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Design, Construction and Performance Analysis of a Solar Powered Dual Mode Desalination System for Water Purification

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Design, Construction and Performance Analysis of a Solar Powered Dual Mode Desalination System for Water Purification Design, Construction and Performance Analysis of a Solar Powered Dual Mode Desalination System for Water Purification A Thesis Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Renewable Energy Technology At the Institute of Energy University of Dhaka September 2016 Supervised By: Prof. Dr. Saiful Huque Director Institute of Energy University of Dhaka Submitted By: Asif Jaman Shishir Exam Roll: 7001 Registration No: HA-1911 Session: 2006-2007 Institute of Energy University of Dhaka i Candidate’s Declaration I confirm that this thesis represents my own work; the contribution of any supervisors and others to the research and to the thesis was consistent with normal supervisory practice. External contributions to the research are acknowledged. _______________________ Asif Jaman Shishir Exam Roll: 7001 Registration No: HA-1911 Session: 2006-2007 Institute of Energy University of Dhaka Date: ________________ ii Supervisor’s Declaration The MS level thesis report titled by “Design, Construction and Performance Analysis of a Solar Powered Dual Mode Desalination System for Water Purification” has been carried out and dissertation was prepared under my supervision. Herby I confirm that, to the best of my knowledge the thesis represents the original research work of the candidate; the contribution made to the research by me, by others of the University was consistent with normal supervisory practice, and external contributions to the research are acknowledged. I believe the thesis to be in a suitable presentational form and is ready for examination. _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Saiful Huque Director Institute of Energy University of Dhaka Date: _______________ iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, All credit and gratitude goes to our Almighty Allah for the wisdom and perseverance that he has been bestowed upon me during this research. I am deeply thankful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Saiful Huque for the continuous support and overall guidance and for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of thesis work and writing of this report. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Subrata Kumar Aditya, who was always giving me theoretical and technical knowledge throughout all the semesters. It was an honor for me to stay in the class of Professor Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman, and learn the solar photovoltaic technologies from him. Thanks to Dr. Nasif Shams, Institute of Energy, who spent longer hours of time for me to enrich the thesis. I deeply inspired by him for the long discussions that helped me to sort out the technical details of my work. Honorable teacher Dr. Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh has been always there to give advice. The office stuffs and lab assistants were very friendly. I also remember them. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional support, both financially and emotionally throughout my MS degree. Finally, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the thesis. iv Abstract Human life is based on water. Safe drinking water is one of our fundamental needs. Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth covering 75% of the planet’s surface. About 97% of the earth’s water is salt water in the oceans, and a tiny 3% is fresh water. Sea water contains large amount of salts. The salts exist in the form of chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, potassium etc. Chloride and sulfate contribute to about 55% and 31% of sea salts respectively. Eating small quantities of saline water are not harmful, but more can be dangerous, ultimately producing fatal seizures, heart arrhythmias and kidney failure. Other than salts, there are many other unwanted elements, like bacteria, Parasites and heavy metals in the water. Major parts of Bangladesh do not have access to safe drinking water. Fresh water which was once obtained from rivers, lakes and ponds in plenty is now becoming scarce because of industrialization and population explosion. Increased irrigation of land for producing larger amount of food adds to the fresh water scarcity. Also, the available portable water is now increasingly being polluted by industrial and sewage waste. Therefore, there is need to purify the water to make suitable for drinking. It would be feasible to address the water-shortage problem with seawater desalination; however, the separation of salts from seawater requires large amounts of energy which, when produced from fossil fuels, can cause harm to the environment. Therefore, there is a need to employ environmentally friendly energy sources in order to desalinate seawater. As a part of my thesis, I have made a single basin single slope desalination device, where I used dual mode thermal energy for quick vaporization. One is the thermal energy trapped from solar radiation through a transparent top cover. Another one is the thermal energy of DC heaters powered by Photovoltaic module. Designed device is renewable energy (Solar) based and environmentally-friendly. This can be used for water heating, desalination and purification. This report covers introduction into desalination, comparative analysis of current desalination technologies. Some general concepts are given for the proper selection of desalination method. Description of designed desalination device is given in detail. After that, its construction, total cost, performance, efficiency and results are given here. Device maintenance, drawbacks and few related points etc. are also studied. From this research, I have concluded that, solar powered dual mode desalination may not be a viable option at the present price structure, further research for efficiency improvement of device could make solar assisted desalination one of the most economically advantageous device. 1 Table of Contents Candidate’s Declaration .................................................................................................................. i Supervisor’s Declaration ................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1 : Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Water ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The importance of water ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Water resources ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Types of water .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Characteristics of Raw Waters .................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Water impurities ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Water Scarcity .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.8 Water purification ................................................................................................................... 7 1.9 Water Desalination ................................................................................................................... 9 1.9.1 Basic theory of desalination .................................................................................................. 9 1.10 Objective of this thesis ......................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 : Water Purification and Desalination ...................................................................... 11 2.1 History of desalination and water purification process ........................................................... 11 2.2 Desalination Processes ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) ............................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) .............................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Vapour compression distillation (VCD) ....................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Freezing Process ........................................................................................................... 19 2.2.5 Solar humidification-dehumidification Process ........................................................... 20 2.2.6 Solar still Process ......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.7 Reverse‐Osmosis (RO) ................................................................................................. 22 2.2.8 Electro-dialysis (ED...................................................................................................... 24 2.2.9 Promising Future Technologies
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