TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 The JFTC Going Strong as It Celebrates Its 10th Birthday

10 Different logics Underpinning the COPD Some Useful Foundations To Advice 4 The “TA” During Phase II

16 JFTC Hosts JFC Brunssum Trident Joust 14 Exercise

18 Interview with COM JFC Brunssum

20 Counter-Terrorism Policies 18 10 & the Cost to the West Part II - Gunpowder, Treason & Plot

29 2015 CWIX Is Promising to Be the Biggest Yet

31 CAX Forum

32 Life at the JFTC 32 2014 in Retrospect

29

2 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 „Transformation Through Training“

The aim of this magazine is to provide a forum for Publishing Institution: exchange of information and expertise among train- Joint Force Training Centre Bydgoszcz (JFTC) ing and educational institutions across NATO in the area of training, military professional education, and Managing director: related technological support. In the context of The Brigadier General László SZABÓ, NATO “Smart Defense” approach, there is grow- JFTC Deputy Commander / Chief of Staff ing importance for cooperation with partner states and international organizations, such as the United Chief Editor: Nations, the European Union, the Organization for MAJ Goran Pijetlovic, JFTC Public Affairs Officer Security and Cooperation in Europe and others. With the above in mind, the JFTC invites authors from Editorial Board: countries and institutions beyond the NATO envi- Mrs. Kamila SIERZPUTOWSKA, PhD, Kazimierz Wielki ronment, to publish in the Transformation Through University, Poland Training magazine. The magazine will focus on the BG Ing. Jaromír ZŮNA, MSc., PhD, Director of the Logistics best practices in the areas of command and staff train- Agency, Army of the Czech Republic ing, professional military education, simulations and simulation technologies, distributed training, military Advisory Committee: training development as well as other related areas. Maj. Jacek LASHMANN, JFTC Information Manager The JFTC also welcomes recommendations for the Ms. Radosława KUBICZEK, Public Affairs Specialist application of the most recent experience and lessons Mr. Tomasz OCIŃSKI, JFTC Language Specialist learned from ongoing operations, training events and recent innovations in the field of simulations and Editorial Contact Information: information technologies. The magazine will also Public Affairs Office briefly cover the life of the international community Joint Force Training Centre at the JFTC with the aim of promoting the centre ul. Szubińska 2 within NATO and among the partner nations. The Bydgoszcz, 85-915, Poland. magazine will be published twice a year, during the E-mail: pao@jftc.nato.int spring and fall, by the NATO Joint Force Training

Centre in Bydgoszcz. © JFTC 2012 ISSN: 2084-8358

The articles published in this magazine represent opinions of their authors and do Scan the QR code with your not necessarily reflect the official policy of mobile device. This will take you NATO. to the archive of Transformation Through Training magazine.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 3 The JFTC Going Strong as It Celebrates Its 10th Birthday

■ Radosława Kubiczek, JFTC Public Affairs Specialist

The Joint Force Training Centre for the Armed Forces Support and here the of promoting and bringing to perfec- (JFTC) celebrated its 10th Anniversary along 1st Pomeranian Logistic Brigade operates tion the Alliance’s training doctrine. The with hundreds of participants and citizens dynamically as do several other Polish Army Joint Force Training Centre responds to of Bydgoszcz. Drill and ceremonies were units and now also NATO” - said Brigadier the needs of today’s and future world.” conducted in the Stare Miasto (old market General Grabowski, the JFTC Commander, at The Mayor of Bydgoszcz, Mr. Rafał square), and were watched by local resi- the Bydgoszcz Old Market Square. “Relations Bruski, thanked the JFTC for good coop- dents and authorities. Festivities contin- between the city and the army are still cul- eration with the City and its citizens: “I am ued into the evening with a picnic on Mill tivated, but now it has a global dimension.” very glad that throughout the years we were Island, and a concert for the current and Lieutenant General Mieczysław together, that our cooperation – especially this former staff members of the JFTC, to include Gocuł, the Chief of the Polish General Staff, direct one with the JFTC Commanders – was many former commanders and directors. who also represented the Polish Minister of marked with the best, friendly relations” – The events were held on 30 May after metic- National Defence, Mr. Tomasz Siemoniak, the Mayor said and added: “For us, the JFTC ulous planning with the city authorities. highlighted the importance of both the NATO presence in Bydgoszcz was, and will be very “The fact that 10 years ago it was decided training centre and the City of Bydgoszcz: important. Not only because of the hospitality that Bydgoszcz would become the home for the “Bydgoszcz is the place, where, thanks to that was mentioned before. We do appreciate JFTC was not a coincidence. For a number of a decade of the JFTC’s activity, the North your active presence in the city’s life. Thank years the city’s history and traditions have been Atlantic Treaty Organization’s idea, based you for your reliable presence and coopera- closely connected with the army. Bydgoszcz on joint effort of a number of people and tion in many projects, which were essential was the seat of the Pomeranian Military subjects, came true and was verified in for the city – the military ones, but also District, it is the home of the Inspectorate practice. (…) Bydgoszcz became a place other - cultural, educational and patriotic.”

4 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 5 After his speech, Mayor of The JFTC 10th anniversary celebra- In the evening the JFTC staff had a chance to Bydgoszcz awarded the JFTC with the tions lasted for the whole day. They were spend some time with old friends who served Mayor of Bydgoszcz Medal. The award launched with the VIP programme at the in Bydgoszcz in the past. They all listened to was received by General Grabowski. centre’s facility, then moved to the Bydgoszcz a fantastic performance of the Representative In the evening, during a meeting with Old Market Square, where, all citizens were Artistic Ensemble of the Polish Armed Forces. the JFTC former and current staff, Brigadier invited to participate in the ceremony and to Apart from the Chief of the Polish General Dzintars Roga, the Allied Command admire the military parade and performanc- General Staff, the Allied Command Transformation Assistant Chief of Staff Joint es of Polish and German drill teams. After Transformation Assistant Chief of Staff Joint Education, Training and Exercise, who repre- the official ceremony the JFTC Commander Education, Training and Exercise, and the sented the JFTC superior, the Supreme Allied invited all participants to move to the beauti- Mayor of Bydgoszcz also many special and Commander Transformation, General Jean-Paul ful Bydgoszcz Mill Island, where traditional honoured guests were on hand to celebrate Paloméros, addressed the audience and under- Polish military pea soup was served and, in the occasion, to include: His Excellency lining the centre’s significance in the past, JFTC and national tents, people could learn Jakub Karfik, the Ambassador of the referred to its future. “If there is one thing certain more about NATO and the centre itself – Czech Republic to the Republic of Poland, about the Joint Force Training Centre’s future, it all that was accompanied by a concert of a Senator Jan Rulewski, Mrs. Ewa Mes, the will be the need to continue to “Innovate and Military Orchestra from Toruń and military Voivode of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province, Transform”. The Connected Forces Initiative singers. It was the first time, when the JFTC Mrs. Dorota Jakuta, the Chairperson of the carries a complex, ambitious but achievable opened so widely to the public and organized Regional Parliament, Lieutenant General future exercise programme, supported by the an important ceremony outside its compound. Edward Gruszka, the Chief of the Polish better use of our available technology and The official part of the ceremony in Armed Forces Support Inspectorate, as well integration of new information technology. Our the Old Market Square ended with wreath as former JFTC Directors and Commanders, clear aim remains to provide the Alliance with laying at the Martyrdom Memorial. The Deputy Directors and Deputy Commanders, “Ready and Interoperable” forces and we have wreath laid by the Polish Chief of General including Major General (ret.) Peter Kuhnel, full confidence in the Joint Force Training Staff, the JFTC Commander, the Mayor Major General Agner Rokos, Major General Centre’s proven ability to meet this aim and of Bydgoszcz and French and German Pavel Macko, Brigadier General (ret.) Ryszard provide high quality and full spectrum training Senior National Representatives, commem- Wiśniewski, Rear-Admiral Stanisław Zarychta through credible exercises” – said General Roga. orated victims of the Second World War. and Brigadier General Jaromir Zuna. ■

6 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 The JFTC Going Strong as It Celebrates Its 10th Birthday

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 7 8 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 The JFTC Going Strong as It Celebrates Its 10th Birthday

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 9 Photo: Courtesy of Spanish Army

Different logics Underpinning the COPD 1

Some Useful Foundations To Advice The “TA” During Phase II

■ MAJ Pedro Valdés Guía, JFTC Training Division

The BI-SC 75-3 states that the Training ing COPD steps and, at best, to interrelate in the process should be. I therefore believe Team “provides staff level mentoring to the with each other, then Training Team work that all Training Observers should know Training Audience in functional areas”2. What may reinforce what U. S. General James N. and understand the different logics under- is “mentoring” as referred to Phase II (Crisis Mattis defined as “over-proceduralization”. pinning any operational planning process. Response Planning) of the NATO Exercise In his vision about Operational Design, he Before starting, let me underline the Training Model? What are the grounds for states that “staffs have been seen too often basic point: What does the term “logic” advisory work to add value to the planning pro- apply planning processes mechanistically, as mean when considered as the basis of a cess that is taking place at the headquarters? if progressing through a sequence of plan- planning process? It is a specific way of After more than two years working as ning steps would produce a solution […] seeing a complete situation or a specific G5/J5 of the JFTC Training Team that has ‘Over-proceduralization’ inhibits the com- aspect once we are engaged in it. That logic been embedded in different HQs of the NCS/ mander’s and staffs critical thinking and consists of intellectual processes and cogni- NFS for the NRF series of exercises and for creativity, which are essential to finding tive ways that our mind uses to interact with LANDCOM preparation to take the LCC role a timely solution to complex problems”3. material facts emerging from that aspect or during a MJO+, I have arrived at the conclu- So, to prevent the use of COPD becom- situation. Although it is quite obvious, it is sion that it is necessary to understand differ- ing a sort of that mythological belief “as if worth stressing that not only does any logic ent logics that support any operations plan- progressing through a sequence of planning underpin the development of a plan, but all ning process. The reason is that when these steps would produce a solution”; and for the the processes of its effective materialization. logics are not unravelled and the mentoring Training Team to be able to advise something There are different logics because there activity is reduced to a matter of describ- that will be more than just what the next step are different kinds of complexity, and each

10 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 kind of complexity requires a specific logic Outcome Logic a static logic that is not intended for driving to deal with it. This is clear when we look at any innovation, as the objectives to achieve some of the most prominent contemporary I will start with the logic that has been predetermine processes to be used, and it military thinkers. Most of them agree with developed to conduct operations in the theatre comes down to how to maximize the effec- Clausewitz on the systemic nature of warfare, that is considered complex for structural rea- tiveness and efficiency of these processes. “all parts of the whole are intertwined”4, and sons and where the objectives are identified To find the origins of this logic, we its complex character, “Bonaparte rightly said with specific changes in that structure. When must go back to the Second World War, where […] that many of the decisions faced by the what is at issue is to modify a structure, this a growing body of British and U.S. military commander-in-chief resemble mathematical “modification” sets the mode and content of planners applied advanced analytical meth- problems worthy of the gifts of a Newton or the way the operations are conducted. From ods to help make better decisions. Through an Euler”5, however they interpret this com- a structural point of view, the “outcome” con- the employment of mathematical tools, such plexity differently and, based on that under- figures the processes and the success depends as mathematical modeling, statistical analy- standing, develop various logic to guide the only on the “optimization” of these processes. sis, and mathematical optimization, they tried conduct of operations within that framework. The “outcome” can “set the mode to arrive at optimal or near-optimal solutions I think all such interpretations can be and content of the conduct of operations” to complex decision-making problems, espe- grouped into three categories, pending on to the extent that the structural conception cially related to the field of the aerial warfare6. the opinion that such complexity is based on of the complexity provides a clear descrip- This outcome logic evolved differ- structural, interactive or chaotic character of tion of the problems to solve, and also ently according to the analogy used to con- reality. Taking those three kinds of complex- makes it possible to establish a clear asso- ceive the structural complexity, whether the ity into account, I will postulate that most ciation between the means to be used and analogy of the machine, which is at the of the contemporary military thought can the purposes to be achieved. It is therefore origin of Operational Research and System be grouped around three logics: “outcome logic” associated to the structural complex- ity, “dialectic logic” linked to the interactive complexity and “design logic” that is behind the ways of thinking associated to the chaotic complexity. In the following lines I will intro- duce these logics through a mixture of brief theoretical notes and historical examples. I am aware that each of these logics has been historically presented as a closed and complete theory for the conduct of operations, but I am convinced that most of “operational” problems demand a bal- anced use of these three logics. Therefore, my proposal is that understanding that balance, with a clear view of what logic should be stressed in each moment, is a key element to provide staff level mentor- Image source: ing during the Crisis Response Planning. http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4802/features/feature01.htm

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 11 Photo: Courtesy of Spanish Air Force

Cover of: Air Campaign: Planning for Combat”, Analysis procedures used by McNamara of all those theories was to replace tradi- Warden, John A., III, Publisher: Brassey's Inc, 1999. team during the Vietnam War, or the biologi- tional uncertainty that has characterized the ISBN 10: 0028810031 cal analogy, which underpins the conceptual conduct of the war by an accurate under- ISBN 13: 9780028810034 developments of the “OODA loop” postu- standing and control of the situation that lated by John Boyd and the “five rings” and eradicate any randomness and allows a pre- “parallel attack” theory of John Warden. cise use of force to achieve desired effects7. to each system and between confronted sys- Last decades have postulated tems, produce results that are inexplicable Revolution in Military Affairs and Military Dialectic Logic from the characteristic parameters of a linear Transformation theories such as Effects logic, which stained the warlike atmosphere Based Operations and Network Centric I will continue with the logic conceived of unpredictability, and generate tensions Warfare that were the result of a combina- to conduct operations in the theatre that is that are the driving force of the operational tion of different aspects of these two analo- considered complex for the dynamic interac- dynamics. In this context, dialectic logic is gies that support the rationale applied to the tions taking place during confrontation of two intended to produce a “better synthesis” able structural complexity. The common intent systems. These dynamic interactions, internal to cope with those tensions and opened to

Photo: Courtesy of Spanish Army Map source: http://www.usma.edu/history/SiteAssets/SitePages/World%20War%20II%20Europe/WWIIEurope72.gif

12 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 friction and chance as the two fundamen- linear conception of war that was named of the situation can somehow be precisely tal manifestations of that “unpredictability”. “operational art”. This term was introduced determined and no mistakes will be made. The In this regard, dialectic logic is a pro- in 1923 by a Soviet General and thinker enemy is essentially passive and will behave cess used to overcome tensions such as those Aleksandr Svechin in a series of lectures in a way that will ensure friendly success”16. between the operational commander inten- given at the newly founded Soviet General tion and the tactical commander’s adherence Staff Academy11. He defined it as “the totality Design Logic to the missions they have been assigned, or of manoeuvers and battles in a given part of between the positive aspect of our aim and a theatre of military action directed toward Lastly, I will give some notes on the the negative one of frustrating the rival’s the achievement of a common goal, set as “design logic” that has been adopted in the effort to bring defeat upon us8. A “process final in the given period of the campaign”12. effort to conduct operations in chaotic situa- to overcome” based not on forcing war into Although Stalin purge of 1937-1938 tions typical of failed or non-existent states, one of those poles, but on producing a “bet- eliminated a generation of operational officers where it is not easy to identify the enemy and ter synthesis” where both poles result inte- who had formulated the theories of deep battle where the fight goes on “amongst the people”, grated in a manoeuvre that takes advantage and deep operation13, operational art became a term introduced by a British General, Rupert of the disproportionate effects or unpredict- again a critical topic in the Soviet study of Smith, to refer to those wars in which “the able situations generated by non-linearities. war in the late 1960s14. Paradoxically, on people in the streets and houses and fields – all This “better synthesis” is an all- the other side of the Iron Curtain, American the people, anywhere – are the battlefield”17. encompassing or overall result that goes thinkers were gradually rediscovering this This logic is based, first, on the devel- beyond what could be expected from the logic during the intellectual crisis that fol- opment of representations of that chaotic com- sum of its parts. It is reflected in aspects lowed the Vietnam War, and it was finally plexity, which are called designs, as a basis such as combined arms combat, amalgama- established as the foundation of the U.S. that makes it possible to agree on courses of tion of the various forms of warfare (offensive military doctrine at the beginning of the action; while the other, the ideal and precari- and defensive, close and deep operations, 1980s, under the name of “Air-Land Battle”15. ous nature of such representations is assumed, etc.), the interaction between attrition and It is easy to understand the gap that so the planning cell is constantly working in manoeuvre or the operational momentum9. separates this logic from the “outcome” one. its reformulation, such a way that decisions The first manifestations of this dialec- Meanwhile, dialectic logic is a logic of tension remain relevant in relation to what the situation tic logic were conceived by Soviet military and ambiguity as a tangle dynamics between demands. This dynamics is materialized in a thinkers as a result of analysing their experi- contraries, and of contemplative character as process of framing and reframing, where fram- ence during the Russian civil confrontation an attitude to confront a reality driven by fric- ing means building “a perspective from which (a war of wide spaces and bold manoeuvers) tion, uncertainty and dissymmetry; outcome an amorphous, ill-defined problematic situa- from the perspective of the Marxist revolu- logic is a logic of deductions and certainties tion can be made sense of and acted upon”18. tion that, on the one hand, linked deep pen- that visualizes the military situation as a system And reframing “shifts attention from trying etration with enemy dislocation and political of systems and considers that “acting against to solve the current problem right to asking subversion, on the other, proposed dialectic a physical part of the enemy system, desired whether the right problem is being solved”19. as the supreme law of historical progress10. effects in the domain of human activity can be In short, design is a logic that proposes This analysis resulted in a systemic and non- achieved. […] They assume that all elements a prudent use of the notion of system while

Photos: Courtesy of Miguel Ruiz del Arbol Moro

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 13 and conduct military operations “amongst the people”. In fact, in 2009, all those events led General James N. Mattis to express his con- cern saying: “our current doctrinal approach to fostering clear, careful thinking and creativity, particularly early in design and planning, is insufficient and ineffective”22, and to conclude the urgent need to improve “commander’s abilities to think deeply about the fundamen- tal nature of a complex military problem; to design a broad approach to achieving objec- tives and accomplishing the mission; and to determine if, when, and how to change that approach when circumstances change”23. referring to human realities, stressing refram- nected ways”21. The driving force behind ing as a result of a deeper understanding. This this urban theory was its rejection of the Conclusions prudent use of the notion of system rests on concept of the enlightened central planner the inherent potential of the situation, which because his ability to possess all the relevant Obviously much more space would be has been called “the ontological approach”20, information is a myth. Soon extended to needed to describe, albeit briefly, fundamen- trying more to capitalize on the propensity other areas, the point was how to embrace a tals of these three logics that, in a way, are of the situation than to impose our will based more realistic way of viewing and influenc- a compendium of most of the contemporary on our power to produce an effect. Instead ing social world, and design theorists pro- military thinking. I would, however, empha- of the imposition of a preconceived idea, posed an iterative learning paradigm based size in conclusion a fundamental aspect that design tries to take advantage of such condi- on critical thinking, ontology and creativity. I anticipated when referring to the meaning tions to derive the needed effects for success. This design or innovative logic landed of “logic”: each logic has its own intellec- This logic was proposed by American in the military during the first decade of tual processes and its own cognitive ways. So, urban planners of the 1960s. They cast doubt XXI century interfering with the other two while the “outcome” logic generates analytical on the ability of centralized planners to cre- logics, the outcome logic, whose paradigm ways of thinking mainly based on deductive ate detailed top-down plans for big cities that in force at that time, the EBO, seemed over- processes, “dialectical” logic relies on induc- “present situations in which a half-dozen or whelmed by the Afghan and the Iraqi chaos; tive ways of thinking focused on processes of even several dozen quantities are all vary- and the operational logic that many criticized synthesis, and “design” logic employs holistic ing simultaneously and in subtly intercon- for its conventional character unable to plan and creative thinking with a strong temporal

14 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 component (in terms of preference for an previous example, the operations design is 7 “we must develop […] a new conceptual approach more “historical” than “descriptive”). not the result of creative and holistic think- framework for operations. The basis for this frame- In this context, it is worth to underline ing with a strong historical footprint, but work is found in the improved command, control, that meanwhile a mind is using deductive a collection of decisive conditions obtained and intelligence which can be assured by informa- ways it is excluding inductive ones; that when in that analytical process; and the courses tion superiority. These are the most straightforward we choose an analytical approach we reject of action development, even when we are applications of much of the new technology; a holistic one and so on. For example, most exercising conventional warfare, can replace however, the full impact of these technologies is of the times “outcome” logic is the preferred dialectical logic for the distribution of those more profound. Enhanced command and control, one to accomplish the Factor Analysis during decisive conditions along time and space, and much improved intelligence, along with other Phase 3A of the planning process. It is pre- as if a COA were a sort of targeting process applications of new technology will transform the ferred because analysis and deduction easily distributed geographically and temporally. traditional functions of maneuver, strike, protection, match the “Factor – Deduction – Conclusion” Finally, not only do the planning and and logistics”( U.S. JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, process that is proposed in COPD. However, conduct of operations require addressing a Joint Vision 2010, 1996, p. 19). the core of the JOPG should remember wide range of very heterogeneous problems 8 Cf. NAVEH, Simon. In Pursuit of Military that information is not knowledge and that that demand the use of either logic as appro- Excellence. The evolution of Operational Theory, knowledge only increases when a correla- priate, but also there is always a parent logic Frank Cass, New York, 1997, p. 15. tion between data is established. Moreover, that acts as a guiding thread. That lets “iden- 9 Cf. NAVEH, Simon. op. cit. p. 233. many times the data cannot be considered tify the whole business of war completely 10 Cf. KIPP, Jacob W. Mass, Mobility, And The separately, because when it is considered with himself”26 that, according to Clausewitz, Red Army’s Road To Operational Art 1918-1936, separately, it is no longer understandable. In provides the freedom “to dominate events and Soviet Army Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth- this regard, a Factor Analysis may require not be dominated by them”27. The ability of a KS, 1988. a significant portion of “design” logic and Training Observer to identify the right logic to 11 FRANK, Willard and GILLETE, Philip S. a specific team should be tailored to apply each of the COPD processes and, especially Soviet Military Doctrine from Lenin to Gorbachev, holistic thinking and to consider the histori- for the G5/J5 Training Observer, the parent 1915-1991, Greenwood Press, Westport-CT, 1992, cal evolution of many of those factors. This logic that should guide the whole process con- p. 88. would avoid the danger of some conclusions stitutes a prerequisite for a coherent TT work 12 SVECHIN, Aleksandr A. Strategy, East View that in their “isolated rational perfection” that adds value to the job of any JOPG. ■ Publications, Minneapolis-MN, 1992, p. 38. hide true icebergs that can derail the process. 13 Cf. GLANTZ, David M. Soviet Military Continuing the above example, the Operational Art. In pursuit of Deep Battle, Frank abuse of the “outcome” logic can be still 1 “Comprehensive Operations Planning Cass, New York, 1991, p. 25. worse when Centre of Gravity Analysis is Directive” issued by Allied Command Operations 14 Cf. Ibídem, p. 13. built on the exclusive basis of a “fragmented” to articulate the operations planning process for the 15 US Department of the Army, FM 100-5 Factor Analysis, as if the Centre of Gravity NATO strategic and operational levels. Operations, 1982 and 1986. were the ripe fruit that emerges from the 2 BI-SC 75-3, p. A-36. 16 VEGO, Milan N. System versus Classical Critical Capabilities, Critical Requirements 3 MATTIS, James N. Memorandum for Approach to Warfare, JFQ / issue 52, 1st quarter and Critical Vulnerabilities identified as con- U.S. Joint Forces Command. Vision for a Joint 2009, p. 42. clusions of that analytic and deductive pro- Approach to Operational Design, Norfolk, October, 17 SMITH, Rupert, The Utility of Force, Alfred A. cess. Then, one of the privilege spaces for the 2009. Knoff, New York, 2007, p.3. application of the “dialectic” logic is sacrificed 4 “Since war contains a host of interactions, since 18 BANACH, Stefan J. The Art of Design, a to the “outcome” one and the identification of the whole series of engagements is, strictly speak- design methodology, Military Review, March- that “hub of all power and movement, on ing, linked together […] Within the concept of April 2009, p. 107. which everything depends”24 rest on deductive absolute war, then, war is indivisible, and its com- 19 BANACH, Stefan J, op. cit. p. 107. instead of inductive way of reasoning violating ponent parts […] are of value only in the relation 20 Cf. ZWEIBELSON, Ben. To Design or not to the indivisible nature of the war when looking with the whole” (CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von. On Design, Small Wars Journal, 2011. for a decisive outcome25 that ultimately justi- war, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1984, 21 JACOB, Jane. The Death and Life of Great fies the existence of any Centre of Gravity. p. 582) American Cities, Vintage Books, New York, 1992, The list of examples could be much 5 CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, op. cit. p. 112. p. 433. longer and most of them are referred to the 6 All these researches “made significant contribu- 22 MATTIS, James N, op. cit. natural attraction of the “outcome” logic. This tions to winning the war as well as to develop- 23 Ibídem. is reasonable, because its structural origin and ing the methodology of operations research” 24 CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von op. cit. p. 595. its analytical implementation make it easy to (SHRADER, Charles R. History of Operations 25 Cf. CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, op. cit. Book divide any job into several parts, a basic need Research in the United States Army, V. I, Office VIII, Ch. 3. A. Interdependence of the Elements of of any JOGP, and also provides the illusion of the deputy undersecretary of the Army for War. of mathematical certainties to be presented Operations Research, United States Army, 26 CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, op. cit. p. 578. to the commander. Then, to continue the Washington-D.C., 2006, p. 12). 27 Ibídem, p. 578.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 15 JFTC Hosts JFC Brunssum Trident Joust 14 Exercise

■ LTC Cezary Haracewiat, JFTC Training Division LTC Sureyya Ardic, JFTC Training Division

JFTC was originally established in 2004 augmentation, training teams, simulations & (TRJT 14) by Joint Force Command Brunssum as a Training Centre tasked to plan, conduct and modeling, Functional Area Services, providing (JFCBS) emanated through this critical time support the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation localization, Real life Support, Communication’s period. (NATO) Command Structure/NATO Force infrastructure etc. The list of trainings includes: The TRJT 14 was an Allied Command Structure (NCS/NFS) exercises. However, due LANDCOM Battle Staff Training (BST) Transformation (ACT) sponsored Battle Staff to the requirements of current NATO operations, “LOYAL BONUS”, Polish Special Ops Training/Command Post Exercise (BST/CPX) primarily in Afghanistan, the JFTC had to focus Command BST “SALWATOR” and NATO conducted in order to meet the previously estab- on ISAF oriented trainings for several years. Response Force (NRF) Certification Exercise lished exercise aims: Despite being mainly engaged in ISAF “NOBLE SWORD”, etc. Furthermore, the cur- - train JFCBS’ command and control over related trainings (current ops), the JFTC has rent political and military developments taking NRF 2014; gradually been shifting its focus towards its place close to the borders of NATO countries - provide continuation training for JFC original mission because the operation in (especially east of Poland) have also contributed Brunssum in order to maintain required Afghanistan is slowly coming to an end. In the to the need for shifting the focus or reviewing the level of proficiency after certification past the Centre has provided support to differ- already existing priorities. as the Joint Task Force Headquarters ent trainings or exercises in terms of EXCON The bearing of “TRIDENT JOUST 14” (JTFHQ) providing Command and Control to NRF 2014; - train JFCBS’ ability to function as a deployed JTFHQ, and plan and conduct operations in a collective defense context; - integrate new JFCBS HQ Staff members; The TRJT 14 exercise was the next huge step for JFCBS on its way to reach Full Operational Capability (FOC) as a JTF HQ in December 2015. Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was reached after the exercise “STEADFAST JAZZ 13” (SFJZ 13), which was an Allied Command Operation (ACO) sponsored certification exercise conducted in order to train, exercise and evaluate JFCBS’

16 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 capability to command and control NRF 2014. ing the OPR, LTC Cezary Haracewiat, the unique opportunity and placed some of its While performing TRJT 14, the exercise Deputy OPR, LTC Sureyya Ardic, RLS coor- newcomers in EXCON (supporting MEL/MIL participants tried to achieve the following exer- dinator Ms. Magdalena Rydygier, Protocol Chief and Event Managers) in a shadowing cise objectives: Coordinator, Ms. Maria Kowalska, CIS coor- role. By doing so, the newcomers had a great - setting conditions in order to sustain and dinators MAJ Dariusz Korpalski, Mr. Tomasz opportunity to learn about the conduct of an improve the certification level reached Pankau and Mr. Bogdan Stachnik, represent- exercise with real application and gain experi- after SFJZ 13 and to command and control ing NCIA SOB as well as the other essential ence primarily in the area of EXCON work and a multinational joint force with emphasis personnel related to CIS, Real Life, Protocol structure as well as in information flow and on stabilization, deterrence and compre support working together for a couple of days exercise control process and get ready to take hensive approach; defeated all the emerging troubles, solved similar tasks within the upcoming exercises. - confirming the ability to function as all the doubts and made facility, systems, TRJT 14 was executed as scheduled a deployed JFTHQ and Joint Logistic equipment and personnel ready to launch the between 13 and 23 October 2014. It was a Support Group Headquarters (JLSG HQ); Training Event of TRJT 14. huge success and experience for both sides: - practicing close cooperation, coordination The main body of the exercise arrived the JFCBS achieved its exercise objectives and liaison with Host Nations (HN) and in Bydgoszcz on 13 October in two parties and whereas the JFTC had an opportunity to show local authorities, as well as International completed their in-processing on the same day. once again its readiness to facilitate such big and Non-Governmental Organizations (IO/ These personnel received their welcome brief- exercises as their host. Moreover, the JFTC NGOs) within the context of NATO’s con- ing from the JFTC and JFCBS representatives newcomers took advantage of this vital exer- tribution to a Comprehensive Approach in terms of RLS, Security and legal issues on 13 cise and gained fruitful experience by observ- (CA); and 14 October 2014. The JFTC DCOM/COS ing EXCON. - operating in a collective defense opera- along with JFCBS DCOS OPS welcomed the Major Marc Sijsmans, the OPR of TRJT tion, within a complex military, civilian Training Audience with a speech on 14 October 14 from JFCBS, stated at the end of the exer- and asymmetrical environment including The participants had an ice-breaker happening cise: “The Exercise was conducted as planned modern warfare; on evening of 14 October. and reached its aims and objectives as depict- - developing proficiency on non-kinetic Approximately 400 individuals from 23 ed in the Exercise Specification (EXSPEC) activities, with potential for asymmetric countries participated in the exercise. It was and the Exercise Plan (EXPLAN). The TE warfare; directed by JFCBS DCOS Plans. Two senior offered a forum for JFCBS newcomers to train - practicing and improving interoperabil- advisors provided significant contribution to their competences in their different roles in a ity with partners participating as augmen the conduct of TRJT 14. Since 17 October deployed JTFHQ and for all participants was tees within the context of co-operative General Domrӧse, Commander JFCBS, partici- a good preparation for next year’s certifica- security which is defined as one of NATO’s pated in the TE as the commander of Primary tion exercise “TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15”. three core tasks. Training Audience (PTA). During certain part We thank very much to the JFTC for the good As far as the geostrategic situation is of the exercise, a Crisis Action Team (CAT) coordination prior to TRJT14 and its outstand- concerned, the adapted SKOLKAN scenario was activated to prepare decision points for ing support during our TE”. modules were used for the exercise. COM JTF HQ for the evening activity. Due The closing ceremony was held on 23 In order to ensure readiness of the facili- to Video Tele Conference (VTC) capabilities October, JFCBS Commander, General Domrӧse, ties before the commencement of the exercise, PTA could effectively cooperate remotely with thanked the participants of the exercise for their the advance party consisting of the Officer their logistic part JLSG activated and located in hard work and the JFTC for its hospitality and Conducting Exercise (OCE), the Officer of Castelgate, Germany. support. He also awarded some key personnel Primary Responsibility (OPR), deputy OPR The JFTC’s main responsibility was to with the Commander’s coin for their outstand- and other critical personnel of JFCBS arrived facilitate the exercise by providing its facili- ing performance during the Training Event. ■ at the JFTC on 9 October 2014. This group ties, CIS infrastructure, equipment, personnel of people in close cooperation with the JFTC and our experience (CIS, RLS, Protocol, etc.). Photos: Allied Joint Command Brunssum and key exercise supporting personnel includ- Furthermore, the JFTC took advantage of this Joint Force Training Centre

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 17 Interview with General Hans-Lothar Domrӧse, Commander JFC Brunssum

Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum the TRJT 2014 differed from those of Exercise TRJT 2014 was based on a has just executed the main training previous training events? How has JFC fictitious scenario with Article V opera- event for this year’s NATO Response Brunssum adjusted the training process tion in the Baltic Sea region, in Estonia. Force Headquarters responsibility – to the evolving situation? Estonia was liberated. How do you Exercise Trident Joust 2014 (TRJT14). Yes, obviously! The incidents in Iraq (IS) assess NATO readiness to fulfill its 400 personnel from the HQ deployed and Ukraine were very well observed and obligations related to article V of the to the Joint Force Training Centre, were covered in the exercise where appro- Washington Treaty? Bydgoszcz, Poland, for intensive 11 days priate. As always, military personnel are As the Officer responsible for NRF 2014, of training. You were there with your used to constant change and evolution. I can assure you that NATO and, spe- staff. Now, that you have had time to In this case we adapted our goals and cifically the NRF, is ready to face any reflect on the event, what are your first needs to the present-day reality, which is security challenge. The NRF is at the impressions? Were the goals achieved? our master driver. For example, we had core of the Connected Forces Initiative, I’m very satisfied, we achieved our goals. more IOs, GOs and NGOs participating which aims at maintaining NATO’s readi- This can be attributed to my staff, all of in our exercise and our plan is to increase ness and combat-effectiveness through whom were thoroughly prepared and able these numbers for subsequent exercises as expanded education and training, to work extended hours throughout the we execute an ever more comprehensive increased exercises and improved use of exercise, and to the fantastic support and approach. The military no longer oper- technology. And, as you will have seen in impressive facilities offered by the JFTC. ates on its own within singular environ- the Alliance’s Wales Summit Declaration, A hungry audience encountered a facil- ment; we have to take broader factors into NATO remains steadfastly committed to ity that matched its appetite – a perfect account that require us to engage with a Collective Defense. In that summit in fact, combination. larger number of stakeholders; and, at the it was decided to establish a Very High same time, it is essential that we take steps Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) which The Alliance faces new challenges and to counter emerging threats such as those can deploy within days. This force will be needs to be ready to respond to the new associated with the cyber domain and the- provided by allies in rotation, and could reality. Has the preparation phase of atre ballistic missile defense. include several thousand troops, ready to

18 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 respond where needed with air, sea and Joust 2014 and, more specifically, to You have chosen the JFTC for the venue Special Forces support. As you can see, gain a clear picture of the roles and of your training. What is so unique the Alliance is taking all necessary steps functions of a joint staff working at the about the Centre? How did its experi- to ensure its forces embrace the necessary operational level of military command. ence, facilities and capabilities contrib- flexibility that allows them to provide This is important as a joint staff incor- ute to the training process? a timely response to the breadth of new porates land, sea, air, special forces, Here in Bydgoszcz we were able to set up security threats, including hybrid warfare, logistics and other specialist units such a training environment for a large num- that are emerging. The “new NRF” will be that their individual inputs are coordi- ber of staff from my Headquarters in a fitter, faster, even more capable! nated towards the achievement of the timely and efficient way. We experienced campaign objectives. superb real life support and a wide range During the execution of the TRJT 2014, of services. In and out-processing was CHODs of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania The number of external organizations conducted efficiently and painlessly and and Poland, and a representative of supporting the exercise has increased the JFTC staff was able to resolve any the Slovakian Chief of Defence visited significantly since Steadfast Jazz 2013. issues quickly and with the minimum of the training area. What was the pur- How did the IO’s and NGO’s partici- fuss. Naturally, I am alert to the possibil- pose of this visit? Can you share the pation enrich your training? ity to train outside, in the field, to recreate outcome of this meeting with us? Military operations are not taking place in the conditions we would have to face in The Chiefs of Defence who visited an isolated operational environment. We a real mission. However, for this exer- my Headquarters during our exercise in are always a part of a broader “puzzle”. cise, the NATO JFTC in Bydgoszcz was Poland were briefed on hybrid warfare, Therefore, there’s a need for different definitely the best solution to realize the the role and the function of Joint Force actors central to a mission to understand maximum training benefits at a fair price. Command Brunssum and the implemen- each other from the very beginning. To Trident Joust 14 was an operational suc- tation of Immediate Assurance Measures start the process of getting to know each cess for Brunssum and it was an excellent in the JFCBS area of responsibility. other when troops are already operating opportunity for the JFTC to demonstrate They were also provided a clear picture on the ground is too late. To create such their capabilities. And, last but not least, of JFCBS’ future planning for train- a common, mutual understanding, the it was also good for the city of Bydgoszcz ing and exercises. The visit allowed interaction with IOs and NGOs is vital to to show their hospitality and friendship. ■ the CHODS the possibility to better the mission’s success. Eventually, we all understand the aims of Exercise Trident want to win the peace. Questions asked by the JFTC PAO.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 19 Counter-Terrorism Policies & the Cost to the West Part II Gunpowder, Treason & Plot

■ Christopher McKeating, Military Advisor – Future Forces Exhibition & Conference 2014

To trace the lineage of the ‘Cost across this period is shown to have been Section one begins with a discussion to the West’, the first argument of this overshadowed by the wars that frame it on two schools of thought on terrorism at part of the essay looks at six competing and, as a consequence, that its relevance the turn of the century and how they led analyses of Al Qaeda across four ‘tides’ has often been overlooked by scholars of to competing analyses of Al Qaeda. In the of recent history: (1) from Al Qaeda’s terrorism. The main premise is that war and context of what was believed by many to Jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan, the political, economic and social forces have been “a radical transformation, if not to their rout by the Americans in the wake of the time were as much a catalyst for a revolution, in the character of terrorism” of 9/11; (2) from the redoubts of Pakistan’s terrorism between 1914 and 1945 as they (Laqueur, 2001) that had taken place with North Western Frontier, to the Mumbai are today and that many of the protagonists 9/11, the theory of ‘new terrorism’ and Attacks in 2008; (3) from Lashkar-e- from this period were actually regional, its over-riding impact on the period is Taiba’s momentary usurpation of the Salafi non-state combatants – civilian-soldiers discussed first. This is followed by a look vanguard, to Al Shabaab’s attack in Kenya with long-standing historical grievances at counter-insurgency initiatives based and (4), from this front-line in the War on that had taken up arms. Where the actual on conceptualizations of “religion as the Terror, to that which is yet to be fought – beginnings of modern terrorism lie is seen predominant impetus for terrorist attacks” the Crimson Tide. The first period covers as an academic point in that it is not so (Simon and Benjamin, 2000) at the time counter-terrorism responses to competing much where the birth of modern terrorism and the competing analysis of Al Qaeda as analyses of Al Qaeda as a religious or took place that is important but where an overridingly political animal. political phenomenon. The second period the forces that shaped its relevance to the To tie the relevancy of the academic explores what became of Al-Qaeda after terrorism of the 21st century can be found. debate to the events unfolding on the Tora Bora. This is followed by a discussion It is argued that this era is fundamental to ground, this section concludes with a on perspectives of what Al Qaeda actually finding that relevance and that inattention discussion on why the history of terrorism is today, the threat it poses for the future and to it has led to a gap of knowledge on is so salient to understanding competing what these could translate to for the West. the history of terrorism, the history of analyses of Al Qaeda and how best to The essay argues that the consequences the two world wars and the complicated respond to it. The second section looks more of competing analyses of Al Qaeda have relationship between war and terrorism. specifically at terrorism from Tora Bora on, not only compromised counter-terrorism focusing primarily on counter-terrorism measures, but obscured and distorted its Argument 1 responses to competing analyses of Al true nature. Qaeda as (1) a centralized phenomenon The second argument opens with a “What’s in a name? and (2) a franchised phenomenon. Section detailed introduction to the importance and That which we call a rose three concentrates on counter-terrorism relevance today of the forces that shaped By any other name would smell as responses to competing analyses of Al patterns of political violence between sweet.” Qaeda today and section four, analyses 1914 and 1945. By questioning Rapoport’s of the future threat posed by those who ‘Waves Theory’ the history of terrorism Romeo and Juliet (Act II) direct it and those inspired by it. The final

20 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 section posits one indirect consequence of Islam and the “unending state of war” attack. Hence 9/11 catapulted the intent competing analyses, namely, after a decade (Qutb, 1964) that Al Qaeda was quickly of political violence beyond ‘ordinary’ of American led asymmetrical warfare and perceived to be waging. terrorism for analysts and the “narrowed counter-terrorism, the ability of NATO to With the attack of 9/11, this scope of their research [began to] streamline fight a conventional war having atrophied. “Menacing Face of New Terrorism” had the task of analysis” itself (Crenshaw, The essay concludes that analyses of Al surpassed Aum Shinrikyo’s “divinely 2007). It had bestowed a level of authority Qaeda that either doubt or negate its place inspired imperative”, and gone beyond beyond its significance and the nature of at the epicentre of terrorism over the last anything that could be reasoned with or the response soon forced Al Qaeda into decade or perceive it as a ‘religious threat’ that had hitherto been seen and Hoffman taking on a para-military role. Other than have led to competing counter-terrorism was not alone in this analysis (see: Lesser nationalist sentiment, the perspective of measures that have compromised efforts et al. 1999, Neumann 2009, Juergensmeyer the victims and that of the general public, to respond effectively to Al Qaeda and 2000, Laqueur 2001 and Kegley 2002). there was little but bewilderment and, obscured and distorted the true nature of Al Qaeda’s metamorphosis, from a for the second time in its history, the the organization. relatively subjective epithet, to a religious United States, the most powerful country phenomenon hence not only gave rise to a in the world, had been brought to its knees. Section 1. The High Tide monopoly on counter-terrorism measures Hence, irrespective of any legitimacy in but, arguably, soon came to fuel what was drawing parallels between 11th September “The goals of the new generation of to become the longest war in American 2001 and December 7th 1941, references terrorists embrace a mystical, almost history - ‘new-terrorism’ had rendered to ‘Pearl Harbour’ were immediate and transcendental, divinely-inspired “previous analyses of terrorism based poignantly shed light on the appetite that imperative.” on established groups obsolete” (Lesser, developed for analyses of Al Qaeda in 1999) and ventured on becoming, at the which it was framed as an ‘exceptional Hoffman, 1997 very least, a counter-terrorism measure in threat’ that could only be destroyed by war: itself. Schools of Thought The counter-terrorism policies and “Since the politics of reason cannot the resources emplaced to sustain them led defeat apocalyptic nihilism, we must The cost of failing to recognize Al to thirteen years of decentralized warfare fight.” Qaeda as a “new generation” of terrorism that not only cardinally affected the integrity in the 1990s was believed by many at of age old alliances and the détente between Michael Ignatieff, 2001 the turn of the century to have led to East and West but, demonstrably, NATO’s the catastrophe of 9/11 (Crenshaw, 2007). ability to fight a conventional war. Prior The argued transition of terrorism ‘New-Terrorism’, however, was neither a to leaving office in 2011, the US Defence from a rational, modern and political synonym for the recent acts of terrorism Secretary warned NATO faced “the very phenomenon with a clear lineage of surrounding 9/11 nor a classification of a real possibility of collective military development into an apocalyptic, nihilistic type of terrorism per se. It was a ‘school irrelevance.” The ‘schools of thought’ had and interminable attack on the ‘Jahili of thought’ that had developed with the not only distorted perceptions of Al Qaeda World’ not only appealed, but was the passing of the comparative certainty of the but shaped responses to them, from the only avenue for the understandably Cold War and a descent into what many implementation of shoot to kill policies consequentialist reactions to the perceived to be the beginnings of a ‘clash (Lambert, 2011) and the Afghanization and catastrophe of 9/11; as opposed to the between civilizations’. It was christened civilianization of NATO, to a reluctance to alternative of engaging in long-term, in the blood of the Islamic Revolution of understanding the threat posed by extremist sustainable, political solutions, the analysis 1979 and confirmed and reconfirmed in groups on their own terms - irrespective of of Al Qaeda as an ‘exceptional threat’ had its fear of Islam over the subsequent two their relationship to Al Qaeda. become policy. By constructing 9/11 as an decades - with the Mujahedeen’s ‘victory’ exceptional threat (Hellmich & Behnke, over the Soviets in 1989 and the birth Religious Analysis 2012) it followed that the United States of the ‘Islamic Bomb’ in 1999. Despite was “intrinsically exceptional” and as such precedents for the networks of ‘common One reason these new rationales for “enjoyed the advantage of exceptional purpose’ (Tucker, 2001) that had arisen counter-terrorism entered the vernacular of power and privileges in the international and rhetoric that was influenced more mainstream politics shortly after 9/11, was system”. Within months the reasoning by the politics of national agendas than not because the attack was unprecedented, behind extra-judicial proceedings, extra- the strategic objectives of a religious but because there was little architecture in judicial killings, pre-emption, extra- ideology by the terrorists themselves, ‘new place to enable a readily comprehensive ordinary rendition and remote warfare had, terrorism’ had become synonymous with understanding of the scale or nature of the by default, followed suit with this anomaly.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 21 That much of it was based on, “a Washington Treaty was invoked for the other than a terrorist organization into a diet of fast food research” that was “quick, first time in NATO’s history and hundreds phenomenon that has changed the world. cheap, ready-to-hand and nutritionally of thousands of men and billions of dollars Hence, counter terrorism responses to Al dubious” (Silke, 2001), not only enabled of resources were mobilized; President Qaeda have not only redefined many of the the protagonists to keep pace with the Bush’s rhetoric had negated any room for concepts of modern warfare but increasing appetite for war but with events neutrality and, with the Patriot Act, put contemporary Western values and terrorism on the ground as they unfolded on both the country onto a war footing. Just three itself. sides of the conflict; 9/11 had injected a days before Al Qaeda’s last stand at Tora Another reason for this is that by sense of righteousness and purpose into Bora on December 17th 2001, “the most countering Al Qaeda as a religiously the moral vacuum of the post-Cold War era draconian legislation in peacetime in over motivated movement, as opposed to a and ‘new terrorism’ had given it direction. a century” (Tomkins, 2002) had been politically motivated one, the responses As the War on Terror progressed however, passed in the UK; secularism, patriotism were largely based on a priori knowledge the consequences of what inevitably led to and Atlanticism had become the hallmarks that tended to believe that terrorism was a deepening in the schism in the analysis of the home-front and fragile coalitions the “more dangerous or at least more difficult of Al Qaeda began to fracture academic death knell of age-old détentes - a seismic to counter than its predecessor” (Tucker, research and, as Bjornehed argued as shift in geopolitical alliances and the 2001). Furthermore and perhaps more early as 2003, encourage politicians into values of once hitherto passive, tolerant, importantly, the goal of ‘winning’ set by taking extreme, non-negotiable positions. liberal democracies. the context of war had reinforced the This effectively ruled out any political baseless conviction that the war against Al engagement with the Taliban after Tora Political Analysis Qaeda would be measureable, quantifiable Bora, for example, and laid the foundations and conventional – a concept that was for the succession of analyses of Al Qaeda A decade later and with the benefit supported by initial military action on the that projected Salafist interpretations onto of hindsight, Richard English (2009) ground. The reality on the ground, however, what had hitherto been understood as little capped the literature that had been slowly was far from measureable: the United other than a militant extension of the taking the debate back to earlier analyses States had not only declared war on an fanaticism experienced by practitioners of Al Qaeda in the wake of 9/11. By enemy group of combatants with a common during the 1980s in Afghanistan - nothing arguing that the War on Terror had anthology and with a strategy to which had been learned from the Yugoslav, spectacularly failed to address what Al they had paid “insufficient attention” Algerian and Mercenary Units who had Qaeda constituted he made a case for a (Gartenstein-Ross, 2011) but the culture of fought against the first wave of Mujahedeen radically new approach to dealing with a particular period in time - a zeitgeist. Forces during the 1990s across the Balkans international terrorism; that in place of Hence, although the ‘Al Qaeda of 9/11’ had and North Africa. settling for an unending war against it, the ebbed and died by the time the tide of Tora modern world had to learn to live with it. Bora turned, the resonance of its drowning “The ‘new war’ as U.S. administration To a degree, this rounded off the had rippled out across a world that stretched officials termed the violence that began calls of other academic works such as from Casa Blanca to Jakarta. “Broadening September 11, is thus not so new. It is a Sageman’s Understanding Terror Networks the fight beyond Afghanistan to include continuation and escalation of previous (2004) in which it was argued that the Iraq”, as Gartenstein argued, “would erode patterns of violence involving Muslims.” military response had failed and that the American power and provide Al Qaeda only effective defense against Al Qaeda with a remarkable opportunity to Huntington’s ‘Age of Muslim Wars’, 2001 was to counter the web of relationships into reconstitute”. Indeed, the lack of reaction which it had metamorphosed after Tora to analyses of Al Qaeda as a political This new, ‘religious terrorism’ not only Bora. In that one of the most striking organization with realpolitik and practical, compounded the threat outlined in features of Al Qaeda is the destabilizing achievable objectives as opposed to Stern’s The Ultimate Terrorists (1999) nature of its mere presence, crucial to both idealistic, non-negotiable demands led, if and Benjamin’s article America and the these arguments is an understanding of the anywhere, to the democratization of both New Terrorism (2000), but confirmed overshadowing of its political objectives the group and its ideology. justification for further entrenching by the dynamism of its religious propaganda against a second 9/11 or WMD attack and and apocalyptic façade. The extreme to Historical Context consolidated counter-terrorism initiatives which this affected counter-terrorism into positions from which to debunk would responses (although relative in an historical In 2007, Crenshaw summarized the have been political suicide. Within weeks context) had given it revolutionary, global limited scope of the analyses of Al Qaeda of the attack on New York, Article 5 of the proportions and turned what was little that led to the War on Terror by arguing

22 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 that the counter-terrorism measures had not powers. With Hoffman, the historical which drowned out any effective means of been, “grounded in a sufficient knowledge significance is lost and the possibility of measuring success (“we lack the metrics to of history or an understanding of this period being but one of the three know if we are winning or losing the global contemporary terrorism”. In short, that the phases of a classic insurgency are missed war on terror” (Rumsfeld, 2003)) or the nature of Al Qaeda is better assessed in its and that it is not counter terrorism responses competing analyses of Al Qaeda that have historical context as opposed to the largely that are required to constrain and defeat Al hence not only led to the implementation of artificial and politically charged categories Qaeda, but counter-insurgency measures diluted counter-terrorism measures against that absorbed the United States in the followed by counter-revolutionary warfare. those inspired by Al Qaeda such as Al aftermath of 9/11. The roles, for example, Whether the threat emanates from Shabaab but those in any affiliates under its of Qutb and Al Zawahiri, could be argued radicalized Western based converts, lone direct command. to be as equally instrumental to wolves, Al Qaeda Central, AQAM, Islamic understanding the motivation behind the State or the ‘Leaderless Jihad’ is in any Section 3. The Neap Tide origins and aspirations of Al Qaeda as that case but a mute point, for any attack on the of Bin Laden. This is especially so with West would be but another temporary If anything, the greatest lesson from regards to its religious dynamics and tactic in what is an ongoing war on a much the attacks on Mumbai demonstrate that portrayal of Jihad as “an unending state of larger battlefield than the homelands or whilst counter-terrorism measures can war” (Qutb, 1964) in a perpetual, global Afghanistan – and one that is shaped by Al force terrorists from their ambitions, they struggle “to radicalize and mobilize the Qaeda and not the West. are often temporary solutions. Al Qaeda, Islamic world” (Jason Burke, 2005) – to whilst largely curtailed in the West as a promote an ideology that united and “If we really want it to walk on its own result of military intervention in the East motivated Jihadist groups. That Qutb is two feet in a world full of enemies waiting remains undefeated. From Mumbai to the central to understanding Al Qaeda’s to pounce, we must ease its burden, take it Arab Spring, although forced to wage a strategic and political objectives is equally by the hand, help it and support it . . . until different war to the one it had initially set poignant, as too are the histories of the it stands.” out to fight a decade ago, it has since autonomous organizations and tribes and returned to its roots and in force - as a para- families into which the hierarchy of Al Abu Musab Abdul Wadud, 2013 militarized nexus fighting with emerging Qaeda sought sanctuary and married into opportunities in a proxy war between after Tora Bora. The above quote is a rare indication regional super-powers - Al Qaeda today as to not what counter-terrorism has the capability to project its forces in Section 2. The Ebb Tide practitioners or academics believe of Al Mumbai-like raids, an internationally Qaeda but what Al Qaeda believes of at established philosophy across the West, a However, this is not to say that after least a part of itself - Al Qaeda 13 years proximity to state and state-like forces, a Tora Bora Al Qaeda descended into, “a after 9/11 and, by its own admission, yet network of well established and fledgling multitude of informal local groups trying to unable to walk on its own two feet. Indeed, affiliates and the power to destabilize. emulate their predecessors” (Sageman, far from being obsoleted by groups that 2008) nor that this assessment is, “a share its objectives, at least one major part “The organization remains lethal and fundamental misreading of the Al Qaeda of it appears to have been disabled beyond ambitious to strike Western targets.” threat” (Hoffman, 2008), both stances that any real coordinated action or, like ISIS, a lead to high stakes when it comes to central control. Whether or not this is Henry Jackson Society, 2013 counter-terrorism (Bergman, 2011). For indicative throughout Al Qaeda however example, Sageman’s model presumes Al remains open to question but it does Qaeda to have already lost the war - which suggest that analyses of Al Qaeda as a Given the above, how far counter- is clearly not the case, especially from the franchised phenomenon have accorded it terrorism measures will be of value upon perspective of Al Qaeda whose concept of undue credit and led to counter-terrorism any resurgence in attacks against the West time has little appreciation for the niceties measures that have failed to capitalize on is based largely on how these affiliations of secular deadlines. It also presumes Al the ‘Al Qaeda of 9/11’s losses at Tora Bora: are perceived. With more land and para- Qaeda’s only goal was to attack the West the degree of branding, for example, that militarized forces under the banner of and that it no longer has any fielding or took place on the myriad of groups that Al Qaeda than ever before shows that overriding influence over groups like shared Salafist doctrine and morphed the analyses of Al Qaeda as a terrorist group AQAP or, as he argued with Gavrillo acute distinctions between them into focused on attacking the West or as a spent Princip, the ability to pull off a minor holistic threats; the sheer size of the force of redundant associations has had incident that sparks a clash between major bureaucracy launched against Al Qaeda important ramifications – in short, that

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 23 where it is often portrayed to be little other appear static and historical. share of NATO defense spending has now than a shadow, an amorphous ideology Furthermore, if Al Qaeda is core risen to more than 75 percent and with that has few established precedents, driven, focus on its affiliates might give it it the allegiances of yesterday - “while it is the opposite: in the drone-proof room to breathe, relocate and rejuvenate. It every alliance member voted for the Libya metropolises of Pakistan, despite a decade might also force a change from a network mission, less than half participated at of war across the borders, it continues to of existing insurgent forces to a cellular all, and fewer than a third (were) willing hold court and, in Syria and Iraq, both model, reinforced by sleepers, lone wolves to participate in the strike mission” – as J ahbat Al Nusra and ISIS are Al Qaeda in and traitors. On the other hand, focus Russia and the world looked on, France all but name. Indeed, the ‘black flag’ flies on the core might reignite anti-Western and Britain stood alone. Competing along the Euphrates from ‘The City of sentiments across its affiliates. If Al analyses of Al Qaeda have not only Mosques’ in Al Anbar just 43 miles west Qaeda is however a loose network of distorted counter-terrorism policies and of Baghdad to the great Citadel of Aleppo franchised advice on explosives, finance, led to competing responses that have had at the very heart of the Levant and from drone attacks and technology for courted massive consequences for the Western London through Cairo to the Far East, terrorists, counter-terrorism measures Alliance, they have shaped them. it flutters. Yemeni and Saudi elements would need to consider the linking of are also of particular note given their regional groups or attempts to infiltrate Conclusion mergence in 2009 to form Al Qaeda in the institutions of their states. Given the the Arabian Peninsula as too, in the Horn incalculable number of variables posed by Over these five tides of Salafi of Africa, are Al Shabaab’s three fronts analyses of Al Qaeda, the question almost inspired terrorism, what stands out more and AQIM who are battling the French always comes back to either accepting the poignantly than anything else is the in the Maghreb. Indeed, with its many inevitability of an unending war or learning damage that the competing analyses of allies and affiliates, from Lashkar-e-Taiba to live with it and relying more on private Al Qaeda have caused; out of line with in Pakistan to Boko Haram in what was military companies to counter the threat of events on the ground and historical by the Kanem Empire and Jemaah Islamiah AQAM. nature, they highlight the dangers in the in South East Asia, it is not that Al relationship between terrorism research Qaeda has changed but, as vulnerabilities Section 5. The Last Tide and the practitioners of counter-terrorism. and opportunities have opened up, that it Not only has it directly protracted the War has ‘transformed’ (Nelson & Sanderson, “There is a tide in the affairs of men. on Terror and fuelled terrorism but led 2011). Which, taken at the flood, leads on to indirectly to a chain of events that have fortune; affected the Alliance for the worse. Section 4. The Crimson Tide In short, from the Soviet war in Julius Caesar (Act IV) Afghanistan to the US rout of Al Qaeda at It is hence with urgency that Al Tora Bora, the concept of ‘new terrorism’ Qaeda is identified for what it is as it As a consequence, the analyses of Al helped push counter-terrorism policy into morphs from one identity to the other Qaeda have, arguably, not just undermined non-negotiable positions with a holistic amidst the conflict ridden environments the West’s position in any future mediatory view of terrorism that overshadowed the from which its affiliates have emerged roles across the world, but fuelled waning historical context of the conflict and the and where its ideology finds resonance. conflicts and opened up gulfs of differences realpolitik of the events on the ground - From this perspective, given the need for between hitherto standing allies, particularly causing Al Qaeda to remilitarize and the multifaceted approaches on the ground with Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and ripples from this tide to surge. With the that are flexible enough to contain the Germany. Through the politicization of United States fighting a war that started unpredictability of this threat (for example, terrorism beyond the parameters of the in 2001 and Al Qaeda fighting a war that the demographic challenges to come over reality on the ground, thirteen years of started in the 7th Century, positions on either the next decade; the pressure that this will asymmetrical, decentralized warfare have the war being won or the historical context put on natural resources such as water; seriously challenged NATO’s ability to being worthless indeed appear naïve fighting over oilfields and ports; piracy; fight a conventional, multi-linear, 3rd today; restrictive concepts that dominated the long-term impact of the Arab Spring; generation war: the Afghanization of academia on so called ‘radicalization’, attacks against the British Royal Family; the Treaty forces, ‘Coalitions of the Willing’ lone wolves and ‘leaderless Jihad’ and the radicalization of Muslims across the West and the civilianization of the Armed Forces branding of groups irrespective of their and the types of technology that advantage have all but depleted its interoperability histories led blindly to different readings of asymmetrical forces over conventional and conventional capabilities. With the the battlefield and holistic counter-terrorism ones), the academic arguments often declining popularity of the war, the U.S. measures that have needlessly ended the

24 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 lives of tens of thousands, depleted trillions Britain.” (Donghaile, 2011). Terrorism example, cannot be reversed, nor can the in resources and, unnecessarily, trampled after World War II was entrenched in disastrous policies of successive British across the very values that the West stood the deep seated, geo-political grievances Prime Ministers and American Presidents. to defend. of the inter-war period, with pragmatic And hence, what lies ahead are seismic In the ‘ebb tide’, from Tora Bora to goals developed during the war (Michel, changes, particularly for the United Mumbai, Al Qaeda was far from retreating. 1972) and well rehearsed international Kingdom; the break with Europe will come Al Qaeda was returning to its roots. For philosophies - it had metamorphosed into a and, adrift from America, the British will what is missed in the corporate terms of very different creature. vote in a new political force to arrest the ‘franchising’ or ‘affiliating’ is the waging Indeed, despite the trans-national internal strife and turmoil that ensues. of war on different levels, on different characteristics of the anarchists (from Paradoxically, Rapoport is also fronts, at different times. In its ‘Neap Tide’ North and South America to Europe, correct in his analysis - the period does Al Qaeda can be seen to have fully para- the Middle East and North Africa) and demonstrate terrorism has tentacles that militarised on some of these fronts, returned their propensity for ‘propaganda of the reach across the centuries and that it en masse to London and entrenched in the deed’, the similarities were in fact largely can and does evolve. For example, each fertile soils of the Arab Spring. Simply put, eclectic. And it is because of this that manifestation of the IRA from the 1920s from New York to Damascus, Al Qaeda the patterns of political violence that to the 1990s claimed legitimacy from a has not so much changed but transformed, emerged between 1914 and 1945 and the lineage stretching back to the late 1800s. ready, to catch the next tide. forces that shaped them are of crucial That the IRA of the 1970s were in fact importance to understanding not only foremostly an urban guerrilla group with Argument 2 20th century terrorism, which was deeply little heritage beyond that of the peripheral rooted in this period, but clues as to antipathy that surrounded the civil rights “People have only as much liberty as what gave rise to terrorism’s apocalyptic marches of the 1960s made little difference they have the intelligence to want and currency post 9/11 and its final chrysalis – amidst the political, economic, social the courage to take.” as a domineering feature of this century’s and militant forces of the Cold War it was warfare. Predominantly, this period is key a peripheral antipathy, as it turned out, Emma Goldman to showing what dynamises terrorism and that evolved into 30 years of terrorism, accelerates its development beyond any more British casualties than Afghanistan, Despite being able to draw evolutionary trait or the “social myths, Iraq and the Falklands combined, an substantive and important parallels traditions, and habits that permit the uncountable number of broken lives and between the terrorism of the late 19th development of terrorism as an established billions of wasted pounds. century and that of the mid to late 20th political custom” (Crenshaw, 1981). The problem with focusing on the century, the objectives of the groups 1914 – 1945 demonstrates that it is continuities of an historical phenomenon involved were inherently different and very much the forces of the day that charge, however, is that theories such as the ‘Four this raises doubt as to the arguments for discharge and recharge terrorism; that its Waves’, whilst convenient, set artificial their historical alignment as successive efficacy is directly symptomatic of the parameters. Like ‘The Wars of the Roses’ ‘waves’ of political violence (with little in conflagratory forces in which it is embroiled (from the First Battle of St Albans in between) and hence questions as to what and that its existence is more complicated 1455 to the ‘Usurper’s’ cry for a horse were the forces that actually gave rise to than any progressive evolution in political at Bosworth at the end of a 30 year modern groups such as ISIS and whether violence. As Pape argued (2005), the war), the importance and relevance of or not they remain relevant. Terrorism of increases in suicide bombings represent, the intangible forces are often lost – can the late 19th century for example had a “an existential rejection of oppression”. the cause for the latter be found in a strategic, doctrinal edge to it that typically This period, for example, shows that 19th century phrase or is it buried with took the form of assassination attempts terrorism was as equally susceptible to the Richard II at Westminster? Was it Bastard on politicians or arson and bomb attacks forces of digression and devolution and Feudalism? Royal incompetence? Defeat on government and public buildings. It that, over the last 70 years, much of it has in France? Simply put, the way a period or was ideological in essence, economic in arguably been but a repeated exercise in phenomenon is dated and named can affect nature and, whilst often depicted as the futility, with zero capacity for continuity how it is viewed and studied and terms ‘first wave’ of modern terrorism, had little or political change. Irrespective of social such as ‘The Second Thirty Years War’, in common with the ‘second wave’ that continuums that perpetuate and regenerate ‘The Age of Barbarism’ or the ‘The Age followed in its wake. Indeed, “printed dissent, history cannot be undone: the 70 of Catastrophe’ can determine it (Tosh, propaganda was the most characteristic years of repressive, dictatorial regimes that 2006). This is such for the period 1914- form of anarchist activity in late Victorian gave rise to the Arab Spring of 2010, for 1945 with the history of terrorism and one

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 25 reason for the consequent inattention to the a very different course. Irrespective as insurgency skills and military equipment to political violence that took place between to whether or not the treaty was fair or conflict zones and the international, trans- the two world wars. The essay develops flawed, the overwhelming perception in national import to it. More importantly, this argument with a general overview Germany was negative and this, followed between 1914 and 1945 the implementation focusing firstly on World War I and its by the Great Depression of 1929, was used of the concepts of total war, in which every aftermath followed by a discussion with extensively by militant forces to undermine resource and human asset is mobilized and examples from the period. the Weimar Republic. Even in Italy it unconditional surrender (or obliteration), was felt that Versailles had ‘mutilated the had rendered terrorism a mute point; Section 1 peace’ and that, “the severity of Italian terrorism soon brought options other than sacrifices were wholly disproportionate surrender and consigned the privileges of “I am a Yugoslav Nationalist. I call for with the tiny gains the nation had limited warfare to history. Spawned and the reunification of the Southern Slavs made in return” (Macleod, 2008). fed by a continuum of these conflicting into one state” Outside of Europe, the treaty was forces, terrorism metamorphosed back and equally perceived as a failure in that the forth across the political spectrum and the Gavrilo Princip, trial, 1914 Wilsonian principles of self-determination parliamentary democracies that had been had been limited and promises of post- founded on the debris and idealism of One of the most striking political war independence to colonial possessions Versailles fell one by one. features of the early 20th century was the abandoned; a policy that, alongside plans Of the cabaret, fascism and repeated destabilizing nature of militant for Palestine, had created bitterness decadence in what Twain had called the violence and the reaction or lack of reaction amongst nationalists and laid the ‘Chicago of Europe’, only fascism was left to its realpolitik. Amidst the milititarised foundation for Rapoport’s ‘Second Wave’ in Berlin. The glitz of the Jazz Age and the societies of Europe in which Clausewitzian (anti-colonial terrorism). With widespread unparalleled prosperity of 1920s America teachings had been taken to an extreme in unemployment and hyper-inflation across had come to an end and Gatsby’s brief, Germany, this gave terrorism revolutionary the former Central Powers in the 1920s and unobtainable, ‘twinkle-bells of sunshine’ proportions, real, causal weight and, three ongoing major European conflicts, had turned to ‘foul dust’. By the end of the as Clark (2013) argues, far reaching Versailles became the banner under which decade Stalin was in effective control of consequences long before and after the 28th right-wing militants began to unite to the Soviet Union, Wall Street had crashed June 1914 when Princip assassinated the undermine the Weimar Republic, the most and the world was looking into an abyss. heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The successful of which was the National Political violence had reached its zenith trenches also helped shape the violence Socialist German Workers Party. and, with Nazi Germany, terrorism now becoming after 11:00 AM on November 11th Two further forces had an impact had the capacity to not only foment war, but 1918 not just mass graves for the millions on patterns of political violence as a direct para-militarize and direct it. The relevance butchered but precedents for killing on result of the Great War, its aftermath today is that not only can parallels be an industrial scale (E. Crim, 2007) – they and the rise of Nazi Germany. This was drawn on individual events, but a deeper had redefi ned war, redefi ned contemporary the beginning of the unravelling of the understanding of the risks posed by the values and redefi ned terrorism. They British and French empires and what was militarization of terrorism can be realized. had also dehumanized concepts that had once a delicate web of military, political, Islamic State, whilst enjoying little other hitherto been held sacrosanct and, for economic and social relationships that than a wave of inaction, came not with any millions, taken away their countries, homes had existed for over a century. This single failure of policy but the tide. and families – ‘those that had escaped its disintegration of empire fuelled nationalist From Afghanistan to the fall of shells, were destroyed by war.” War had aspirations and regional conflict before Mubarak, although forced to wage a become apocalyptic and, cemented with and after the Second World War and this different war to the one they had initially it – terrorism. Of all the forces that shaped helped to transform terrorism itself into set out to fight and technologically and patterns of political violence between 1914 an integral component of modern warfare. militarily forced out of the realms in which and 1945 however, it was those that gathered The beginnings of terrorism as an accepted they had invested so heavily, Al Qaeda at the Palace of Versailles on the 28th June feature of modern warfare hence lie firmly has ironically found itself back where it 1914 that had the most enduring impact and within this period: the shock and horror of started and was arguably at its best. Today left the most enduring legacy. the first recorded atrocities that now stream the global threat might arguably lie in its Without Versailles, the principal ‘endlessly’ onto evening news broadcasts; ability to project its forces in Mumbai- forces of nationalism and the revolutionary the alternatives to conventional war such style raids, but its power could equally ideologies that drove terrorism after as fighting by proxy and the arming of lie in its threat to regional stability and the Great War are likely to have taken rebel forces on a grand scale; the export of proximity to state and state-like forces on

26 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 the battlefields of Syria. warfare became a key feature of the Furthermore, as the political violence period as the political, economic and shifted according to the fluidity of the Section 2 social forces deteriorated and is crucial to political, economic and social context, it understanding how a relationship between can be seen that neither a lack of terrorism “Our war on terror begins with Al war and terrorism can develop out of nor an eradication of terrorism computes Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will seemingly nothing. Political violence in to an end in terrorism. Kilmainham Gaol not end until every terrorist group of Palestine is a classic example of this and in 1916 and Lidice in 1942 are examples global reach has been found, stopped a revolt in which the wider context of in that the former was followed by the and defeated.” war very much determined its nature to killing of 14 British officers in Dublin terrorize (Wilson, 2013). on 21 November 1920 (and the Treaty a George W. Bush, 2001 At the outbreak of World War II, year later) and the latter by the Prague for example, although most of Irgun Uprising and the expulsion and massacre The main outbreaks of terrorism up supported the Allies, sporadic attempts of Germans from the Sudetenland in 1945 to 1945 demonstrate how, in the context at mass casualty attacks continued - aptly named the ‘final solution of the of war, the political, economic and social against the British Army. “Irgun’s own German question’. forces were as much a catalyst for terrorism celebratory attitude to terror clearly Other reasons for a less than overt between 1914 and 1945 as they are today. owed much to older eastern European presence of resistance across much of It was not a question of them having revolutionary traditions, but the ease with occupied Europe were that counter- operated in tandem or alignment with which it embraced mass-casualty attacks insurgency operations had evolved from historical forces; terrorism has malleable, still defies easy explanation” (Wilson, the disproportionate over-kill of those protean properties that enable it to breed 2013). in World War I to outright slaughter in symbiosis once it takes root and this In Germany, whilst terrorism had in World War II and this brought little can be seen in the fact that of all the taken on a paramilitary outlook to its community support. As Gildea (2003) wars of this period the political violence activities in the late thirties and both the explains: “The desire to praise the contained elements of second, third and rise of state-terrorism and the Molotov- resistance because it had liberated and fourth generation warfare. The terrorism Ribbentrop pact had effectively rendered redeemed France was undercut by the was random, varied, changeable and able any left wing terrorism that remained local experience of brutal reprisals which to move from one set of circumstances redundant, there are still examples of threatened to drive a wedge between to another in multiple, sustained forms. terrorist acts – the most famous being armed resisters and local communities.” The importance of this period is that these George Elser’s attempt to assassinate In addition, resistance movements in forces sustained terrorism and carried it Hitler in 1939, ‘Operation Spark’ in France and Greece were often splintered beyond the parameters and boundaries 1940 by the ‘Schwarze Kapelle’ and ideologically, some merely waiting-out of previous manifestations. In short, as ‘Operation Valkyrie’ in 1944 by Colonel the war or at war with each other and it Richard English argued (2009), it had Claus Von Stauffenberg. In all, there were was primarily only in Tito’s Yugoslavia metamorphosed into an acceptable, sub- over 40 attempts that involved shootings, and the east that partisan groups were species of warfare. bombings and even an attack on his able to engage effectively and, by personal plane. necessitating a need for occupying Axis “Much that is evident in terrorism – Resistance to the Nazis has Forces, provide any real tactical support its unpredictability of incidence, its often been overlooked but it must be for the Allied Forces. psychological-symbolic dimension, its remembered that, as late as 1933, the Two other issues that remain ultimately power-political motivation – is SPD had over a million members and controversial but that have been also present in much formal warfare.” some 5 million votes. To compound comprehensively addressed in scholarly this, between 1933 and the fall of Nazi literature are whether or not the Allied Richard English Germany, more than 3 million Germans bombing of Germany and Japan or even had been imprisoned for political reasons, the UK’s SOE operations constituted Given the proximity of the and over 70,000 executed. ‘Lone Wolfs’ terrorism. With regards to the latter, the combatants to centres of population and attacks and attempts by the ‘Widerstand’ relevance is revealing in that the British their collective engagement in war, the to force a coup also suggests powers employed and imported lessons learned distinctions between combatants and non- in play that shaped patterns of political from its counter-insurgency in Palestine combatants began to blur and war-crimes violence by non-state combatants and and Ireland to occupied Europe and against civilians became common. This civilians - forces and actors that are as groups such as ENOSIS applied their lethal mixture of regular and irregular viable today as they were 70 years ago. experiences of occupation and civil war

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 27 About the Author in Greece against the British a decade the closing chapters of World War II Mr. Christopher McKeating is a Post- later: actually took place on the battlefields Graduate Student at The Handa Centre of Bosnia in the 1990s where Fascists for the Study of Terrorism and Political “One does not use a tank to catch field and Communists slaughtered each other Violence at St Andrews, a former platoon mice--a cat will do the job better.” and their respective populations were commander and a member of the FSEC butchered with nonchalance. 2014 Military & Security Advisory General George Grivas-Dighenis on Committee. As well as responsibility British Military Strategies, 1964 Conclusion for PMSCs, Christopher is a Committee Member of the Unmanned Systems Poland and Czechoslovakia are “Terrorism has become the systematic Workshop. He has been an instructor equally important to terrorism studies in weapon of a war that knows no for 15 years in the design, management this context. Although Czechoslovakia borders and has no face.” and instruction of Counter-Terrorism, is often criticized for not deploying Pre-Deployment, Inter-operability, its significant forces against Germany Jacques Chirac, 1986 English Language and International in 1938 and for failing to rise against Relations Courses for militaries across the occupation, there are four episodes To conclude, the forces that the world. Education: Master of Letters of political violence that must not be shaped patterns of political violence (CSTPV) St Andrews University 2014, forgotten: they are the British sponsored between 1914 and 1945 were far from Cert. (CSTPV) St Andrews University assassination of the ‘Reichsprotektor’ on extraordinary – they were war and the 2011, RSA Cert. Cambridge University 27th May 1942, the Slovak Uprising of economic, political and social forces (SKOLA) 1996, B.A. Honour’s Degree 1944, the Prague Uprising (which was of the day. Unfortunately, Rapoport’s Liverpool University 1995, Platoon the last major battle of the war in Europe ‘Four Waves Theory’ lacks enough of Commander 1993, Oxford University’s and post dated Hitler’s death), the Czech an undertow to give credence to the Officer Training Corps 1991, Downside fighter pilots of Battle of Britain fame volumes of political violence with which Abbey 1989, British Embassy School and the Czech Volunteers who stood this period is awash. At the same time, Riyadh Saudi Arabia 1983. Current alongside the British and Australians however, it does show the reactionary work: Gunpowder, Treason & Plot: A at Tobruk - like Masaryk’s Legions qualities of terrorism. Nevertheless, qualitative analysis of the threat to the of World War I they were a tangible, categorizing terrorism has led to gaps United Kingdom from British forces political, social and economic force that of knowledge, particularly with regards loyal to Al Qaeda, Islamic State and Al shaped the patterns of political violence to the origins of terrorism as a species Qaeda Separatists. Research to further through which a line can be drawn, not of warfare and its transformation into an understanding of the threat to the UK only from 1914 to 1945 but to today. a major feature of 21st century warfare. from British citizens loyal to Al Qaeda, With regards to Poland, different That war dynamises terrorism is well Al Qaeda Separatists and Islamic State patterns took shape in that despite documented but this period adds more and their intent, if any, to launch attacks the brutality of the Nazi occupation – war can be consumed by it. The against the population and critical and the reprisals that decimated the economic, political and social forces of infrastructure of their country. The country’s population, armed resistance 1914 equally shows that whilst terrorism research is based on an analysis of the was constant and continued from the fluctuates amidst the wider context in latter’s competencies in asymmetrical Charge of Krojanty on the 1st September which it is manifest, that this is often to warfare and the levels of proficiency 1939 to the last uprising in Warsaw in the detriment of the phenomenon. With that would be required to attack targets 1944. It also has to be remembered that, regards to the historicity of terrorism, in the United Kingdom. Using the like the First World War, the second inattention to the period raises questions ‘Protect’ and ‘Prepare’ strands of the did not end in 1945 for every country as to the effect of the unravelling UK Government’s ‘Contest’ strategy as that was engaged in it and that there are of empires on terrorism, revenge on a benchmark, this research project will clear links between pre and post 1945 terrorism and the effect of terrorism on involve an analysis of risk / threat to conflict and war. The war continued terrorist forces. More crucially, given the UK population and infrastructure under new flags up to 1949 in Israel, for that 1914 to 1945 is far from absent of using secondary data that is already in example, with veterans and equipment terrorism and that it is arguably the most the public domain with a prime focus (including, ironically, 24 Messerschmitt important period in the history of modern on texts from two sources, (i) counter- BF109s from Czechoslovakia) from warfare, the risk of not studying the terrorism policy makers / practitioners the battlefields of the Second World forces that shaped it could prove a cost and (ii) Al Qaeda / IS strategists / War. Indeed it could be argued that too far for the West. ■ propagandists.

28 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 2015 CWIX Is Promising to Be the Biggest Yet

■ MAJ Alex Vershinin, JFTC Training Support Division

The next annual NATO-led between different information looking to expand participation Coalition Warrior Interoperability systems in Bydgoszcz, Poland and to even more nations and systems. eXploration, eXperimentation, distributed throughout Europe and The importance of CWIX cannot eXamination, eXercise (CWIX) will North America. Last year CWIX be understated. It is the largest annual officially open on 11 June 2015. The 2014 explored such critical areas as NATO approved event of its kind. CWIX main part of the execution will be cyber defense, Federated Mission is designed to bring about continuous hosted by the Joint Force Training Networking (FMN), Modelling & improvement in interoperability for Centre (JFTC) in Bydgoszcz, Simulation and Situational Awareness the Alliance and Partner Nations. It Poland, from 9 to 25 June 2015. information systems. 21 Nations is one of the driving test beds for CWIX is a Military Committee distributed over 21 testing locations, the “Smart Defense” concept and the directed annual program designed to brought together 175 capability “Connected Forces Initiative” (CFI). It support the continuous improvement to configurations which spanned the builds interoperability and facilitates interoperability for the Alliance. Over complete Communications and a common framework for alliance the three week period, CWIX will Information spectrum and represented members to “plug and play” their bring together engineers, technicians current, future and experimental Command and Control (C2) networks. and operational users, from about capabilities of the Alliance and its During the Afghan mission it took 21 nations, to test interoperability partners. In 2015, CWIX is already several years to create Afghan Mission

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 29 Network. It allowed the entire ISAF nations are testing their interoperability and high capacity communication to coalition to share real time information of C2 systems, defense against cyber- link in with remote sites throughout across the entire coalition and was vital attacks and test various simulation the world. It has a superb technical to ISAF’s success. The CFI and the FMN system’s ability to share information. and support staff, easily capable of seek to capitalize on all successes of Just between 2013 and 2014, CWIX meeting the challenges posed by the the Afghan Mission Network, capture has grown by three nations and over complex CWIX environment. Finally its lessons and create a framework for 400 new participants. At this rate there is the town of Bydgoszcz itself. future deployable networks which can CWIX is expected to grow further, With its beautiful architecture and warm be set up in a matter of months instead of encompassing all of 28 NATO members hospitable people the town is one of the years, giving NATO rapid crisis response as well as majority of Partnership for best kept secrets of Europe. The city ability. CWIX is where the concept takes Peace and Partners Across the Globe. features a slew of quality restaurants, life and nations have a chance to test, CWIX is planned to be held comfortable hotels, all set to cater document and refine the interoperability annually at JFTC for the years to come. to over 1100 participants flocking to of their C2 systems. Set in a picturesque town of Bydgoszcz town during CWIX and benefits from In recent years CWIX has grown Poland, it offers numerous advantages an economic boost during these three from a small testing platform to a NATO as a host. JFTC boasts state of the art weeks. All of this contributes to make wide event. The list of participants is technical facility that supports cloud Bydgoszcz, an ideal location to host an continuously growing as more and more computing, robust simulation capability international event like CWIX. ■

30 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 Official photo of the CAX Forum 2014 CAX Forum

■ Gultekin Arabaci, JFTC Training Support Division

On September 16-19 2014, repre- Simulation experts on all aspects of M&S In response to any raised questions or sentatives of the Joint Force Training introduce and coordinate enhancements, requirements, company representatives Centre attended the 9th NATO CAX participants discuss common simulation can propose a ready off the shelf product or Forum 2014 at the Ataturk Wargaming problems with varied viewpoints from note down the details of reported capabil- and Convention Center (AWCC) in different countries’ and organisations’ ity deficiency for further developments. Istanbul, Turkey. CAX Forum 2014 representatives while learning new meth- Being members of an important focused on technical issues and operating odologies or getting quick answers to NATO training centre, the JFTC team procedures related to simulation-based CAX related issues. Seeing the use of had a chance to explain the role and exercises and training support in order CAX methodologies for new areas of function of the JFTC, its capabilities and to promote sharing information and best interest can be surprising. Joining simu- potential within CFI implementations practices among the staffs of NATO and lation demonstrations including the ones for industry and nations. Presenting national simulation and training centres. commonly used in NATO makes infor- JFTC status update and discussing 2014 CAX Forum organized by mation about the recent developments enhancements with simulation compa- the Modelling and Simulation Centre accessible. National or NATO Simulation nies were important topics. Overall, of Excellence (M&S CoE) welcomed Centres’ representatives go there to the value of CAX Forum is immeasur- around 260 CAX Personnel and M&S provide update on their developments. able. Sharing knowledge, viewpoints experts from 30 countries. This event The scope of the forum allows, among and future technological developments is an excellent forum to share ideas or other options, discover digital game- will assist in the refinement of JFTC advertise your projects related with CAX. based learning named “serious games”. training capabilities.. ■

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 31 New Year Officially Opened at the JFTC

The new Joint Force Training Centre Commander, Brigadier General Wojciech spectrum training, implementation of the Grabowski, inaugurated another busy year Connected Forces Initiative, enhancement for the JFTC. With close to 100 guests, of community of interest and cooperation as including representatives of regional authori- well as enhancement of the JFTC’s institu- ties, the City of Bydgoszcz, numerous civil- tional strength. ian and military organizations, the centre Annual New Year’s Receptions also started a very demanding time of training give the JFTC Commander a fantastic oppor- and exercise as well as the time of signifi- tunity to thank all the centre’s friends from cant jubilees, amidst them the centre’s 10th Poland, the region and the City of Bydgoszcz anniversary. The JFTC’s annual New Year’s for the support and good cooperation pro- Reception took place on 9 January. vided throughout the past year. In his New Year’s Address to the staff General Grabowski also pointed out five main JFTC priorities for the upcoming months. He mentioned continuity of sup- port to ongoing missions, assumption of full

JFTC Celebrates the 15th Anniversary of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland Accession to NATO

15 years ago, after a process based on democratic procedures, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland became members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Today, representatives of the three Independence, Missouri, USA, Ministers of nations work hand in hand in the Alliance Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (Jan – also at the Joint Force Training Centre in Kavan), Hungary (János Martonyi) and the Bydgoszcz (JFTC). To commemorate this Republic of Poland (Bronisław Geremek) important anniversary, the centre invited deposited Protocols of Accession to the members of Bydgoszcz NATO units and Alliance. For the three nations it was one local authorities for a small ceremony, which of the most important events after the Cold was held on 14 March. War which opened a new page in the Czech, On 12 March 1999 in the City of Hungarian and Polish history.

32 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 Life at the JFTC 2014 in Retrospect

The Highest Regional Awards for the JFTC Flag Officers

Brigadier General Wojciech Grabowski, Polish Army, the Joint Force Unitas Durat Cuiaviano-Pomeraniensis Commander of the JFTC Support Unit, and Training Centre (JFTC) Commander, Medals were presented by the Marshal of the representatives of Polish Armed Forces were Brigadier General László Szabó, Hungarian Region, Mr. Piotr Całbecki, on 24 March. recognized by the Marshal of Kujawsko- Army, the JFTC Deputy Commander/ Chief The ceremony was a part of the region- Pomorskie Province. Lieutenant General of Staff and Colonel Ivo Strecha, the Czech al celebrations related to the 15th anniversary Edward Gruszka, the Commander of the Senior National Representative at the JFTC, of Poland accession to NATO. Support Inspectorate of the Polish Armed received the highest regional awards of the Together with the JFTC Officers also Forces, spoke on behalf of all awardees. Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Łączyński, the

JFTC Awarded by the Bydgoszcz City Council

Medals of Casimir the Great for Council, and Mr. Rafał Bruski, the Mayor of exceptional merits for the City of Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz. were presented by the City Council on 23 The JFTC was recognized for its 10 April 2014. One of this year’s laureates was years’ contribution to the development of the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC). The Bydgoszcz and promotion all over the world. awards were given during a special council The grounds for the awarding read: session held on the occasion of Bydgoszcz’s „The Joint Force Training Centre was 668th birthday. established in 2004. It was the first unit Brigadier General Wojciech in Poland that was a part of the NATO tant NATO institutions visit our city. (…) Grabowski, the JFTC Commander, received Command Structure and is one of the two Representatives of the Centre participate the medal as well as warm words of appreci- NATO training centres in the world. (…) in significant municipal events, including ation for the centre’s work from Mr. Roman Due to the importance of the JFTC in NATO national holidays, the City’s birthdays, anni- Jasiakiewicz, the Chairman of the City structures, many high-ranking representa- versaries of the liberation of Bydgoszcz, its tives of NATO countries and most impor- return to Poland and many others.”

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 33 Norwegian Constitution Day

Speech delivered by LTC Lasse Lindalen

Constitution Day is the National Day By historical coincidence, the Second of Norway - celebrated on 17 May. World War ended in Norway nine days before The Constitution was signed on May 17 that year's Constitution Day, on 8 May 1945, 1814. We are celebrating the 200 year anni- when the occupying German forces surren- versary tomorrow. dered. The constitution declared Norway to From then on, a new and broader be an independent nation after being a part meaning was added to the celebration of the of Denmark for more than 300 years. It Norwegian Constitution Day on May 17. ments of the celebration. Each elementary was an attempt to avoid being ceded to The Norwegian celebrations today school district arranges its own parade with Sweden. However, that same year, in 1814, show my country as an independent state marching bands between schools through the only months after signing the constitution, of law with democratic rights for all, and community, often making stops at homes of Norway ended up in a union with Sweden has increasingly become a celebration of senior citizens and war memorials. After the which lasted until 1905. Norway’s growing ethnic diversity. The day parades, there are games for children, lots of The celebration of this day began should be regarded as an expression of thank- ice-cream, sweets and hot dogs are eaten – spontaneously among students and others fulness on behalf of old values: freedom, unfortunately none of that will happen here from early on during this time. The King of equality and brotherhood – the ideological at JFTC today. Sweden and Norway was reluctant to allow basis of our constitution. With these short remarks, I would like to celebrations during the union – he saw cel- A noteworthy aspect of the Norwegian congratulate our King, my nation and citi- ebrations as protest and disregard — even Constitution Day is its very non-military zens on our 200th anniversary of signing the revolt — against the union. BUT WE STILL nature. All over Norway, children's parades Constitution. CARRIED ON! with an abundance of flags form central ele-

National Defence ing two visits, held on 19 and 20 May. They arrived at the Bydgoszcz NATO training Academy and Polish centre’s compound to learn more about the Parliamentary JFTC itself and also to observe how the facil- ity, where NATO soldiers prepare for their National Defence missions, functioned in reality. The first group of guests was led Committee Explore by Lieutenant General (ret.) PhD Andrzej the JFTC Tyszkiewicz and the visit to the centre was incorporated in the programme of their postgraduate Defence Policy Studies. The Students of the Polish National Parliamentarians arrived at the JFTC dur- Defence Academy and members of the Polish ing their study trip around the Kujawsko- Parliamentary National Defence Committee, Pomorskie Region’s military units, training accompanied by local authorities, explored grounds and institutions. the Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) dur-

34 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 8th International Day at the JFTC

For the 8th year in a row the Joint Force Training Centre celebrated its International Day. National stands, teams wearing national colors, music, playground for children and children’s laughter – all these created a Nations promoted their countries with Again, the JFTC International Day beautiful time that members of the JFTC, regional food, beverages, small giveaways created a fantastic opportunity for gathering the NATO Communication and Information and tourist information. While all adults the whole Bydgoszcz NATO family and for Agency Squadron Bydgoszcz, the 3rd NATO were enjoying their time discovering national building strong relations between its mem- Signal Battalion, the JFTC Support Unit, the cuisines and learning more about different bers. Everyone enjoyed the day, beautiful Allied Command Counterintelligence and the cultures and customs, younger participants weather, fantastic food, great company and JFTC National Support Elements and their of the International Day were having lots of all the attractions. To feel the spirit of the families spent together. The event took place fun in the playground established especially JFTC International Day, look at the photo on 23 May. for this occasion. gallery.

Estonian Landeswehr forces who sought to re-assert St. John's Eve celebrations. Victory Day control over the region. The military triumph This year our victory flame vas sent off in 1919 marked the end of 700 years of for- from Valga-Valka, Estonian-Latvian twin eign control. The Võidupüha commemorates border towns, where, some dozens of kilo- Speech given by contribution of all Estonians in their fight to meters southwards, near the city of Cesis, or MAJ Arbo Probal regain and retain independence. Võnnu in Estonian, Estonian defence forces Once a year, on Midsummer Night, our flag defeated enemy troops 95 years ago - this flies above every Estonian home from dusk victory came to be a breakthrough in the The ancient Midsummer bonfire of to dawn. This is the way it has been, and this whole Estonian War of Liberty. But the vic- the Nordic peoples is the Victory Flame of is the way it will be. tory we gained over our own hesitations and the Republic of Estonia. As a tradition our president and other digni- uncertainty was even greater. The Victory In the course of history Estonia lost its sov- taries attend the official Victory Day ceremo- Day is also our Home Defence Day and it ereignty several times so the Independence ny. Festivities include a parade, a speech by symbolizes not only the victory in one battle, Day celebrations, known as the Victory Day, the president, and a military review. The holi- but the struggle of the people of Estonia over bears special significance for citizens. The day transitions from the political to the tradi- centuries to gain, regain, secure and maintain Victory Day - Võidupüha - is celebrated on tional when the president sends out torches their independence. 23 June to mark the battle during the War of from the official bonfire held in honor of the Estonia is our country, our freedom, our Independence in which the Estonian armed Victory Day to light the hundreds of bonfires home and our family. Estonia deserves to be forces and their allies defeated the Baltic in the country that initiate Midsummer and cherished and protected. Elagu Eesti, Elagu Vabadus

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 35 2014 Bastille Day at the JFTC

Since 2010 the French contingent of Bydgoszcz (JFTC and 3rd NSB) has com- memorated the Bastille Day. Officially cel- ebrated nationwide on 14th July, it happened on 18th, allowing the TAAC-TAAT exer- cise to finish. The celebration started in the morning by a flag-raising ceremony chaired by the Centre Commander, BG Wojciech Grabowski with all JFTC personnel, fol- lowed by a French style brunch. A detach- ment of the military band of the French Airborne Brigade provided the background music. In the evening, the French Senior National Representative, Colonel Charles Sevin, and the French contingent of Bydgoszcz hosted the international com- munity of JFTC and 3rd NSB, as well as Bydgoszcz civilian authorities, for a din- ner in the compound. Later, guests enjoyed themselves with good French live music performed by the military band.

International School of Bydgoszcz Starts New School Year

It has already become a tradition that the International School of Bydgoszcz (ISoB) opens the new school year at the “Since your beginnings in 2009, the teaching and learning environment you cre- Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC). On relationship between the ISoB and JFTC ated, the JFTC would be less attractive for 1 September Brigadier General Wojciech has always been fruitful and close, how- soldiers and civilians from foreign countries Grabowski, the JFTC Commander, wel- ever in 2012, when high reputation of your to accept their new assignments and to live in comed around 300 people, including school school also led to a much higher number of Bydgoszcz together with their families. We administration, teachers, representatives of pupils, we agreed to host this event in our recognize the ongoing progress the school is the Kazimierz Wielki University and most of Auditorium” – General Grabowski high- making and we are happy about your recent all - pupils, some of them accompanied by lighted links between the ISoB and the JFTC decision to offer, in addition to primary and parents, who came to officially begin school and added: “We are happy to support you middle year program, also the diploma pro- year 2014/2015. but we need your support, too. Without the gram.”

36 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 Slovak National Holiday

Speech given by COL Miroslav Fazik

There are many National Holidays among the JFTC member nations. Us, Slovaks celebrate two events in September and I would like to speak about them. Slovakia commemorates adoption of its modern constitution in 1st of September ment of Czechoslovakia voted to dissolve the of whom attempted in the course of the revo- so today we are celebrating its 22nd anni- country on 31 December 1992. lution to either achieve autonomy, indepen- versary. I would like to point out some mile- Thus, the Slovak Republic and the dence, or even hegemony over other nations. stones concerning this event. Czech Republic officially became separate This revolutionary fever included Slovaks, Czechoslovakia emerged as a sov- countries on 1 January 1993. This event has fighting for the independence together with ereign state at the end of World War I in been dubbed the Velvet Divorce. all Slavic nations in Austro-Hungarian 1918. It was briefly split during World War The second event we would like to Empire or the Habsburg Monarchy. The II before coming under Soviet rule in 1948. share with you is related to our Armed victory of the Slovak Volunteers against the In 1968, it became a federation consisting of Forces. On the 22 Sep-tember, we celebrate Emperors units in theBrezova pod Bradlom the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak the Slovak Armed Forces Day. Let me high- Battle in 1848 is considered the starting point Socialist Republic. light a few points from history. for further independence and freedom move- Communist rule in Czechoslovakia The 1848 is well-noted in history ment which led to the Independent Slovak was brought to an end in 1989 as a result of as a peak moment in nationalist sentiment State. Honor, patriotism, willingness to serve the Velvet Revolution. among European nations. From March 1848 the nation is the message which re-minds Following negotiations between the through November 1849, the Habsburg us of the heroes of the 1840s and which is Slovak and Czech leaders, the way was Austrian Empire was threatened by revolu- still fresh today. Therefore, we celebrate this paved for the disbanding of the federation. tionary movements. Much of the revolution- respective day as the Slovak Armed Forces The constitution was adopted on 1 September ary activity was of a nationalist character: the Day. 1992, and this action meant establishment empire, ruled from Vienna, included Austrian Allow me congratulate all Slovak peo- of the Slovak Republic as a sovereign and Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, ple on these occasions in our history and wish democratic country. Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians (Ukrainians), them all the best for the years to come. In November 1992, the federal parlia- Ro-manians, Croats, Italians, and Serbs, all

Team JFTC in the Grand Rowing Competition of Bydgoszcz

Eleven members of the Joint Force After 2 races of stiff rivalry, many Training Centre (JFTC) staff competed in liters of sweat and a great dose of fun, the the Dragon Boat Race held during this year’s competition came to an end. This time the Grand Rowing Competition of Bydgoszcz. Police turned out to be stronger. The JFTC team fought against a crew of the Congratulations to the winners! And Regional Police on 27 September. we hope for revenge next year…

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 37 JFTC Ball

One of the Joint Force Training Centre’s traditions is the annual ball, orga- nized in the second part of the year. On 27 September close to 300 members of the Bydgoszcz NATO family met in the Opera Nova House to enjoy a splendid evening, which traditionally represents the summit of the annual cultural activities organized by the JFTC. The ball was full of attractions performed by more than numerous artists and musicians. Also the JFTC Ball Charity Lottery already became a tradition. Every year before the ball, the whole Bydgoszcz NATO DEU SNR, COL (GS) Klaus-Peter Kiser Community collects money for people in awarding the German Military Band which played during the National Day Ceremony need. The lottery tickets were available at the JFTC, 1 October 2014 for approximately a month before the ball. Together with tickets people bought chances to win one of 17 baskets full of national products provided by nations and units. The winners enjoyed the baskets and the NATO family collected approximately 7000 PLN.

German Oktoberfest at Joint Force Training Centre

The German Oktoberfest has been an integral part of the JFTC since 2009. So everybody had a good time again this year dancing, swinging and having Weißwurst, minced meat loaf, pretzels and beer. “Kapela Wuja Zbycha” a Polish trio and The tapping of the barrel by the Senior Krzysztof Bajer as a DJ really rocked the German Officer Colonel (G.S.) Kiser tent. Everybody was dancing, laughing and and JFTC Commander Brigadier General simply having a good time. Grabowski marked the beginning of this So the bottom line is, the German German event, which is becoming a JFTC Oktoberfest at JFTC was a complete success tradition too. once again this year. We are now looking Some 300 guests were happy to enjoy the forward to the next when we have another tasty morsels prepared by six German chefs chance to present Bavarian culture and pro- who had made all the way from Germany mote solidarity. especially for this occasion. No wish and Special thanks go to the JFTC Support no stomach remained un(ful)filled. Besides Unit without whose support this event would the Bavarian specialties and the beer served, not have been possible.

38 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 German National that prevailed in the two World Wars is beyond agreeing to German reunification. human comprehension. For decades, European COL Kiser especially emphasized how Poland, Reunification Day unification had been impossible due to the divi- Hungary and many other states on account of 2014 sion of the continent of Europe into West and their unbending will towards freedom finally East. Reconciliation works out only where dialog contributed to German reunification and far- is possible, not where walls separate the people. sighted statesmen helped to overcome the fears For German people 3 October 2014 German Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt was and resistance and enabled life in peace, freedom marks the 24th anniversary of national unity. The one of the pathbreakers seeking forgiveness by and self-determination. Even John Paul II made Germans' decade-long desire of overcoming the an unforgotten gesture: Willy Brandt kneeling in a decisive contribution by delivering his historic rift within the country had finally been fulfilled front of the Ghetto Heroes Monument in Warsaw speeches and in doing so backing up the freedom in a peaceful manner so they could live in a on 7 December 1970 (Warsaw Genuflection) fighters by shouting out to them: "Be not afraid!" united democratic and social constitutional state! will remain in our memories for ever. This is COL Kiser ended his speech with these What will never be forgotten is how the Allied how Willy Brandt sought forgiveness for the remarks: Forces and in particular Poland contributed to the crimes committed by National Socialism and “Today´s Europe is the fulfillment of the dreams German unity and to overcoming Europe's divi- acknowledged the special responsibility for the of many generations of Europeans. But it is sion. millions of Holocaust victims. The Berlin Wall also something not to be taken for granted. We During the celebration of this histori- fell 25 years ago. Block confrontation of the Cold have every reason to defend this Europe as well cal event at the JFTC on 1 October 2014, War came to an end. In his speech COL Kiser as the basic values of our states as our greatest the German Senior National Representative, stressed that the German Reunification would European cultural achievement. This differenti- COL (GS) Klaus-Peter Kiser, emphasized in have been unimaginable without the European ates our continent more than anything else from his speech some of the historic facts. While this Freedom Movement. Step by step "Solidarność" other continents, for it harbors values that make year, we are also commemorating the 100th has fought for its own freedom and by doing up the European way of life. Let us all be proud anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, as so ultimately for the freedom of all of us. He of what has been achieved. But we are not done well as the 75th anniversary of the beginning pointed out that Solidarność had its bravest sup- yet. It is about preserving freedom and who of World War II which started its terrible course porters here in Bydgoszcz. It would not have should know this any better than us at the JFTC? with Germany attacking Poland, fortunately we been possible without Mikhail Gorbachev, who It is our daily task to train soldiers and NATO also have to remember joyful events in the his- in the wake of the Glasnost and Perestroika dis- members so they can contribute their share tory of Europe - expansion of the EU by ten missed the idea of Soviet claim to power and rule towards securing peace and freedom whenever member states 10 years ago as well as 15 years over other countries. Nor without the Hungarian and however required. We proceed bravely and of NATO membership of Poland, Hungary and Government that was the first to open their bor- confidently. The past 25 years have demonstrated the Czech Republic. COL Kiser recognized the ders. And, above all, not without the great help what we are jointly capable of achieving. terrible harm suffered during World Wars I and from our friends in the USA, France and Great For all that we are infinitely grateful. To our II and millions who lost their lives. The brutality Britain, who then had expressed their confidence common future!”

Hungarian National government of the Hungarian People's Republic the Republic of Hungary, guaranteed human and Holiday and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 civil rights, and created an institutional structure October until 10 November 1956. Though leader- that ensures separation of powers among the less when it first began, it was the first major threat judicial, executive, and legislative branches of 23 October commemorates the Revolution to Soviet control since the forces of Soviet Union government. On the 33rd anniversary of the 1956 of 1956, when Hungarians rose against the Soviet occupied Eastern Europe at the end of World War Revolution, 23 October, the Presidential Council ruled communist system. It also commemorates II. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly was dissolved. In accordance with the constitution, the ‘Day of the Republic’, as in 1989, after the fall influential, and came to play a role in the downfall parliament Speaker Mátyás Szűrös was named of communism, Hungary was declared a republic of the Soviet Union decades later. provisional president, and he officially proclaimed on 23 October. The JFTC Hungarian contingent In a historic session on 16-20 October the Republic of Hungary. The revised constitution commemorated both anniversaries on 27 October. 1989, the Parliament adopted legislation provid- also gave equal status to public and private prop- The Hungarian Revolution and Uprising of ing for multiparty parliamentary elections and a erty. 1956 (Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom or felkelés) direct presidential election. The legislation trans- Hungary decentralized its economy and was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the formed Hungary from a People's Republic into strengthened its ties with Western Europe.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 39 Polish Independence Day

On 7 November the JFTC community cel- ebrated the Polish Independence Day. It has already become a tradition that the centre commemorates the Polish National Holiday with an official ceremony and also with the Polish Independence Day Run. So it was this time. The official ceremony was held by Italian soil. The first words of our national Brigadier General Wojciech Grabowski, the anthem which express the will to return “… JFTC Commander. from Italian soil to Poland” come from this period. Two national uprisings that happened Speech given by later, in 1830-31 and 1863-64 did not bring LTC Leszek Olszewski back the lost independence. Polish patriots took part in almost all national liberation movements of Europe of that time with the At the end of the 17th century, Poland, motto: “For our freedom and yours”. one of the biggest and most powerful coun- It was only the end of the 1st World tries of Europe at that time, a country with War that led to the collapse of the three pow- almost eight-hundred year history, disap- ers and the old order in Europe and finally peared from the map of Europe. The country, created conditions to restore the state. On divided by three powers – Russia, Prussia 11 November 1918, after 123 years, Poland and Austria, lost its independence. re-appeared on the map of Europe as an inde- For 123 years to come, Polish patriots pendent state. In 1989, somebody in Europe said that made numerous attempts to restore the lost Unfortunately after another 20 years, Poland joined the family of free nations. This statehood. At the beginning, they placed the nation again lost its independence and truth, however, is not complete – Poland did their faith in the French emperor, Napoleon even though it regained in 1945, it was with- not join that family but had returned to it. Bonaparte and created Polish Legions in out sovereignty. I hope for ever.

Ceremonies com- memorating 11th November for French contingent

French contingent commemorated the end of the 1st World War on 11th November and 3rd NSB with their families, and was at the oldest City cemetery in Bydgoszcz attended by several City representatives. (Cmentarz Starofarny) where French soldiers The day after, some members of who had died in the 1870 Franco-Prussian the French contingent went to the French War were buried. The commemorating cere- Military Cemetery in Gdańsk to participate in mony, chaired by the French Senior National the official ceremony organized and chaired Representative, Colonel Charles Sevin, took by French Embassy in Warsaw. place as every year, on 11th November, and gathered French personnel from the JFTC Photos: Courtesy of Ms. Aleksandra Rumińska

40 • Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 Polish President Visits the Flagship of Poland in NATO

On 12 November, one day after the Polish Independence Day, Polish President, Bronisław Komorowski visited the JFTC in Bydgoszcz. The JFTC Commander, Brigadier General Wojciech Grabowski introduced the guest to the JFTC and presented to the President the distinct and unique role that the JFTC played within NATO focusing on joint and combined training at the tactical level. At the end of his visit the President underlined that the Bydgoszcz centre was a flag- ship of Poland in NATO and at the same time a flagship of NATO in Poland and also a flagship of Bydgoszcz. He pointed out that his visit was a chance to check in practice to what extent politi- cal decisions taken at the Newport Summit were transferred in to functioning of various NATO structures, including training structures.

Photos: Wojciech Olkuśnik, Courtesy of the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland

2013 Beaujolais nouveau at the JFTC

It is a tradition in France, in the Beaujolais wine-producing area near Lyon, civilian and military, to this wine tasting eral French classic melodies. that on the 3rd Thursday of November, the celebration. The French Senior National The following day, French SNR newly harvested and slightly fermented red Representative (SNR), Colonel Charles hosted an evening prestige concert, co- wine “Beaujolais Nouveau” is released and Sevin, opened the event and underlined it as performed by the military French band and tasted. This event has taken place also at the an opportunity for everyone to enjoy typical Torun military band, downtown Bydgoszcz, JFTC thanks to the French contingent since French food, as wine was accompanied by with several military and civilian authori- 2010. cheese and charcuterie. For this occasion, ties. On 27th November 2013 the French musicians from the Army Transmission A similar event took place also a year contingent invited all the JFTC personnel, Military Band in Versailles performed sev- later, in 2014.

Transformation Through Training • Issue No: 6 • December 2014 • 41 PUBLICATION GUIDELINES

1. The articles should be submitted in English; 2. The articles should be 1000-5000 words long; 3. The articles should be delivered as electronic files on a CD/DVD to the following address: Joint Force Training Centre ul. Szubińska 2 85-915 Bydgoszcz Poland or sent via an e-mail to the following address: [email protected]; 4. The articles should be written in Microsoft Word format, single-spaced, Times New Roman font, 12 size, A4 paper size; 5. Photos sent as an illustration for the articles should be sent in JPEG files, minimum 500KB; 6. The author of the article should provide the editor with a short information about his profession, academic title, professional affiliation and contact details.