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MSIAC Unclassified M UNITIONS S AFETY Insensitive Munitions State of theArt Bernie Halls TSO Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved I NFORMATION April 2008 A NALYSIS C ENTER MSIAC Unclassified What theCustomer Wants Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 MSIAC Unclassified Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 MSIAC Unclassified Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 MSIAC Unclassified USS COLE USS COLE Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 MSIAC Unclassified MSIAC is attempting tochange these perceptions! Common misconceptions IM technology is Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved IM systemsare too expensive IM =reduced not available performance NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 ImplementationImplementation –– AA SystemsSystems ApproachApproach • Aspects to be considered: – Energetics (first point of call) – Design & Construction – Packaging – Stacking d e i f i s s a – Platform integration (ship magazines) l c n U C – Other measures, barriers etc A I S M • Not ‘safe’, just less violent • Testing in accordance with Stanag 4439 gives us a signature with which we can judge progress. Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 H 2 C O 2 N NO2 O O N N O O H C CH TEX v RDX 2 2 N N N O N NO 2 2 NO2 • Data TEX RDX Sensitivity – Autoignition: 282 °C 205 °C – Friction: >353 N 120 N – Impact: 23 -25 Nm 7.5 Nm – ESD: 6 – 8 J ???? d e i f i – Critical Diameter@ density 21 mm 2 mm s s a l c • Detonation Performance calculated with Cheetah 1.36 n U C [email protected] cm-3 -1 @1.76 g cm-3 A – Detonation velocity 8160 m s 8750 m s I S M – Detonation pressure 31.4 GPa 35.2 GPa – Gurney Energy 2510 ms-1 2830 ms-1 • Price Index 10 (will decrease significantly when produced on larger scale)1 – ATK, EXPLOSIA, RAFAEL – The patents mostly belong to ATK and Rafael. Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 MSIAC Unclassified • Nobel • Birth ofthe Insensitive MunitionProgram • MorerecentlyCamp Dohar,3killed intheclean • USSOriskany (44Killed, 156 Injured) • USS Forrestal, (134Killed,161Injured) dstroyed up, 49injured 102vehicles damagedor – Dynamite Insensitive Munitions (whostartedit?) Copyright2008 MSIAC– © All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 Legend Colour coding for FCO, SCO, BI and FI results Colour code Response Type Response Result V or NR Burning or no response Pass IV Deflagration Fail III Explosion Fail I or II Detonation or Partial detonation Fail d Colour coding for Sympathetic Reaction (SR) e i f i s Colour code Response Type Response Result s a l c n III, IV, V, or NR Burning to no response Pass U C A I or II Detonation or Partial detonation Fail I S M Colour coding for Shaped Charge Jet (SCJ) Colour code Response Type Response V2D (mm3/µs2) Result Explosion, Deflagration, Burning or III, IV, V or NR Above 200 Pass no response Explosion, Deflagration, Burning or III, IV, V or NR Below 200 Pass no response I or II Detonation or Partial detonation Fail Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 30 mm (NAMMO Raufoss, Mauser, ATK, Alliant, Primex) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • No reduction in performance •MPLD-T: PBXN-5 • Armour Piercing: MK 258 MOD 0 and MK •HEI-T: PBXN-5 268 MOD 0 (APFSDS-T) & NM30 (MPDS) •M592 Ammo container vent • High Explosive Incendiary: MK 238 MOD 0 (HEI-T w/M758 Fuze), MK 266 MOD 0 (HEI-T w/FMU-151/B Fuze), • Multi-Purpose: MK 267 MOD 0 (MPLD) and IM Benefits (cost analysis) d e MK 264 MOD 0 (MPLD-T) i f i s s •No cost benefit information available although a l c n greater survivability and reduced loss of U C stockpile inevitable. A I S M IM Signature Programme Phase FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ •IM Improvement plan APFSDS-T III III III III >III MPLD-T III III III III >III HEI-T III III III I >III APFSDS - Armour piercing, fin stabilised, discarding sabot MPLD - Multi purpose, low drag, HEI – High explosive, Incendiary Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 60-mm M720E1 HE Mortar Cartridge Performance Comparisons IM Technology • 25% average increase in lethality above • IM High Explosive - PAX-21 (melt-cast) current configuration (1340 steel against HF-1 • IM Fuze Booster - PBXN-5 steel) despite 5% loss in Performance Dent • Gun propellant - no IM modifications Depth between PAX-21 and Comp B • Venting – Plastic Fuze adapter, obturator • Logistic Packaging design (PA164 &PA124) • Round orientation: Fuze up • No fire A18NV Intumescent coating d e • Longer fibre tube i f i s s a l c n U IM Benefits (cost analysis) C A I S • Comp B – 6-8 USD/lb, PAX-21 – 10-12 USD/lb M • Mitigation cost 18-20 USD/round IM Signature FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Comp B I/II III I I II I Customers PAX-21 V IV V* III III III * PA124 Ammunition (Metal) Container, • US Army Wire bound box (16 live rounds=2 X PA124) Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 105-mm DPICM (M915) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • Ageing – no degradation in • High Explosive – PAX-2A with 0.5% flow performance additive (756 g for 42 grenades) IM Benefits (cost analysis) • Manufacturing process compatible with Comp- A5 equipment d e • Cost of Comp-A5 is 30% of PAX-2A i f i s s (USD$30/lbs for HSAAP) a l c n • Extra-cost for system should be < 2% U C A I S IM Signature M FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Comp A5 I I I PAX-2A III* V* IV* Customers * With inert fuze and propellant in PA117 shipping containers • US Army (high rate production - 30,000 parts Note: previous version of 105 DPICM was per 10-hour shift) involved in Camp Doha accident in 1991. Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 Reactive Tile Armour for Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • LBR6 when compared to C4 as the energetic • Explosive : Low Burning Rate 6 (LBR6) in Explosive Reactive Armor trial produced a • NATO 1.2.3 (US DoD Classification) therefore similar reduction in penetration result. has passed FCO, SCO, BI and SR. • Must react to SCJ to be effective • Rafael product • Contains RDX with an inert fire retardant and an inert binder d e i f i s s a l c n U C A IM Benefits (cost analysis) I S M • US DoD classified NATO 1.2.3 IM Signature FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Customers Tile Armor * * * * • US Army for Bradley, Abrams and Stryker * Assumed results because of 1.2.3 assessment Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 Excalibur 155mm guided projectile (XM982) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • Precision munition, high angle of attack (near • High Explosive : PBXN-9 vertical) • Pressed Booster: • Packaged HE Projectile: HD 1.3 compliant • Flexible shell liner HDPE during storage and transportation • Modified packaging • First operational firing May 2007 • A number of vent plugs, located around the warhead body, which are also designed to melt at a lower temperature than the temperature at d Radial vent e which the round reacts. i f i s holes s a l c n U C A IM Benefits (cost analysis) I S M • Initial costs ~ $100K USD, reducing to ~ $30K USD in full production IM Signature FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Customers XM-982 V V V V • US Army (725 Rounds in 2007) * In packaging Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 120-mm APFSDS (M829A3) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • New higher energy propellant • New container: PA-171 (multiplex stick charge – RPD-380 ) • 2 single Pane Windows • DU penetrator • Fiberglass reinforced PE ionomer • 90 degrees offset and 79 in2 Vent Area d e i f i s s a l c n IM Benefits (cost analysis) U C A I • Container cost increase is marginal S M IM Signature FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Customers PA – 1161 III III III II II II • Currently undergoing type classification (expected to be assigned NATO 1.2.3) PA – 1712 V V V IV III III • US Army 1. M829A2 2. M829A3 Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 155/52 Artillery shell: 155 LU 211-IM Performance Comparisons IM Technology Comp B XF-13333 • IM High Explosive: XF-13333 • NTO 48%,TNT 31%, Al 14%, Wax 7% Formulation RDX/TNT (60/40) NTO/TNT/Al/Wax • Embedded booster (V-350) Density 1.67 1.75 • Storage pallet 20-round VoD 7860 7150 configuration (95% of life cycle) Not fuzed –Plugged IM Benefits (cost analysis) d e i f i s s • Hexal / XF-13333 (NTO cost sensitive) a l c n • Increased Unit Cost shell: ~ 6 % U C A I S IM Signature M FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ Hexal I I I I I I Customers LU211-M IV V V IV * IV III • French Army – 5,000 rounds in 2004 plus LU211-IM V V NR NR IV NR 20,000 in 2006 *Heavy Fragment Impact 250 g – 2000m/s: type III MURAT ** (Latest results suggest ***) Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights Reserved NDIA Gun and Missile Systems 2008 Modulares Treibladungssystem (DM72/92) Performance Comparisons IM Technology • Full agreement with specification for muzzle • R5730/R5733 solvent less triple base velocity, maximum pressure, temperature propellant with RDX coefficient and pressure waves for zone 6 • Packaging container with vents d e i f i IM Benefits (cost analysis) s s a l c n • Five modules cost no more than a US M203 U C unitary (NATO Zone 8) charge and are A I S cheaper to buy than the equivalent L10 charge M IM Signature FCO SCO BI FI SR SCJ M203A1 IV/V ≥III Customers DM72/92* V V V NR IV • 5 NATO countries (>1.5M units shipped) * In logistics container Copyright © 2008 MSIAC – All Rights
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  • MAPPING the DEVELOPMENT of AUTONOMY in WEAPON SYSTEMS Vincent Boulanin and Maaike Verbruggen

    MAPPING the DEVELOPMENT of AUTONOMY in WEAPON SYSTEMS Vincent Boulanin and Maaike Verbruggen

    MAPPING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMY IN WEAPON SYSTEMS vincent boulanin and maaike verbruggen MAPPING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMY IN WEAPON SYSTEMS vincent boulanin and maaike verbruggen November 2017 STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Indonesia) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi (Algeria) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger (Germany) Dr Radha Kumar (India) The Director DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org © SIPRI 2017 Contents Acknowledgements v About the authors v Executive summary vii Abbreviations x 1. Introduction 1 I. Background and objective 1 II. Approach and methodology 1 III. Outline 2 Figure 1.1. A comprehensive approach to mapping the development of autonomy 2 in weapon systems 2. What are the technological foundations of autonomy? 5 I. Introduction 5 II. Searching for a definition: what is autonomy? 5 III. Unravelling the machinery 7 IV. Creating autonomy 12 V. Conclusions 18 Box 2.1. Existing definitions of autonomous weapon systems 8 Box 2.2. Machine-learning methods 16 Box 2.3. Deep learning 17 Figure 2.1. Anatomy of autonomy: reactive and deliberative systems 10 Figure 2.2.