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Islam Tarihi Ve Sanatlari (Islam Tarihi) Anabilim Dali

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Islam Tarihi Ve Sanatlari (Islam Tarihi) Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI (İSLAM TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI İSLAM MEDENİYETİNİN ÇİN KÜLTÜRÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ (618-1644) Doktora Tezi AZİZ MUSA PARLAKYİĞİT ANKARA-2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI (İSLAM TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI İSLAM MEDENİYETİNİN ÇİN KÜLTÜRÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ (618-1644) Doktora Tezi Hazırlayan AZİZ MUSA PARLAKYİĞİT Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Seyfettin ERŞAHİN ANKARA-2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANABİLİM DALI İSLAM TARİHİ BİLİM DALI İSLAM MEDENİYETİNİN ÇİN KÜLTÜRÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ(618-1644) Doktora Tezi Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Seyfettin ERŞAHİN TEZ JÜRİSİ ÜYELERİ Adı ve Soyadı İmzası 1. Prof. Dr. Seyfettin ERŞAHİN ……………………… 2. Pof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDEMİR ..…………..………… 3. Prof. Dr. Hasan KURT ……………………… 4. Prof. Dr. İlhami DURMUŞ ……………………… 5. Doç. Dr. Mustafa Necati BARIŞ ……………………… Tez Savunması Tarihi: 28.12.2020 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne Prof. Dr. Seyfettin Erşahin’in danışmanlığında hazırladığım İslam Medeniyetinin Çin Kültürü Üzerine Etkileri (618-1644) Ankara, 2020 adlı doktora tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. 08/01/2021 Aziz Musa PARLAKYİĞİT İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………… i KISALTMALAR……………………………………………………………………. v RESİMLER LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………….. ix ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………………................ x GİRİŞ………………………………………………………………………………... 1 ARAŞTIRMANIN YÖNTEMİ……………………………………………………… 4 TEZİN AMACI……………………………………………………………………… 5 TEZİN ÖNEMİ……………………………………………………………………… 6 VERİLERİN ANALİZİ……………………………………………………………… 7 KAYNAKLAR HAKKINDA……………………………………………………….. 7 ARAŞTIRMANIN İMKAN VE ZORLUKLARI…………………………………… 13 BÖLÜM 1: ÇİN COĞRAFYASI, TARİHÇESİ, TOPLUMU VE DİNLERİ 1.1. Çinlilerin Yaşadığı Coğrafya, Tarihçe ve Toplum 1.1.1. Coğrafya ve Toplum…………………..………….……….………………. 18 1.1.2. Tarihçe…………………………………………………………………….. 20 1.2. Dinler…………………………………………………………………………… 43 1.2.1. Konfüçyüs öğretisi………………………………………………………… 44 1.2.2. Budizm………………………………………………………………….. 46 1.2.3. Taoizm………………………………………………………………….. 47 1.2.4. İslam……………………………………………………………………. 48 1.2.5. Hristiyanlık…………………………………………………………….. 49 BÖLÜM 2: İSLAMIN ÇİN’E GİRİŞİ VE YÜKSELİŞİ DÖNEMLERİ 2.1.Tang Hanedanı(618-907) döneminde İslamiyetin Çin’e Girişi………………… 53 2.1.1. İslamın Çin’e girişi ile ilgili Çin kaynakları ve Bazı menkıbeler.................. 57 i 2.1.2. Deniz yolu ile ticari ilişkiler…………………………………….................. 61 2.1.3. Çin’de ilk yabancı kültürel tesirler ve yabancıların uyumu………………… 63 2.1.4. Kara yolu ile ticari, siyasi ve diplomatik ilişkilerin İslamın Girişindeki Rolü……………………………………………………………... 65 2.1.4.1.Talas savaşı(M.S.751)…………………………………………......... 66 2.1.4.2. An Lu-shan isyanı(M.S.755-757)……………………………….... 69 2.2. Song Hanedanı döneminde (907-1276) İslam………………………………… 70 2.3. Yuan Hanedanı döneminde (1276-1368) İslam………….…………………… 73 2.3.1. Yuan döneminde Müslüman Toplum Hui’lerin Tarihçesi………………. 80 2.3.1.1. Hui’lerin oluşum süreci………………………………………..…… 87 2.3.1.2. Çin menkibelerine göre Hui’ler…………………………………….. 91 2.4. Ming Hanedanı döneminde (1368-1644) İslam……………………………….. 96 BÖLÜM 3: ÇİN MÜSLÜMAN KÜLTÜRÜNÜN OLUŞMASI 3.1. Kültür Kavramı………………………………………………………………… 104 3.2. Müslüman Misafir Kültürü: Tang Hanedanı dönemi………………...……….. 107 3.2.1. Fan fang dönemi………………………………………….……………… 111 3.2.1.1. Fan fang’ın Çin İslam Kültürünün oluşmasındaki önemi………….. 114 3.2.1.2. İlk Müslüman yerleşim yeri: Guangzhou Fan fang’ı………………… 115 3.2.2. Tang dönemi Çin Arabistan ticareti ile ilgili kanıtlar:Belitung batığı…….. 117 3.2.3. Talas savaşı sonrası Du Huan’ın Arap ülkeleri hakkında seyahat notları… 118 3.2.4. Tang Dönemi Çin İslam Kültürünün Sembolü Tangping(Abdest İbriği)… 124 3.3. Müslüman Adaptasyon Kültürü: Song Hanedanı dönemi(960-1127)……….... 130 3.3.1. Müslüman gökbilimcilerin İslam Takvimine katkıları …………………… 131 3.4. Müslüman Yerleşik Kültürü: Yuan Hanedanı Dönemi(1127-1269)…………… 140 3.4.1. Müslüman yerleşik kültürünü kuran topluluk Semu Ren’ler…………....... 142 3.4.2. Müslüman Orta Asya, Fars ve Türk Kültürünün Çin’e İntikali…………... 145 ii 3.4.3. Müslüman Arap, Fars ve Türk kültürlerinin Çin Müslüman yaşamına etkisi147 3.4.3.1.Dil Kültürü…………………………………………………………... 148 3.4.3.2.Günlük hayat gelenekleri…………………………………………… 151 3.4.3.3.İbadet kültürü………………………………………………………… 152 3.4.3.4.Din eğitimi……………………………………………………………. 153 3.4.3.5.Sanat eserleri…………………………….............................................. 154 3.4.4.İslam öğretilerinin Çin İslam alimleri tarafından yerlileştirilmesi................ 155 3.4.5. Müslüman ilaç ve tedavi yöntemlerinin Çin’e etkisi.………………….… 155 3.4.6. İslam Mimari geleneğinin Çin Mimarisine etkisi…..……………………. 167 3.4.6.1. İslam hat sanatının Çin’de kaligrafi sanatını etkilemesi………….… 175 3.3.6.2. Tang ve Ming dönemleri arasında Çin’de yapılan bazı camiler……. 185 3.4.6.3.Çin cami mimarisinin geleneksel Müslüman camileriyle karşılaştırması………………………………………………………. 190 3.3.6.4. Çin İslam Kültüründe kadın camileri ve kadın din görevlileri...…… 191 3.3.6.5. Çin cami kültürü hakkında Taş Kitabeler………………………….. 197 3.4.7. Müslümanların Astronomiye katkıları…………………………..………. 207 3.5. İslam kültürünün Çinlileşmesi: Ming Hanedanı dönemi……………………… 209 3.5.1. Ming Hanedanlığı kurulma sürecine Müslümanların katkıları…………... 213 3.5.1.1. Zhu Yuanzhang’ın Müslüman kimliği……………………………… 214 3.5.1.2. Zhu Yuanzhang’ın Ming Hanedanı inşa etmek stratejisi…………… 217 3.51.3. Zhu Yuanzhang’ın Müslümanları koruma stratejisi………………… 218 3.5.1.4. Zhu Yuanzhang’ın dini politikaları………………………………….. 219 3.5.1.5. Zhu Yuanzhang’ın Müslümanlar için koyduğu yasaklar ve yasalar… 223 3.5.2. Çinli Müslümanların Astronomi ve Takvim çalışmaları………………… 225 3.5.3. Osmanlı Çin İlişkileri…………………………………………………….. 230 iii 3.5.4. Ming Döneminde Müslüman kültürünün Güneydoğu Asya’ya yayılması.... 234 3.5.4.1. Ming döneminde Zhu Di ve dünyanın en büyük deniz gücü……….. 236 3.5.4.2. Zheng He’nın aile kökeni ve Müslüman kimliği……………………. 237 3.5.4.3. Zheng He’nın Müslüman Amiral olarak seçilmesi………………….. 239 3.5.4.4. İmparatorluk filosunun inşa edilme sebepleri………………….......... 239 3.5.4.5. Zheng He Güneydoğu ve Güneybatı seferleri…………...................... 241 3.5.4.5.1. Java, Palembang ve Sumatra (Endonezya)…………………….... 243 3.5.4.5.2. Malaka (Malezya)………………………………………………. 249 3.5.4.5.3. Brunei(Borneo)…………………………………………………. 252 3.5.4.5.4. Mekke’ye Hac yolculuğu………………………………………. 252 3.5.5. Hui’lerin kültürel entegrasyonu(Çinlileşmesi)…..………………………... 255 3.5.6. Çinlileşmiş Konfüçyanist Müslümanlar…………………………………… 262 SONUÇ……………………………………..……………………………………… 264 KAYNAKÇA…………………………….………………………………………… 268 EKLER…………………………………………………………………………… 287 ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………... 297 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… 298 iv KISALTMALAR AA : Asian Affairs AAAG : Asya Afrika Araştırma Kurumu AAS : Australian Academy of Sciences ACSR : Al jazeera Center for Studies Report AJSS : Asian Journal of Social Science AS : Arap Dünyası(Alabo Shijie/阿拉伯世界) AÜDTCF : Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi AÜİF : Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi AÜSBE : Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale a.g.t. : Adı geçen tez AM : Asian Medicine ATCML : Aproaches to Traditional Chinese Medical Literature c. : cilt CCCW : Clerks and Craftsmen in China and West CHEIA : The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia CLM : China Leadership Monitor CM : China Muslims CPPCC : Çin Halk Politik Danışma Birliği CQ :The China Quarterly CRSS : Current Research on Social Sciences CSACSA :Center for Studies in Asian Cultures and Social Antropology ÇHÇ : Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ÇHSDK : Çin Halk Siyasi Danışma Konferansı v DİA : Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi DBTÇ : Doğu Bilimleri Tarihi Çalışmaları DTCF : Dil Tarih Cografya Fakültesi DÜBAM : Dünya Bülteni Araştırma Merkezi EHR : Education and Humanities Research EIYC : Eurasian Influences on Yuan China EJARS : Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies ETT : Eski Tang Tarihi(Jıu Tang Shu/旧唐书) FÜSBD : Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi GAÇ : Güneydoğu Asya Çalışmaları GYTESBE : Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü HJAS : Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies HMEIER : Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review IAISB : International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies Bulletin ICSS : Institute of China Studies Series IFM : Islamic Forum Magazine IJNA : The International Journal of Neutical Archeology ISEAS : The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies İTED : İslam Tetkikleri Enstitüsü Dergisi İÜEF : İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi İÜSBE : İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü JA : Journal Asiatic JAA : Journal of Arnold Arboretum JE : Journal of Etnopharmocology JHUEAT : Journal of Hebei University of Economics and Trade JIA : Journal of Islamic Architecture vi JIMMA : Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs JMBRAS : Journal of Malasian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JOS : Journal of Oman Studies JSS : Journal of Sufi Studies LUD : Liaoning Uzmanlar dergisi MÜSBE : Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
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