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Final Thesis Draft 2 Solar Powered Desalination By Abdulkarim Mayere, BEng, PgDip Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August, 2011 Final Draft Contents CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT..................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 13 SYMBOLS AND UNITS ................................................................................................. 15 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 17 1.0 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 18 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 20 1.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 21 1.3 NOVELTY OF RESEARCH .................................................................................... 22 1.4 RESEARCH BENEFIT AND ITS IMPACT ........................................................... 23 1.5 SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW OF THESIS ......................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 27 2.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 28 2.1 THE GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES .................................................................. 28 2.1.1 WATER SHORTAGE AND CONSUMPTION .................................................. 29 2.1.2 MEASURING WATER AVAILABILITY .......................................................... 31 2.2 DESALINATION AS A SOLUTION TO WATER PROBLEM............................. 33 2.2.1 EXISTING DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES .............................................. 34 2.2.1.1 REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) ............................................................................. 37 2.2.1.2 ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED) ............................................................................. 37 2.2.1.3 MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF) .......................................... 38 2.2.1.4 MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED) .............................................. 39 2.2.2 DESALINATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................... 40 2.3 DESALINATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ................................................ 42 2.3.1 PARABOLIC TROUGH ...................................................................................... 44 2.3.2 HELIOSTATS FIELD .......................................................................................... 45 2.3.3 LINEAR FRESNEL.............................................................................................. 46 2.3.4 PARABOLIC DISH.............................................................................................. 47 A. Mayere, PhD Thesis, 2011 - 1 - Final Draft 2.4 DESALINATION ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ......................... 48 2.4.1 DESALINATION COSTS.................................................................................... 49 2.4.2 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................. 50 2.5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND TEST OF DESALINATION UNIT ................................. 55 3.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 56 3.1 HUMIDIFICATION DEHUMIDIFICATION DESALINATION........................... 56 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HDD SYSTEMS ........................................................... 60 3.1.2 HUMIDIFIERS FOR WATER DESALINATION .............................................. 62 3.1.3 DEHUMIDIFIERS FOR WATER DESALINATION ......................................... 64 3.2 PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE DESALINATION SYSTEM .............. 65 3.2.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESALINATION SYSTEM ............................. 65 3.2.2 BASIC PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES MODELS ...................................... 67 3.2.3 THEORETICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM ..................................... 69 3.3 DESIGN OF THE DESALINATION SYSTEM ...................................................... 73 3.3.1 THE DEHUMIDIFICATION CHAMBER .......................................................... 74 3.3.2 THE HUMIDIFICATION CHAMBER ............................................................... 77 3.4 PRELIMINARY TEST OF THE DESALINATION SYSTEM .............................. 79 3.4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP ................................................................................. 79 3.4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 80 3.4.2.1 EFFECT OF AIR AND WATER FLOW RATE ............................................. 80 3.4.2.2 EFFECT OF AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE ....................................... 81 3.4.2.3 EFFECT OF ENERGY INPUT AND WATER PRODUCTION .................... 82 3.4.2.4 SYSTEM COP AND ABSORPTION RATIO ................................................. 83 3.5 SYSTEM OPTIMISATION ..................................................................................... 85 3.6 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND TEST OF SOLAR COLLECTOR.................................... 89 4.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 90 4.1 CONCENTRATED SOLAR COLLECTORS FOR WATER DESALINATION ... 90 4.2 V-TROUGH CONCENTRATING SOLAR COLLECTOR .................................... 92 4.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE SOLAR COLLECTOR .................................... 96 4.3.1 INDOOR TEST .................................................................................................... 99 A. Mayere, PhD Thesis, 2011 - 2 - Final Draft 4.3.2 OUTDOOR TEST .............................................................................................. 107 4.4 MODELLING OF SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR THE HDD UNIT ...................... 109 4.5 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 5: SOLAR DESALINATION EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY ................... 117 5.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 118 5.1 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP ................................................................................... 118 5.2 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................. 119 5.2.1 SOLAR SIMULATOR ....................................................................................... 120 5.2.2 SOLAR COLLECTOR ....................................................................................... 120 5.2.2.1 HIGH TEMPERATURE RECEIVER ............................................................ 120 5.2.2.2 SOLAR CONCENTRATOR .......................................................................... 121 5.2.3 HUMIDIFICATION DEHUMIDIFICATION DESALINATION UNIT .......... 122 5.2.3.1 HUMIDIFICATION CHAMBER .................................................................. 122 5.2.3.2 DEHUMIDIFICATION CHAMBER ............................................................. 123 5.2.4 HOT WATER TANK ......................................................................................... 123 5.2.5 AUXILIARY COMPONENTS .......................................................................... 124 5.3 SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION................................................ 127 5.4 INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENT ........................................................... 131 5.4.1 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ..................................................... 131 5.4.2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ................................................................ 131 5.4.3 MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID FLOW RATE ................................................. 133 5.4.4 MEASUREMENT OF AIR FLOW RATE ........................................................ 134 5.4.5 MEASUREMENT OF HOT WATER LEVEL IN TANK................................. 134 5.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF SALT CONCENTRATION, WATER PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY RATE .............................................................................................. 135 5.5 TEST PROCEDURE .............................................................................................. 136 5.6 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 6: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................. 138 6.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................
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