Causality and Morality in Politics
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Causality and Morality in Politics The Rise of Naturalism in Dutch Seventeenth-Century Political Thought HansW.Blom Causality and morality in politics Causality and morality in politics The rise of naturalism in Dutch seventeenth-century political thought Hans Willem Blom Rotterdam 1995 cip-gegevens koninklijke bibliotheek, den haag Blom, Hans Willem Causality and morality in politics : the rise of naturalism in Dutch seventeenth-century political thought / Hans Willem Blom. -[S.l. : s.n.] Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht. -Met index, lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. isbn 90-9007917-3 Trefw.: naturalisme in de politiek / politieke filosofie / Nederland ; politieke geschiedenis ; 17e eeuw. Typeset in Trinité (roman wide 2), typeface designed by Bram de Does. Printed by Offsetdrukkerij Ridderprint bv, Ridderkerk. Cover illustration: Atlas supporting the heavens, cast plaster model, presumably by Artus Quellien. ‘Burgerzaal’ of the Royal Palace (built 1648 till late 1660’s as town hall), Amsterdam. parentibus uxorique Reproduction by courtesy of the Stichting Koninklijk Paleis te Amsterdam Contents Preface 7 chapter i Morality and causality in politics 9 A naturalist conception of politics /10/ Passions and politics /13/ Naturalism /16/ Is–ought: some caveats /19/ History of political philosophy: distance and similarity /21/ The historical theses /25/ The core of the argument /29/ chapter ii Dutch political thought and institutions 33 Causes and intentions explaining Dutch political thought /34/ Between political strength and institutional incompetence /36/ Aspects of a strong state /37/ Difficulties in conceptualizing a strong state /43/ ‘Our prince is king!’: a new confrontation with absolutism /52/ Absolutism and freedom /55/ Conclusion /64/ chapter iii Burgersdijk on natural morality and political expediency 67 The books: Idea philosophiae moralis and Idea politica /69/ Central tenets in moral philosophy /75/ A moral theory of politics /89/ Conclusion /100/ chapter iv Velthuysen on natural morality in politics 101 Introduction /103/ The birth of a ‘Hobbesian’ /107/ The Epistolica Dissertatio de principiis justi et decori (1651) /108/ Sociability and conservatio sui /111/ Natural morality and sociability /117/ Conveniens schesis atque relatio /120/ A Calvinist argument about sociability /123/ chapter v Two types of teleology 129 Some English reactions to Velthuysen /129/ The Hobbesian challenge / 131/ The purpose of the world /135/ Knowledge of the purpose and the means /140/ Benevolence and property /147/ A last echo /150/ Emotions and rationality /151/ chapter vi De la Court and ‘interest of state’ 157 Prudentia mixta /161/ Reason of state or Interest of state? /162/ Clapmarius in the Republic /167/ ‘Nadien de nood geen wet heeft’ /169/ Necessity and virtue /173/ Private and public interest /178/ The spirit of conquest versus the politics of peace /180/ APreface chapter vii The moral and political philosophy of Spinoza 183 Introduction /184/ Aspects of moral and political concern in the Dutch Republic /187/ Spinoza’s position /192/ Moral philosophy and politics /198/ Getting this book finished was the easiest part of it. The way to its concep- tion, however, was the well-known thorny path. Originally conceived as a chapter viii Spinoza, the ideal state and the reality of republicanism 217 study of the methodological origins of the social sciences, working to and fro Republicanism /219/ Historiographical perspectives on Dutch between philosophy of science, social philosophy and history of ideas made republicanism /223/ Republicanism: some examples /224/ Freedom / me feel the dangers of anachronism and argumentative incoherence. The 228/ Contracts, liberty, and virtue /230/ Best states /234/ Absolutism and decision to take into account the role of Spinoza triggered a fundamental republics /235/ Conclusion /238/ reworking of the original plan. A lecture on Spinoza and De la Court, invited by the ‘Vereniging het Spinozahuis’, gave me the opportunity to formulate chapter ix Nature, morality, and politics: problems and prospects 241 its basic outlines: to uncover the Dutch character of an intriguing contribu- Nature, morality, and politics /242/ A problem of Spinozism /246/ tion to early-modern political thought. Spinozism and anti-Spinozism /247/ Van der Muelen on natural law, civil society & sovereignty /251/ Simon van Slingelandt /261/ François In the gradual articulation of this programme I have greatly profited from Hemsterhuis and the state as body: Mes animaux politiques /267/ generous support from tutors, colleagues and friends. Johan de Vree has, ever Conclusion /278/ since my time at the ‘Europa Instituut’, University of Amsterdam, shared his uncompromising conception of political science as well as his friendship. Bibliography 281 Johan gave me free rein in pursuing my interests. His critical comments on Primary sources /281/ Studies /288/ various versions of the manuscript have been a great help. I thoroughly enjoyed and profited from the collaboration on various pub- Index 302 lication projects with Eco Haitsma Mulier, Wijnand Mijnhardt, Wim Block- mans, Hugo de Schepper, Theo Verbeek, and Henri Krop, all of whom never disappointed in their scholarly advice. Working together on seventeenth- century political thought with successive research-assistants – Gert-Onne van de Klashorst, Ivo Wildenberg, Jaap Kerkhoven, Ronald Janse and Mal- colm de Mowbray – has been an enduring stimulus, as are the discussions in the Amsterdam ‘conceptual-history’ workgroup on liberty. 7 Preface Particularly encouraging has been E.H. Kossmann’s benevolent appreciation of some of my publications. A stay at King’s College, Cambridge contributed to put my research ideas into an (international) context, and invaluable dis- cussions with Istvan Hont and John Dunn prompted me to further articulate the argument. The Department of Philosophy of the erasmus universiteit rotterdam, and in particular the head of the section ‘Praktische Filosofie’, Koo van der Wal, deserve credit for a permissive indulgence of my research. The depart- ment is involved in highly divergent research and teaching tasks, as it still – and rightly so – aspires to sustain the many and various scholarly contacts in order to live up to the ideal of a ‘centrale inter-faculteit’. Fruitful co-opera- tion is hence more difficult than Ministers of Education seem to realise. Working with Jack Vromen in teaching in and publishing on the philosophy of economics is gratefully acknowledged. With the members of the section ‘Geschiedenis van de Wijsbegeerte in Nederland’ I share a belief in the rele- vance of the history of philosophy in the Netherlands for the history of ideas more generally. I heartily thank Malcolm de Mowbray for his meticulous advice on my trans- lations from Latin. Iain Hampsher-Monk commented on the final manu- script and cheerfully went beyond the call of duty in saving me from many an obscure or unidiomatic English sentence. All remaining flaws are necessarily my own. My parents raised me in a dedicated belief in the importance of ‘onderricht- ing, ervarentheyd and redenkaveling’, as De la Court has it. Alida, uxor mea, steered me through a long illness in the early eighties. This book is as much hers as it is mine, not least since we both thoroughly value the historical period this book deals with, and much else besides. Alida and my parents, each in their own way, have made my research an enjoyable task. I therefore dedicate this book to them. An earlier version of Chapter 6 was published in G.H.R. Parkinson (ed), The Renaissance and seventeenth century rationalism (History of Philosophy IV; London: Routledge 1993) pp 313-348, and was subsequently reworked. Chapter 4 is a revised version of a contribution to E.P. Bos & H.A. Krop (ed), Franco Burgersdijk 1590-1635 (Studies in the History of Ideas in the Low Countries I; Amsterdam/Atlanta: Editions Rodopi 1993) pp. 119-150. 8 AMorality and causality in politics 6 chapter i 5 FNatura incipit .... THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, WITHOUT DOUBT, has been one of the great and influential historical laboratories of politics. Institutions as well as theo- ries having been the object of daring and innovative interventions, some of our present-day political arrangements and conceptualisations still bear wit- ness to that period of experiment and change. In particular, the Republic of the Seven United Provinces stands out as a testing place of modern theory and practice for the res publica. This study comments on the significance of Dutch political thought and try to provide a perspective on its particular nature. In several respects, the political practice and political thought of the Dutch seventeenth century have been highly exceptional. Against the tide of growing centralisation and absolutism elsewhere in Europe, a basically fed- eral political system was maintained and the discussion of its opportunities and its shortcomings produced some very intriguing contributions to politi- cal theory. The exceptional nature of a federal system in which power was widely distributed throughout the economic and political structure was closely matched by the extraordinary nature of concomitant political theo- ries. Notwithstanding the Republic’s well-known tendency towards oligar- chy, many different political actors, groups and social strata were involved in 9 Morality and causality in politics A naturalistic conception of politics politics, and the ensuing rhetorical necessity to address broad strata of soci- sophical