Stock status of Queensland’s Fisheries Queensland fisheries resources 2009–10 Department of Employment, Development Economic Innovation and

Tomorrow’s Queensland: strong, green, smart, healthy and fair

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 PR10–5184

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Acronyms 6 Fishery acronyms 6 Introduction 7 Stock status process 7 Stock status assessment 2009–10 8 Stocks with no assessment made 16 Stock background and status determination 17 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) EC 18 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) GOC 19 Bream–yellowfin (Acanthopagrus australis) EC 20 Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus chacei and I. brucei) EC 21 Bugs–Moreton Bay (Thenus australiensis & T. parindicus) EC 22 Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) EC 23 Coral trout (Plectropomus spp. and Variola spp.) EC 24 Crab–blue swimmer (Portunus pelagius) EC 25 Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) EC 26 Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) GOC 27 Crab–spanner (Ranina ranina) EC 28 Eel (Anguilla australis and A. Reinhardtii) EC 29 Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) EC 30 Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) GOC 31 Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus) EC 32 Flathead–dusky (Platycephalus fuscus) EC 33 Javelin (Pomadasys spp.) EC 34 Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) EC 35 Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) GOC 36 Mackerel–school (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) EC 37 Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) EC 38 Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) GOC 39 Mackerel–spotted (Scomberomorus munroi) EC 40 Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare) EC 41 Prawn–banana (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) EC 42 Prawn–endeavour (Metapenaeus endeavouri and M. ensis) EC 43 Prawn–redspot and blue leg king (Melicertus longistylus and M.latisulcatus) EC 44 Rockcod–bar (Epinephelus ergastularius and E. septemfasciatus) EC 45 Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) EC 46 Snapper (Pagrus auratus) EC 47 Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) EC 48 Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) GOC 49 Snapper–goldband (Pristipomoides multidens) EC 50 Snapper–hussar (Lutjanus adetii and L. vitta) EC 51 Snapper–rosy (Pristipomoides filamentosus) EC 52 Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) EC 53 Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) GOC 54 Snapper–stripey (Lutjanus carponotatus) EC 55 Squid (Uroteuthis (Photololigo) spp., Sepioteuthis spp. and Nototodarus spp.) EC 56 Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) EC 57 Teraglin (Atractoscion aequidens) EC 58 Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) EC 59 Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) GOC 60 Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) EC 61 Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) GOC 62 Whiting–sand (Sillago ciliata) EC 63 Whiting–stout (Sillago robusta) EC 64

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 5

Acronyms

ASR–annual status report CPUE–catch per unit effort EC–east coast ERA–ecological risk assessment FRDC–Fisheries Research and Development Corporation GBRMP–Great Barrier Reef Marine Park GOC–Gulf of Carpentaria MLS–minimum legal size MSY–maximum sustainable yield OS–‘other species’ quota PMS–performance measurement system TAC–total allowable catch

Fishery acronyms

BSCF–Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery CRFFF–Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery DWFFF–Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery ECIFFF–East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery ECOTF–East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery ECSMF–East Coast Spanish Mackerel Fishery FTF–Fin Fish (Stout Whiting) Trawl Fishery GOCDFFTF–Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery GOCIFFF–Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery GOCLF–Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery MCF–Mud Crab Fishery QEF–Queensland Eel Fishery Rec–recreationally targeted species RIBTF–River and Inshore Beam Trawl Fishery RRFFF–Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery SCF–Spanner Crab Fishery

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 6

Introduction

In November 2009, Fisheries Queensland (part of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) embarked on a process to assess the exploitation status (stock status) of Queensland’s key fish stocks1. Aimed at addressing increasing levels of stakeholder interest in the sustainability of Queensland fisheries, the process provides, for the first time, a transparent assessment of the status of our key stocks.

To facilitate the process, Fisheries Queensland developed a Stock Status Assessment Framework. The framework documents the transparent and consistent process used to determine a concise and agreed statement of the status of key fish stocks in Queensland waters. The process builds on a comprehensive range of assessment tools already used by Fisheries Queensland in reviewing the sustainability of fishing activities on fish stocks and the broader ecosystem.

Fisheries Queensland completed the first round of stock status assessments in 2009–10.

Stock status process

The first round of stock status workshops considered a total of 62 stocks. The stocks chosen for assessment represented key commercial target and by-product species and those considered important recreationally (e.g. based on catches in voluntary fisher diaries). As this is an adaptive process, there is scope for additional stocks to be included in subsequent assessments should they become increasingly important to a particular fishery.

The stock status process assessed background biological information for stocks from a range of sources. These included biological monitoring data, commercial catch and effort from logbooks, recreational catch diaries, at-sea observer data, stock assessment, research data, ecological risk assessments and performance indicator results.

In a workshop, an expert panel of Departmental scientists and managers assigned an appropriate exploitation category for a given species based on available biological and fishery information, guided by a set of exploitation criteria (refer to Stock Status Assessment Framework for detailed explanation of exploitation criteria). The classification of the status of each stock also considered a wider range of factors including market drivers, fisher behaviour and weather effects. Workshop participants determined an exploitation status for each stock based on a weight-of-evidence approach2. Table 1 summarises the exploitation categories.

Table 1. Description of exploitation categories used in the Queensland stock status assessment process

Category Definition Harvest levels may be exceeding sustainable levels and/or yields may be higher in the long Overfished term if the effort levels are reduced. The stock may still be recovering from previous excessive fishing pressure. Recovery strategies will be developed for all overfished stocks to reduce fishing pressure within prescribed timeframes. Harvest levels are at, or close to, optimum sustainable levels. Current fishing pressure is Sustainably fished considered sustainable. Resource is underutilised and has the potential to sustain harvest levels higher than those Not fully utilised currently being taken. A limited amount of information has been collected; or, in cases where a significant amount of Uncertain information has been collected and considered, there are inconsistent or contradictory signals in the data that preclude determination of exploitation status. There is limited quantitative or qualitative information and no reasonable assessment can be No assessment made made.

1 Throughout this document the term ‘stock’ can represent a single species, a separate genetic or geographical stock or a group of species used for fisheries management purposes. 2 A ‘weight-of-evidence’ approach assesses a species based on the evidence considered and meeting agreed criteria, decided by workshop participants with expertise in biology and/or the fishery for the species.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 7

Stock status assessment 2009–10

Fisheries Queensland conducted four workshops in 2009–10 to determine the status of key stocks harvested in line, pot, net and trawl fisheries. A total of 62 stocks (49 east coast and 13 Gulf of Carpentaria stocks) were considered in this first round. Of these, one stock was determined to have an overfished status, 18 stocks were sustainably fished, three were not fully utilised and 25 were uncertain. No assessment was made for 15 stocks.

The uncertain status of more than one-third of stocks was due to limited or inadequate information being available for assessments. Most commonly, this was for lower-value or by-product species. It is important to note that an ‘uncertain’ status does not necessarily mean that the stock is at risk from fishing activities. Rather it highlights where information is required to reduce uncertainty. Fisheries Queensland can now confidently prioritise future data collection activities to reduce uncertainty and ensure that fishery resources are harvested sustainably (now and in the future).

A recurring issue identified in the first round of stock status assessment was the lack of recent statewide recreational fishing data as the last estimates were undertaken in 2005. This information gap will be addressed in the Statewide Recreational Fishing Survey 2010. This survey will provide reliable catch estimates at a state and regional level for fish species commonly caught by Queensland’s recreational anglers.

Table 2 summarises the outcomes of the first round of stock status workshops, including the stock status assigned and the justification for this stock status decision. More information regarding how the stock status exploitation status was determined for each stock is detailed in the next section.

Table 2. Fisheries Queensland stock status summary 2009–10 Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Barramundi East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Commercial catches are stable and within historical (Lates calcarifer) coast Rec Fished levels. There is a good range of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations. Studies of barramundi in the Fitzroy catchment indicate harvest levels are below sustainable yield estimates. Barramundi GOC GOCIFFF Sustainably Commercial catches are within historical levels and (Lates calcarifer) Fished catch rates have been steadily increasing since 1981. There is a good range of ranges of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations. Bream–yellowfin East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. (Acanthopagrus coast Rec Fished Good representation of ranges of fish lengths and australis) ages in the sampled populations over time. Total mortality estimates are below upper limits. Precautionary management arrangements introduced on 1 March 2010 increase the proportion of female fish that are likely to have spawned before recruiting to the fishery. Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus East ECOTF Uncertain Two species were considered in the assessment but chacei and I. brucei) coast landings are dominated (80%) by I. chacei. Conservative minimum legal sizes allow spawning to occur before capture; however there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 8

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Bugs–Moreton Bay East ECOTF Uncertain Two species were considered in this assessment. (Thenus australiensis coast GBRMP closures act to protect Moreton Bay bug and T. parindicus) biomass. Introduction of MLSs based on yield-per- recruit modelling and the use of square-mesh cod- ends has reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of a time series of recent length frequency data and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females. Cobia East RRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Historical catch rates are variable. Length data is (Rachycentron canadum) coast available and a more informed assessment will be made at the next workshop as the analysis of the cobia age structure is currently underway. Coral trout East CRFFF/ Rec Sustainably Catch has increased to 94% of the TAC in 2008–09. (Plectropomus and coast Fished Commercial catch and catch rate has increased Variola spp.) gradually since 2004 following the introduction of quota. No stock assessment has been completed and quota limit originally based on 1996 (pre- investment warning) harvest level. The TAC will be reviewed using resource assessment outcomes when available. Crab–blue swimmer East BSCF/ Rec Sustainably Relatively stable recent commercial catch levels (by (Portunus pelagicus) coast Fished region and for the whole fishery). Size frequency distribution for seven years show a consistent distribution of individuals across size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate. Improved estimates of recreational catch, including at a regional level would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status. Crab–mud East MCF/ Rec Uncertain Historical commercial catch is stable over the long (Scylla spp.) coast term, whilst catch per unit effort has increased slightly. Size frequency graphs are stable–but show a smaller number of males present in the larger size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate and strengthen identified trends in the data. Improved recreational catch estimates would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates. A credible indicator of abundance would reduce uncertainty in the assessment. Crab–mud GOC MCF Sustainably Historical commercial catch levels and catch rates (Scylla spp.) Fished are variable–and currently less than historically sustained levels. Size frequency graphs show no significant change in distribution of individuals across size classes–data shows a high representation of large males. Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a regional level– allowing discrimination between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast–would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 9

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Crab–spanner East SCF Not Fully Current commercial catch levels are significantly (Ranina ranina) coast Utilised less than historically sustained levels–with recent market fluctuations believed to have imposed daily catch limits on fishers. Size frequency graphs show a healthy distribution of individuals across size classes. Total allowable catch is currently underutilised and has not been reached at any time during the past decade. Eel (Anguilla australis East QEF Sustainably Historical commercial catch and catch rate data are and A. reinhardtii) coast Fished variable and heavily dependant on environmental factors. Length frequency graphs show healthy distribution of individuals in length classes, for nine years. Current fishing pressure is considered sustainable under the current management regime– due particularly to strict conditions related to permitted fishing areas. Emperor–red East CRFFF Uncertain Commercial catch increasing to levels reported prior (Lutjanus sebae) coast to introduction of quota in 2003–04. Catch rates have remained relatively stable over past decade. More recent biological information on length structure and abundance and increased species level reporting in commercial logbooks would aid in reducing stock status uncertainty. Emperor–red GOC GOCDFFTF/ Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates have increased (Lutjanus sebae) GOCLF since 2007. There is limited data available on the distribution and abundance of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Queensland fishers in the Gulf of Carpentaria take a small proportion of a stock shared by WA and NT. Red emperor status is ‘uncertain’ until information on the level of exploitation by these jurisdictions is gathered. Red emperor will be reassessed in late 2010. Emperor–redthroat East CRFFF/ Not Fully Only 39% of TAC landed in 2008–09. A stock (Lethrinus miniatus) coast DWFFF Utilised assessment conducted in 2006 estimated the population biomass to be around 70% of unfished biomass and indicated that the commercial TAC is set at an appropriate level. Information on recruitment and movement patterns of this species would be valuable to support stock status. Flathead–dusky East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. (Platycephalus fuscus) coast Rec Fished Fishery predominantly harvests female fish. Nearly all male and large fecund female fish are protected by minimum and maximum size limits. Conservative bag limits are also in place. Age and length information indicate healthy stocks. Javelin East ECIFFF/ Uncertain Grunter is a complex of important recreational (Pomadasys spp.) coast Rec species, especially in North Queensland. Although commercial catches and catch rates are steady, the magnitude of the recreational catch on a regional basis is not known at this stage. The stock status is ‘uncertain’ until an updated recreational harvest estimate is available.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 10

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Mackerel–grey East ECIFFF Uncertain There is uncertainty in the assessment of current (Scomberomorus coast catch trends and stock status given the commercial semifasciatus) fishery fundamentally changed with the introduction of new conservative quota management arrangements on 1 July 2009. Only two years of routine biological data (length of fish caught in the fishery) were available which is insufficient to assess trends. Mackerel–grey GOC GOCIFFF Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates are variable. (Scomberomorus Recent research indicates the possible existence of semifasciatus) multiple localised adult sub-stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) within the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Gulf of Carpentaria stock is managed as a whole and shared with Northern Territory. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at a regional/local spatial level so it is not possible at this time to determine regional catch trends and overall stock status. Mackerel–school East ECIFFF/ Uncertain While it is likely that the school mackerel harvest is (Scomberomorus coast Rec sustainable, there are contradictory signals in the queenslandicus) commercial catch rates for the net and line sectors. The status of school mackerel is ‘uncertain’ until there is greater confidence in the commercial catch rate data and better quantification of the recreational harvest. Mackerel–Spanish East ECSMF/ Sustainably At current fishing levels the fishery is considered (Scomberomorus coast Rec Fished sustainably fished. A new stock assessment is commerson) currently being completed, with outcomes expected to be publically available in late 2010. Preliminary results support the outcomes of the previous 2008 assessment. Mackerel–Spanish GOC GOCLF Uncertain Catch has declined but remains within historical (Scomberomorus harvest levels. Catch rates have increased slightly. A commerson) lack of data demonstrating temporal trends in length or age frequencies led the workshop expert panel to determine an 'uncertain' status. This species will be reviewed again in late 2010. Mackerel–spotted East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Predominantly a line fished species since 2004. (Scomberomorus coast Rec Fished Age, length, sex structure and mortality estimates munroi) are available. Species-specific recreational estimate also available. Total mortality rate estimate indicates fishing is occurring at upper levels. Pearl perch East RRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Currently not enough historical commercial catch (Glaucosoma scapulare) coast data (non-specific recording until 2004) and highly variable catch rates. Length structure stable but age data would need to be analysed before a more informed decision can be made. Currently being assessed as part of an FRDC project on the fishery. Prawn–banana East RIBTF Sustainably An assessment of the east coast banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus coast Fished stock indicated that in 2004 biomass was well merguiensis) above the level required for maximum sustainable yield. Evidence indicates that banana prawn stock biomass below this level has occurred in the past without effect. Fishery scale analysis indicates that the 2009 commercial harvest is less than the 2004 commercial harvest level, although recreational landings appear to be increasing. Finer scale analysis may be needed to rule out the possibility of depletion in some regions. Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 11

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Prawn–endeavour East ECOTF Not Fully Two species were considered in this assessment but (Metapenaeus coast Utilised landings are dominated (~80%) by blue endeavour endeavouri and M. prawns (Metapenaeus endeavouri). Current harvest ensis) levels are significantly lower than historical levels and there is no evidence that endeavour prawn stocks were being overfished at historically high levels. It is highly likely that this stock is currently under utilised. Prawn–redspot and blue East ECOTF Uncertain The two main king prawn species that occur north of leg king coast about 21ºS were considered in this assessment. (Melicertus longistylus Landings are dominated (~70%) by red spot king and M. latisulatus) prawns (M. longistylus). Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in the logbook makes it difficult to attribute landings to individual king prawn species prior to 2003. The current data is not a long enough time series to identify trends in the species specific landings and effort targeting each of the northern king prawn species. Future assessment of northern king prawn species will analyse spatially defined landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria. Rockcod–bar East DWFFF/ Uncertain Reported commercial catch increased from <1 t per (Epinephelus coast CRFFF year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2007–08. ergastularius and E. Recreational catch estimates not available for these septemfasciatus) species. There are some concerns regarding commercial L1 fishers targeting the deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods. Require a time-series of age and length data to move from ‘uncertain’. This species complex is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the PMS. Sea mullet East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Stock is shared with New South Wales. (Mugil cephalus) coast Rec Fished Queensland’s catches are stable and within historical levels. Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean fisheries in both jurisdictions. Snapper East RRFFF/ Rec Overfished The snapper stock is shared with New South Wales (Pagrus auratus) coast and is considered 'overfished'. Stock assessment results indicate a high level of fishing pressure. Fisheries Queensland is working with key stakeholders to develop options for new management arrangements that will rebuild the snapper stock. Snapper–crimson East CRFFF/ Rec Uncertain Lower landings reported since introduction of OS (Lutjanus erythropterus) coast quota. Increased landings identified in 2008–09 are due to improved resolution of commercial logbooks and increased catch. Catch efficiency may be increasing with increasing availability of technology (sounders, GPS). Recreational catch estimates would be valuable. High discard mortality (60%) for these relatively long lived species.

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Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Snapper–crimson GOC GOCDFFTF/ Uncertain Catches and catch rates have increased since 2001 (Lutjanus erythropterus) GOCLF however the total catch remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for crimson snapper in 2010. While the stock status for crimson snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of crimson snapper following a review in early 2010. Snapper–goldband East CRFFF/ Uncertain Commercial harvest historically between 30–60 t per (Pristipomoides coast DWFFF year. No recreational estimate is available for this multidens) species. It is unknown if there is a single stock or separate stocks on the east coast. Some otoliths have been collected but have not been aged. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS. Snapper–hussar East CRFFF Uncertain Commercial catches currently well below the long (Lutjanus adetii and L. coast term average for this species group. Recreational vitta) catches currently estimated to be substantial and needs to be better quantified to determine stock status. Snapper–rosy East CRFFF/ Uncertain Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has (Pristipomoides coast DWFFF declined significantly (60 t to <5 t). Recreational filamentosus) catch estimates for this species is not available (recorded as ‘jobfish unspecified’). Limited biological information is available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS. Snapper–saddletail East CRFFF/ Uncertain Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has (Lutjanus malabaricus) coast DWFFF/ declined significantly (150 t to 50 t). Species specific Rec recreational catch estimates would be valuable. Limited biological information available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the PMS. Snapper–saddletail GOC GOCDFFTF/ Uncertain Catches have generally increased while catch rates (Lutjanus malabaricus) GOCLF have varied since 2005. The total catch however remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for saddletail snapper in 2010. While the stock status for saddletail snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of saddletail snapper following a review in early 2010.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 13

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Snapper–stripey East CRFFF Sustainably Recent increase in reported commercial catch may (Lutjanus carponotatus) coast Fished be due to increased species resolution reporting in logbooks, increased fishing for OS quota or as a by- product of increased landings of coral trout. Available age structures from a research project on lutjanids in the Great Barrier Reef revealed that stripey populations display broad ranges of age classes. This suggests the existing population structure may rely on broad representation of age classes for population stability. Squid East ECOTF Uncertain Considered as a species complex in this Uroteuthis (Photololigo) coast assessment. Trawled squid make up 90% of the spp., Sepioteuthis spp. commercial squid harvest and are predominantly and Nototodarus spp.) pencil squid (Uroteuthis spp.), while inshore net caught and recreational squid landings are tiger squid (Sepioteuthis lessionana). Recreational landings may be increasing. Queensland and northern New South Wales fisheries catch the same Uroteuthis (Photololigo) species. Separate analysis of the inshore and offshore pencil squid harvest and a better estimate of the largely recreational tiger squid catch is needed before a more definitive classification of Queensland squid stocks can be made. Tailor East ECIFFF/ Sustainably The tailor stock is shared with New South Wales and (Pomatomus saltatrix) coast Rec Fished is considered ‘sustainably fished’. Preliminary results of a recent stock assessment (2009) indicate that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass. Teraglin East RRFFF Uncertain There is concern over lack of older fish in the (Atractoscion coast population based on independent fishery data. aequidens) Teraglin is subject to high discard mortality. Age data to be analysed by Fisheries Queensland in 2010. Species is consistently target in the charter fishery. Reliable estimates of recreational catch data may reduce the uncertainty associated with the stock status. Threadfin–blue East ECIFFF Sustainably Commercial catches and catch rates are stable since (Eleutheronema coast Fished 2002. Life history characteristics are resilient to tetradactylum) fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines. Threadfin–blue GOC GOCIFFF Sustainably Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Life (Eleutheronema Fished history characteristics are resilient to fishing tetradactylum) pressure. There are no indications of stock declines. Threadfin–king East ECIFFF Uncertain No trend in commercial catches and catch rates. (Polydactylus macrochir) coast Highest catches occur in the Capricorn region. Recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at a regional level so it is not possible to determine overall catch trends or stock status at this time.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 14

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery/s status Threadfin–king GOC GOCIFFF Uncertain Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. (Polydactylus macrochir) However recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the PMS are not monitored at this spatial level so it is not possible to determine localised/regional catch trends or stock status at this time. Whiting–sand East ECIFFF/ Sustainably Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. (Sillago ciliata) coast Rec Fished Comprehensive span of ages and lengths in the sampled population and it is evident that reasonable recruitment is occurring. The minimum size limit is set at size-at-first maturity which increases the opportunity for fish to spawn before recruiting to the fishery. Bag limits introduced on 1 March 2009. Whiting–stout East FTF Sustainably A single species stock shared with New South (Sillago robusta) coast Fished Wales. The Queensland fishery takes the majority of the landings. New South Wales stock considered to be ‘fully fished’. A common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn fishery. The annual TAC for stout whiting in Queensland is set using formal decision rules, harvest levels, and fishing and natural mortality estimates. Inclusion of stout whiting mortality in the eastern king prawn fishery and increased fishing power associated with the recent adoption of Danish seine gear need to be considered in future assessments of the stock. Since 2005, total Queensland stout whiting landings have been substantially less than the predicted sustainable level upon which the TAC is based. This is due to economic drivers (i.e. low market demand and reduced effort in the fishery). Biological monitoring data and commercial landings data for the stock are relatively stable, indicating that overfishing is unlikely.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 15 Stocks with no assessment made

The expert panel decided that no assessment could be made for stocks of certain species at the time of each workshop. The reasons varied and these are outlined in the comments for each species (Table 3). The status classification identifies that there is either limited take, or limited information on which to make an appropriate assessment of that stock at this stage, or that the status assessment needs to incorporate outcomes of other sustainability assessment processes (for example, the Fisheries Queensland Shark Working Group which is assessing Queensland shark fisheries resources in detail). It should be noted that this is an ongoing process. The determination of status will be revisited for these stocks in the future (e.g. when a performance indicator related to increases in total catch is triggered or when the necessary information becomes available for incorporation into assessment processes).

Table 3. Stocks for which no assessment was made Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery status Bonito East ECIFFF No assessment South East Queensland is the northern extent of (Sarda spp.) coast made the species range. Require a better understanding of recreational catch component for this species. Bream–other East ECIFFF/ No assessment The Queensland commercial fishery mainly (Acanthopagrus spp. coast Rec made harvests yellowfin bream although pikey bream and Rhabdosargus (A. berda) is a major component of the sarba) recreational catches in north Queensland. Should commercial or recreational interest in other bream species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status. Cobia GOC GOCLF No assessment Catch negligible in the Gulf of Carpentaria (less (Rachycentron canadum) made than 200 kg in 2007). Coral trout GOC GOCLF No assessment By-product species in the Gulf of Carpentaria with (Plectropomus and made minimal catches (between 1 and 6 t since 2000). Variola spp.) Currently considered low sustainability risk in the ERA. Dart East ECIFFF/ No assessment Reported commercial catches are low, however (Trachinotus spp.) coast Rec made the recreational fishing survey indicted 120 t of dart were harvested in 2005. Catches of dart will be monitored and a threshold harvest level be developed for inclusion in the PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. Emperor–redthroat GOC GOCLF No assessment Not a major commercial or recreational species in (Lethrinus miniatus) made the Gulf of Carpentaria. Assessment not required at this stage due to low catches of redthroat emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Flathead–other East ECIFFF/ No assessment The commercial fishery mainly harvests dusky (Platycephalus spp.) coast Rec made flathead. Should commercial or recreational interest in other flathead species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status. Garfish East ECIFFF/ No assessment The complex comprises five distinct species (Hemiramphidae) coast Rec made across a number of different habitats. No reasonable assessment of stock status could be made for the complex given this diversity. Attempts will be made to separate the commercial and recreational reporting of these species with a view to assessing individual species in subsequent stock status workshops.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 16

Species Stock Principal Exploitation Justification fishery status Mackerel–shark East ECIFFF No assessment Commercial catch around 36 t in 2008–09. Shark (Grammatorcynus coast made mackerel reported in the recreational surveys was bicarinatus) allocated on a proportional basis from the unspecified mackerels; therefore there is not a lot of confidence in recreational harvest estimates. No biological information available. Rockcod–goldspotted East Rec No assessment Predominantly a recreational species. No (Estuary rockcod) coast made reasonable assessment of stock status could be (Epinephelus coioides) made as recreational catch estimates are not directly attributable to this species (only recorded as ‘cod’). Shark–blacktip complex East ECIFFF No assessment Assessment of blacktip sharks and spot tail Common blacktip shark coast made whalers is being undertaken by the Fisheries (Carcharhinus limbatus) and GOC Queensland Shark Working Group that has been and Australian blacktip established to provide advice to fisheries shark (Carcharhinus managers. An assessment of the commercial tilstoni) harvest of sharks is planned at the end of 2010.

Shark–spot-tail shark (Carcharinus sorrah) Snapper–moses East Rec No assessment Limited commercial catches. Predominantly a (Moses perch) coast made recreational species and would require an (Lutjanus russelli) improved recreational estimate of harvest to determine stock status. Trevally East ECIFFF/ No assessment The commercial time series data includes many (Carangidae) coast RRFFF/ Rec made species with different life history characteristics; a meaningful stock status assessment is not possible given the heterogeneity in this group. Better species resolution through commercial logbooks or recreational diaries would not be achievable; information collected through the Fishery Observer Program will be investigated over time to determine whether stock or risk assessments can be made in the future. Whiting–other East ECIFFF/ No assessment The commercial fishery mainly harvests sand (Sillago spp. other than coast Rec made whiting. Should commercial or recreational S. robusta and S. ciliata) interest in other whiting species increase significantly, these may be considered in future assessments of stock status.

Stock background and status determination

The following one page summaries for each stock below outline the following:

Information sources used – documents the information/data used by the workshop panel to determine status.

Comments on stock status – outcomes of the workshop and provides justification for the stock status classification.

Future assessment needs – details future information inputs which would support current or future stock status assessments. Fisheries Queensland would need to consider the priority, costs and benefits of collecting additional information in the context of reducing uncertainty and demonstrating the sustainable management of fishery resources.

Management response – for stocks that are considered overfished or issues that have been identified, a management response to address this will be provided. Fisheries Queensland plans to review and report on the status of Queensland’s key fish stocks on an annual basis.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 17 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches are stable and within historical levels. There is a good range of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations. Studies of barramundi in the Fitzroy catchment indicate harvest levels are below sustainable yield estimates.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort The PMS for the ECIFFF may be refined to monitor

• Recreational catch estimates barramundi harvest at spatial scales more appropriate to the catchment related distribution of • Charter logbook catch and effort barramundi on the east coast. The Long Term • Performance Measurement System (PMS) Monitoring Program routinely collects this indicators information however it has yet to be analysed. This • Fishery dependent length and age information information is important in the development of new performance measures. • Published local biological information A stock assessment is scheduled for 2011/12. Comments on stock status More accurate, regionally separated estimates of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) was the fourth most recreational harvest of barramundi are required. The harvested species in the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish next statewide recreational fishing survey is Fishery (ECIFFF) with approximately 280 t landed in scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2009. Commercial catches are steady and catch 2011. rates have been rising over the last eight years. For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Genetic research suggests that there are likely to be the ECIFFF. multiple stocks of barramundi associated with the major river catchments throughout the fishery. Further reading Fisheries management arrangements do not focus on Campbell, AB, O’Neill, MF and Officer, R 2008, these areas, preferring to apply holistic Assessment of the barramundi fishery in precautionary limits on minimum and maximum legal Queensland, 1989–2007, Department of Primary sizes, gear restrictions and recreational catch. The Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane. effectiveness of these arrangements at a regional level are supported by studies of the Fitzroy River that indicate barramundi harvest levels are sustainable at current effort levels.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 18 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) GOC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches are within historical levels and catch rates have been steadily increasing since 1981. There is a good range of ranges of fish lengths and ages in several years of sampled populations.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort A stock assessment is scheduled for 2011/12. • Recreational catch estimates More accurate, regionally separated estimates of • Charter logbook catch and effort recreational harvest of barramundi are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is • Fishery dependent length and age information scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in • Performance Measurement System (PMS) 2011. indicators For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Comments on stock status the GOCIFFF. Current information suggests that barramundi stocks Further reading in the Gulf of Carpentaria are healthy. Commercial harvest of barramundi in the Gulf of Carpentaria Campbell, AB, O’Neill, MF and Officer, R 2008, Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF) reached a ten year Assessment of the barramundi fishery in high in 2009 with 757 t landed. Catch rates have Queensland, 1989–2007, Department of Primary been steadily rising since 2003. Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane. Similar to the ECIFFF, there are likely to be multiple Roelofs, AJ 2003, Ecological Assessment of the Gulf stocks of barramundi associated with the major river of Carpentaria Inshore Finfish Fishery - A report to catchments throughout the Gulf of Carpentaria Environment Australia on the sustainable fishery. There is no evidence to suggest that an management of a multi-species tropical gillnet unsustainable level of fishing pressure is being fishery, Department of Primary Industries and placed on these areas and their fish stocks. The total Fisheries, Brisbane. barramundi fishery will continue to be monitored using a standardised catch rate indicator within the PMS, however it is likely that further measures will be developed to monitor the sustainable harvest of potential meta-populations.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 19

Bream–yellowfin (Acanthopagrus australis) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Good representation of ranges of fish lengths and ages in the sampled populations over time. Total mortality estimates are below upper limits. Precautionary management arrangements introduced on 1 March 2010 increase the proportion of female fish that are likely to have spawned before recruiting to the fishery.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate

• Recreational catch estimates yellowfin bream from other bream. An estimate of the proportion of retained yellowfin bream would assist • Charter logbook catch and effort future assessments. • Fishery dependent length and age information For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Published local biological information the ECIFFF. Comments on stock status Further reading Yellowfin bream is considered a secondary Kerby, BM and Brown, IW 1994, Bream, Whiting and commercial species in the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Flathead in south east Queensland: a review of the Fishery (ECIFFF) however it is a very popular literature, Queensland Department of Primary recreational species. The majority of commercial and Industries, Information Series QI94028, Brisbane, recreational harvest of yellowfin bream occurs south 29pp. of Baffle Creek near Bundaberg.

Female yellowfin bream reach maturity at 24 cm while males mature at a slightly smaller size. The recent increase (1 March 2010) to the minimum legal size to 25 cm improves the chances of fish reproducing before they are legally allowed to be retained.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 20

Bugs–Balmain (Ibacus chacei and I. brucei) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Two species were considered in the assessment but landings are dominated (80%) by I. chacei. Conservative minimum legal sizes allow spawning to occur before capture; however there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs. Species Complex Smooth bug (Ibacus chacei) Shovel-nosed bug (Ibacus brucei)

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Collection and analysis of length-frequency data and

• Recreational catch estimates catch and effort data from high catching areas is required to effectively assess the sustainability • Charter logbook catch and effort status of Balmain bugs. • Performance Measurement System (PMS) For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for indicators the ECOTF. • Published local biological information Further reading Comments on stock status Scandol, J, Rowling, K. and Graham, K (Eds) 2008, Balmain bugs are taken by commercial fisheries in Bugs (Ibacus spp), pp 55-58. In ‘Status of Fisheries Queensland and New South Wales. Landings of Resources in NSW 2006/07’, NSW Department of Balmain bugs are variable. Since 2001 Queensland Primary Industries, Cronulla. landings have ranged from 63–140 t. Almost all Balmain bugs landed in Queensland are taken in the Haddy, JA, Courtney, AJ and Roy, DP 2005, Aspects of ECOTF which harvested 130 t of Balmain bugs in the reproductive biology and growth of Balmain bugs 2009. Negligible quantities (<0.5 t per year) are also (Ibacus spp.) (Scyllaridae). Journal of Crustacean landed from the Stout Whiting Fishery. Biology, 25(2), pp. 263–273. Currently there is insufficient biological information to classify the sustainability status of Balmain bugs as other than ‘uncertain’.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 21

Bugs–Moreton Bay (Thenus australiensis & T. parindicus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Two species were considered in this assessment. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) closures act to protect Moreton Bay bug biomass. Introduction of minimum legal sizes (MLSs) based on yield-per-recruit modelling and the use of square-mesh cod-ends has reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of a time series of recent length frequency data and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females. Species Complex Reef bug (Thenus australiensis) Mud bug (Thenus parindicus)

Information sources considered about trends in size at capture and the recent removal of the ban on harvesting berried females. • Commercial logbook catch and effort

• Recreational catch estimates Future assessment needs

• Charter logbook catch and effort Length frequency data collection and analysis is required to assess the effect of recent management • Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity biomass changes on the stock. Analysis of catch and effort estimates data from historically high Moreton Bay bug catching • Performance Measurement System (PMS) areas off Gladstone and Townsville is required to indicators ensure that catch rate is representative of relative • Published local biological information abundance for the main part of the fishable stock.

Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the ECOTF. Almost all of the Queensland Moreton bay bug harvest is taken in the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery Further reading (ECOTF). Negligible quantities (<0.5 t per year) are Courtney, AJ 2002, The status of Queensland’s taken in other east coast fisheries. Landings are Moreton Bay bug (Thenus spp.) and Balmain bug historically variable since 2000, ranging from 317– (Ibacus spp.) stocks. Agency for Food and Fibre 486 t. In 2009, 402 t of Moreton Bay bugs were Sciences, Department of Primary Industries, harvested. Queensland Government. Since 2004, permanent closures to trawling in the Jones, C 1988, The biology and behaviour of Bay GBRMP have protected a significant proportion of the Lobsters, Thenus spp. (Decapoda: Scyllaridae), in Moreton Bay bug biomass. Introduction of a 7.5 cm Northern Queensland, Australia. Department of carapace width MLS based on yield-per-recruit Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, modelling and use of square-mesh cod-ends have Australia. PhD Thesis. reduced the risk of overfishing small bugs. More information is available about Moreton Bay bugs than Balmain bugs; however their status is considered ‘uncertain’ due to the lack of information

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 22

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Historical catch rates are variable. Length data is available and a more informed assessment will be made at the next workshop as the analysis of the cobia age structure is currently underway.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Fisheries Queensland needs to complete ageing of

• Recreational catch estimates the otoliths collected for cobia, which is currently planned for 2010–11. This will allow a more informed • Charter logbook catch and effort decision to be made about the stock status of the • Fishery dependent length information species on the east coast. • Performance Measurement System (PMS) For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for indicators the Rock Reef Fin Fish Fishery. Comments on stock status

Commercial cobia catch has increased from 14 t in 2004 to 35 t in 2008. Charter catch is around 12 t. The harvest estimate for recreationally caught cobia from the last survey was approximately 283 t, using an average weight of 9.15kg per fish, based on 2007 unvalidated sixe structure estimates from Fisheries Queensland fishery dependent sampling. The MLS for cobia is 75cm. Cobia attracts a beach price of around $6/kg.

Analysis of fishery dependent length information did not indicate any issues with size classes in the commercial, recreational or charter sectors.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 23

Coral trout (Plectropomus spp. and Variola spp.) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Catch has increased to 94% of the total allowable catch (TAC) in 2008–09. Commercial catch and catch rate has increased gradually since 2004 following the introduction of quota. No stock assessment has been completed and the quota limit was originally based on 1996 (pre-investment warning) harvest level. The TAC will be reviewed using resource assessment outcomes when available. Species Complex Common coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), barcheek coral trout (Plectropomus maculatus), bluespotted coral trout (Plectropomus laevis), passionfruit coral trout (Plectropomus areolatus), yellowedge coronation trout (Variola louti), white-edge coronation trout (Variola albimarginata).

Information sources considered estimate from cohort-specific age-based catch curves is expected in future. • Commercial logbook catch and effort It is proposed that a stock assessment module for • Coral trout quota usage the common coral trout (P. leopardus) will be • Recreational catch estimates developed and run on the simulated populations • Charter logbook catch and effort produced by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) • Fishery independent length and abundance software ELFSim (Effects of Line Fishing Simulation), information with the outcomes used to enhance management of • Performance Measurement System (PMS) the fishery and tailor the collection of fishery indicators independent data in order for stock assessments to • Published local biological information be conducted in the future. The enhancement of ELFSim will be trialled in lieu of a traditional stock Comments on stock status assessment, which do not tend to suit spatially Since 2004–05 the annual catch and catch rates of complex species like coral trout, to potentially coral trout have increased gradually with live fish provide a greater certainty in the sustainability of the export continuing to dominate the fishery. In 2008– fishery. Funding for the development of the stock 09, 94% of the TAC was utilised. assessment module is currently being sought. The coral trout stock is considered to be sustainably Future monitoring strategies will be developed after fished based on the results of monitoring activities considering the outcomes of the ELFsim modelling. undertaken by Fisheries Queensland. Performance For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for measures relating to total mortality rate (Z) relative the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery. to natural mortality rate for coral trout did not trigger in 2008–09. Workshop participants also examined Further reading population size structure data and abundance Little, LR, Begg, GA, Goldman, B, Ellis, N, Mapstone. calculations, which all reflected good stock BD, Punt, AE, Jones, A, Sutton, S, Williams, A 2008, conditions. Modelling multi-species targeting of fishing effort in Future assessment needs the Queensland Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery. Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical Report No 2. The estimates of natural mortality (M) for coral trout Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, James Cook are based on the estimate used by Little et al. (2008) University, Townsville. from age-based catch curves. Refinement of this

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 24

Crab–blue swimmer (Portunus pelagius) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Relatively stable recent commercial catch levels (by region and for the whole fishery). Size frequency distribution for seven years shows a consistent distribution of individuals across size class. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate. Improved estimates of recreational catch, including at a regional level would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort As for many fisheries the recreational catch estimates at a finer regional/spatial scale would be • Recreational catch estimates valuable to determine the overall removals of the • Charter catch estimates blue swimmer crab resource. • Fishery independent data An improved index of effort is required to strengthen • Performance Measurement System (PMS) the reliability of catch rate and existing trends indicators illustrated in the BSCF. However, as this is linked to • Published local biological information logbook reporting, Fisheries Queensland would need to investigate the cost-effectiveness of undertaking Comments on stock status this initiative. Subsequent stock status assessments Commercial catches of blue swimmer crabs have will pay particular attention to the harvest of blue been relatively stable in recent times. Regional swimmer crabs by trawl fisheries; since the breakdown of logbook data identifies two high catch management change in 2008 modified the in- and effort regions; Sunshine Coast to Fraser and possession limit for waters outside of Moreton Bay. Moreton Bay. Fishery independent monitoring data A credible survey index or index of abundance would indicates stable size structures (carapace classes), further strengthen the status of the resource. particularly within the Moreton Bay region. Regional Analysis of Fisheries Queensland juvenile blue breakdown also confirms the migration of larger swimmer crab recruitment data in Moreton Bay crabs offshore to Hervey Bay. during 2010–11 is expected to partially provide this The PMS has detected changes in catch and catch information. rates associated with the Gulf of Carpentaria, North For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Queensland, Capricorn, Sunshine Coast to Fraser the BSCF. and Moreton Bay regions. The majority of triggered measures were due to the inclusion of heightened historical catch data. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the Blue Swimmer Crab Fishery (BSCF), which reinforces the current sustainability status.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 25

Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Historical commercial catch is stable over the long term, while catch per unit effort has increased slightly. Size frequency graphs are stable—but show a smaller number of males present in the larger size classes. A more reliable index of commercial effort would result in a more confident catch rate estimate and strengthen identified trends in the data. Improved recreational catch estimates would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates. A credible indicator of abundance would reduce uncertainty in the assessment. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Species Complex Orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea)

Information sources considered The PMS has detected a change in the catch rates associated with the Northern Wet region. The • Commercial logbook catch and effort triggered measure resulted from a higher than • Recreational catch estimates historical catch rate; indicating that this region had a • Charter catch estimates higher than average yield. There is currently no

• Fishery independent data evidence to suggest any chronic or incremental changes occurring in the fishery. • Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators Future assessment needs

• Published local biological information Improved recreational catch estimates would add value by determining the overall removals of the mud Comments on stock status crab resource. An improved index of effort is required Commercial catches of mud crabs have been stable to strengthen the reliability of catch rate–the over the long term, suggesting that recruitment is analysis needs to incorporate the concept of effort being sustained. Catch rates have followed the same creep–and existing trends in the MCF. This trend, with recent years showing a steady increase. quantification of effort is increasingly important on The east coast continues to sustain a greater amount the east coast due to the high number of operators. of fishing pressure–in comparison to the Gulf of However, as this is linked to logbook reporting, Carpentaria–with more than 80% of the Queensland Fisheries Queensland would need to investigate the catch harvested from this location. Regional costs to determine whether this process would be a breakdown of logbook data identifies Capricorn as cost-effective initiative. the highest east coast catch and effort region in the A credible indicator of abundance would minimise Mud Crab Fishery (MCF). contradictory signals in fishery dependant and Fishery independent monitoring data indicates independent data, and confirm the status of mud stable size structures carapace classes)– South East crabs stocks in areas of high commercial and Queensland in particular recorded a higher recreational fishing pressure. proportion of crabs in the larger size classes. For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Analysis has indicated a significant loss of male mud the MCF. crabs in older size classes, although there are still a high proportion of recruits entering the fishery.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 26

Crab–mud (Scylla spp.) GOC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Historical commercial catch levels and catch rates are variable–and currently less than historically sustained levels. Size frequency graphs show no significant change in distribution of individuals across size classes–data shows a high representation of large males. Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a regional level– allowing discrimination between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast–would also provide more confidence in total harvest estimates and the stock status. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Species Complex Orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea)

Information sources considered Conversely the Gulf of Carpentaria shows a distinct overrepresentation of males in the larger spectrum of • Commercial logbook catch and effort size classes. Fishery independent catch rate has • Recreational catch estimates been variable over time–more representative of river • Charter catch estimates flow effects and recreational effort preventing

• Fishery independent data sampling in high effort areas.

• Performance Measurement System (PMS) No performance measures have triggered in indicators association with the Gulf of Carpentaria. There is currently no evidence to suggest any chronic or • Published local biological information incremental changes occurring in the MCF, Comments on stock status reinforcing the sustainability of the stock.

Commercial catch and catch rate of mud crabs have Future assessment needs been variable over the long term but are currently Improved recreational catch estimates, including at a less than historically recorded levels. Mud crab catch regional level would add value by determining the in the Gulf of Carpentaria typically contributes less overall removals of the mud crab resource. This than 20% to the total Queensland catch; principally breakdown is needed to make comparisons between as a result of less than one fifth of the active licences the high population centres along the east coast and operating within this area. Regional breakdown of effort pulses associated with remote regional areas the Gulf of Carpentaria logbook data identifies the in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Southern Gulf as a high catch region–yielding double the number of crabs per day than the Northern Gulf If an improved index of effort is introduced into the region–in the Mud Crab Fishery (MCF). MCF–via the east coast stock–this will certainly benefit the analysis of the Gulf of Carpentaria stock. Fishery independent monitoring data indicates that there has been no significant change in the For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for distribution of size structures (carapace classes) the MCF. over time. The proportion of undersized males and females in the smaller size classes is higher in the Gulf of Carpentaria than on the east coast.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 27

Crab–spanner (Ranina ranina) EC

Exploitation Status Not Fully Utilised Stock East coast

Current commercial catch levels are significantly less than historically sustained levels–with recent market fluctuations believed to have imposed daily catch limits on fishers. Size frequency graphs show a healthy distribution of individuals across size classes. Total allowable catch (TAC) is currently underutilised and has not been reached at any time during the past decade.

Information sources considered At present, the recreational catch estimate is assumed to relate specifically to the east coast as • Commercial logbook catch and effort there is no evidence to suggest that spanner crabs • Quota usage occur in the Gulf of Carpentaria. • Stock indicators and TAC review reports Fishery independent monitoring data indicates • Recreational catch estimates stable size structures (carapace classes). Recent • Fishery independent data decline in the number of crabs caught and catch rate is attributed partly to an expected downturn in the • Performance Measurement System (PMS) crabs’ natural abundance cycle and affects indicators associated with an infestation of toadfish. • Published local biological information Performance measures were triggered as a result of Comments on stock status the decrease in commercial catch in the whole Commercial catch of spanner crabs has been steadily fishery and in Managed Area A. The triggered decreasing over time–the TAC has not been reached measures resulted from a significant (>35%) decrease at any time during the past decade, with the most in commercial catch from the previous calendar year recent total landings constituting 76% of the TAC. figures. There is currently no evidence to suggest any Recent decreases are believed to be associated with chronic or incremental changes occurring in the SCF. a decrease in market demand, which has placed For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for restrictions on the daily catch limit and saleable the SCF. quantities of spanner crabs by the fleet. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies the area surrounding Tin Can Bay as the highest catch and effort location in the Spanner Crab Fishery (SCF). Fisheries Queensland has confidence in the commercial and fishery independent survey index– calculated as an adjusted mean (modelled) catch rate–as a credible index of abundance. The most recent analysis of the fishery stock indicators in the TAC review document indicated that there has been a 23% increase in catch rate above the base (historical) levels.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 28

Eel (Anguilla australis and A. Reinhardtii) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Historical commercial catch and catch rate data are variable and heavily dependant on environmental factors. Length frequency graphs show healthy distribution of individuals in length classes for nine years. Current fishing pressure is considered sustainable under the current management regime, due particularly to strict conditions related to permitted fishing areas. Longfin eel (Anguilla reinhardtii) Species Complex Southern shortfin eel (Anguilla australis)

Information sources considered Fishery independent monitoring data indicates stable length structures. All available years showed • Commercial logbook catch and effort no significant decline in eel abundance between • Fishery independent data years over this time period but a highly significant • Performance Measurement System (PMS) difference between rivers. On the basis of the indicators analysis of eight years of fishery independent data, there is no current evidence of declining adult eel • Published local and non-local biological information abundance in any Queensland river sampled. Comments on stock status The adult eel fishery PMS did not detect any changes in catch in effort during the current assessment. The The freshwater eel stock is unique in that both adult juvenile eel fishery PMS detected changes in effort– and juvenile lifecycle stages are harvested. The adult namely a higher total proportion of rivers being and juvenile eel fisheries data has been combined fished and rivers recording declines in the number of for the purpose of assigning a stock status. Both day fished. Fisheries Queensland considered the southern shortfin and longfin eel species are factors contributing to the effort changes and believed to belong to a single panmictic genetic believes that the Queensland Eel Fishery (QEF) stock; this recognises that the stock-recruitment continues to pose a low risk to the target species relationship is likely to be weak and that recruitment populations and remains ecologically sustainable. of juveniles into individual river systems is highly variable and random. For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Queensland Eel Fishery. Commercial catch of juvenile and adult eels have fluctuated over times and current levels are considered acceptable against long-term historical catch levels. Inter-annual variability in catch and effort trends is a result of multiple factors external to fishing pressure such as natural fluctuations in populations and recruitment and environmental factors such as drought. Regional breakdown of logbook data identifies the Fraser/Burnett and Moreton regions as the high harvest areas for both fisheries, yielding a higher catch rate.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 29

Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Commercial catch increasing to levels reported prior to introduction of quota in 2003–04. Catch rates have remained relatively stable over past decade. More recent biological information on length structure and abundance and increased species level reporting in commercial logbooks would aid in reducing stock status uncertainty.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Red emperor is a key species that requires more

• Other species ‘OS’ quota usage biological data to be collected on the abundance and length structure in regions within which the fishery • Recreational catch estimates operates. This information will be collected through • Charter logbook catch and effort the structured line surveys conducted by Fisheries • Performance Measurement System (PMS) Queensland biennially. indicators The Fisheries Observer Program will be monitoring • Published local biological information the line fisheries again in 2011, which will aid in the validation of commercial fisher logbooks. Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for In 2004 a quota system was introduced for ‘other’ the CRFFF. coral reef fin fish (OS quota), which includes red emperor. This quota is shared among commercial fishers through individual transferable quotas. Red emperor consistently makes up around 10% of the OS component in the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF). Red emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches have declined from 393 t in 2002 to 232 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch has also remained historically stable at around 18 t.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 30

Emperor–red (Lutjanus sebae) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches and catch rates have increased since 2007. There is limited data available on the distribution and abundance of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Queensland fishers in the Gulf of Carpentaria take a small proportion of a stock shared by Western Australia and Northern Territory. Red emperor status is ‘uncertain’ until information on the level of exploitation by these jurisdictions is gathered. Red emperor will be reassessed in late 2010.

Information sources considered Fisheries Queensland commenced the one year Fisheries Research and Development Corporation • Commercial logbook catch and effort project 2009/037 'Sustaining productivity of tropical • Other species ‘OS’ quota usage red snapper using new monitoring and reference • Recreational catch estimates points' in late 2009. The project is reviewing and developing methods and data tools required for • Charter logbook catch and effort monitoring and managing fishing activity according • Performance Measurement System (PMS) to the biological and economic conditions of the red indicators snapper (i.e. crimson snapper, saddletail snapper • Published local biological information and red emperor) fisheries. The project outputs will Comments on stock status be incorporated in a Harvest Strategy Framework for red snapper species across northern Australia. There is currently no restriction on the take of red emperor in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Red emperor For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for commercial harvest levels attributed to 3.6 t of catch the GOCLF and GOCDFFTF. in the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery (GOCLF) and 3.2 t in the Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF) in 2007 respectively. Red emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches have declined from 654 t in 2002 to 386 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch was 7 t in 2007. Future assessment needs Red emperors are part of a shared stock that may be heavily utilised by Western Australia and the Northern Territory (risk assessment from 2006). Red emperor is a key species that requires more biological data to be collected on the abundance and length structure in regions within which the fishery operates.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 31

Emperor–redthroat (Lethrinus miniatus) EC

Exploitation Status Not Fully Utilised Stock East Coast

Only 39% of the total allowable catch (TAC) landed in 2008–09. A stock assessment conducted in 2006 estimated the population biomass to be around 70% of unfished biomass and indicated that the commercial TAC is set at an appropriate level. Information on recruitment and movement patterns of this species would be valuable to support stock status.

Information sources considered The objectives of the monitoring program are to determine the annual trends in abundance, • Stock assessment mortality, length or age structure of common coral • Commercial logbook catch and effort trout, redthroat emperor and the abundance and • Redthroat emperor quota usage length structure of other species in regions within which the fishery operates. This data helps assess • Recreational catch estimates the status of the stocks and report against the • Charter logbook catch and effort performance measures contained in the fishery PMS. • Fishery dependent age, length, growth curve and Estimated rates of total mortality (Z) of redthroat abundance information emperor and diversity indices are calculated from • Performance Measurement System (PMS) fishery-independent data to assess performance indicators measures, which did not trigger in 2008–09. • Published local biological information Assessing age data can identify changing patterns in population structure such as follow a peak in Comments on stock status recruitment of 3 year old redthroat emperor in 2006– Since the introduction of quota in 2004, the catch 07 through to 5 years of age in 2008–09. and catch per unit effort (CPUE) has remained stable. The Fisheries Observer Program will be monitoring In 2008–09, only 39% of the redthroat emperor east the line fisheries again in 2011, which will aid in the coast quota (RTE quota) was caught. Redthroat validation of commercial fisher logbooks. Fisheries emperor attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Queensland will be conducting the next stock Recreational catches have declined from 155 t in assessment on redthroat emperor in 2012. 2002 to 89 t in 2005. Charter catch has remained historically stable at around 60 t. For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the CRFFF. Future assessment needs Fisheries Queensland has collected fishery independent data on Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) resources using structured line fishing surveys since 2005–06 based on the methods developed by the Effects of Line Fishing Program (1995–2005).

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 32

Flathead–dusky (Platycephalus fuscus) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East Coast

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Fishery predominantly harvests female fish. Nearly all male and large fecund female fish are protected by minimum and maximum size limits. Conservative bag limits are also in place. Age and length information indicate healthy stocks.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate dusky flathead from other flathead. An estimate of • Recreational catch estimates the proportion of retained dusky flathead would • Charter logbook catch and effort assist future assessments. • Fishery dependent length and age information For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Comments on stock status the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. Dusky flathead is both recreationally and Further reading commercially important, especially in South East Kerby, BM and Brown, IW 1994, Bream, Whiting and Queensland where the majority of commercial Flathead in south east Queensland: a review of the harvest occurs. literature, Queensland Department of Primary Commercial harvest indicators for this species have Industries, Information Series QI94028, Brisbane, been stable since 2004. The current minimum legal 29pp. size (40 cm) protects most male fish while the maximum legal size (75 cm) protects large fecund female fish. Combined with an in-possession limit of five, dusky flathead are afforded a high level of precautionary management.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 33

Javelin (Pomadasys spp.) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Javelins (or grunter) are a complex of important recreational species, especially in North Queensland. Although commercial catches and catch rates are steady, the magnitude of the recreational catch on a regional basis is not known at this stage. The stock status is ‘uncertain’ until an updated recreational harvest estimate is available. Species Complex Barred javelin (spotted grunter)–Pomadasys kaakan Silver javelin (small spotted grunter)–Pomadasys argenteus

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of recreational harvest of javelin are required. The next • Recreational catch estimates statewide recreational fishing survey began in July • Charter logbook catch and effort 2010 with results available in 2011. Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Although the commercial catches and catch rates of the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. javelin appear stable, this is likely to be more important as a recreational rather than a commercial species. Credible estimates of recreational harvest which differentiate between Gulf of Carpentaria and east coast catches are not yet available. There is also anecdotal evidence of increased pressure on this popular species from interstate visitors.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 34

Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

There is uncertainty in the assessment of current catch trends and stock status given that the commercial fishery fundamentally changed with the introduction of new conservative quota management arrangements on 1 July 2009. Only two years of routine biological data (length of fish caught in the fishery) were available which is insufficient to assess trends.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort A longer time series of commercial logbook

• Recreational catch estimates information and fishery dependent monitoring of grey mackerel stocks post quota implementation on • Charter logbook catch and effort 1 July 2009 would improve the certainty of stock • Published local biological information status for grey mackerel.

Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for The introduction of a conservative commercial total the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. allowable catch (TAC) for this species that Further reading commenced on 1 July 2009 has meant that it is Welch, D, Buckworth, R, Ovenden, J, Newman, S, difficult to interpret the recent catch history for grey Broderick, D, Lester, R, Ballagh, A, Stapley, J, mackerel with certainty. Adding to the assessment Charters, R and Gribble, N 2009, Determination of complexity, results of recent stock discrimination management units for grey mackerel fisheries in research have suggested that there are two stocks of northern Australia. FRDC Project No 2005/010. grey mackerel along the east coast with the split Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical occurring somewhere between Townsville and Report No. 4, Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, Mackay (Welch et al. 2009). The status of grey James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. mackerel will remain ‘uncertain’ until a longer time series of commercial catch history and fishery dependent monitoring data (stratified for the two stocks) are available for assessment.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 35

Mackerel–grey (Scomberomorus semifasciatus) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches and catch rates are variable. Recent research indicates the possible existence of multiple localised adult sub-stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) within the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Gulf of Carpentaria stock is managed as a whole and shared with Northern Territory. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at a regional/local spatial level so it is not possible at this time to determine regional catch trends and overall stock status.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort A longer time series of long term, fishery dependent

• Recreational catch estimates monitoring of grey mackerel stocks stratified at appropriate spatial scales are needed to provide • Charter logbook catch and effort information towards understanding the status of grey • Performance Measurement System (PMS) mackerel stock(s) in the Gulf of Carpentaria. indicators For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Fishery dependent length information the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery and • Ecological risk assessment (2004) Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery. • Published local biological information Further reading Comments on stock status Welch, D, Buckworth, R, Ovenden, J, Newman, S, Apart for a peak in annual commercial catches in Broderick, D, Lester, R, Ballagh, A, Stapley, J, 2008, harvest of grey mackerel in the Gulf of Charters, R and Gribble, N 2009, Determination of Carpentaria has been reasonably stable. management units for grey mackerel fisheries in northern Australia. FRDC Project No 2005/010. The review of the 2004 ERA (Zeller and Snape 2006) Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre Technical downgraded grey mackerel from high to a moderate Report No. 4, Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, risk due to the outcomes of research on the stock James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. differentiation across northern Australia (Welch et al. 2009). This research found some evidence, although inconclusive, that multiple localised adult sub- stocks of grey mackerel (meta populations) may exist within the Gulf of Carpentaria. Anecdotally there is evidence of local seasonal declines in grey mackerel elsewhere in the Gulf of Carpentaria supporting the potential for meta populations. This information contradicts the stable catch trends reported through commercial fisher logbooks and requires further investigation.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 36

Mackerel–school (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

While it is likely that the school mackerel harvest is sustainable, there are contradictory signals in the commercial catch rates for the net and line sectors. The status of school mackerel is ‘uncertain’ until there is greater confidence in commercial catch rate data and better quantification of the recreational harvest.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort More accurate estimates of recreational harvest of

• Recreational catch estimates school mackerel are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is designed to reduce the • Charter logbook catch and effort potential for misidentification. The survey is • Performance Measurement System (PMS) scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in indicators 2011. • Fishery dependent length and age information For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Published local biological information the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. Comments on stock status Further reading

While there are no concerns for sustainability, there Cameron, D and Begg, G 2002, Fisheries biology and are contradictory signals in the commercial catch interaction in the northern Australian small mackerel history for school mackerel. It appears that the fishery. Final report to Fisheries Research and commercial catch rates for the net sector are rising Development Corporation, Projects 92/144 and while the line sector suggests catch rates are 92/144.02, Department of Primary Industries, declining. There is also some uncertainty over the Queensland. magnitude of the recreational harvest for school mackerel. This may be an underestimate that is likely due to misidentification of the species. The status of school mackerel will remain ‘uncertain’ until these issues are resolved.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 37

Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) EC

.

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East Coast

At current fishing levels the fishery is considered sustainably fished. A new stock assessment is currently being completed, with outcomes expected to be publically available in late 2010. Preliminary results support the outcomes of the previous 2008 assessment.

Information sources considered Annual reported charter catches of Spanish mackerel on the east coast have decreased from 30 t in 2007– • Stock assessment 08 to approximately 27 t in 2008–09. The CPUE has • Commercial logbook catch and effort also increased slightly from 17.9 kg/day in 2007–08 • Spanish mackerel ‘SM’ quota usage to 18.1 kg/day in 2008–09. • Recreational catch estimates Recreational catch conversions for Spanish mackerel • Charter logbook catch and effort were amended in 2008 from 12.2kg to 9.2kg/fish. Total harvest increased from 347 t in 2002 to 415 t in • Fishery dependent biological length and age 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). information Future assessment needs • Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators Fisheries Queensland will continue to collect fishery • Published local biological information dependent information on the age and length of Spanish mackerel on the east coast to inform the Comments on stock status PMS and future stock assessments. The commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE) of For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Spanish mackerel has historically exhibited a stable the East Coast Spanish Mackerel Fishery. trend, despite inter-annual variability in total catch. In 2008–09 the catch increased for the first time since quota was introduced in 2004–05, from 209 t in 2007–08, to 308 t. In 2008–09, the number of vessels accessing the fishery increased from 161 to 173. The CPUE (kg/day) also increased from 61 kg/day to 67 kg/day. In 2008–09, only 49% of the quota was utilised. The status of the stock will be reviewed on completion of the 2010 stock assessment. As Spanish mackerel is a schooling species and known to aggregate for spawning, there is potential for catch rates to be hyperstable (i.e. declines in stock size without apparent changes in reported CPUE). The stock assessments for east coast Spanish mackerel undertaken by Fisheries Queensland uses an age-structured model developed from biological sampling combined with logbook reported CPUE to account for this potential.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 38

Mackerel–Spanish (Scomberomorus commerson) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Catch has declined but remains within historical harvest levels. Catch rates have increased slightly. A lack of data demonstrating temporal trends in length or age frequencies led the workshop expert panel to determine an 'uncertain' status. This species will be reviewed again in late 2010.

Information sources considered In 2009, fish sampled from the commercial sector ranged from 77 cm to 156 cm in total length with a • Commercial logbook catch and effort peak at around 110 to 114 cm. There were a greater • Spanish mackerel quota usage proportion of fish in larger size classes in 2009 • Recreational catch estimates compared to 2008, shifting the distribution to the

• Charter logbook catch and effort right. However, the sample size in 2009 was lower than in 2008. • Fishery dependent biological length data Spanish mackerel sampled from the recreational • Performance Measurement System (PMS) sector in 2009 (n=160) ranged from 78 cm to 148 cm indicators in total length. • Published local biological information Future assessment needs Comments on stock status Longer time-series length and age data is required to In 2009, the total catch of line-caught Spanish monitor the Spanish mackerel population structure mackerel was 185 t, which was a 35% decrease in in the Gulf of Carpentaria (currently two years out of catch from the previous year. Charter operator data) in order to determine stock status. numbers in the Gulf of Carpentaria decreased again from 20 in 2008 to 16 in 2009 with a corresponding The age structure of Spanish mackerel sampled in decrease in days fished of 27% to 443 days. Retained the Gulf of Carpentaria will be calculated during 2010 catch decreased with 7.4 t of fish and an estimated and data incorporated into future stock status 26.6 t released in 2009. workshops. Recreational catch conversions for Spanish mackerel For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for were amended in 2008 from 12.2kg to 9.2kg/fish. the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery. Total harvest increased from 347 t in 2002 to 415 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined).

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 39

Mackerel–spotted (Scomberomorus munroi) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East Coast

Predominantly a line fished species since 2004. Age, length, sex structure and mortality estimates are available. Species-specific recreational estimate also available. Total mortality rate estimate indicates fishing is occurring at upper levels.

Information sources considered At the time of the workshop (September 2009), the species-specific performance indicators developed • Commercial logbook catch and effort in June 2009 had not been measured. A review of the • Competitive total allowable catch (TAC) quota current PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish usage Fishery (ECIFFF) will be undertaken in 2011. • Recreational catch estimates Spotted mackerel minimum legal size changed from • Charter logbook catch and effort 50 to 60 cm in 2002 which was introduced the same • Fishery dependent biological length data time as the TAC was introduced.

• Performance Measurement System (PMS) Currently the total mortality estimates indicate that indicators the stock is fished at upper levels of sustainable harvest. • Published local biological information Comments on stock status Future assessment needs

The commercial catch of spotted mackerel has The next statewide recreational fishing survey is remained stable between 55–58 t in the last three scheduled for 2010–11 which will provide an updated years (TAC is 140 t). Recreational estimates of 305 t recreational catch estimate for spotted mackerel. from the 2005 survey were calculated based on the This is valuable information given the greater 2005–06 Fisheries Queensland Long Term historical recreational catch compared to commercial Monitoring Program estimates of 2.7 kg/fish. New catch for this species. Fisheries Queensland will South Wales’ commercial catch is approximately 40– monitor total catch and catch rates through the PMS 50 t. as they have been variable in the last five to ten years. The annual age structures of the spotted mackerel catch for each sector are similar. The relatively small Fisheries Queensland continues to monitor age and differences that occur are most likely a result of length through fishery dependent data collection and differences in the locations fished by each sector. are considering the potential to undertake a stock Assuming that the combined commercial and assessment for this species. recreational catch is indicative of the spotted For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for mackerel population, the population appears to be the ECIFFF. predominantly comprised of young fish, mainly within the one to four year old age groups. Fisheries Queensland is taking into consideration that the majority of commercial fishery age estimates are coming from Hervey Bay data (where smaller individuals are caught) and therefore this brings the average down. Recreational fishers appear to catch older fish.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 40

Pearl perch (Glaucosoma scapulare) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Currently not enough historical commercial catch data (non-specific recording until 2004) and highly variable catch rates. Length structure stable but age data would need to be analysed before a more informed decision can be made. Currently being assessed as part of an FRDC project on the fishery.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort The size structure is stable based on fishery dependent length data but age structure information • Recreational catch estimates may assist in clarifying the current exploitation • Charter logbook catch and effort status. Age information will also allow calculation of • Fishery dependent length information total mortality estimate in the PMS. The current performance measure relating to catch rate for pearl • Performance Measurement System (PMS) perch was not triggered in 2009. indicators For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Published local biological information the Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery. Comments on stock status

Since quota was introduced in 2004 for reef fish species, the catch of pearl perch increased dramatically from <10 t to up to 97 t in 2005. The commercial catch has now stabilized to around 40– 50 t over the past two years. Recreational catch appears to have increased from around 50 t in 2002 to around 123 t in the 2005 survey. Pearl perch attracts a beach price of around $6/kg. Based on the limited history (poor recording of pearl perch until 2004) and highly variable catch rates, the stock status for this species is considered ‘uncertain’.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 41

Prawn–banana (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East coast

An assessment of the east coast banana prawn stock indicated that in 2004 biomass was well above the level required for maximum sustainable yield. Evidence indicates that banana prawn stock biomass below this level has occurred in the past without effect. Fishery scale analysis indicates that the 2009 commercial harvest is less than the 2004 commercial harvest level, although recreational landings appear to be increasing. Finer scale analysis may be needed to rule out the possibility of depletion in some regions.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Catch rate standardisation was carried out on 1988– 2004 trawl landings and effort data in the most • Recreational catch estimates recent stock assessment. It took into account likely • Charter logbook catch and effort differences between boats catching banana prawns • Regional monthly age-structured model outputs and other prawn species but not the possibility that • Performance Measurement System (PMS) the fishing power of individual boats could be indicators increasing through time (as demonstrated for other east coast trawl fishery sectors). This could affect • Published local biological information banana prawn catchability and potentially gear Comments on stock status selectivity. Determination of changes in fishing Approximately 80% of commercial banana prawn power in the fleet and standardisation of catch rate landings are taken by otter trawl and 20% are taken at a regional scale is needed for years subsequent to by beam trawling. Landings in both the otter trawl 2004 for accurate interpretation of recent trends in and beam trawl fisheries are variable, totalled 913 t commercial catch rate. It will also validate catch rate in 2009. Negligible commercial quantities (

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 42

Prawn–endeavour (Metapenaeus endeavouri and M. ensis) EC

Exploitation Status Not fully utilised Stock East coast

Two species were considered in this assessment but landings are dominated (~80%) by blue endeavour prawns (Metapenaeus endeavouri). Current harvest levels are significantly lower than historical levels and there is no evidence that endeavour prawn stocks were being overfished at historically high levels. It is highly likely that this stock is currently under utilised. Species Complex Blue endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus endeavouri) Red endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus ensis)

Information sources considered more abundant offshore and in more northerly waters (Cape Flattery to Torres Strait) while red • Commercial logbook catch and effort endeavour prawns are more abundant in shallower • Recreational catch estimates more southerly waters (Cairns to Cape Bowling • Charter logbook catch Green). • Fishery independent abundance information There are also a limited but uncertain proportion of • Performance Measurement System (PMS) the total endeavour prawn landings taken in the indicators River and Inshore (Beam) Trawl Fishery and the shallow water eastern king prawn sector of the • Published local biological information ECOTF. Further biological data collection is required Comments on stock status to assess the relative contribution of these fisheries Commercial effort directed at endeavour prawns to the total Queensland endeavour prawn catch and stabilized after a series of effort declines from 1997. to interpret with greater certainty the composition of Landings declined from 2000 to 2007 before endeavour prawn species harvested at different stabilizing in 2008. While catch rate is increasing, locations and times. returns on sale of endeavour prawns are not high For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for enough to encourage fishers to increase targeting the ECOTF. them in preference to more economically valuable Further reading species e.g. tiger prawns. Gribble, NA, Wassenberg, TJ and Burridge, C 2007, In 2008 and 2009, catch rate was at high levels for Factors affecting the distribution of commercially most of the season. In considering this and the exploited penaeid prawns (shrimp) (Decapod: ‘sustainably fished’ status of the stock when Penaeidae) across the northern Great Barrier Reef, landings were historically much higher (Turnbull and Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 174-185. Gribble 2004), it was determined that the stock is currently not fully utilised. Turnbull, CT, and Gribble, NA 2004, Assessment of the northern Queensland Tiger and Endeavour prawn Future assessment needs stocks: 2004 update, The State of Queensland, Uncertainty exists regarding endeavour prawn Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, species composition in the East Coast Otter Trawl Brisbane. Fishery (ECOTF) where the majority of landings are taken. Preliminary data from fishery independent monitoring indicates that blue endeavour prawns are

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 43

Prawn–redspot and blue leg king (Melicertus longistylus and M.latisulcatus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast The two main king prawn species that occur north of about 21ºS were considered in this assessment. Landings are dominated (~70%) by redspot king prawns (M. longistylus). Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in the logbook makes it difficult to attribute landings to individual king prawn species prior to 2003. The current data is not a long enough time-series to identify trends in the species landings and effort. Future assessment of northern king prawn species will analyse spatially defined landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria. Species complex Redspot prawn (Melicertus longistylus) Blue leg king prawn (Melicertus latisulcatus)

Information sources considered individual northern king prawn species prior to introduction of a new trawl logbook with individual • Commercial logbook catch and effort red spot king and blue-legged king prawn catch • Recreational catch estimates recording categories in 2003. The six years of catch • Charter logbook catch and effort data for individual king prawn species collected since, is too brief a time series to identify • Fishery independent abundance information trends in the species specific landings and effort • Performance Measurement System (PMS) targeting each of the northern king prawn species. indicators Future assessment of northern king prawn species • Published local biological information will analyse spatially and temporally defined Comments on stock status landings and effort data for each of these species based on recently developed criteria. Northern king prawn landings (i.e. north of ~21ºS) are predominantly red spot king and blue-legged For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for king prawns (M. latisulcatus). Northern king landings the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery. reported prior to 2003 included blue-legged king Further reading prawns, but have since been recorded separately in Gribble, NA, Wassenberg, TJ and Burridge, C 2007, logbooks as red spot king prawns and blue-legged Factors affecting the distribution of commercially king prawns. Fishing effort for northern king prawns exploited penaeid prawns (shrimp) (Decapod: has been in decline for most years since 1996. Since Penaeidae) across the northern Great Barrier Reef, 1990, landings have been variable for most of the Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 174-185. time series until they declined from 2003–07 before stabilising in 2008 and 2009. Northern king prawn O'Neill, MF and Leigh GM 2007, Fishing power catch rate has increased every year since 2006—the increases continue in Queensland's east coast trawl first time that the catch rate has increased over three fishery, Australia, Fisheries Research, 85, pp 84-92. consecutive years since 1990. The current catch rate Dredge, MCL 1990, Movement, growth and natural is in the upper range of historical catch rates. mortality rate of the red spot king prawn, Penaeus Future assessment needs longistylus Kubo, from the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Aggregated reporting of three king prawn species in Research, 41, pp 399-410. the logbook made it difficult to attribute landings to

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 44

Rockcod–bar (Epinephelus ergastularius and E. septemfasciatus) EC

Pat Tully ©NSW DPI Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Reported commercial catch increased from <1 t per year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2007–08. Recreational catch estimates not available for these species. There are some concerns regarding commercial L1 fishers targeting the deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods. A time-series of age and length data is required to change the ‘uncertain’ status. This species complex is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the Performance Measurement System (PMS). Species complex Banded rockcod (Epinephelus ergastularius) Convict grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus)

Information sources considered Currently there is limited information on the biological characteristics of this species. Age and • Commercial logbook catch and effort length data would provide a better understanding of • Recreational catch estimates the population characteristics; however this • Charter logbook catch and effort information is not currently collected routinely for this species. Such information would be of value in • Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators order to determine stock status in the future. This species will be assessed through an updated • Ecological risk assessment (2005) ecological risk assessment in 2011, and is already • Published local biological information monitored through the PMS.

Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Bar rockcod are the dominant species caught by the the Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery. New South Wales deep water line fishery and make Future assessment needs up a significant proportion of the catch in the Queensland fishery. Bar rockcod commercial catch The Fisheries Observer Program targeted L1 boats in increased from <1 t per year since 2004–05 to >32 t in 2009 to obtain better information on the catch of bar 2007–08. Recreational catch estimates are not rockcod in the reef line fisheries. The line fisheries available for the species, although likely to be low will again be focussed upon in 2011. Results will be due to the depths that this species occurs. However incorporated into the stock status process in the new electric fishing reels are allowing recreational future. anglers to fish in deeper waters and the impact this Opportunistic collection of frames and otoliths is may be having on bar rockcod will need to be underway in order to obtain an age profile for the considered in the future. There are some concerns fishery; however the species is currently not on the regarding fishers with an L1 licence targeting the formal annual long term monitoring schedule. deeper waters with mechanical reels to catch large cods, which were recently attracting good prices at Other monitoring will be conducted routinely through the fish markets. analysis of the commercial logbook data and the PMS.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 45

Sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East Coast

Stock is shared with New South Wales. Queensland’s catches are stable and within historical levels. Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean fisheries in both jurisdictions.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort There is some conjecture over the appropriateness of

• Recreational catch estimates the annual recommended targeted catch (Bell et al. 2004) which is based on a Virtual Population • Charter logbook catch and effort Analysis of the combined stock. There are no plans • Performance Measurement System (PMS) to review this recommended targeted catch, however indicators both New South Wales and Queensland are • Fishery dependent length and age information continuing to collect biological information should the information be required for a future estimate. • Published local biological information For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Comments on stock status the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. Sea mullet comprise the largest catch by weight of Further reading species harvested by commercial net fisheries in Queensland. The sea mullet stock is shared with New Bell, PA, O’Neill, MF, Leigh, GM, Courtney, AJ and South Wales. Monitoring of length and age Peel, SL 2004, Stock Assessment of the information from both stocks indicate no cause for Queensland–New South Wales Sea Mullet Fishery concern. Catches and catch rates have been stable (Mugil cephalus), Queensland Department of Primary for many years. Industries and Fisheries, Deception Bay, Australia. Sea mullet was recently assessed by New South Scandol, JP, Rowling, K, and Graham, K (Eds) 2008, Wales as ‘fully fished’ due to a long history of stable Status of Fisheries Resources in NSW 2006/07, NSW landings and catch rates for estuary and ocean Department of Primary Industries, Cronulla, 334 pp. fisheries in both jurisdictions.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 46

Snapper (Pagrus auratus) EC

Exploitation Status Overfished Stock East coast

The snapper stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered 'overfished'. Stock assessment results indicate a high level of fishing pressure. Fisheries Queensland is working with key stakeholders to develop options for new management arrangements that will rebuild the snapper stock.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Stock assessment (2009) Monitoring programs to collect length and age

• Commercial logbook catch and effort information on snapper being harvested by all sectors (commercial, recreational and charter) are • Recreational catch estimates ongoing and supplemented by fishery-independent • Charter logbook catch and effort surveys for juvenile fish. These data are crucial for • Fishery-dependent age and length information future stock assessments, and are used annually to monitor recruitment and estimate total mortality rate • Performance Measurement System (PMS) in the population. indicators Management response • Published local biological information Comments on stock status The management arrangements for this stock are currently under review as part of the review of the This is a shared stock with New South Wales; South Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery. The objective of the East Queensland is considered the most northern review is to rebuild the snapper stock to sustainable limit of the species major distribution. Commercial levels over a ten year period. catch has halved in weight since 2005 but the recreational estimate almost doubled from the 2002 For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for to 2005 survey (due to the average weight of fish the Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery. being landed increasing from 0.9 kg in 2002 to 1.6 kg in 2005 from changes in minimum legal size limits). The stock assessment undertaken in 2009 indicated that the snapper exploitable biomass levels are approximately 35% of the virgin biomass and the stock requires rebuilding.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 47

Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Lower landings reported since introduction of quota. Increased landings identified in 2008–09 are due to improved resolution of commercial logbooks and increased catch. Catch efficiency may be increasing with increasing availability of technology (sounders, GPS). Recreational data required. High discard mortality (60%) for these relatively long lived species.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Currently there is limited biological information

• Other species ‘OS’ quota usage available relating to crimson snapper on the east coast. More independent information is required to • Recreational catch estimates validate logbooks, which will occur in 2011 when • Charter logbook catch and effort fishery observers will be focusing on the east coast • Performance Measurement System (PMS) line fisheries. indicators For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Published local biological information the CRFFF. Comments on stock status

In 2004 crimson snapper catch was included as part of the commercial other species (OS) quota. Catch of crimson snapper in the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) has increased from 820 kg in 2005–06 to just under 20 t in 2008–09. Combined ‘nannygai- unspecified’ catches have been variable over the past five years in the Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery (less effort applied). Crimson snapper attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai (unspecified)’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch at 14 t in 2007 is the highest historically reported.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 48

Snapper–crimson (Lutjanus erythropterus) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Catches and catch rates have increased since 2001 however the total catch remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for crimson snapper in 2010. While the stock status for crimson snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of crimson snapper following a review in early 2010.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort From 2004 to 2006, fisheries observers and the Long

• Quota usage Term Monitoring Program (LTMP) collected age, reproductive status and size structure information for • Recreational catch estimates the major red snapper species in the GOCDFFTF. This • Charter logbook catch and effort information is being used for the new FRDC project • Performance Measurement System (PMS) 2009/037 “Sustaining productivity of tropical red indicators snappers using new monitoring and reference points”. The project focuses on red snappers in • Fishery dependent length and age information northern Australian waters, and began in October • Published local biological information 2009.

Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Crimson snapper continues to be the main ‘red the GOCDFFTF. snapper’ species harvested, comprising 43% of the total catch by weight (327 t) in the Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF).

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 49

Snapper–goldband (Pristipomoides multidens) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Commercial harvest historically between 30–60 t per year. No recreational estimate is available for this species. It is unknown if there is a single stock or separate stocks on the east coast. Some otoliths have been collected but have not been aged. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘other species’ (OS) through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).

Information sources considered If the market develops and fishers decide to target this species then there would be a need to undertake • Commercial logbook catch and effort further monitoring, but this is not foreseeable in the • Other species (OS) quota usage near future. Fisheries Queensland will continue to • Charter logbook catch monitor this species through the PMS. • Performance Measurement System (PMS) Future assessment needs Comments on stock status This species is unlikely to be a priority for specific Goldband snapper is a deep water species; it is monitoring at this stage, resulting in a likely potentially slow growing but information on its ‘uncertain’ status for some time. There may be some biology was considered limited at the time of potential for the collection of otoliths from the assessment. It is also unknown if the goldband Fisheries Observer Program to analyse fish age data. snapper genetic stock is made up of a single stock or For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for separate stocks. Recreational catch is unquantifiable the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery and Deep Water Fin as catch was reported as ‘tropical snappers– Fish Fishery. unspecified’ in the last survey (2005). There have been some concerns over the minimal charter catch reported as the species is thought to be popular in the charter fishery.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 50

Snapper–hussar (Lutjanus adetii and L. vitta) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

Commercial catches currently well below long term average for this species group. Recreational catch estimates for ‘hussar–unspecified’ are substantial. Species Complex Pink hussar (Lutjanus adetii) Brownstripe hussar (Lutjanus vitta)

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort This species is unlikely to be a priority for specific

• Other species ‘OS’ quota usage monitoring at this stage, resulting in a likely ‘uncertain’ category for some time. There may be • Recreational catch estimates some potential for further assessment through • Charter logbook catch and effort research projects on lutjanids in the Great Barrier • Fishery independent length information Reef.

• Performance Measurement System (PMS) For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for indicators the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery. • Published local biological information Further reading Comments on stock status Heupel, MR, Currey, LM, Williams, AJ, Simpfendorfer, Commercial catch levels have decreased CA, Ballagh, AC and Penny, AL 2009. The dramatically since quota was introduced in 2004 Comparative Biology of Lutjanid Species on the Great (80 t to 20 t). There is potential for the commercial Barrier Reef. Project Milestone Report. Report to the catch to increase if the ‘OS’ quota component is Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility. Reef more fully utilised (currently 59% of quota). For the and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns. purposes of future reporting of status the two species will remain grouped as Hussar spp.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 51

Snapper–rosy (Pristipomoides filamentosus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (60 t to <5 t). Recreational catch estimates for this species is not available (recorded as ‘jobfish unspecified’). Limited biological information is available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).

Information sources considered

• Commercial logbook catch and effort

• Other species ‘OS’ quota usage

• Charter logbook catch

• Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators

Comments on stock status Minimal commercial catch reported since 2005. No available biological information. Probably a low risk to the sustainability of the species.

Future assessment needs Not a priority for specific monitoring at this stage. For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery and Deep Water Fin Fish Fishery.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 52

Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Since quota was introduced in 2004 catch has declined significantly (150 t to 50 t). Species specific recreational catch estimates would be valuable. Limited biological information available. This species is currently monitored as a key ‘OS’ species through the Performance Measurement System (PMS).

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Basic biological information including length and age structures is needed to move this species out of • Other species ‘OS’ quota usage an ‘uncertain’ category. Discard mortality is believed • Recreational catch estimates to be high for this species. Fishery Observer Program • Charter logbook catch and effort data would help to validate catches, including undersized bycatch which is not reported in the • Performance Measurement System (PMS) logbooks. This species is monitored as a key OS indicators species in the PMS. Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Commercial saddletail snapper, ‘large mouth the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery and Deep Water Fin nannygai’ or ‘nannygai-unspecified’ catches have Fish Fishery. declined significantly since quota was introduced in 2004 (250 t in 1998–99 to 62 t in 2008–09). Saddletail snapper attracts a beach price of between $8–10/kg. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai- unspecified’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to around 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). There is currently no fishery dependent biological information available for the east coast stocks.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 53

Snapper–saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Catches have generally increased while catch rates have varied since 2005. The total catch however remains below the allocated commercial quota and well below the estimated sustainable yield estimates established in 1994 for red snappers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The sustainable yield estimates are being revised and new monitoring and reference points are expected to be developed for saddletail snapper in 2010. While the stock status for saddletail snapper is likely to be sustainable at current harvest levels, it is defined as ‘uncertain’ until the species can be reassessed against new sustainable reference levels once established. There were no changes to the ecological risk ranking of saddletail snapper following a review in early 2010.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Other biological information including age, sex ratios and growth curves would assist in reducing the • Total allowable catch (TAC) for red snappers uncertainty associated with this species. Discard • Recreational catch estimates mortality is believed to be high for this species. • Charter logbook catch and effort Additional observer coverage would help to validate catches, including undersized bycatch which is not • Performance Measurement System (PMS) reported in the logbooks. indicators For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Fisheries Observer Program (FOP) data the GOCDFFTF and GOCLF. Comments on stock status

In 2008, a record 225 t of saddletail snapper was reported in the Gulf of Carpentaria Developmental Fin Fish Trawl Fishery (GOCDFFTF). There was a significant increase in catch in the Gulf of Carpentaria Line Fishery (GOCLF) from <1 t in 2006 to 7 t in 2008. Recreational catches for ‘nannygai- unspecified’ show an increase in catch from 162 t in 2002 to around 193 t in 2005 (east coast and Gulf of Carpentaria combined). Charter catch was <1 t in 2008. Length information is available from the FOP in the Gulf from north and south regions sampled between 2004 and 2006. Performance indicators relating to incremental declines in catch rates for the species in the GOCDFFTF did not trigger in 2008.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 54

Snapper–stripey (Lutjanus carponotatus) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Recent increases in reported catch may be due to increased resolution in logbooks, increased fishing for ‘other species’ quota or as a bycatch of increased landings of coral trout. Available age structures from stripey populations display broad ranges of age classes. This suggests the existing population structure may rely on broad representation of age classes for population stability.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Further assessment should be conducted by obtaining the MTSRF raw data to look at age and • Other species (OS) quota usage growth data by year for the 1995–2005 period • Recreational catch estimates examined. There will unlikely be any additional • Charter logbook catch and effort monitoring will be undertaken by Fisheries Queensland on the species at this stage. • Fishery independent length information For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for • Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicators the Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery.

• Published local biological information Comments on stock status Commercial catch levels have increased dramatically since quota was introduced in 2004 (5 t to 60 t), which may also be attributed to new logbooks specifying the species. Significant recreational catches estimates were observed in the 2005 survey (90 000 fish). Stripeys are likely to be caught when fishers target coral trout, which likely contributes to their high catches. Recent stripey snapper length, age, sex ratio and mortality estimate data from a Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF) project on lutjanids was considered, although information presented in the publication was grouped for the 11 year period.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 55

Squid (Uroteuthis (Photololigo) spp., Sepioteuthis spp. and Nototodarus spp.) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East Coast

Considered as a species complex in this assessment. Trawled squid make up 90% of the commercial squid harvest and are predominantly pencil squid (Uroteuthis spp.), while inshore net caught and recreational squid landings are tiger squid (Sepioteuthis lessionana). Recreational landings may be increasing. Queensland and northern New South Wales fisheries catch the same Uroteuthis (Photololigo) species. Separate analysis of the inshore and offshore pencil squid harvest and a better estimate of the largely recreational tiger squid catch is needed before a more definitive classification of Queensland squid stocks can be made.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort The Queensland squid harvest is composed of

• Recreational catch estimates several species but two species dominate: broad squid in inshore waters and slender squid in mid • Charter logbook catch and effort shelf waters. Landings data have not been attributed • Performance Measurement System (PMS) to individual species. However it may be possible to indicators derive representative catch estimates for squid • Published biological information species in the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF) and the inshore commercial net and recreational Comments on stock status fisheries using information on their known Approximately 90% of the Queensland commercial distribution and biology as well as recent research landings are taken by trawling; the other 10% is data. Collection and analysis of catch and effort data taken in other net fisheries. Several squid species from high catching areas is required to effectively harvested in Queensland are also harvested in New assess and monitor the sustainability status of squid South Wales, the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern species. Territory and Western Australia. The reported For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Queensland east coast commercial harvest of these the ECOTF. this species is higher than that reported from these other states (70 t in 2009). East coast trawl fisheries Further reading operate primarily at night when squid are dispersed Dunning, MC, Yeomans, K and McKinnon, SG 2000. throughout the water column and not as susceptible Development of a northern Australian squid fishery. to demersal trawling. The recreational harvest, Final report on Project 94/017 to the Fisheries especially off southern Queensland may be Research and Development Corporation. Department significant and increasing. Reported charter boat of Primary Industries, Queensland. Brisbane. 112 catches of squid are negligible (averaging about pages. 50 kg per year) and the indigenous catch is uncertain. Reliable squid catch rate data is not currently available due to difficulties in attributing catches to individual species and because they are an incidental component of the trawl catch. However New South Wales commercial catch rates have declined by 50% since 1997/98.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 56

Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably fished Stock East Coast

The tailor stock is shared with New South Wales and is considered ‘sustainably fished’. Preliminary results of a recent stock assessment (2009) indicate that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass.

Information sources considered Although the updated assessment provides Fisheries Queensland with confidence that the tailor stock is • Commercial logbook catch and effort being sustainably harvested, any increases in tailor • Recreational catch estimates harvest should be closely monitored. • Charter logbook catch and effort Future assessment needs • Performance Measurement System (PMS) More accurate and recent estimates of recreational indicators harvest of tailor are required. The next statewide • Fishery dependent length and age information recreational fishing survey is scheduled to begin in • Published local biological information 2010 with results available in 2011–12. Comments on stock status For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Fisheries Queensland recently completed an update the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. of the Queensland–New South Wales stock assessment for tailor. The update incorporates additional data on catch sizes, catch rates and age- length frequency distributions from 2004 to 2008. Preliminary indications are that the combined Queensland–New South Wales total harvest of tailor is below the estimated MSY and above 50% of virgin biomass. Current biomass of tailor is approximately 120% of the biomass corresponding to maximum MSY for the combined stock. The assessment also estimated that recruitment has been below average in every year since 2001 and noted that there is some uncertainty over the current magnitude of the recreational component of the tailor catch.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 57

Teraglin (Atractoscion aequidens) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

There is concern over lack of older fish in the population based on independent sampling data. Teraglin is subject to high discard mortality. Age data will be analysed by Fisheries Queensland in 2010. Species is consistently targeted in the charter fishery. Reliable estimates of recreational catch data may reduce the uncertainty associated with the stock status.

Information sources considered There is currently no reliable estimate of recreational take. New South Wales have reported the species as • Commercial logbook catch and effort ‘undefined’, saying that the stock is susceptible to • Recreational catch estimates fishing from commercial fishers and there is a likely

• Charter logbook catch and effort significant reduction in the stock, however more information is required. The performance measure • Fishery dependent length information relating to teraglin catch was not triggered in 2009, • Performance Measurement System (PMS) indicating that there is no immediate threat to the indicators sustainability of the stock in Queensland waters. Comments on stock status Future assessment needs Since quota was introduced in 2004 for reef fish Fisheries Queensland aims to complete the age species, the catch of teraglin increased dramatically assessments of teraglin in 2010. This will allow a from <5 t to up to 29 t in 2005. The commercial catch more informed decision to be made about the stock has now stabilized to around 40–50 t over the past status of the species on the east coast. The species three years. There are some concerns from the fishery will continue to be monitored through the PMS. dependent information collected in the commercial, For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for charter and recreational sectors that we are not the Rocky Reef Fin Fish Fishery. seeing many of the larger fish anymore, but more long term monitoring is needed.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 58

Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable since 2002. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort There is no stock assessment planned for blue threadfin up to 2014. • Recreational catch estimates New spatially defined PMS measures should be • Charter logbook catch and effort developed to provide early detection of • Performance Measurement System (PMS) unsustainable localised fishing pressures. indicators More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of Comments on stock status recreational harvest of blue threadfin are required. The next statewide recreational fishing survey is A popular recreational and commercial species, blue scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in threadfin catches and catch rates have been stable 2011–12. since 2002. Assessment against indicators in the PMS indicates that there are no declining For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for sustainability trends evident for blue threadfin on the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. the east coast.

Blue threadfin are fast growing and early maturing.

These factors ensure the species receives adequate protection from fishing impacts through a 40 cm Minimum Legal Size (MLS) and 10 fish in-possession limit for recreational fishers. Recent genetic studies have suggested there are multiple populations of blue threadfin on the east coast; however given its robust life history characteristics it is also likely to be resilient to localised fishing pressures.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 59

Threadfin–blue (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) GOC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches and catch rates are stable. Life history characteristics are resilient to fishing pressure. There are no indications of stock declines.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort There is no stock assessment planned for blue threadfin up to 2014. • Recreational catch estimates The Fisheries Observer Program collected • Charter logbook catch and effort information on blue threadfin bycatch which may be Comments on stock status able to provide length frequency data. These data are Commercial catches of blue threadfin have been planned to be analysed in time for the next stable since declining slightly from a peak in 2003– assessment of stock status in 2011. 04. Catch rates have been stable since 2003. There There is a need for new spatially defined PMS are no PMS indicators for blue threadfin in the Gulf of measures to be developed to provide early detection Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF). of unsustainable localised fishing pressures. Blue threadfin are fast growing and early maturing. More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of These factors ensure the species receives adequate recreational harvest of blue threadfin are required. protection from fishing impacts through a 40 cm The next statewide recreational fishing survey is Minimum Legal Size (MLS) and 20 fish in-possession scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in limit for recreational fishers. Similar to the studies on 2011–12. the east coast, results of recent genetic studies of For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for Gulf of Carpentaria blue threadfin have suggested the GOCIFFF. the existence of multiple populations in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Once again however, it is believed that the life history characteristics of blue threadfin are likely to increase their capacity to recover from localised fishing pressures.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 60

Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) EC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock East coast

No trend in commercial catches and catch rates. Highest catches occur in the Capricorn region. Recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at a regional level so it is not possible to determine overall catch trends or stock status at this time.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort A stock assessment scheduled for king threadfin in

• Recreational catch estimates 2011–12.

• Charter logbook catch and effort There is a need for new spatially defined PMS measures to be developed to provide early detection • Performance Measurement System (PMS) of unsustainable localised fishing pressures. indicators More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of Comments on stock status recreational harvest of king threadfin are required. Recent research suggests king threadfin may have The next statewide recreational fishing survey is highly localised populations and may be under scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in increased fishing pressure in some areas. This is 2011–12. similar for blue threadfin however the less resilient For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for life history characteristics of king threadfin place this the ECIFFF. species at a higher risk from fishing impacts. To monitor for local fishing impacts where there is potential for this to be unsustainable it is appropriate that new regionally scaled sustainability reference points are developed and monitored through the PMS for the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (ECIFFF).

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 61

Threadfin–king (Polydactylus macrochir) GOC

Exploitation Status Uncertain Stock Gulf of Carpentaria

Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. However recent research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under high fishing pressure in some areas. Sustainability reference points in the Performance Measurement System (PMS) are not monitored at this spatial level so it is not possible to determine localised/regional catch trends or stock status at this time.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort A stock assessment scheduled for king threadfin in

• Recreational catch estimates 2011–12.

• Charter logbook catch and effort There is a need for new spatially defined PMS measures to be developed to provide early detection • Performance Measurement System (PMS) of unsustainable localised fishing pressures. indicators More accurate, regionally separated, estimates of • Ecological risk assessment (2005) recreational harvest of king threadfin are required. • Published local biological information The next statewide recreational fishing survey is Comments on stock status scheduled to begin in 2010 with results available in 2011–12. There is conflicting information regarding the status of king threadfin in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Although For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for catches have been stable for some time, recent the GOCIFFF. research suggests king threadfin may have highly localised populations and may be under increased fishing pressure in some areas. This is similar for blue threadfin however the less resilient life history characteristics of king threadfin place this species at a higher risk from fishing impacts. To monitor for local fishing impacts where there is potential for this to be unsustainable it is appropriate that new regionally scaled sustainability reference points are developed and monitored through the PMS for the Gulf of Carpentaria Inshore Fin Fish Fishery (GOCIFFF).

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 62

Whiting–sand (Sillago ciliata) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East coast

Commercial catches and catch rates appear stable. Comprehensive span of ages and lengths in the sampled population and it is evident that reasonable recruitment is occurring. The minimum size limit is set at size-at-first maturity which increases the opportunity for fish to spawn before recruiting to the fishery. Bag limits introduced on 1 March 2009.

Information sources considered Future assessment needs

• Commercial logbook catch and effort Current commercial fisher logbooks do not separate

• Recreational catch estimates sand whiting from other whiting. An estimate of the proportion of retained sand whiting would assist • Charter logbook catch and effort future assessments. • Performance Measurement System (PMS) For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for indicators the East Coast Inshore Fin Fish Fishery. • Fishery dependent length and age information Further reading • Published local biological information Kerby, BM and Brown, IW 1994, Bream, Whiting and Comments on stock status Flathead in south east Queensland: a review of the Although sand whiting is caught along the literature, Queensland Department of Primary Queensland coast, the majority of commercial Industries, Information Series QI94028, Brisbane, harvest comes from south of Baffle Creek near 29pp. Bundaberg. Current data suggest that stocks are

‘sustainably fished’, especially in the south east where the fishery dependent monitoring of commercial and recreational catches is conducted.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 63

Whiting–stout (Sillago robusta) EC

Exploitation Status Sustainably Fished Stock East Coast

A single species stock shared with New South Wales. The Queensland fishery takes the majority of the landings. The New South Wales stock is considered to be ‘fully fished’. A common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn fishery. The annual Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for stout whiting in Queensland is set using formal decision rules, harvest levels, and fishing and natural mortality estimates. Inclusion of stout whiting mortality in the eastern king prawn fishery and increased fishing power associated with the recent adoption of Danish seine gear needs to be considered in future assessments of the stock. Since 2005, total Queensland stout whiting landings have been substantially less than the predicted sustainable level upon which the TAC is based. This is due to economic drivers (i.e. low market demand and reduced effort in the fishery). Biological monitoring data and commercial landings data for the stock are relatively stable, indicating that overfishing is unlikely.

Information sources considered harvested in 2008. Stout whiting is a common bycatch species in the eastern king prawn sector of • Commercial logbook catch and effort the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery (ECOTF). • Recreational catch estimates Future assessment needs • Charter logbook catch and effort The New South Wales stock is considered to be ‘fully • Performance Measurement System (PMS) fished’ but as Queensland takes the majority indicators harvest, it is more representative of the status of the • Fishery monitoring data shared stock. In recognition of this, the New South Comments on stock status Wales stout whiting stock status will in future be informed by the results of the Queensland stock Stout whiting are a single species stock shared with status results. New South Wales. The fishery is considered ‘fully fished’, based on the status of New South Wales and Estimates of stout whiting mortality in the eastern Queensland data. In Queensland stout whiting is a king prawn sector of the ECOTF and increased fishing commercial species fished exclusively using trawl power associated with the recent adoption of Danish and Danish seine nets. Danish seining has been seine gear need to be considered in future permitted in the fishery since 2006. The ratio of assessments of the stock. Danish seine to trawl fishing effort (days) in 2009 For more information see the latest ASR and PMS for was 1:2.5, and the ratio of Danish seine to trawl the Fin Fish (Stout Whiting) Trawl Fishery. landings (tonnes) was 1:1.4. Further reading An annual TAC for stout whiting is set before the start of each fishing year using standardised catch-rates, O’Neill, M, Yeomans, K, Breddin, I, Jebreen, E and catch-at-age frequencies and formal decision rules Butcher, A 2002. The Queensland Stout Whiting designed to reduce inter-annual fluctuations in the Fishery 1991 to 2002. Fisheries Assessment Report. TAC, and maximise the TAC over the longer term. Queensland Government, DPI. While the TAC has increased from 800–1500 t since O’Sullivan, S, and Jebreen, E 2007. Fisheries Long 2003, annual landings vary and have not reached the Term Monitoring Program—Summary of stout whiting quotas allocated to each licence. This was due to (Sillago robusta) survey results: 1991–2006. limited effort in the fishery. 80% of the TAC was Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, harvested in 2009 but only 53% of the TAC was Brisbane, Australia.

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 64

Stock status of Queensland’s fisheries resources 2009–10 65