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Grassroots Perspectives of Peace Building in Sierra Leone 1991-2006 Cutter, S.M

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Grassroots Perspectives of Peace Building in Sierra Leone 1991-2006 Cutter, S.M Grassroots perspectives of peace building in Sierra Leone 1991-2006 Cutter, S.M. Submitted version deposited in CURVE April 2011 Original citation: Cutter, S.M. (2009) Grassroots perspectives of peace building in Sierra Leone 1991-2006. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University. Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. A few images have been removed for copyright reasons. These include the images of 'conflict trees' from appendix D. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. CURVE is the Institutional Repository for Coventry University http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open Grassroots Perspectives of Peace Building in Sierra Leone 1991-2006 Susan M. Cutter A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2009 Coventry University ABSTRACT This study is about peace building in Sierra Leone, during and after the civil war (1991- 2002). The initial hypothesis was that the impact of externally driven peace building activities was reduced because of insufficient attention to local culture and priorities. This hypothesis was underpinned by a number of assumptions based on the author’s personal experience and the views of Sierra Leoneans met in the early post-war period. Firstly, that local culture and priorities were the most appropriate in the context of peace building. Secondly, that divergence from local culture and priorities by externally driven activities would inevitability be detrimental to peace building. Thirdly, that local culture and priorities would always have the capacity to inform externally driven peace building activities. In 2003, when this study was planned, the post-war literature mainly described the war and its causes or examined the success of peace building activities and programmes. There was also considerable interest in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Special Court. Informants included external actors, Government and NGO personnel but grassroots perspectives were largely missing. This study set out to remedy this omission; trained local researchers used participatory methods to collect grassroots perspectives at six locations, with different war experiences. In all 76 Sierra Leoneans participated in focus groups and other key stakeholders informed the study. Findings within and among the focus groups were heterogeneous. The three prominent themes of grassroots concern that emerged were need, governance and societal relationships. Although the hypothesis was not substantiated in all respects, the findings related to societal relationships were supportive. Forgiveness, expressed according to local culture and tradition, was a local priority not always given prominence in externally driven peace building activities to the apparent detriment of peace building impact. In other cases (such as shelter or beneficiary participation) where the ‘local’ and the ‘external’ diverged, the influence on peace building impact was more tenuous. Incidental findings suggested that practice-preach dichotomies within external peace building activities may be detrimental to impact although to be certain, further research would be required. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appreciation and gratitude must first go to my research team, administrator and many friends in Sierra Leone who supported me in various ways during this research. Especially to Fr. F. A. Combey, his mother, sisters and other family members who showed me great kindness, hospitality and gave practical help. I should also like to thank my supervisory team from Coventry University, Professors Roy May, Andrew Rigby and Bruce Baker (Director of Studies), and those who facilitated my bursary. Friends and colleagues who gave a listening ear, encouragement to keep going or space in which to work deserve special mention; Sheila Casey, Marcie Edwards, Marion MacLellan, Angela and Paul Malthouse and Simon Massey. Finally, I must acknowledge the late Fr F. McAllister, his love of the Sierra Leonean people was infectious; had it not been so, I should probably be working in the National Health Service today. Li, lε:i tαmbε. iii CONTENTS Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements Iii Contents iv List of Figures, Maps and Tables vi Abbreviations and Acronyms vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 (a) Personal Experience 1 (b) Enquiry Structure 9 2 METHODOLOGY 11 (a) Cultural Context 11 (b) Primary Data Collection 14 (c) Participant Observation 20 3 PEACE BUILDING: THEORY AND PRAXIS 24 (a) Peace Building: Descriptions 24 (b) Peace Building: Prescriptions 35 4 PEACE BUILDING: ACTORS 49 5 SIERRA LEONE 61 (a) General Background 61 (b) The Civil War, Beginnings from 1991 66 (c) War and Peace (1996 – 2002) 69 (d) Official Peace (2002 – 2006) 76 6 PEACE BUILDING: NEED 98 (a) Heterogeneity and Causes of the War 98 (b) Need 103 7 PEACE BUILDING: GOVERNANCE 124 (a) Reform of Structures and Institutions 124 (b) Democratisation 130 (c) Economic Reconstruction 136 8 PEACE BUILDING: SOCIETAL RELATIONSHIPS 139 (a) Recap 139 (b) Civilian Combatant Relationships: Peace 140 (c) Civilian Combatant Relationships: Truth 143 (d) Civilian Combatant Relationships: Justice 145 (e) Civilian Combatant Relationships: Mercy 147 (f) Organisation for Peace, Reconciliation and Development (OPARD) 152 (g) Relationships Between Civilians 154 iv 9 IN CONCLUSION 161 (a) About The Research Process 161 (b) About The Hypothesis 166 (c) About The External 173 (d) About Gaps 177 (e) About Conclusions and Applications 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 186 APPENDIX A Focus Group Questionnaire - 1st Meetings 196 APPENDIX B Initial Lessons Learned Regarding Research Process 204 APPENDIX C Chronology of Civil War and Concomitant Peace Building 207 APPENDIX D Examples of Focus Groups’ Time Lines And Conflict Trees 210 v LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES Page Boxes 1 Rights Based Peace and Reconciliation Project in the Luawa Chiefdom 22 2 Extracts from OPARD’s Brochure 154 Figures 1 Ages of Focus Group Participants 18 2 Self Ascribed Occupations of Focus Group Participants 18 3 The Place Called Reconciliation 32 4 Section of Regent’s Conflict Tree 100 5 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 107 Maps 1 Locations of Non-Freetown Focus Groups 17 Tables 1 Pre and Post War Health and Development Indicators 6 2 Criteria and Rationale for Research team Membership 15 3 Sierra Leone: Geography and Demographics 63 4 Summary of Findings in Relation to the Study’s Hypothesis 171 5 Programme Questions For Other Peace Building Contexts 183 vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACC Anti-Corruption Commission AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFSTRAG African Strategic and Peace Research Group AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome APC All People’s Congress BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBO Community Based Organisation CDA The Collaborative for Development Action CDF Civil Defence Force (Kamajors) CECORE Centre for Conflict Resolution (Uganda) CEDSA Centre for Development and Security Analysis CGG Campaign for Good Governance CSSp Congregatio Sancti Spiritus (Congregation of the Holy Ghost Fathers) CODESRIA Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DFID Department for International Development (UK Government) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECCP European Centre for Conflict Prevention ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FBC Fourah Bay College (University of Sierra Leone) GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation) HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRW Human Rights Watch IA International Alert ICC International Criminal Court ICG International Crisis Group ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IMATT International Military Advisory Training Team IPRA International Peace Research Association Le Leones (currency of Sierra Leone) MoHS Ministry of Health and Sanitation NaCSA National Commission for Social Action NGO Non Governmental Organisation NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council ODI Overseas Development Institute OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OPARD Organisation for Peace, Reconciliation and Development PCIA Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper vii RPP Reflecting on Peace Practice (project) RUF Revolutionary United Front SCF Save the Children Fund SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SLA, SLAF, RSLAF Sierra Leone Army/Armed Forces, Royal Sierra Leone Armed Forces SLANGO Sierra Leone Association of Non-Governmental Organizations SLPP Sierra Leone People’s Party SRR Security Sector Reform SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (analysis) TBA Traditional Birth Attendant TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UFMR Under Fives Mortality Rate UK United Kingdom
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