part of a red brick floor also incorporated into this layer at SE end of trench, possibly from a former warehouse. 902 Layer. Fairly loose, friable dark grey/black ashy/clinker deposit <0.10m containing frequent burnt inclusions, and rare fragments of burnt brick. 903 Layer. Compact, mid blue/grey clay containing rare inclusions of <0.25m charcoal, coal, and limestone and brick fragments, 904 Layer. Compact mid orange/brown fine gravel mixed with sandy <0.30m clay, and containing rare inclusions of cinder and ash. Only present in SE end of trench. 905 Natural. Compact, homogeneous light olive/green clay. - 906 Wall. SE limit of trench occupied by red brick wall footing, 0.28m surviving three courses high with pale yellow sandy mortar. Bricks 0.23 x 0.11 x 0.08m in size. Possibly internal wall from former warehouse. 907 Layer. Sub-base beneath 906. Fairly loose pale orange/brown <0.30m gravel mixed with sandy clay, and containing rare inclusions of charcoal and ash, and very small fragments of brick. 908 Walls. Brick partition walls constructed with same materials as 0.28m 906. Three courses high. 29 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS BY ED McSLOY Archaeological work at Gloucester Quays resulted in the recovery of quantities of pottery, ceramic building material, glass, worked stone, fragments animal boneand human bone. The earliest material present consists of fragments of Roman roofing tile and vessel glass, which are both clearly residual. Small quantities of medieval pottery, decorated floor tile and window glass were recovered and most if not all of this material would also seem to be residual, occurring with finds dating to the post-medieval period. Quantities of glazed floor tiles were recovered from layers 022, 023 and 432. Preliminary assessment suggests that all material is from Droitwich or Malvern sources and most likely dates to the mid/late 14th to 15th centuries. Fragments from 023 are predominantly of two-colour decorated type with numbers of plain, dark green coloured tiles including ‘border’ tiles made up of smaller, knife-cut rectangular, square or triangular forms. All from 023 are of a similar coarse sandy fabric (?Droitwich type) and all feature keying in the form of shallow scoops (x 4 with decorated tiles). Decoration consists of floral designs, arcing, pelleted borders and central fleur-de-lis. The decorated tiles clearly were intended to form composite multiple tile (4-16) patterns. A single decorated tile from 023 is sufficiently complete to provide full measurements (140mm x 140mm x 28mm). The 1 floor tile was recovered from 432 exhibits clear differences of fabric and form, being larger (150mm x 150mm x 32mm) and with no keying. The decorative scheme of this tile, though worn and indistinct would appear to be heraldic, featuring 2 ?birds. Fragments of igneous rock within the sandy matrix probably indicate a Malvernian source for this tile. A single fragment of ceramic roof tile (ridge tile?), with speckled olive green glaze, was recovered from 009. This is almost certainly a Minety (North Wilts) product and dates to the late medieval or early post-medieval period. Sandstone roofing tile was present in two contexts 107 and 432. That from 432 is complete and features a single peg hole below a rounded edge. Small quantities of window glass were recovered from contexts 413 and 419. Condition is universally poor with all translucency lost and original colour indeterminate. Several fragments exhibit traces of paint although in very few instances can a design be discerned: a fragment from 413, with rounded grozed edge, features a rosette and cross-hatched design. Insufficient design elements are present to be sure of dating, although the cross-hatching noted on at least 1 piece is elsewhere in Gloucester a feature of 13th century (Brown 1999, 119-120). The earliest pottery present consists of sherds of unglazed Malvernian coarseware (TF 40) from 009. A 12th to 14th century dating is likely for this material, although both sherds are abraded and may possibly be redeposited. Minety Ware (TF44), is present in a number of contexts and dates from the mid 13th to early 16th centuries. In no instance is it possible to discern vessel form among this material. The bulk of the pottery would seem to date to the 15th to 17th centuries. The post-medieval pottery is in good condition with little abrasion apparent. Most abundant are Malvernian redwares (TF 52), with Cistercian type wares (TF60), ?Ashton Keynes (TF80) type glazed red earthenwares, ‘Tudor Green’ (TF65) and Frechen stoneware (TF68) each present in small quantities. Forms include jugs, everted rim jars and a spouted bowl in the Malvernian fabric and a small cup in Cistercian type TF60. The latest occurring pottery consists of small amounts of black-glazed earthenware and transfer-print decorated china, datable to the late 18th and 19th centuries. Metal artefacts are restricted in range and quantity. A small cooper-alloy ‘spectacle type’ buckle of common post- medieval type was recovered from context 409. Other metal finds consist of iron nails of medieval or post- medieval date, copper alloy sheet ‘offcuts’ and molten dribbles of lead. Human Remains by Theresa Gilmore A selection of disarticulated human bone was submitted for brief assessment. The remains represent a minimum of two individuals. Out of the fragments present, an unfused humeral head suggests that one individual was a juvenile (< 25 yrs), whereas the other one was a female adult (temporal bones and fused epiphyses on the majority of fragments). List of Elements Present: Tr C2 (022): R Orbit – Frontal Bone Rib Shaft fragments Metacarpal Right Proximal Ulna Fibula Shaft Tr C2 (023): Right Distal Tibia 30 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology Right Acetabulum Sacral Fragments (S1 + S4) Rib shaft fragments Thoracic vertebra Right Proximal and Distal Humerus fragments (head unfused) Left Mandible Fragment Parietal Fragments (fused cranial sutures) Occipital Bone Left & Right Temporal Bones (Female) Proximal Hand Phalanx Tr C2 (024): Left. Distal Femur Left Midshaft Fibula Right Distal Humerus Scapula Fragment Radius Fragment Proximal and Distal Hand Phalanges 31 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology Finds Concordance 009 3 sherds pottery (39g): unglazed Malvernian type; glazed red earthenware 1 sherd glazed ridge tile (82g): Minety type 1 fragment Roman tile (294g): tegula Spot-date: C14-C16 022 8 fragments animal bone (89g) 6 fragments floor tile (470g) 9 fragments human bone (75g) Oyster Shell x 4 brick x 1 (2018g) Spot-date: C17-C18+ 023 32 sherds pottery (709g):Malvernian redware, Minety ware, glazed red earthenware 45 fragments animal bone (605g) Cu Alloy object x 1 Fe Objects (nails) x 7 11 fragments floor tile (668g) 109 fragments human bone 500 3 fragments window glass (5g) 4 fragments ceramic building material (479g) worked stone x 2 17 fragments of ceramic floor tile (3000g) Spot-date: C16-C17 024 5 sherds pottery (62g): Malvernian glazed ware; glazed earthenware 3 fragments animal bone (89g) Fe Nail x 1 11 fragments human bone (297g) 3 fragments ceramic building material (146g) Spot-date: C16-C17 107 2 fragments stone roof tile (378g) 109 1 fragment animal bone (11g) 2 fragmentsceramic building material (454g) 1 sherd pottery (11g): Malvernian redware Spot-date: C15-C17 111 brick x 1 (1233g) Spot-date: ?C19 116 4 fragments animal bone (45g) 1 fragment ceramic building material (51g) 312 2 sherds pottery (28g): Minety Ware (TF 44) 16 fragments animal bone (170g) Spot date: C13-C15 315 3 sherds pottery (18g): Malvernian redware (TF 52) 29 fragments animal bone: (530g) 1 fragment ceramic building material (49g) Spot date: C15-C17 316 7 sherds pottery (154g): Malvernian redware 7 fragments animal bone (62g) Oyster Shell x 1 Pb waste Spot date: C16-C17 328 2 sherds pottery (10g): Minety Ware (TF44), Tudor Green (TF65) 38 fragments animal bone (1059g) 1 fragment vessel glass (20g): ?RB oyster shell x 3 stone roof tile x 1 Spot date: C15-C16 32 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology 330 1 sherd pottery (12g): 42 fragments animal bone (903g) 1 fragment CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL (192g) Oyster Shell x 2 Spot date: ?post-medieval 404 2 sherds pottery (83g): china Spot date: C19 408 1 sherd pottery (5g): china 6 fragments animal bone (180g) 1 Fe Nail 1 fragment glass (29g) 4 fragments ceramic building material (244g) Oyster Shell x 1 Spot date: C19 409 2 sherds pottery (81g): Malvernian redware 6 fragments animal bone (51g) Cu Alloy Buckle x 1: spectacle type Fe Nail x 1 1 fragment glass (3g) Spot date: C16-C17 413 1 fragments window glass (8g): painted 19 sherds pottery (160g): Malvernian redware, Cistercian type ware, glazed earthenware 108 fragments animal bone (813g) 12 brick fragments (871g) Cu alloy strips/offcuts x 4 3 x pb waste Fe nail x 7 Spot date: C16-C17 418 13 fragments animal bone (153g) 10 brick fragments (2598g) Oyster Shell x 1 Spot date: post-medieval/modern 419 74 sherds pottery (906g): Malvernian redware, glazed earthenware, Frechen stoneware 68 fragments animal bone (1079g) 17 fragments brick (3705g) 20 fragments window glass (27g) oyster shell x 2 16 fragments ceramic building material (4263g) Spot date: C17+ 421 1 sherd pottery (5g): Malvernian redware 4 fragments animal bone (4g) Spot date: C15-C17 432 1 fragment floor tile (708g) 447 1 fragment clay pipe (2g): stem 3 sherds pottery (30g): china, black-glazed earthenware Spot-date: C19 C1/us. 1 fragments animal bone (84g) 2 sherds pottery (66g) References Brown, S. 1999 Medieval stained glass fragments in Heighway, C. and Bryant, R. The Golden Minster: The Anglo Saxon Minster and Later Medieval Priory of St Oswald at Gloucester CBA Research Report 117 33 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology APPENDIX 3: THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE BY THERESA GILMORE Bulk environmental samples were taken for the purposes of confirming the presence of biological remains and gauging their state of preservation in order to assess the potential for analysis towards reconstructing former economies and environments. 1 sample was taken in total; 1 x 40L sample from possible late medieval/early post medieval pond fill 009. Samples were taken using sealable plastic tubs and transported to the CA offices for processing. 10L of the sample was processed for purposes of assessment. Processing was by means of floatation utilising meshes of 250µm and 500µm for the flot and residue respectively. Residues and flots were dried in a low temperature drying cabinet prior to sorting. The dried flots were scanned under a low power binocular microscope for charred plant, molluscan material and artefacts. The sample from 009 contained 1 fragment of CBM (1.9g); 4 fragments of fired clay (16.6g); 1 fragment of charcoal (<1g); 1 fragment of cremated / burnt bone (<1g); 1 fragment of animal bone (7.5g); 2 fragments of an Iron Object (<1g). The flot contained fragments of charcoal and charred plant remains. The presence of carbonised material indicates that there is a high potential for preservation of further biological remains. Such material will be of value in helping to reconstruct the environment at this site. 34 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology APPENDIX 4: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES Trench B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1(a) C1(b) C2 D1 D2 D3 Existing ground level 11.5m 11.5m 11.6m 11.8m 11.1m 11.8m 11.8m 11.7m 11.5m 12.6m 13.9m Upper limit of canal -0.9m -1.5m -0.9m -0.6m -0.7m -1.2m -1.0m -0.5m -1.7m - - upcast material (10.6m) (10.0m) (10.7m) (11.2m) (10.4m) (10.6m) - (11.2m) (9.8m) - - Upper limit of post- - - - -1.26m - -2.40m - -0.93m - - - medieval features - - - (10.54m) - (9.40m) - (10.77m) - - - Upper limit of late - - -2.06m -1.27m ------medieval/early post- - - (9.54m) (10.53m) ------medieval features Upper limit of medieval - - -1.66m - - - - -1.53m - - - features - - (9.94m) - - - - (10.17m) - - - Upper limit of natural -2.4m -2.2m -2.0m -2.8m -1.9m -2.4m -2.8m 2.8m -2.6m -1.3m -0.9m substrate (9.1m) (9.3m) (10.6m) (10.0m) (9.2m) (9.4m) (10.0m) (9.9m) (8.9m) (11.3m) (13.0m) Levels are expressed as metres below current ground level and as metres above Ordnance Datum, calculated using several OS benchmarks located around the site. Upper figures are depth below modern ground level, lower figures in parentheses are metres AOD. 35 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology APPENDIX 5: STRATIGRAPHIC MATRICES TRENCH B1 700 Layer 710 Layer 707 Brick rubble MODERN 708 Brick wall 709 Brick wall 716 Brick wall/culvert 706 Cut for 708 701 Layer = 711 702 Layer = 712 703 Layer = 713 PRESUMED P-MED/MODERN 704 Layer = 714 705 Natural clay = 715 TRENCH B2 600 Tarmac 601 Concrete MODERN 602 Layer 603 Layer 604 Layer PRESUMED MODERN 605 Layer 606 Layer 607 Natural clay 36 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology TRENCH B3 301 Surface layer 318 Surface layer 302 Layer 319 Layer 303 Layer MODERN 304 Layer 320 Layer 305 Lens 322 Fill 306 Layer 323 Fill 321 Pit cut 332 Demo. Layer 341 Fill 324 Layer C18/C19 331 Brick structure 340 Trench cut 325 Layer 333 Layer 334 Layer 307Deposit 335 Redeposited clay PRESUMED C18 336 Lens PRESUMED 337 Layer P-MED 338 Layer 339 Redeposited clay 314 Layer P-MED 315 Layer 316 Layer LMED/EP-MED 328 Fill PRESUMED 317 Layer 327 Fill MED 308 Layer 326 Channel cut 330 Fill MED 312 Layer 329 Channel cut 313 Layer PRESUMED MED 309 Layer 311 Wall 310 Natural clay ? 37 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology TRENCH B4 MODERN 400 Concrete surface ? 401 Layer 423 Layer 427 Fill 426 Trench cut PRESUMED MODERN 406 Layer 431 Layer 430 Lens 425 Layer (includes 429) 436 Layer PRESUMED C19 445 Deposit 403 Fill 404 Fill 402 Pit cut 405 Layer C19 406 Redeposited clay 407 Layer 447 Deposit 408 Layer 422 Cut 446 Deposit 442 Deposit 443 Deposit PRESUMED C19 444 Deposit 437 Deposit 441 Deposit 440 Deposit 439 Deposit 438 Deposit 449 Cut 433 Layer 421 Fill 435 Layer 420 Fill PRESUMED P-MED 432 Fill 424 Wall = 428 434 Wall cut 409 Layer 410 Surface 411 Surface 412 Wall 415 Foundations 414 Wall cut P-MED 413 Layer 418 Culvert backfill 417 Culvert 416Cut 419 Rubbly deposit 448 Natural clayey sand ? 38 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology TRENCH B5 MODERN 500 Concrete PRESUMED 501 Layer MODERN 502 Layer 503 Natural clay TRENCH C1(a) MODERN 100 Tarmac 101 Layer PRESUMED 102 Layer MODERN 103 Layer 104 Layer 109 Layer 105 Layer PRESUMED C19 106 Layer 107 Layer P-MED/C19 111 Fill of robber trench 110 Robber trench cut PRESUMED LATE MED 112 Layer 108 Natural sand 39 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology TRENCH C1(b) MODERN 102 Layer (with scalpings over) PRESUMED MODERN 103 Layer 113 Layer PRESUMED P-MED 114 Layer 115 Layer 116 Layer 108 Natural sand TRENCH D1 800 Tarmac 804 Layer 801 Layer 805 Layer 802 Layer 806 Layer 803 Layer 807 Layer MODERN 817 Backfill 818 = 812 Brick culvert 808 Brick structure (?culvert) ?= 811 Brick wall 816 Cut for culvert 809 = 815 Layer 810 = 814 Layer 813 Deposit 40 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology TRENCH D2 200 Tarmac 201 Layer MODERN 202 Layer 203 Layer 204 Layer PRESUMED C19/MODERN 205 Layer 206 Layer 207 Natural clay TRENCH D3 900 Tarmac MODERN 902 Layer 903 Layer 901 Floor PRESUMED C19 908 Brick wall 906 Brick wall 904 Deposit 907 Deposit 905 Natural clay 41 Site Fig. 1 Site location plan R G o 27 lk Mews Bowling OLD TRAM TRAM OLD Norfo OAD Southgate H Club 23 SPA R 1 to 4 to 1 9 7 14.3m Pavilion Bowling Green FS 5 14 19 11a ALBION STREET 11 REET m Sinks 1 ) 8 5 LK ST Office Registry BM 15.31 7 se 17 15.2m Hou NORFO Offices (Council Cedar of 1 2 4 250m 2 (Spa Road Annexe) Yard 7 Scrap Metal 8 Arts and Technology 9 1 Gloucestershire College STNUTS House Albion THE CHE THE BM 13.95m El 13.7m T LB 79 PH TCB REE 14.9m Sub Sta Club ATE ST ATE 81 83 SOMERSET PLACE 85 Club 10 21 SOUTHG Works 7 87 11a 8 OAD 13 11 6 95 13 15 97 SPA R 101 2 11 136 1 PH 138 105 140 13.4m 107 5 PH 3 PO BM 13.94m 153a 157 152 153 156 161 165 169 El Sub Sta 151 TCB 115 117 2 158 119 Def 137 LB 156a 164 121 12.5m 123 13.1m SOUTHGATE STREET 226 230 216 11a PH Church 14.6m 204 to 214 to 204 11b 14.9m PH 1 STREET Southgate Evangelical ST LUKE 192 to 200 to 192 190 House 2 BM 14.88m archaeological feature of priory precinct postulated layout (after Hughes 2003) watercourse 174 182 Discovery 172 2 1 ED and Ward Bdy TCB 1a 1 828 Hall Mariners 13.1m Works c Garage lbert digital mapping with the permissionReproduced from the Ordnance Survey of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, on behalf of Ordnance Survey AL100018181 Wilson Kirkpatrick Licence No. Scott copyright Crown A 11.6m 3 Warehouse(Museum) 3 CHURCH ST EET 14.0m 5 El Sub Sta Car Park CHURCH STR CHURCH CR El El Sub Sta Sub Sta Car Park Garage Posts BM 11.98m T Garage Mariners'Church 3 FB Barge Arm 12.8m PC BAKER STREE BM 11.56m Posts LB Double Reynolds STREET ORCHARD HIGH Warehouse Warehouse site SAM trench Shiptons El Sub Sta 13.1m ST ANN WAY ANN ST 5 se Estate Warehou WB Biddles Tanks Sudbrook Trading Warehouse Llanthony LLANTHONY ROAD National 20 Waterways Museum STREET ORCHARD HIGH 26 0 22 7 9 BM 13.66m Trading Sudbrook 11 MERCHANTS' ROAD MERCHANTS' 12.5m Crane 11.3m BM 11.04m Posts Pillar and Lucy House 9 MERCHANTS' ROAD MERCHANTS' 12.5m PH WB (Bascule) FB Posts Baker's Quay Baker's Alexandra Warehouse Llanthony Bridge QUAY 12.5m Dry Dock 826 Kiln 11 Alexandra BAKER'S Works nd Sharpness Canal Sharpness nd WB 15 Def Silos 11.3m The Gloucester a Gloucester The Llanthony Wharf Llanthony Depot 11.6m Works y 21 Und Qua Baker's 125 Silos Business Park 17 19 CC Llanthony Wharf Llanthony C1(a) Canal Sharpness and Gloucester The (site of) D1 Priory Church C1(b) Cinema BM 11.81m see fig. 4 fig. 19 11.0m 17 BM 11.06m BM Baker's Quay Sta Cinema Garage Sub Wharf y SEVERN ROAD SEVERN El Llanthon 10.7m WB Well Silo WB Silo (PH) 125 Business Park Campbell Sir Colin BM 11.81m WB 10.5m Fig. 2 Site showing trenches and recorded archaeological features (1:2000) dy CC ED and Ward B Ward and ED Depot Remains of founded 1136) (Augustinian WHARF Crane harpness Canal harpness Llanthony Priory S Bollards 824 Warehouse LLANTHONY B1 Priory Llanthony Priory Llanthony Silo WB 11.6m Depot Warehouse (East Channel) (East River Severn River LC FB Garage LLANTHONY ROAD LLANTHONY Pond FB 11.0m ABBEY ROAD 34 BM Bridge Llanthony 11.71m Depot 44 (disused) LG MPs (remains of) Priory Gate (remains of) Priory Wall 10.4m (remains of) Priory Wall LB El Sub Sta BM 10.69m ROAD D MP LLANTHONY Sta 2 177 El Sub Tanks 2 00m FB (disused) WB Llanthony Lock ROAD HEMMINGSDALE ROA Works 12 Llanthony Industrial Estate SUDMEADOW Depot 14a 16a 17 10.2m 18 Depot N 9 13 T 20 S 178 180 1 7 Warehouse Tanks 10.1m Warehouse B Depot D A1 1 C1 A4 A2 C2 C4 A3 6 SPINNAKER ROA C3 1 6 8 ANE L ld Edge ker House s Park D o s section 2 channel 326 324 N 322 natural 310 321 322 323 324 natural 310 304 wall 340 311 341 natural 312 316 310 308 315 section 1 304 channel 329 in-situ railway track 321 medieval late medieval/early post-medieval 332 332 modern intrusion natural 310 0 10m Fig. 3 Trench B3; plan (1:100) Trench B3 section 1 301 E W 302 11.00m AOD 303 305 304 305 317 314 307 306 315 wall 308 316 311 312 309 natural 310 05m Trench B3 section 2 SW NE 11.00m 318 AOD 319 319 320 320 331 step 332 322 324 step 333 334 321 323 335 335 321 325 335 336 337 337 337 341 337 339 339 339 338 330 natural channel 340 327/328 natural natural 330 natural channel 310 channel 329 310 310 310 329 326 medieval 0 10m late medieval/early post-medieval modern intrusion Fig. 4 Trench B3; sections (1:50 and 1:100) section 3 N drain 426 wall 428 406 433 426 436 406 432 section2 406 409 426 section 1 surface 413 410 449 culvert pit 419 417 402 419 427 406 wall surface wall 412 411 407 428 406 natural 448 406 post-medieval modern intrusion 0 10m Fig. 5 Trench B4; plan (1:100) Trench B4 section 1 400 401 W E 11.00m 405 AOD 406 step step 409 step step 406 413 416 418 422 419 417 Trench B4 section 2 400 W 401 E 11.00m 405 AOD 406 402 403 402 404 sleeper 409 05m Trench B4 section 3 400 NE 401 SW 11.00m 423 AOD 406 429 436 430 445 432 437 440 442 449 438 439 443 447 441 446 424 444 448 post-medieval modern intrusion 0 10m Fig. 6 Trench B4; sections (1:50 and 1:100) N aproximate location of GPR anomaly 103 section natural 111 112 108 robber trench 110 103 0 10m Trench C1a section 100 101 SW 102 NE 11.00m 103 AOD 104 109 107 111 112 112 modern 05m Fig. 7 Trench C1a; plan and section (1:100 and 1:50) N section 004 004 023 023 wall 032 modern service B1 natural trench 022 B2 024 027 modern 007 continues 017 service for 28m 016 003 014 022 024 023 015 001 002 SW NE 11.00m AOD 003 018 018 004 031 020 021 026 021 005 019 019 025 022 030 028 027 029 011 023 009 032 024 024 007 Post-medieval Modern intrusion 0 10m Fig. 8 Trench C2; plan and section (1:100) 809 main culvert 810 816 818 817 816 footing 811 810 N kerbstones tarmacadam road pavement modern 0 10m Fig. 9 Trench D1; plan (1:125) N part brick floor 901 908 908 wall footing 906 modern 0 10m Fig. 10 Trench D3; plan (1:100) post-medieval/ modern deposits wall 311 layer layer 312 316 Fig. 11 Trench B3 showing wall 311 modern pit 402 surface surface 410 411 wall 412 culvert 417 Fig. 12 Trench B4, looking south-east post-medieval/ modern deposits wall 428 burial B1 demolition burial soil layer 024 022 demolition layer 023 modern drain 426 clay 406 burial B2 Fig. 13 Trench B4, looking north Fig. 14 Trench C2; south-western end looking north-east