DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetics of Allodapine Bees: a Review of Social Evolution, Parasitism and Biogeography Simon M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetics of Allodapine Bees: a Review of Social Evolution, Parasitism and Biogeography Simon M Phylogenetics of allodapine bees: a review of social evolution, parasitism and biogeography Simon M. Tierney, Jaclyn A. Smith, Luke Chenoweth, Michael P. Schwarz To cite this version: Simon M. Tierney, Jaclyn A. Smith, Luke Chenoweth, Michael P. Schwarz. Phylogenetics of allodapine bees: a review of social evolution, parasitism and biogeography. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2008, 39 (1), pp.3-15. hal-00891934 HAL Id: hal-00891934 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891934 Submitted on 1 Jan 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 39 (2008) 3–15 Available online at: c INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2008 www.apidologie.org DOI: 10.1051/apido:2007045 Review article Phylogenetics of allodapine bees: a review of social evolution, parasitism and biogeography* Simon M. Tierney1,2, Jaclyn A. Smith1,LukeChenoweth1,MichaelP.Schwarz1 1 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, S.A. 5001, Australia 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama Received 15 November 2006 – Revised 3 October 2007 – Accepted 3 October 2007 Abstract – It has been assumed that allodapine bees represent early stages in the evolution of social be- haviour. Early studies suggested that sociality evolved from solitary forms, and that the solitary to social transition coincided with a transition from mass to progressive provisioning of brood. Recent studies chal- lenge both of these assumptions, they suggest that: (i) Macrogalea replaces Halterapis + Compsomelissa as the sister group to all other genera; (ii) sociality is plesiomorphic for the tribe; and based on extended Halterapis research, (iii) there are no strictly solitary allodapine species and, therefore, no reversals to soli- tary living. Penalised likelihood dating of Bayesian inferred phylograms show allodapine lineages have an origin older than 40 Mya. The early origin of sociality in this tribe may explain the diverse array of social organization (and social parasitism) found in species across a range of clades, and the age of the group raises curious biogeographic scenarios. social evolution / phylogenetics / alloparental care / brood provisioning / allodapine bees 1. INTRODUCTION cally these two bee groups have provided in- sights on the evolution of social behaviour The Allodapini comprise one of four tribes that studies of more advanced obligate caste- in the Xylocopinae (Apidae). Allodapines are based insect societies are unable to address (re- unusual among bees in rearing their brood in viewed in Schwarz et al., 2007). an open burrow (with no brood cells) exca- The first detailed studies of allodapines vated in dead plant stems and branches, and were carried out by Charles Michener who ex- the majority of species progressively feed their amined a large number of species from both brood. This extended contact between moth- Africa and Australia and published a wide va- ers and their offspring and the array of fac- riety of monographs and papers covering nest- ultative social nesting species, that appeared ing and social biology (e.g. Michener, 1965, to vary from simple (subsocial) to more so- 1971), social parasitism (Michener, 1970b), phisticated (eusocial) levels of organisation, nesting substrates (Michener, 1970a), adult made the allodapines seem particularly useful and immature morphology (eg. Michener, for uncovering the earliest steps in social evo- 1975a, b, c, d, 1976), and egg-size variation lution. In this sense, they were similar to the (Michener, 1973). Michener (1977) also car- facultatively social halictine bees that showed ried out the first phenetic classification of al- a range from solitary to eusocial, and histori- lodapines, and contrasted the discordant re- lationships suggested by larval, pupal and Corresponding author: S.M. Tierney, adult characters. This body of work greatly [email protected] influenced studies of insect social evolution * Manuscript editor: Eduardo A.B. Almeida (e.g. Michener, 1974), and allodapines were Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.apidologie.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2007045 4 S.M. Tierney et al. thought to comprise one of the best examples (Michener, 1977; Reyes and Michener, 1992). of the ‘subsocial route’ to eusociality whereby Contradictions between data sets led to the advanced sociality is thought to have been formation of a consensus phylogeny based on derived from the extended contact between a combination of all data sets, and a heavily mothers and their immature offspring (Lin and weighted reliance on a small number of be- Michener, 1972). havioural traits (e.g. egg laying and brood pro- A second period of allodapine research be- visioning) at crucial nodes of the tree (for a gan in the 1980s with a series of within-nest subsequent cladistic revision see Reyes, 1998). ethological studies by Maeta and co-workers These studies suggested Halterapis + (Maeta et al., 1992; and references therein) fo- Compsomelissa as a holophyletic group that cussing on Asian Braunsapis species, and later formed a sister clade to all other allodap- studies by Australian researchers investigat- ines (based on brood provisioning, male gen- ing colony life-cycles, sex allocation and intra- italia, female terga and larval antennae), and colony relatedness of Australian and African retained some ancestral traits found in the species (reviewed in Schwarz et al., 1997, other tribes of Xylocopinae. Based on knowl- 1998, 2007). More recently, allodapine re- edge of Halterapis natural history at the time search has focused on molecular phylogenet- (the only genus to mass provision brood and ics and inference of ancestral characteristics subsocial colonies, Michener, 1971), the logi- arising from changes in the understanding of cal inference was that progressive provision- generic relationships. The molecular phyloge- ing arose from an ancestral allodapine lin- netic studies, combined with detailed social eage that was mass provisioning. Furthermore, data on species from a wide range of genera, it seemed reasonable to suggest that allodap- are leading to a very different interpretation of ine social behaviour was ‘primitive’ – of rel- social evolution in the Allodapini. atively recent origin. Given that sociality was largely associated with the progressive provi- sioning taxa it was postulated that true social 2. PRE-MOLECULAR THEORIES behaviour might have arisen from within the ON ALLODAPINE PHYLOGENY extant lineages of the tribe. See Figure 1 for representation of the generic phylogenetic ar- Behavioural traits, have played an influ- rangement as per Michener (1977) and Reyes ential role on allodapine phylogenetics, and (1998). for this reason a brief summary of their im- portance in inferring social evolution is help- ful for understanding more recent outcomes. 3. CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF The paradigm of how insect societies evolved PHYLOGENY: RELATIONSHIPS has historically revolved around the concept AMONG MAJOR CLADES of a progression from simple to more com- plex forms – subsocial nests gradually attain- A series of molecular phylogenetic stud- ing caste based eusocial organization via a di- ies (Schwarz et al., 2003; Bull et al., 2003; rectional ‘step-wise’ trajectory. Tierney, 2004; Fuller et al., 2005; Schwarz Initial systematic analyses of the Allodap- et al., 2006) present consistent phylogenetic ini based on adult or immature morphological hypotheses that re-order relationships among and behavioural character sets resulted in dis- the main clades, and counter arguments for parate phylogenetic arrangements (Michener, the holophyly of Halterapis + Compsomelissa 1977). Allodapine larvae show greater mor- (Schwarz et al., 2003; Tierney, 2004). To high- phological diversity than all other bees com- light these differences we include a consen- bined (Michener, 1977, p. 38), and the contrast sus Bayesian chronogram, from a recent study in form is so distinct between genera that iden- (Schwarz et al., 2006), in Figure 2 for com- tification is often more easily keyed by larval parison with the generic relationships in Fig- traits, and taxonomic classification of adults ure 1. The main points to note are that: (i) without con-specific larvae can be problematic Macrogalea is a monophyletic clade that is Phylogenetics of allodapine bees 5 mass provisioners Ceratina Halterapis Compsomelissa Af Allodape Braunsapis Af/As/Au Allodapula Dallodapula Macrogalea Exoneuridia ME Exoneurella Exoneura Au Brevineura Figure 1. Genus level cladogram of Allodapini adapted from Michener (1977) and Reyes (1988). Mass provisioning taxa highlighted in grey box. Biogeographic distribution of taxa denoted at terminal branches: Af – Afrotropical; As – Asia (Indomalaya); Au – Australasia; ME – Middle East (Palaearctic). sister group to all other allodapines. Both lar- of Madagascan taxa (not available to Michener val and adult forms display unique charac- (1977) or Reyes (1998)) raises new questions. ters among the tribe that add credibility to An additional molecular
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sensory and Cognitive Adaptations to Social Living in Insect Societies Tom Wenseleersa,1 and Jelle S
    COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Sensory and cognitive adaptations to social living in insect societies Tom Wenseleersa,1 and Jelle S. van Zwedena A key question in evolutionary biology is to explain the solitarily or form small annual colonies, depending upon causes and consequences of the so-called “major their environment (9). And one species, Lasioglossum transitions in evolution,” which resulted in the pro- marginatum, is even known to form large perennial euso- gressive evolution of cells, organisms, and animal so- cial colonies of over 400 workers (9). By comparing data cieties (1–3). Several studies, for example, have now from over 30 Halictine bees with contrasting levels of aimed to determine which suite of adaptive changes sociality, Wittwer et al. (7) now show that, as expected, occurred following the evolution of sociality in insects social sweat bee species invest more in sensorial machin- (4). In this context, a long-standing hypothesis is that ery linked to chemical communication, as measured by the evolution of the spectacular sociality seen in in- the density of their antennal sensillae, compared with sects, such as ants, bees, or wasps, should have gone species that secondarily reverted back to a solitary life- hand in hand with the evolution of more complex style. In fact, the same pattern even held for the socially chemical communication systems, to allow them to polymorphic species L. albipes if different populations coordinate their complex social behavior (5). Indeed, with contrasting levels of sociality were compared (Fig. whereas solitary insects are known to use pheromone 1, Inset). This finding suggests that the increased reliance signals mainly in the context of mate attraction and on chemical communication that comes with a social species-recognition, social insects use chemical sig- lifestyle indeed selects for fast, matching adaptations in nals in a wide variety of contexts: to communicate their sensory systems.
    [Show full text]
  • SPECIES COMPOSITION and POLLINATOR EFFICIENCY of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum FLOWER VISITORS ALONG KAKAMEGA FOREST ECOSYSTEM
    SPECIES COMPOSITION AND POLLINATOR EFFICIENCY OF Ocimum Kilimandscharicum FLOWER VISITORS ALONG KAKAMEGA FOREST ECOSYSTEM BY HELLEN MANDELA KUTWA A Research Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Masters of Science in Environmental Biology, School of Biological and Physical Sciences MOI UNIVERSITY ELDORET 2017 2 ECLARATION 3 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents who have supported me throughout, Dr Amos Kutwa and Mrs. Phillisters Kutwa. To my siblings Alice, Erastus and Fred I hope this serves as a source of inspiration and reassurance that hard work and persistence pays out. My grandparents Alice, Hellen and Silvanas for their prayers and encouragement. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to Professor Mugatsia Tsingalia for having accepted to be my University supervisor and providing me with high quality assistance and guidance. You have been a source of motivation from the beginning and I truly appreciate your patience especially when I had no sense of direction and you guided me and molded me into a better researcher. I am thankful as you have always been that academic lighthouse for me. I also recognize the Moi University fraternity especially School of Biological and Physical science for seeing potential in me and accepting my postgraduate application. I am also greatly indebted to Professor Mary Gikungu. You have always been encouraging from the beginning setting a fine example for me as a strong independent woman. You helped instill in me the importance of being resilient and humble no matter what you have achieved. You encouraged me even when I was about to give up, taking your time to go through my drafts and giving critical and up building comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Gynandromorphism in Xylocopinae Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Description of Four New Cases
    Zootaxa 3401: 37–42 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Gynandromorphism in Xylocopinae Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): description of four new cases MARIANO LUCIA, LEOPOLDO J. ALVAREZ & ALBERTO H. ABRAHAMOVICH División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Four new gynandromorph Xylocopinae bees from Argentina are described and illustrated; one specimen of Xylocopa splendidula Latreille and three of Ceratina rupestris Holmberg. All specimens are mosaic gynandromorphs as they display mixed female-male characters in different parts of the body. Key words: Gynandromorphs, Carpenter Bees, Argentina Introduction Gynandromorphs are sexually abnormal individuals that display secondary characters of both sexes. Sex anomalies occur relatively frequently among bees and may be of striking appearance in species where the two sexes are markedly dissimilar in structure or color (Engel 2007). Gynandromorphs are interesting because they provide the possibility to recognize both female and male characters in the same specimen, allowing to match the different sexes with reasonable certainty when unknown. Among bees, most reports of gynandromorphism come from the families Megachilidae and Apidae (Ornosa Gallego 1984; Gonzalez 2004; Wcislo et al. 2004; Oliveira and Andrade 2006; Lucia et al. 2009; Michez et al. 2009; Sampson et al. 2010; Giangarelli and Sofia 2011). The subfamily Xylocopinae of Apidae includes four tribes: Manueliini, Xylocopini, Ceratinini and Allodapini; the first three tribes are monotypic and include the genera Manuelia Vachal, Xylocopa Latreille and Ceratina Latreille respectively (Michener 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Mi Bee Lab 9-21-1990 Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera) Charles D. Michener University of Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Michener, Charles D., "Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera)" (1990). Mi. Paper 153. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/bee_lab_mi/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Bee Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 4 WWvyvlrWryrXvW-WvWrW^^ I • • •_ ••^«_«).•>.• •.*.« THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCIENC5;^ULLETIN LIBRARY Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 75-164 Sept. 21,1990 OCT 23 1990 HARVARD Classification of the Apidae^ (Hymenoptera) BY Charles D. Michener'^ Appendix: Trigona genalis Friese, a Hitherto Unplaced New Guinea Species BY Charles D. Michener and Shoichi F. Sakagami'^ CONTENTS Abstract 76 Introduction 76 Terminology and Materials 77 Analysis of Relationships among Apid Subfamilies 79 Key to the Subfamilies of Apidae 84 Subfamily Meliponinae 84 Description, 84; Larva, 85; Nest, 85; Social Behavior, 85; Distribution, 85 Relationships among Meliponine Genera 85 History, 85; Analysis, 86; Biogeography, 96; Behavior, 97; Labial palpi, 99; Wing venation, 99; Male genitalia, 102; Poison glands, 103; Chromosome numbers, 103; Convergence, 104; Classificatory questions, 104 Fossil Meliponinae 105 Meliponorytes,
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in and Around Namdapha National Park, with an Updated Checklist from Arunachal Pradesh, India
    Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 118(4)/ 413-425, 2018 ISSN (Online) : (Applied for) DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v118/i4/2018/122129 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 Diversity of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in and around Namdapha National Park, with an Updated Checklist from Arunachal Pradesh, India Jagdish Saini*, Kailash Chandra, Hirdesh Kumar, Dibya Jyoti Ghosh, S. I. Kazmi, Arajush Payra and C. K. Deepak Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, India; [email protected] Abstract The present study documents a preliminary checklist of bee diversity from Arunachal Pradesh, India based on literature study and the surveys undertaken during October, 2016 to July, 2017. Altogether, 49 species have been recorded belonging to 12 genera under 03 families viz. Apidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae. Family Megachilidae, Genus Ceratina and 13 Keywords: Apidae, Bee diversity, Eastern Himalaya, Halictidae, Megachilidae species of bees are recorded first time from Arunachal Pradesh. Introduction The paper presents an updated checklist of superfamily Apoidea of Arunachal Pradesh. Family Megachilidae with Bees are considered to be the most effective insect in five species is recorded for the first time from Arunachal pollination service (Free, 1993; Torchio, 1990; Thakur Pradesh. Genus Ceratina Latreille is also recorded for the and Dongarwar, 2012; Raj et al., 2012). A sharp decline first time from Arunachal Pradesh. To understand the in bee population globally is been observed due to lack distribution knowledge of bees of eastern Himalaya it is of quality food resources, anthropogenic effects like impeccable that more intensive studies are required from habitat fragmentation, degradation, climate change and the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle
    ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Native Bees As Pollinators of Vegetable Seed Crops
    Development of native bees as pollinators of vegetable seed crops Dr Katja Hogendoorn The University of Adelaide Project Number: VG08179 VG08179 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetables industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of Rijk Zwaan Australia Pty Ltd. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 2699 9 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2011 Horticulture Australia Limited Final Report: VG08179 Development of native bees as pollinators of vegetable seed crops 1 July 2009 – 9 September 2011 Katja Hogendoorn Mike Keller The University of Adelaide HAL Project VG08179 Development of native bees as pollinators of vegetable seed crops 1 July 2009 – 9 September 2011 Project leader: Katja Hogendoorn The University of Adelaide Waite Campus Adelaide SA 5005 e-mail: [email protected] Phone: 08 – 8303 6555 Fax: 08 – 8303 7109 Other key collaborators: Assoc. Prof. Mike Keller, The University of Adelaide Mr Arie Baelde, Rijk Zwaan Australia Ms Lea Hannah, Rijk Zwaan Australia Ir. Ronald Driessen< Rijk Zwaan This report details the research and extension delivery undertaken in the above project aimed at identification of the native bees that contribute to the pollination of hybrid carrot and leek, and at the development of methods to enhance the presence of these bees on the crops and at enabling their use inside greenhouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Intro Outline
    THE REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF TWO TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS, CALADENIA RIGIDA AND CALADENIA TENTACULATA RENATE FAAST Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide, South Australia December, 2009 i . DEcLARATION This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution to Renate Faast and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis (as listed below) resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University's digital research repository, the Library catalogue, the Australasian Digital Theses Program (ADTP) and also through web search engines. Published works contained within this thesis: Faast R, Farrington L, Facelli JM, Austin AD (2009) Bees and white spiders: unravelling the pollination' syndrome of C aladenia ri gída (Orchidaceae). Australian Joumal of Botany 57:315-325. Faast R, Facelli JM (2009) Grazrngorchids: impact of florivory on two species of Calademz (Orchidaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 57:361-372. Farrington L, Macgillivray P, Faast R, Austin AD (2009) Evaluating molecular tools for Calad,enia (Orchidaceae) species identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Methods Offer Powerful Insights Into Social Evolution in Bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton
    Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton To cite this version: Sarah Kocher, Robert Paxton. Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2014, 45 (3), pp.289-305. 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3. hal- 01234748 HAL Id: hal-01234748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234748 Submitted on 27 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2014) 45:289–305 Review article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-014-0268-3 Comparative methods offer powerful insights into social evolution in bees 1 2 Sarah D. KOCHER , Robert J. PAXTON 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Received 9 September 2013 – Revised 8 December 2013 – Accepted 2 January 2014 Abstract – Bees are excellent models for studying the evolution of sociality. While most species are solitary, many form social groups. The most complex form of social behavior, eusociality, has arisen independently four times within the bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Ecology and Social Evolution of the Eastern Carpenter Bee
    Molecular ecology and social evolution of the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Jessica L. Vickruck, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department of Biological Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2017 Abstract Bees are extremely valuable models in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Their link to agriculture and sensitivity to climate change make them an excellent group to examine how anthropogenic disturbance can affect how genes flow through populations. In addition, many bees demonstrate behavioural flexibility, making certain species excellent models with which to study the evolution of social groups. This thesis studies the molecular ecology and social evolution of one such bee, the eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica. As a generalist native pollinator that nests almost exclusively in milled lumber, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have the power to drastically alter how genes flow through eastern carpenter bee populations. In addition, X. virginica is facultatively social and is an excellent organism to examine how species evolve from solitary to group living. Across their range of eastern North America, X. virginica appears to be structured into three main subpopulations: a northern group, a western group and a core group. Population genetic analyses suggest that the northern and potentially the western group represent recent range expansions. Climate data also suggest that summer and winter temperatures describe a significant amount of the genetic differentiation seen across their range. Taken together, this suggests that climate warming may have allowed eastern carpenter bees to expand their range northward. Despite nesting predominantly in disturbed areas, eastern carpenter bees have adapted to newly available habitat and appear to be thriving.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodian Journal of Natural History
    Cambodian Journal of Natural History Giant ibis census Patterns of salt lick use Protected area revisions Economic contribution of NTFPs New plants, bees and range extensions June 2016 Vol. 2016 No. 1 Cambodian Journal of Natural History ISSN 2226–969X Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Neil M. Furey, Chief Editor, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International, UK. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Mekong Case Study Manager, Conservation International, Cambodia. • Dr Ith Saveng, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire Singapore. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx – The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, Cambridge, U.K. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. USA. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. USA. Other peer reviewers for this volume • Prof. Leonid Averyanov, Komarov Botanical Institute, • Neang Thy, Minstry of Environment, Cambodia. Russia. • Dr Nguyen Quang Truong, Institute of Ecology and • Prof. John Blake, University of Florida, USA. Biological Resources, Vietnam. • Dr Stephan Gale, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, • Dr Alain Pauly, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Hong Kong. Sciences, Belgium. • Fredéric Goes, Cambodia Bird News, France. • Dr Colin Pendry, Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, • Dr Hubert Kurzweil, Singapore Botanical Gardens, UK. Singapore. • Dr Stephan Risch, Leverkusen, Germany. • Simon Mahood, Wildlife Conservation Society, • Dr Nophea Sasaki, University of Hyogo, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Rarity: Species Distributional Patterns, Population Genetics, Pollination Biology, and Seed Dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae)
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae) Paul D. Rymer University of Wollongong Rymer, Paul D, Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae), PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 1 Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae). PhD Thesis by Paul D. Rymer B.Sc. (Hons) – Uni. of Western Sydney School of Biological Sciences UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 2006 2 DECLARATION This thesis is submitted, in accordance with the regulations of the University of Wollongong, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The work described in this thesis was carried out by me, except where otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted to any other university or institution. 3 “Yes, Duckie, you’re lucky you’re not Herbie Hart who has taken his Throm-dim-bu-lator apart” (Dr. Seuss 1973) 4 Abstract An understanding of rarity can provide important insights into evolutionary processes, as well as valuable information for the conservation management of rare and threatened species. In this research, my main objective was to gain an understanding of the biology of rarity by investigating colonization and extinction processes from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. I have focused on the genus Persoonia (family Proteaceae), because these plants are prominent components of the Australian flora and the distributional patterns of species vary dramatically, including several that are listed as threatened.
    [Show full text]