The Papyrus Ebers and the Medicine of the West

Gundolf Keil

English translation by Microsoft and edited by Klaus Ammann until page 22.

Γλανχας Αδηνξε ψερειν - No, it’s certainly not about owls of course, and if the veterinary papyrus from Kâhûn deals also with sick birds (as well as with sick fish, the Nile-Cichlids), even then the diseased poultry of the veterinary Papyrus certainly are not owls, but elderly geese. "Owls to Athens" rather means to deal with the Papyrus Ebers. Actually, who does not know it, the calligraphic work of art; who would not see its aesthetic beauty before his eyes; who does not know of the thousands of images circulating about it, who was not among the students of thousands of classes that have rolled past it, stretched behind glass panels –admiring it’s exhilarating color -: actually the pages of the "final part" that showed writings on both sides and claimed more than two meters.

It was 18 meters and 63 centimeters long when Georg Ebers in 1873 was able to acquire it. The space written extended to 20,23 m; thanks to FELIX VON OEFELE, who ordered the exact mensuration in 1906. 1941 the Papyrus Ebers is among the precious objects to be rescued from air attacks of the allies – first placed into the vault of a branch of the German Bank, then transferred in 1943 to the castle of the town of Rochlitz, in 1945 occupied by Russian police forces. When the University Library got access to their "most valuable stocks" in 1946, the Papyrus was found "no more in the house, but "outdoors " in a dog’s kennel under manure and dirt". Some "protective glasses [were] shattered, at one position, the delicate written cloth of the Papyrus [...] had suffered, essential parts including the large end piece were missing completely. They could be not found [...] until today”. The total relocation loss amounts to 28 (from 102) columns, they fully or partially perished. In this respect only three-quarters of the magnificent Papyrus survived the post-war period.

However, Egyptology made provisions by producing a facsimile which was released by GEORG EBERS in 1875, together with his assistant LUDWIG STERN: "The largest and most beautiful Papyrus, Germany so far is holding, the third-largest of all ever existing" and which he purchased only two years before. And this acquisition story, reviewed by REINHOLD SCHOLL - reads like a detective story, in which the devious American EDWIN SMITH (“a big crook”) plays a central role: for many years he disseminated to experts the fake story to actually own […] a “large medical codex”, he even offered it in an auction catalogue, but could not present it on request, since the rolls were not in his possession after all and he was not able to request it as its owner. The assertion to have purchased the papyrus 1862 in Luxor proofs in hindsight to be a fraudulent maneuver of an antiquarian dealer for profit maximization. 12 Gundolf Keil

Still in Egypt EBERS started to study his Papyrus: "with great care", which was "huge role... rolled up". It displayed in appalling "beauty": not one "missing page"; not a single "unreadable letter" could be found. The initials shining in "red" "the actual text" was "written with black ink". "Lying prone on the ground to" the role EBERS "studied with terrible efforts page by page and [...] grasped so far the content of the whole work so that he [the] overlooked the entire contents", understanding the compilation "as a compendium of the entire Egyptian Medicine" and even discovered parallels in the Berlin Papyrus 3038: three and a half weeks after acquiring the role he reported on March 26, 1873 from Cairo: "similar notes are brought forward in a well- known Papyros, which is preserved in the Berlin Museum , and which seems to me an excerpt from our papyrus".

EBERS also tried a dating of the "great and noble work of the art of Hierograms". While he remains relatively vague in its Papyrus Ebers article from May/June 1873 and refers to the first centuries of the new Kingdom (1552-1306 BC..), he specified by the end of March the creation time to around 1550 B.c.: "I will hardly be mistaken, if I refer the creation time of the papyrus EBERS to the XVIII Egyptian Dynasty, that is in the seven [!]"tenth century B.C. ". The investigations into the (1516 B.C.) subsequently registered calendar on the back of the roll back roughly confirmed this time frame.

GEORG EBERS - appointed full professor in the year of the publication of his facsimile edition (1875) - dealt as the Leipzig Egyptologist in essays about his papyrus roll. He however did not achieve to finish the editorial preparation of the medical compendium, as well as he was not given the chance to finish the ambitious objective to determine the "meaning of each individual word". The "years" such a task "would require", and already in 1876 he was tied up to the bed due to his frequent "spinal cord ailments" which forced him to give up his teaching position and to fill out the last two decades of his life to work as a writer. He still lived to see the release of 32 volumes of his collected works ; several of his historical novels playing in the Egyptian late period; in 1898, he died at the age of 51.

Others have continued his work: first HENRICH JOACHIM, the 1890 "The oldest book about medicine [...] fully translated" appeared in Berlin. His transliteration to-day is only of importance for science historians, where-as WALTER WRESZINSKI launched in 1913 a hieroglyphic

The Papyrus Ebers and the Medicine of the West 13

transcription based on the analytical source of the Neuenahr medic FELIX VON OEFELE, and in its precise micro-structure still is the basis of the present day paraphrasing of the Compendium. The second volume of his edition which should get ready the compilation in "Translation and Commentary" - he was no more able to accomplish it due to the war. Here, BENDIX EBBELL, district physician to Stavanger, has jumped in, and in 1937 his German translation was published in Copenhagen. With view to profit maximization the text was rewritten in English, but remains only for German-speaking readers understandable. EBBELL brought out two years later a part of the original German version. The translation impresses with it’s reliability in the medical hermeneutics.

HERMANN GRAPOW is also seen in succession of WALTER WRESZINSKI, he overall follows WRESZINSKI’s plan for two decades to present "The medicine of the ancient Egyptians" and brought to completion nine volumes: his Outline of the Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians, which began to appear in 1953 (preceded in 1935-36 by a study on the people who brought to light the traditional knowledge), creating the basis for all later investigations and approaches the Papyrus Ebers from its subjects, its vocabulary and its grammar on. In addition, the compendium is made available in hieratic transscription and in German translation. PAUL GHALIOUNGLI, who in 1983 had brought out at the Mainz Academy his treatise on The physicians of Pharaonic Egypt as an employee of the "German Archaeological Institute" to Cairo. He let follow already four years later his "new translation" in English language which he commented and accompanied by a glossary. Eight years later, THIERRY BARDINET was able to present the entire Les Papyrus Médicaux de l’Égypte pharaonique, where he devote 26 pages to the Papyrus Ebers. Already in 1988 BARDINET pre-published the investigations to dermatological diseases, as well as to religious chastity. WOLFHART WESTENDORF, along with wife VON DEINES, who supported already in the 1950s GRAPOW with the drafting of the Grundriss (outline), crowned the examinations to the "most beautiful and longest" of all manuscripts of antiquity with his monumental Handbook of ancient Egyptian medicine, which describes the Papyrus in terms of content, fully translated and refers back again and again to this unique document with numerous special investigations on nosology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy, as well as to the medical and pharmaceutical environment. But the studies on the Papyrus Ebers are thus certainly anything but finished, this is shown by a glimpse of tomorrow's program, revealing the codicological research by REINHOLD SCHOLL and also by a revision of FRANS JONCKHEERES highlighting problems in the middle of the last century. The previous century however has set remarkable medicine historical accents, not only in the 1940s, but right at its beginning, that proved fundamental until today, not only in view of papyrology, but also linguistically, 14 Gundolf Keil by offering progressive approaches. I am thinking less of observations to the magic between medicine, which were successfully continued by KOLTA/SCHWARZMANN-SCHAFHAUSER, but merely remind you of the Neuenahrer doctor FELIX VON OEFELE, who immediately after 1900 followed GEORG EBERS suggestions and sought to dismantle the medical compendium under the term of "divorce of sources" in the original pieces and sought to dissect them according to provenances. Observations of EBERS were preceded which for over three thousand years, - "lying beside the Papyros on the ground" (I said it before) – who had read scroll for the first time and indeed found extensive matches with the Berlin Papyrus 3038. He assumed that the smaller Berlin Papyrus was younger – indeed he is in fact so for three centuries - and he suspected that the small Berlin scroll offers "excerpts" from the great papyrus he just acquired. Although this excerpt theory has not been confirmed (I will come back on this still), the letter dated on March 26, 1873, from Cairo offers nevertheless a text linguistic comment, which highlighted clearly that GEORG EBERS already recognized in his first reading in Cairo, that the text scroll acquired by him offered not an original text, but a conglomerate of text pieces - he speaks of "Notes" - and that this text chunks of different size have been composed to a kind of "Compendium" - this with the aim to achieve "nothing less" than a representation of the "entire Egyptian Medicine". And such an attempt to present an integral view already is manifested in the introductory words, where the editor introduces his collection as a "Book on the Preparation of Remedies for all Parts of the Human Body". And these parts, organs or body regions are reflected in the section headers of the compendium, which foreshadow a segmental structure of the text and announce 36 times the beginning of a new compilation unit or subunit, as e.g. "Beginning of a collection of remedies for ailments in the belly"; "Beginning [of the recipe Group] of the remedies that are made for yourself "; "Beginning of a collection of remedies against urinary congestion where the abdomen hurts"; "Beginning of the medicines, which animate the 'heart’ to accept food"; "Beginning of the medicines that can descend mucilage from the pelvic"; "Beginning of a collection of writings for the two eyes"; "At the beginning [of the rules] for the treatment of burns"; "Beginning of the medicines for making healthy a wound"; "At the beginning of the remedies for removing skin bubbles"; "At the beginning of the remedies for removing [cancer] ulcers and tumors"; "Beginning of the secret knowledge of the doctor: the knowledge of the action of the heart is the knowledge of the heart"; "Beginning of the book about the itinerant pain substances" ("wêhêdû"); "Medicine for swelling [and tumor]". WALTER WRESZINSKI – following HEINRICH JOACHIM - paraphrased the huge compendium and distinguished 877 units of text, making binding their provision as well as accruals for future translations, editions and binding descriptions The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 15 and which was also adopted by the GRAPOW outline. The sections already segregated by the writer show different generic origin and stand in a loose arrangement following in their compilation different intentions and by their macro-structure - want to say: at the top-level outline – are arranged according to anatomical, but also pathological views. Competing outline principles emerge during the definition of the secondary section structure and only occasionally make it to the top-level outline. Such an exception appears right at the beginning of the compendium: At the beginning of his "book of remedies for all parts of the human body", the compiler has set a triplet group of texts which deal with so-called accompanying incantations. They are spoken by patients, and they accompany the applying or removing of bandages, the presentation of a healing potion. The patient is seeking the assistance of deities of highest ranking - apart from Osiris these are the three dominant healing gods Thot, Horus and Amun-Re - using them to break the influence of low-level gods and to break the disease-inducing magic of the dead, demons and transcendental beings. The West beholds such accompanying magic especially for Herbalism and the hunt for healing animals; ARMAND DEATTE has reviewed the phytoterapeutic elements of such ceremonials of the ancient rhizotomes up to the early medieval herbal women. "Strong is the magic along with the remedies": the demonic interpretation of illness, which, in contrast to the Old Empire, was gaining ground in the late period from the 19th century, shows demonstrably by mid of 16th century B.C., right at the beginning our compendium. But what follows then in loosely composed text elements, is typically older and stems often from that great time – referred to as "Pyramid Period" or "Old Empire" - was characterized (to and to speak with the young WOLFHART WESTENDORF), by the fact that it represented “an early Summit of real science" and that it "had achieved a nearly complete overcoming of former magic view" and that it accordingly offered a "medicine almost completely freed of all magical faults", of which one could say that she "works with objective facts and is based on empirical knowledge". This empirical knowledge is the first therapeutic segment expressed of our compendium: Following the introductory incantation texts, the Papyrus brings Eber’s three kompilative units, which (with a caveat) follows recipes which all were compiled under fluvial physiological aspects and relate to the main flow run of the human body - the gastro-intestinal tract. The first recipe collection deals with the "belly" and its intestines; the second recipe collection is oriented towards the lower output (the anus), while the third one, a kind of "Stomach book", with deals with the upper entrance to the main road of digestion and the input obstacles. 16 Gundolf Keil

In its micro-structure one can detect in the first recipe collection groups of regulations with narrowly circumscribed therapeutic groups, which are directed against roundworms, respectively tapeworms, eliminate abdominal rotting or fever substances from the abdomen and deal with a type of skin, rose" in the intestine, which remind to colitis, dysentery or similar things. It is noteworthy on a third outline level highlighting the intestine, rose " remedies highlights a recipe group that arranges exclusively according to the dosage form principle and offers only ointment preparations: the compilation access to the recipe texts was thus not only following the katà-tópous aspect, but in addition following the principle katà gené. " The composition fuga between the stomach and anus recipes an extensive incantation is inserted in order to drive out rotting material; then it continues with proctologic recipes, which is hemorrhoids, prolapse, perhaps emerging anal fistula and other rectal area diseases. At the end of the anal recipe collection is only loosely attached; the addition of text pieces would explain that terminal different therapeutic indications encounter and a range of indications breast or lung disease are incorporated here. Since thorax and abdomen stand in the same in the flow composite , it is no surprise, that one of the potions seeks to treat breast, stomach and lungs at the same time. The third compilation unit while also offering a recipe collection, they are whowever appended to the top twenty textbook chapters, which all deal with the stomach and pre-determine the remedy for the following recipe formulas. It is tempting to see this 20-Chapter group than doctrine tract and to interpret as a small special teaching tractate of gastric science. But compilation inconsistencies rather suggest that it is composed of fragments of an older textbook that was excerpted from a gastric point of view and based on excerpted and newly arranged pieces. The multi-functionality of the "Heart" and "Stomach" and whose semantic conflating before the background of a fluvial physiological medical view can be understood so that as a fourth compilation a cardiology recipe collection unit was added to the three gastroenterological recipe collections, which absorbs the therapeutic indications of the preceding compilation groups and shows a clear continuity in the field of therapeutic efforts with its secondary indication "Belly". Six magistral formulas folloow, designed by Amun-re him-self or created for him by other gods of healing - namely Schu, Tefhut, Geb and Nut. They all have antalgetic intention, to be applied externally, and only the last recipe was used personally and exclusively by ISIS, was directed against the migraine attacks of her son Re suffering from cranial ache (5). And thus the leading indication for the following recipes is given, which retroactively comprise also the five magistral formulas: They all - simple medicinal formulas and magistral preparations - are directed against (stress) headache, The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 17 seek to ward off demonic influences (and thus the triggering cause of suffering) and surprise with a text inserted at the end of what represents a dispersed herbal chapter, describing the healing properties of castor bean, taken from the usually two parts of a drug monograph, selects only the second and neglects the preceding first part (with the botanical data and pharmacological specifications). The first part of a drug monograph - based on the lotusflowering-"snake herb" - can be found further down in the cardiology section. Together with the Castor fragment, he delivers the integral form of the pharma-graphic genus of whose representatives the herbals are built up. A such herbal is in fact pertained - in the 11 (or 13) Tebtunis fragments of the Carlsberg Papyrus - , however in the demotic script and language and recorded only in Roman times (apparently in the 2nd century), so that formal antique influence of such ancient representatives cannot be excluded, such as those existing since long in the herbal books of Krateuas [Crataegus?] , Diokles or Dioscurides long, cannot be ruled out. Causes of headaches on the one hand are of divine or demonic influence, on the other hand "any bad and evil things", under which the rotting material "wêhêdû" plays a prominent role. According to fluvial physiological ideas such pollutants must be taken out, for which it is important to remove barriers to flow and to flush out the putrid stagnant. It is of no surprise that regulations of the headache are followed by an urological recipe (6) in the view of the Egyptian fluvial physiological streaming background. Certainly a multitude of urologic recipes appear against a variety of urinary ailments, the spectrum reaching from pollakiuria over enuresis and stranguria up to the child's urine retention (with stenosis if not atresia); ultimately it is always about the general indication "about eliminating a stasis of urine" formed in the abdomen and causing there “pain” due to an irregular or faulty drain. "A different remedy for the regulation urine": Those who want to “regulate” drain and flush, who eliminates the "stasis" and succeeds to reduce the abundance of urine, should not lose sight on the inflow as fluvial physiologist, since all parts of the human body are under the influence of fluvial physiological paradigm and an integral view of flow dynamics demands to accrue the flow input as a rule at the same time. So, it is not surprising that a seventh segment is connected to the urological segment that eliminates outflow, which is looking at influence and dealings with the central water distribution regulation of the body. This central facility, which alone can deal with all organs, is not localized in the abdomen, but in the upper body and which alternatively will be defined in terms of "Stomach" and "Heart". If this central hydrological organ at the entrance to the womb waterways resists at the regulated water supply, 18 Gundolf Keil

then a proper urine flow cannot be not achieved according to the fluvial theorem – then an urinary flow according to proper rules cannot be maintained and the pollutants are not eliminated. The seventh segment that joins the urinary recipe also turns out to belong to a series of recipe groups and as such defines the healing target only in the first formula, which includes all following rules without indication stating with "another means" the therapeutic calls only initial in the first formula. These initial indications - so to speak a collective heading is: "At the beginning of the remedies that should cause that the heart and the stomach accepts food". And that's not all: resulting from food and drinks in the human body (with slowed down flow in the womb River) mucilage (8) emerges at the first place, degenerating to the dreaded pain or rotting substances of the ‘wêhêdû'-group. Such mucilage needs to be drained downwards and this not only for prophylactic reasons and thus also to prevent the emerging of rottenness, but forcing mucus downwards is primarily necessary because mucus causes pain and unpleasant suffering at the first place, again according to the fluvial physiological fact that slowed down flow mucus moving around in the duct system of the bod (similar to rheûma of phlegm in humoral-pathologic world view), it emerges in the small of the back, in the pelvic, in the neck, and produces rheumatism, restrictions in movement, as well as neck stiffness and even intestinal worms can emerge through the intermediate stage of decay. Of course, even nasal and throat catarrh were blamed on the mucilage; their favorite place to stay is in the "belly". Twice, the headlines read: "Eliminate mucilage from the belly"; the snake herb which forces the mucus down "let it descend", creeps or "grows" typically "on his belly", and the whole affair was so important to the compiler as that he integrated in the recipe group not only the prescription, but also a drug monograph and added two text book chapters full of theories, which – as in the third segment - make up the beginning of the compilation unit; at the end of the compilation composition there are foreign recipe pieces added, which although not purging the mucus but use “Plant Mucus” as a therapeutic agent. „[...] for the Elimination of cough in the belly": since cough has to do with bitterness, it responds to sweets and can be treated with honey, dates, carob, sweet beer and the like; because cough is formed in the stomach, where mucus has its preferred seat. Thus it is understandable that the expectorants (9) are situated after the mucus-laxative agents. The last but two recipe in the group of the mucus substance purgativa is apparently already intended to be the treatment of bronchitis. It is notable, that the quadruple scheme, which shows itself as a tetradic approach not only appears in applications, but also in the production. The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 19

The terminal inhalation recipe leads to asthma remedies; it’s explicit fat diet can also be interpreted as a reference to the treatment of tuberculosis. That the leading indication of the tenth segment is the wheezing - wants to say: bronchial or cardiac asthma -, emerges from the phonetic "ghw" of the disease name as well as the determinative "Lizard", which refers to its mediolateral undulation during breathing, and reminiscent of a competing Middle High German expression, originating from the same pathophysiological nomenclatural motivation on their flank-beating mediolateral undulation breathing: compare as the preferred terminology of old German heart asthma terminology "hërz- slehticheit" and "hërz- slehtic"; in veterinary medicine with horses “bauch-schlägig” is still in use to-day. According to the cough medication the tetradic approach dominates also related to wheezing. As expected especially the Juniper and aromatic resins are the guiding drug in the therapy of asthma, and foremost berries of Juniper, as the *Kranewittbeer Treatise" shows they remained beyond current pulmonary drug far beyond the middle ages until the beginning of modern age there is talk about "baccae juniperi": pectus mundificant - rainigent div brust; the original broncholytic healing indication experienced in the late Middle Ages the an extension to asthma cardiale: sy (are meant the wachaltern bern) vertribent of the herczen die tempfickeit, which is equivalent to meaning of the "Dämpfigkeit" of the "Herzschlächtigkeit". Enough! The first ten segments of the Papyrus Ebers stand closely related and are interpreted and arranged according to the background of the Fluvial Physiology. An additional thematic network results in the segments 8-10 by the common reference to pathogenic mucilage; at the introductory three recipe groups also a functional connection is given, as he observed also at the recipe groups 6 and 7. But what follows then on the slime material segments 8-10 as the eye book, is unconnected in the compendium, and shows only a very weak continuity bridge to the previous asthma recipe group. The writer seems to have recognized this and leads over with the phrase "A different remedies [to the same]". But what follows then is only seemingly identical and quite different in reality. Although a recipe compilation as the first unit of text – referring even twice to the treatment of asthma – offers the incense resin familiar from asthma treatment and also the mucus-dissolving honey as well as a fossil resin; but what competes with these ingredients which are only auxiliary remedies, falls out of the frame of the fluvial physiologically normal, proves to be the leading drug and belongs to the area of externally applicable chemotherapy. Lead and iron compounds appear and further on a not yet determinable "upper Egyptian mineral". A few recipes groups further on sodium, malachite, lapis lazuli and other Inorganics are added. The whole is overwritten with “Compilation for the eyes". WESTENDORF uses the term "consolidated manuscript". 20 Gundolf Keil

And indeed the eleventh segment involves an irregularyl composed recipe group which claims the greatest space on the EBERS scroll with nearly one hundred units of text and pushes us up in the LXIV column (and thus in the middle of the Papyrus Ebers). The recipe formulas are mostly non-magistral, but there are also three incantations occur (especially interesting the Malachite mineral blessing), and at the beginning there is a compiled recipe group, which can be interpreted as a fragment from a textbook, actually the second therapeutic part of an Exophthalmos chapter, which comes from an ophthalmological treatise, corresponds to the fluvial physiological theory and precisely carries on the quadruple mucus reduction strategies of the previous tenth segment of the recipe group. Otherwise, the yield to the theoretical background for the etiology and diagnostics of eye diseases is rather modest. The current streaming combination between eye and ear is expressed in the statement to apply remedies to the eye through the ear. In magical correspondences, sunset sunrise and play a role. In the view of organo-therapeutic representation of the sun the appearance of the yellow gall which was maintained as a medical indication for the eyes was held upright until the modern era. Under the therotherapeuti specific drug substance geese and pigs are the suppliers, with pig eyes in contact-magic were applied to the bulbi of eyes of the blind. It is no coincidence that the feathers from which liquid medicine was drizzled in the eye comes from the vulture, and refers consciously to those discerning scavengers, whose far- reaching eye sight should be transferred to the partially sighted eye of the patient according to the doctrine of signatures. "Suspendas Oculos eius [scilicet vulturis]... ad collum: oculorum dolorem abstergit", says in the early medieval "Epistula de * vulture" and the east-middle-german* continues "Geiertraktat" of the 12th century: "Sweme diu ougen wê toun, the sol nemen des gîres gallen unde sol die sieden in honege âne rouch: Sô du dich denne slâfen wilt legen, sô sitze zuo einem viure unde tuo diu ougen zuo unde baehe diu ougen dâ mit unde lege dich alsô balde slâfen: sô du danne des andern tages ûfstêst, sô hâst du heitriu ougen. Ouch sprechen die fisizi daz Ipokras nie dehein collirium gemahte, dâ er des gîres gallen zuo wolte enbern." The tradition connection is evident, and astonishment is caused by the wide range of recognized and differentiated ophthalmologic diseases. The Egyptian ophthalmology is highly differentiated, and the almost one hundred rules of the "eyebook” in the Papyrus Ebers you can also read out bagatelle diseases as well as deleterious sufferings. The spectrum of diagnostics differentiated fans out of the conjunctiva catarrh up to the absolute amaurosis; frequently encounter mechanical injuries; Trachoma Pannus and wing skin were distinguished; Ectropion encountered next to the eyelash rubbing with trichiasis; the trickle of tears is treated separately. Stye and Chalazion are repeatedly addressed, but are not differentiated. Cataracts were observed and attempted to interpret along the fluvio-physological paradigms. The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 21

and attempted to interpret along the fluvio-physological paradigm: One postulated an intra-ocular "impoundment of water" as the cause. The ancient humoral pathology has followed this interpretation approach insofar as a drop of mucus was dripping down from the brain and get stuck there - until today, the professional terminology with its "(gutta) cataracta" reminds to this forward position. The "book of eyes” is gathered together without concept and one misses a systematic procedure of the compilator. The rules relating to the cataract and the recipes against the Leucoma for example are placed in very localities, and there is no grouping recognizable for any group arrangement according to indication or according to leading drug principles, which would lead to the formation of secondary structures. One is tempted to assume in view of the confusion that the Compilator of the Papyrus Ebers himself has collected this largest segment, or better said snatched together -; but caution is reminded by throwing a glance on the Papyrus of London 10059 and in particular on the Papyrus Carlsberg VIII: On the basis of the available similarities one cannot exclude that by mid-16th century there existed already one or more collections of ophthalmologic text fragments, which could have been available to our compiler. Instead of laboriously stich together chapter by chapter, recipe by recipe, there could have been an opportunity to rely on already existing sequences and to compose the ophthalmologic segment from them. The probablility resulting from the recorded history speaks in favor of the latter approach. The twelfth segment – fitting like a hinge in the compilation sequence, but not separated by initials nor by a general heading, - only consists of five pieces of text, of which the first three are numbered and prove as recipes, whereas the last two fragments originate from one or two textbook chapters. The three introductory short recipes teach the manufacturing of bandages for minor injuries caused by a “bite of people”, in the last two text fragments it’s the life-threatening bite of an armored lizard (crocodile) where the textbook author draws on a carefully coordinated multi step therapy, first tempting to stop bleeding by applying "fresh meat" covering the extensive tissue loss of a "bite of a crocodile", then to granulate and then cicatrize through covering with skin. The bandage with fresh meat prescribed "on the first day" has been investigated by LISELOTTE BUCHHEIM. With the thirteenth segment begins a series of recipe groups, which turn towards the hairy head (including the eyebrows). First, it concerns the hnsj.t disease, which EBBELL could identify as inherited grind: a mycosis caused by the equally stubborn as unpleasant mycosis Achorion Schoenleinii, which 22 Gundolf Keil

is treated by onguent bandages or powders of Capillitiums; their recipes are combined to form a subgroup, which can be seen as the tendency to form an infrastructure according to the dosage form principle. From the application recommendation: "The head thus become anointed every day", is indeed expressing the futility of the effort, that the favus (favus alopecia = dt. Kopfgrind) sufferers under long-term treatment could not purge this unsavory suffering due to the penetrate stinking favus lichen fungal. It was not until the 20th century A.C. that due to anti-fungal chemotherapy the treatment was successful . – It is remarkable that the Egyptian Dermatology already knew about the favus squamosus variation with grey powdery hair, tried to heal it and specifically noted: "If the disease is dry, you should apply oil or grease". The graying hair follows the grey pollinated hair: the fourteenth segment is in turn applied as recipe and deals with the Canities, which include all forms of Leukotrichosis and thus deals not only with the phenomenon of Poliosis (prae)senilis. The treatment prefers magic-suggestive-therapeutic procedures according to the simile principle and establishes their organotherapeutic measures aiming at magic equivalents. Therotherapeutic product suppliers are black-feathered birds (such as the Raven, the swallow and the black kite), black "worms", as well as mammals with dark fur coat (preferably black cattle). Medicines are digested accordingly at night. The organotherapeutic regulation of brain and spinal cord substance suggests a fluvial physiological link between brain and hair. That age-related loss of sexual performance goes hand in hand with the graying [hair], which had been observed and reflected in the recommendation, with the "vulva of a femail greyhound" to handle the Canities. The application was only externally; the frustration of an endeavor is demonstrated in calls to the long- term treatment with the expression: "the head thus becomes anointed, [and this indeed] very often ". Cosmetic importance such as the greying was (and is) hair loss dealt with in the fifteenth recipe segment. It is only half as long as the preceding section (impaired due to loss of text), taking into account all forms of the effluvium up the complete baldness and even trying to resurrect again sprouting hair on follicle-free scar tissue "with a wound". The proportion of magical suggestive therapeutic procedures is thus very high which tried to protect the growing hair equally from the graying (through a "black lizard", whose ability to help reproduction was obviously known) is correspondingly high. Leading into a subsection of courtly area are the three expilation methods, which are attached to the hair restoring section: they teach the manufacture of pomades, which are applied under the wig the unsuspecting rival, and which will lubricate or anoint "the head of the hated" and lead to the hair to fall out the hated sexual rival and consequently loses her sexual attractiveness. The ingredients are pharmaco-dynamically harmless, stemming without exception from hairless animals, the expectations [the edited part of the microsoft translation ends here for the moment, KA 20140923] The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 23

organo analogy spell and come from - as indicated by the parallel in the Papyrus Hearst - apparently a stand- alone Rezeptar. An effect could be (if anything, then) set at best about psychosomatic mechanisms. How far does the time broadcasting of the proceedings, was determined Not yet. At least the high middle ages recipe literature offers an Expilationsverfahren that points to ancient templates, as authors called Johannes * Furia, and presents this as a friend of Cleopatra. The described Simp drive is much more effective, works to chemotherapy kills the hair roots with its sulfur arsenic compounds and leads to a lifelong shiny bald head. A small Leberrezeptar joins as sixteenth section, very suddenly - unless it is a mapping to the block of used in dermatology segments of yellow skin color of jaundice patients out, ([12-] 1315) would allow.BENDIX EBBELLAssociation has argued convincingly for them. The ingredients of the five recipes suggest, that you brought suffering not only with a yellowish-brown disease material in context, analogistisch treated with Brown beer, but that you also founded the etiology on a lack of water, it sought to resolve by the combination of water and night dew. your liver is HARSAPHES of Herakleopolis, your insides are health, your navel is the morning star [...]' you healthy child [...]"each God protects everything from you [...]", it says in a protective hymn of the Papyrus "Spells for mother and child", and one of the great dangers for the child-like integument resulted from the combustion of: deals with Kombustionen generally, the seventeenth Papyrus Ebers-segment that does not distinguish between burns and scalding, but recommends a based on the course, time staggered multiple step therapy that varies over a period of five days. " Copper oxide and milk a woman who suckles a child, preferably be used, two spells help the healing with suggestive effect. Apparently's been distinction between second and third degree burns; putride infections appear as a complication. The angle constant Rezepturkompilat could come from a textbook chapter; It is exclusively therapeutic and suggests Not yet, that the entire second part of the segment is cosmetically oriented and white ver combustion scars on the pigments. Twice the bright spot here is skarifiziert, that time by points with a PIN, the other time by scoring with a scalpel. While the acute Kombustionen is also openly addressed, it has consistently joined the burn scars to pigmentierenden. Consistently connected one has also the scars that left the beating with the scourge or rod. How burns were here depigmen oriented areas, which may seem useful an to associate with treating welts to the combustion segment left. The writer has the transition to the new section-to- The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 23

organo analogy spell and come from - as indicated by the parallel in the Papyrus Hearst - apparently a stand- alone Rezeptar. An effect could be (if anything, then) set at best about psychosomatic mechanisms. How far does the time broadcasting of the proceedings, was determined Not yet. At least the high middle ages recipe literature offers an Expilationsverfahren that points to ancient templates, as authors called Johannes * Furia, and presents this as a friend of Cleopatra. The described Simp drive is much more effective, works to chemotherapy kills the hair roots with its sulfur arsenic compounds and leads to a lifelong shiny bald head. A small Leberrezeptar joins as sixteenth section, very suddenly - unless it is a mapping to the block of used in dermatology segments of yellow skin color of jaundice patients out, ([12-] 1315) would allow.BENDIX EBBELL has convincingly argued for this assignment. The ingredients of the five recipes suggest, that you brought suffering not only with a yellowish-brown disease material in context, analogistisch treated with Brown beer, but that you also founded the etiology on a lack of water, it sought to resolve by the combination of water and night dew. „... your liver is HARSAPHES of Herakleopolis, your insides are health, your navel is the morning star [...]' you healthy child [...], each God protects everything from you [...] ", it says in a protective hymn of the Papyrus"Spells for mother and child", and one of the great dangers for the child-like integument resulted from the combustion of: deals with Kombustionen generally, the seventeenth Papyrus Ebers-segment that does not distinguish between burns and scalding", but one along the line-oriented, time-staggered multiple step therapy recommends that varies over a period of five days. Copper oxide and milk a woman who suckles a child, preferably be used, two spells help the healing with suggestive effect. Apparently's been distinction between second and third degree burns; putride infections appear as a complication. The angle constant Rezepturkompilat could come from a textbook chapter; It is exclusively therapeutic and suggests Not yet, that the entire second part of the segment is cosmetically oriented and white ver combustion scars on the pigments. Twice the bright spot here is skarifiziert, that time by points with a dome, the other time by scoring with a scalpel. While the acute Kombustionen is also openly addressed, it has joined the burn scars to pigmentierenden consistently. Consistently connected one has also the scars that left the beating with the scourge or rod. How burns were here depigmen oriented areas, which may seem useful an to associate with treating welts to the combustion segment left. The writer has the transition to the new section-to- 24 Gundolf Keil

next overlook and continues his outline signal to a unit of text too late: the eighteenth segment includes six recipes, of which recommend five external applications-gen, while the last provision aims at a relieving laxative. The two-time prompt, "Very much a lot" to carry out the creams or connect, reveals that the futility of the scar treatment was quite familiar with the recipe authors. So striking is the success message that is indented as a gloss of a therapist between the first and second welts recipe. The high vulnerability of cuts and burns continues in the 19-th segment, which is traumatologisch according to the heading and teaches the treatment of flesh wounds. The fragment of a multicoloured textbook chapter reveals that the Egyptian Traumatology similar at the ver Burns went ahead and tried a time staggered multistep therapy even with the wounds. Essentially the approach however seems to be determined of wound complications. Regards the theoretical background of the treatment, so he was employed by the fluvial Physiology he war tungsgemäß: ultimate goal of all treatment steps was therefore the drainage of the wound. But until then, she had to secrete or fester and flush out all rotting materials. She graduated early, she reopened drugs. So she not too fast again to granulated, one prescribed transverse glass chippings (like him under same indication surgical conditions until used in the outgoing middle ages). Was "them but Very much putrid"-wants to say: jauchig-putride - become one searched the superinfection to tackle Kataplasmen from barley bread. And this barley bread is in this respect remarkable, as it is moldy. In direction to "Mold", but its attributes complement can be "putrid" (EBBELL say "sour") suggest. And mold usage against ichorous putride wounds is an antibiotic of type of. Experimentally this phenomenon would certainly be still to go. It seems however cannot be ruled out that the * "Lorsch Pharmacopoeia", the (posted to 788) so far holds the record in the application of penicillin, positive outcome of experimental testing a 2340 years replaces older competitors. What affects the other complications, so less bleeding, strong Sezernieren and tissue defect of the wound encounter traumatological (19) segment of the Papyrus, what latter one through granulationsfürdernde measures aufzu - fill was looking for. The non-surgical treatment of "Cramps as a result of a wound" might indicate fever, if not Lockjaw is meant. Wild meat was as suggested "a seclusion" of the "opening of the wound" and subjected to a treatment which the oyster shells regulation * "Basel recipes" reminds. Other wound complications such as the formation of Papulopustules, abscesses and other as "Bubble" suggestive symptoms are in the twentieth The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 25

Segment treated, whose eight Rezepte aim to Eröffüung, partly on drying out-let the Bullous structures. Same two wound complications dealing with twenty-first segment, which is with ulceration and tissue loss this conditional apart - sets. A dental recipe group that teaches to treat mouth rot as Parulis and periodontal disease has found special attention. And also the zweiundzwanzigst/twenty-third segment shows mixed indication and trying to deal with the complications of "Swelling" and "eating ulcers". After today's terminology, a variety of symptoms and syndromes can be associate, insofar as is to think in sphagedänischen ulcers not only bacterial infections, but also to cancers, and in so far as well as the term 'Swelling' subsumes a heterogeneous number of phenomena, whose range of tumors on edema and hematoma to the inflammatory to Schoppung fans out. The fluvial-physio logical paradigm is accordingly by several "swelling" whether finally a circumscribed place "adhere to producing liquids from moving as"Nests"in the body and cancer". Analog to the hematological Repulsiva even those seeking to sell a such "nest" before it "settle down"; To find itself under the provisions of the segment Usually the prescribed measures aimed but one already fixed tumor-producing substance from reject him "come", from the tumor "take him out" and through a drain in the off-River opening set put in the position to flow out in the long run. That such tumor-generating "pain substances" free "umherschnel- len" can in the body, it has prevented prophylactically, that you "removed them using Externa". -Goal of all treatments is dry the Salem-lung, that "by itself comes under the therapy" and "Not at all more present - which is". Referred to as swelling-producing substances are water, pus and blood. The latter is regarded as responsible for the "blood feast" and to allow for the "tumour"-ITE assozi "eating" (cancer) ulcer. In addition to a general tumor pathology also a special Schwellungs or Geschwuistlehre becomes visible from the recipes that topographical evidence and CITES closer or further restricted regions. In a Wacholderbeer drink cure against "Swelling in the stomach" it can be seen with the frustrating attempt to flush out the ascites by increasing urinary flow (and will be facing the * 'Kranewjftbeer...)Joined"conclude that under same indication the BVB Juniperi remained in use to this day). At a swelling, people will think "on the neck front" at Kropibildung; a "" on the page"blood" swelling due to or "in the rib area" the spleen tumor by Malariakranken will come to mind. The "swelling in the knee", which is associated with a guzzling ulcer is the closest paraphrased and 26 Gundolf Keil

Accordingly in the preceding segment treated is, where it comes to ulceration and tissue loss. And this swollen knee has meant that a Rezeptar has been attached to the swelling section (22/23), which is presented as a "Remedy for the softening of the knee". A look at the twenty-fourth segment shows although far outweigh in gonarthritis - or arthritis-related indications; He makes it clear, but at the same time, that here not only knee-related recipe good before - is, but that rules that come from an originally continue attacking recipe collection, that a term, for example, the diseased ankle and even ulcers ulcers - "eating on two legs" - tried to therapist piers. Arrived at the heel, it was for a topographically-oriented Kompi-lator obvious, according to the anatomical principle "a capite ad calcem" weiterzu - drive and connect a Rezeptar to the knee-ankle section, which deals with diseased toenails. The fifth segment has "Cures for the fingers and the toes" if it hurts, overwritten, but essentially has it to do with nail bed disorders in the footer. The spectrum of the disease spreads out of Onychomykosen about the Panaritium to the "foul-smelling" diabetic foot and seizes (as shown in the fragment of a textbook chapter) of the great image of the "circular water" that don't drain, passes into decay and fluvial physiological standpoint by ur procreation those worm gives birth, which remained connected to the present with the Paronychium as "Finger worm" and had to serve as a disease demon in the etiology of necrotic diabetics toes: "Your smell is bad" - the today's Podologert know how to sing a song of them. The "swirling water" with its hydrological rotation was of course well suited to suggest also a Biorhythm, which considered pathological and corresponding appropriations as unsound by the Egyptian medicine, perceived namely the tremor. So it is not surprising that a recipe Annex follows on the nail bed disorders, which deals with the various forms of tremor of the upper limb, fluvial physiological perspective the genesis of evil but in the Acral moved and therefore overrides its provisions with: "for removing trembling in your fingers". "Only in the final recipe the indication will be extended then topographically on: ' trembling on what body whatever". In the Papyrus Hearst, the (created at the same time with our Papyrus) a Kurzfas-sung rezeptars narrated the toenail, missing "zither" Präskriptionen, which suggests that the tremor recipes were not originally part of the podo logical formula collection, but were remained on afterwards from other source. Flammable swollen knee, gonarthrotisch-related Bewegungseinschrän-kung, cumbersome limp with reinforced ankle, tremor-overlapping 26 Gundolf Keil

Accordingly in the preceding segment treated is, where it comes to ulceration and tissue loss. And this swollen knee has meant that a Rezeptar has been attached to the swelling section (22/23), which is presented as a "Remedy for the softening of the knee". A look at the twenty-fourth segment shows although far outweigh in gonarthritis - or arthritis-related indications; He makes it clear, but at the same time, that here not only knee-related recipe good before - is, but that rules that come from an originally continue attacking recipe collection, that a term, for example, the diseased ankle and even ulcers ulcers - "eating on two legs" - tried to therapist piers. Arrived at the heel, it was Moses a topographically-oriented Kompi-lator obvious, according to the anatomical principle "a capite ad caicem" weiterzu - drive and connect a Rezeptar to the knee-ankle section, which deals with diseased toenails. The fifth segment has "Cures for the fingers and the toes" if it hurts, overwritten, but essentially has it to do with nail bed disorders in the footer. The spectrum of the disease spreads out of Onychomykosen about the Panaritium to the "foul-smelling" diabetic foot and seizes (as shown in the fragment of a textbook chapter) of the great image of the "circular water" that don't drain, passes into decay and fluvial physiological standpoint by ur procreation those worm gives birth, which remained connected to the present with the Paronychium as "Finger worm" and had to serve as a disease demon in the etiology of necrotic diabetics toes: "Your smell is bad" - the present-day podiatrists know to sing a song of them. The "swirling water" with its hydrological rotation was of course well suited to suggest also a Biorhythm, which considered pathological and corresponding appropriations as unsound by the Egyptian medicine, perceived namely the tremor. So it is not surprising that a recipe Annex follows on the nail bed disorders, which deals with the various forms of tremor of the upper limb, fluvial physiological perspective the genesis of evil but in the Acral moved and therefore overrides its provisions with: "for removing trembling in your fingers". Only in the final recipe the indication will be extended then topographically on: "Trembling on what body parts whatsoever". In the Papyrus Hearst, the (created at the same time with our Papyrus) a Kurzfas-sung of the Fußnagelrezeptars handed down, missing "zither" Präskriptionen, which suggests that the tremor recipes were not originally part of the podo logical formula collection, but were remained on afterwards from other source. Flammable swollen knee, gonarthrotisch-related Bewegungseinschrän-kung, cumbersome limp with reinforced ankle, tremor-overlapping The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 27

Quake of upper limb: all these phenomena have something to do with joints, their locomotor system understands that strand-like fabric, which we today as "Longing" and "Bands" call, which ran in the early under the term chick . And this technical term "äder" stood not only for the movement-supporting "waltenwahs" (namely: tendi nes, 1 igamenta, aponeuroses, fasciae), but at the same time all other ring-shaped structures, as there were subsumed: the veins, arteries, nerves and also the bronchi, which dickste carries the name "Trachea [internal]". Similar to the Egyptian: If so, our compiler considered it useful, the movement mediating structures over the osseous range out to agencies-to represent gen and into the region of tendons and ligaments, he attacked not only ligaments, tendons, Aponeuroses, fascia under the term "mt/.w" and langgezoge - ne to muscle fascicles, but captured reception-tar at the same time, tube-like hollow organs entitled to "Vessels" in one, where veins, Bronchi and arteries as well, comprised also of esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The twenty-sixth segment - "Remedy for the strengths and repairing of vessels" to override - fascinated not only by its scope, which puts it just behind the "eye book" (11) in the second place, but it surprised at the same time with its heterogeneous and seemingly incompatible statements, whose Widersprüchlichkeit is dictated by the diversity of the subsumed organs and tissues. Of course all strand-like formations are part of the internal birth canal system and thus in principle consistently - saying: able to absorb water as well as air and transport; but the therapeutic approach is however a completely different, when it comes to repair the main strand accompanying side channel on the "left" side of the body and consistently to make as those four channels, which meet at the anus and whose Ausfluß is to regulate it, or if restless vessels, which applies to "reassure it", especially if they change their position and to "any body parts around fast" (EB 644, 681). And then there are even vessels that transport blood nests and cause eating sores, where - as BARDINET makes visible - this eating "substances" as expected also to the structures they transported "gnaw".West Village translated to: "the seizure of a vessel" and has included subjectivus and objectivus both interpretations with the ambiguity between Genitivus. The most of 69 recipes, and that hasWest Village clearly clarified - refer to tendons, ligaments and connective surrounding of the joints. Treated will be contractures and Ankyloses without significant difference; the treatment aims to resolve that "the vessels" (or "the joint") "to soften" the "stiffness" as a result. Since many contractures are due to the fracture, it is not surprising that a means of Knohenheilung occurs (although the area of osteology otherwise missing in the Papyrus Ebers). Topographic Eng guide meet the shoulder and the toes; the 28 Gundolf Keil

preceding segment reminds the tremor rule against "the fabrics of pain in the arm,"; when he trembles Nodular Tumefactions and thickening were treated as "Swelling" implied and accordingly go before the segment 23(/24); the Hallow's end knee recipe in section 24 (namely EB 604) makes understand ing, met also a provision which will exceptionally not soften once, but on the contrary strengthen the ligaments to tabs: has "Cures against the softness of a vessel" überschrie ben and provides with their listed - extent recipe the most comprehensive recipe of the entire papyrus. 36 ingredients in a single Cataplasm preparation! The exorbitant amount of the drug is already something from being disappointed Egyptian healers to shine through and sheds light on the futility of therapeutic be ours. But not only the attempts to tighten the slack band apparatus, a shiver knee by Externa stabilisie-ren and the cumulative application of three dozen drugs had to result into frustration; also in the effort to contractures and stiffness, the hoped-for success in most remained cases what was declared by the healers so that the therapy "vessels" Thera-peutikum not wanted to record it. Touching in this context it appears that they were looking for that failure to bypass, citing specifically should a means statis menstellten, which itself does not treat, but only the refractory fabric to do so, that this is no longer denying the absorption of the medicinal product. The recipe is: "a means to cause the vessels to assume a cure." Contrast to the 69 provisions of the 26 segment follows a group of 15 Kurzrezeptaren that have between two and twelve blocks of text, are often fragmentary (not least noticed the scribe), and - in contrast to the preceding sections - without kompilatonsche Kon-tingenz together have been remained. Such joints filled up with debris "Rüschelzone" is called in the geography. The diversity of 14 units of text however, forbids to subsume them under a common segment digit although BENDIX EBBELL with his name "miscellanea" - "Miscellany" - to pave the way for such an approach. I have assigned its own segment number each of the 14 Rezeptare so, without of course in the context of this lecture with the provided detail to imagine. A detailed analysis may be possible in a different context; the content should be outlined for the segments of twenty- seven to einundvierzig only posting them: At the beginning of the 15 group eight funds for a "painful tongue" (27), which are oral applied and depending on the consistency used to chew or mouth rinse available. Follow three enema recipes that heal that "something" disease in man or woman should (28), it has equated with gonorrhea, strangury or urinary retention, where it also to constipation, painful defecation or tenesmus may be. Four recipes for The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 29

smelly sweat and foul body odor (29) join, those two statements were ifir appended the malodorous ringworm, allowed to take into account what both favus. Worth noting that deodorize - the beads that subaxillär, inguinal (or submammillar) in the intertriginous gap could be inserted, "Where limb to limb". Stay in cosmetic by neighborhood nine bordering recipes, which are on the streamlining and cleaning wilted age skin out, preferably consider the face skin (30) and in the two introductory provisions, the fluvial and physiological background offenle - gen: the pathogenic substances causing wrinkles and blemishes should c - diaphoretic which washed out or led to the reversal of the body's interior. Follow four skin-related "blood feast" recipes, which sometimes recur in the Papyrus Hearst (31). Then come six to externally applied extract tionsmittel, whose indikation of the insect sting reaches out to aftercare in the excised Acacia thorns (32). Then meet two drug action against a "became" (33), which is topographically circumscribed elsewhere and can be treated accordingly. Leading drug is the scarab. Five applications against "Blood tumor" (34) seem to be focused, such as the spreading of flint chippings is likely against autonomous Wuche stanchions. The presented dental Rezeptar (35) directed equally against caries and Periodontosis and describes teeth neck caries, pulp caves opened and relaxed holding apparatus. The last statement takes into account phenomena such as scurvy, Epulis Parulis. The ensuing "bitterness" sickness is represented with seven recipes (36); She considered to be demonic, passage eyes out through the navel, affects the heart and the stomach and has been identified with heartburn, gastritis, gall breaking and similar. Among the drugs to be taken per os deal with Sympathiemittel like bitter drugs, but also Vomitiva, seeking to sell the "bitterness" by vomiting. Whether adjuvant associated with this drive the external treatment of the right lateral Canal (37), is not said can be believed but. The nose appears under the aspect of the cold (38), which demonstrates the four-part Rezeptar under different versions of history up to the sinusitis. Impressive is the complication of sinusitis: sinus frontalis acute pain "hacks the sniffles in the bone marrow of the skull", seems to "break the bones" and can be "pain all seven openings in the head (namely oral, Naslöcher, eyes, ears)". So tormented patient, the intranasal application is strengthened by a sympathy spell. The seven otological segment (39) offers two fragmentary textbook chapters and brings it to a total of 14 rules. Be treated: the partially abgetrennte ear, deafness and in particular the "flowing ear" on tympanic membrane breakthrough due to otitis media. After the fluvial physiological presentation the inner ear in otitis media is "under water"; it of hot, "pulls together pus" and secretes "rotten water". The reason for this can 30 Gundolf Keil

from the outside "in the ear penetrated". Is treated by pouring in the ear or Cataplasms on and around the ear. The chronically ill covers his suppurating ears with a "head bandage", that he "knotted on the occipital". Given the frustration of all external attempts to cure, it is understandable that you chose a heroic action: the "circular", circular cut on the inside of the ear canal, executed with a Lanzettmesser, should the "wound secretions" drain gain. The note on the swelling on the inside of the ear and the prompt with the knife the "decomposed" go, allow the interpretation to the "limit" that here something like a paracentesis of bulging tympanic membrane was attempted. In the ear region the beginnings of alopecia are not uncommon to observe areata, whose circular hair loss, a seven urgent Rezeptar holds (40) ineffective Externa and an accompanying magic. In the ear region, the Ziegenpeter, which can infect even the testicles in men however, drives up not only the Parotid gland, but as mumps Orchitis (41) shows regelhaft. The four-part Mumpsrezeptar provides the Parotitjs first with an ointment and a plaster bandage, then turning to my diseased testicle, which is handled internally and externally. The outlet (namely, the urethral Ostium including of the Prepuce) is anointed Ext. first according to fluid mechanics; but whose "body parts", namely "his arms", be included in the additional prescribed (saccular) paving Association except the penis and the testicles, which both sides take the respective side channel of the body and make the flow network between Canal and penis are. Testicles enlarged By the way are from the old empire known; would like to remind to two pathographische bas reliefs from the Mehu Tomb in Saqqara. Enough. With the therapy of the lower outlet, core text of the Papyrus Ebers has come to the end. Consisting of 26 carefully aneinanderge - added segments and a text train 15 rubble Rezeptaren he has become reasonably meet his input expressed claim, "all parts of the human body" equitable deal, and the Editor could have broken off his kompilatorische work at this point, if not "child's cry" would have disabused him and reminded that he had embraced almost exclusively a male patient and largely neglected the sick woman. He brings a gynaecological counterpoint, which introduces on 16 columns into the world of the woman and is overwritten therefore after completion of the 92 gap men part: "Beginning of the medicines that are made for women". And indeed, the forty-second segment is a counterpoint, by it as "Woman book" a world eröffiiet, where it is dark, which is chthonisch, where the Lichtlosigkeit, the screed, the ground, play a role sonnenferne nil mud, in the House, the yard, the store gain contours, where there are snakes, amphibians, mice, stinging insects and beutegierige Gabeiweihen, The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 31 in the urine, blood, milk, children "given to the ground" - saying: eliminated - are, at the same time fruitful dialogue in the prevents conception, in facilitating birth recipes in addition to means of abortion stand and occur in the vagina, pubic and after as Hauptapplikationsorte in the foreground. The forty-second segment draws a counterculture, and it does this not only content, but also literally by it is by no means uniformly structured and - in contrast to the previous 41 sections - 12 (often only rudimentary) sub segments composed (a-1), which in turn are based on 72 boilerplate: understandable given the ongoing disaster of children wishing to be not right back pregnant and to suspend for one to three years with the bearthat is reflected in the recipe for a preventing vaginal insert (a). For female urinary ailments two anal enemas stand ready and as many Hock applications are prescribed where the perineal exposing patient sits over the drug-containing Bowl (b). Like the heart, able to leave the uterus "his place" and can wander in the womb (a notion against Guido da Vigevano is in vain proceed and who has resided in the Central European folk medicine up to Sigmund Freud). Seven reduction recipes (c) frighten the wandering with hideous things that are applied, as a bitter substance in the navel as smoke, ointment or Hock application in the pubic area or as potion be instilled, depending in Which one direction, the healer would push back the runaway Yes, need to be pushed back: because any shift of the sack-like organ fluvial physiologically inhibits the flow of blood and leads to horrible diseases up to blindness. That cases of uterine prolapse were observed, is due to the occurring usually from below application on the hand. The low note of the uterus makes it clear that he was not correlated in the Egyptian medicine with the Embryology and that regardless of the uterus develop the seedling was, in the abdominal cavity. All eleven recipes of expulsion (d) of the following sub segment therefore relate to the "belly" of the patient and vary in terms of composition and application only to the intention, depending on whether they should introduce a birth, facilitate or quit due to expulsion of the placenta. At least one of the procedures was aimed at killing and abortion. The four bosom recipes the next sub segment (s) differ in their therapeutic, however, considerably insofar as the first "Swelling" and "Sink down" of the breasts to prevent that two, that they counteract a cosmetically-unfavorable enlargement of the Mammae. The third recipe is aimed against the chest pain. And with the worst finding has to do the last procedure, that (a spell accompanied by) instructions for making an herbal amulet indicates how it will be hung around the unfortunate patient: in the Hoffhung that it fend off those demons who destroy the breast with an oozing, bleeding, corrosive canker. Also the uterus could accumulate mucilage, 32 Gundolf Keil

Blood build up, develop heat, begin to ache and ulcers out - bring the (associated with tumors) "eating hen" spread on the vagina and labia (f). Nineteen drug, as a vaginal douche applied, promised, relief, drainage of pollutants and in accordance with a "contraction" of the uterus. Three dysmenorrhea-related textbook chapter close to (g), of which the last physiological flow in this respect deserves attention, as it shows how the blood accumulated by the uterus produces heat, causes amenorrhea and caused a traffic jam that unloads in aqueous vomiting. Follows the rules for a vaginal douche; She suggests that the compiler evaluated the three block not as a separate sub segment, but that he f wanted to assign the three chapters of the textbook the previous uterine Rezeptar, where he it the Pro-menstrual vaginal lava gene joined, namely the "remedies for pulling out of the blood in a woman" (not going To want to speak here of a hemostasis). Breastfeeding of the child often took over the Säugamme, not the nut (h). In an average nursing period of three years, it made sense to protect the nurse in her style of performance and to strengthen their still will. This included the conception contraception designed for three years (a) as well as a package of measures, a two-piece Kurzrezeptar gives information about the: sympathetic anointing of the backbone with the cremated backbone of a Walker reveals that the Egyptian medicine derived the Mutterrnilch from the Rückenmark(skanal) and probably also as a product of the mark substance looked at. Fermented barley porridge (analog our malt beer), combined with a vagina smoking, seemed suitable to improve the performance of style and to extend as far as the lactation period that not had to be weaned before entry of the infant during the third year of life. Indented in the composition joints between the sub segments b/c / c/d To find themselves testing for quality assurance of nurse milk (i): the 'screaning' was osmisch and attitudes based on the odors of selected natural products. Before he was commissioned to a Säugamme, it was important to determine whether or not the baby was viable. The "wife" of the Papyrus Ebers provides according to four samples of vitality (j) went out of position or stance characteristics, volume of shouting and phonemes of the Lallaute. A child with "friable" voice, for example, the only quiet and heise whimpered, considered death row (',' it's going to die ") and did not need to be nursed. If it was however to vital, not to appease wanted and constantly screamed, it got four days to drink a morphine preparation unc "[then] quickly stopped '." The exterminator follows the ten sections with gynecological obstetrical Pediatric indication as the eleventh segment recipes (k), which illuminate the domestic competence of women and sichtba, that was equally responsible for the pollution of residential and storage spaces and to distribute for example snakes had mice, mosquitoes, fleas, flies: smeared floor and walls, put chemicals The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 33 before loopholes, but also worked with osmischen repellents. And that makes it clear that worried the exterminator section last sub segment attaches a small scent Rezeptar (1), which held burning incenses for rooms and clothes, smelling beads to make taught and on top of that for the distribution of the Foetor ex ore: the women understand with "mouth taste pastilles [...] the smell of their mouths to make"pleasant. With this alluring statement ends the "book of the preparation of remedies for all parts of the human body" and is the great compendium of the Papyrus Ebers for the second time at the end. Certainly one could argue, that it still goes on column depending on the 98 and that the Hierograph twelve more columns filled with characters. Place he had only floor four columns; with the rest of the eight columns, he evaded on the back side of the role. And To want to call these additions, segment dreiundvierzig 45 would be foolhardy; because they have nothing more to do with the preceding compendium "by preparing the remedies for all parts of the human body". They are part of the Kompilats from the beginning of the new Kingdom, nor they correspond to the genus of an indication-oriented recipe ARIA episode. It involves three textbooks with Texttrümmem of the old Kingdom, which despite all losses of tradition but still retain outlines of its text form and traces the genesis of their text - almost a thousand years older - not without mutations and disruptions throughout the centuries have migrated. The first teaching Scripture, overwritten with "secret of the doctor: knowledge of the movement of the heart and knowledge of the heart" (43), offers a "vessel"book that introduces in the fluvial physiological structure of the human body, to connect glosses to the physiology and pathology of the heart in a second part. And that are noteworthy, as they show that the heart (including of the stomach) can walk: from left to right, from top to bottom, comparable to the Assembly and dismounting of the uterus in the woman. The heart may climb up hiking up in the (left?) "Shoulder"; many hiking, it is "tired". The heart has a memory, allows his attention "distracted", shows "Forgetfulness". As the only one of all the institutions, it has the ability to speak so to testify is able after the death on the scale of truth against his men. The Altersherz is "weak", because "whdü" rotting materials "on '"Heart"fallen." - And so we are talking about the second teaching writing (44), which deals explicitly with the "whdü" principle and on the background of a "book of the vessel" used the canal system of the human body, to demonstrate how the stagnation caused rotting materials everywhere spreading in the body. Wherever they go, they cause functional impairment, pain, and destruction of, Yes, the death: 'trials are the ones which cause the appearance of (the disease); the vessels of the two legs are starting to die." GEORG EBERS seems to have anticipated the parallel tradition of the text in the Berlin Papyrus 3038 already in 1873. 34 Gundolf Keil

The last recorded on our scroll text, a teaching writing, sic connecting without much structure signal to the "whdü"-Traktat shows what can cause the rotting materials solely in relation to the tumors, and about - wrote could be with "book by the swelling and Indurations (45) "The text displays of 21 textbook chapters, rungsmerkmale, which reveal a mesh Verschränktsein of the outline principles of katà, topous and katà genes different pitches. Carbuncles, Atheroma, Lipomas, (groin) fractions, varicose veins node oil thighs and other space-occupying processes be dealt with surgical point of view. Knife, tweezers and annealing cautery be used. Externally accessible before treating aneurysms or shunt node will be warned; excellent succeeded in the description of the lepromatösen leprosy; against leprosy mutilation, he writes to a "magic" as an exception, the surgeon dares not to go: "You're supposed to do nothing." The "book of the swelling and Indurations" is without a doubt the archaic text among the four from the Papyrus Ebers surviving writings. Wound doctors written and written by a surgeon, it turns equivalent (if not in same way understandable) in addition to the "book of wounds" of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which admittedly easier opens today's readers due to its mechanical injury causes, although it has not kept its original text form: it is incomplete, and In addition it includes a continuous "notulae" - comment, whose glosses (ähnlici as in * Roger Rogerius and the "Roger glosses") on the Kompositionsfug between chapters as so-called "comment zone" mezzanine sin by such Glosses bullet is the "book of swelling si tumors" free, so that it gives the impression that in largely automah.-get text form to be. The two preceding teaching fonts (43 and 44) is dageg - to younger Kompilate in Spolia architecture although text blocks also a the old empire use, into a new whole but only in later times - presumably as the practice of the Papyrus: additional necessity at the beginning of the new Kingdom - were. Both use as a Kompilationsleittext a sogenannt-"book of the vessel", in "The mystery of the doctor" a conglomerate of disordered-hung glosses to not preserved "heart"-Lehrbüchern was, while de "whdü"-Traktat uses a different, shortened "jar book", to appropriate and less appropriate places notes on pathways or effect-, the rotting materials to insert. Compiled - and this is also the "book of the ready of the remedies for all parts of the human body", which carries not only the 1ängst title, but as a practice of the Papyrus combines more than 90% of the whole scope is on several levels -. Such as in "The mystery of the doctor 's" and the "wühd treatise there are text debris of medical professional writings of the old empire. The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 35 where is the compendium "by preparing the remedies" based; but this ver set pieces meet - other than at the "secret" - or "whdü"-Traktat - usually at the lowest level of corrosion, that is to say: as final product of a text decomposition, which goes out of the textbook, first blows up on its chapter sequence by temporarily deferred glosses, to the context then aufzulö-sen and the modules as set pieces for repurposing bereitzustel-len. Such textbook chapter as a whole could be applied when installing in recipe Arias; mostly they were however stripped a further progressive corrosion process its bulky character until then on lowest KOR-rosionsstufe only recipes remained, which were as best set pieces to build recipe Arias. The author of the "book of the preparation of remedies" has compiled. Compiler see we him work when designing the text form that manifests itself in the formation of Rezeptare and reflected in the sequence of the segments. He turned in a row 43 sections in this way, where he in addition to the lending (',' General and male "against"special and know ing") makes even a grouping in the"General"section, where he each joins several segments to thematically coherent blocks: he has set out the three first kompilativen units on the main flow of the human body (1-3); the adjoining roads associated with the headache Rezeptar formulas (4), which in turn is from fluvial physiological perspective in connection with the following urological regulations (5, 6), which in turn by the flow composite from correlate with trailing heart stomach prescriptions, so that in turn resulted from three or four segments a fluvial pathological grouping ([4; 5-16-7). the more general barriers and slowdowns in the flow derived from the eighth segment over to the specific pollutants, as it presents the mucus whose first, which sees a the two following recipe Arias for coughing and wheezing as a pathogenic agent and thus once again a triple block arise (8-10). All three blocks (1-3, [4-] 5-7, 8-10) stand together in the context and can be subsumed under the category of "Fluvial Physiology". A new arrangement of the segments, which follows more topographic and organ-related aspects in the cooperation menstellen on the fluvial physiological film - despite existing more projection and initially a complex added six block has led to, in which the outline principles of "Head", "Hair of the head" and "Skin" inter-ferierend or each other solving off interpenetrate (11-16) starts with the "eye"book of the eleventh segment. About the continuity bridge of the scarring the next block of three segments joins, who joins forces with traumatogenic objective recipe Arias to thermal and mechanical injuries (17-19). The wound complications be addressed therapeutically (20-23), which leads the last to the musculoskeletal system and the area of the great Rezept-in four stand-alone Rezeptaren 36 Gundolf Keil

Collections with an interfering triple block ([23-] 24-26) brings striking at the end. The following 15 group of short or fragmentary Rezeptaren proves compendium closing text train (27- 41), which gives the impression of a "Rüschelzone" cut from wreckage together and looks very disorganized at first glance. When taking a closer look and then you can but doc multiple segments make out - be it from theory, unless the healing: show stand in thematic context (29-30, 36-37, 38-39-40-4 so that also here (although only) the regulating hand of a Kompilate can be felt.) And correlations can be expected also in the second part d; Compendium of contrast to the preceding watch, the "brings women book (42) and into twelve sub segments divides this section, which - by Buc bushes marked - also a thematically-related groups on wise (c-d, [e-] f-g, h-[i]-j;)" k-1) and reveal the regulating hand of Kompilators. Significantly, in particular is the special position of sections k and 1. No doubt! The compiler has shaped the macro structure of the Kompendiu; He gave a text form the "book of the preparation of remedies" that proved useful as text-pragmatic and appropriate handling were the fluvial physiologically trained users to find out all those "parts of the human body", which was to treat it or alleviate their pain. Using pathological as topographic aspects, he ordered a comprehensive recipe good on the medicine theoretical slide of the fluvial Physiology, and he put a contrastive gynaecological counterpoint to the General, the "Man" or people concerned segments with the special "woman's book" (42). The secondary structure of the 42nd segment the compiler has created very offensichtli, which corresponds to the special status of the "woman book", despite this position but raises the question, how it is ordered with the child Gliederungssebenen of the remaining sections and also to be reckoned a structural intervention of Kompilators If Not here. With regard to the large segments 1-26 is one most likely tried approvingly, & such question to answer: this of course with the caveat that compiler - if at all - only selectively intervened in the segment construction. As author of whole recipe Arias he probably only in exceptional circumstances be considered. Parallel traditions with sequential equivalents make it clear that Egyptian literature certainly held a variety of Rezept-collections in the 16th century, our compiler could operate from their stock and has demonstrably also served. He could draw from a highly complex literature of the rubble, its fragments and set pieces during three historical periods (i.e.: during two lap times including the Middle Empire) from the great The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 37 heilkundlichen professional prose of the old of Kingdom are emerged. Apply this wreckage without significant change a characteristic appearance, late antique and medieval churches commemorating the Spolia architecture gives the recipe Arias of the 41 segments. The architecture of Spolia in the segment construction reminiscent of at the same time a similar phase of Western professional prose, namely the five centuries of Frühmit telalters, whose 80 Kodizes of a complex medical literature with its ruins and fragments To give only a reflection by the great professional literature of antiquity. But here, too, grading forces that tried to form new texts from the wreckage suggested. The * "Lorsch Pharmacopoeia" with his "capitulationes" offers a very similar example in this context. We do not know the compiler of the "book of the preparation of drugs", and can No more say about him than that he belonged to the scribes and that we suspect him of "swnw"-Heiler in a circle. But who he is - been an individual or even a collective ' one thing is certain: that which he has created a compendium in the "book of the preparation of remedies", certainly has character of work and despite successful text pragmatics Spolia architecture To give even a reflection of capable of what once was ancient Egyptian medicine literature in the ancient Kingdom of outstanding texts. *

* I thank you Oberrat Dr. Josef domes of the Würzburg medical history Institute for advice and for help with proofreading. 38 Gundolf Keil Used Schriftum

BARDINET, THIERRY Les papyrus of médicaux de l'Egypte pharaonique. - Paris 1995: DRIESCI-I, ANGELA BY THE / PETERS, JORIS History of veterinary medicine. 5000 years veterinary medicine, 2. updated and expanded edition with a foreword by Gundolf Keil. - Stuttgart, New York 2003. EBBELL, B [ENDIX] The Papyrus Ebers. The greatest Egyptian medical document, translated by B [endix] Ebbell. - Copenhagen 1937 EBBELL, B [ENDIX] The altägvptische surgery: the surgical sections of papyrus E. Smith and Papyrus Ebers (= Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, Hist.-Filos.) Class: Skrifter, 1939, 2). -Kristiana 1939th EBERS, GEORG Papyros Ebers. The hermetic book about the drug of the old Agypter in hieratic script, ed., with summary and introduction by Georg Ebers. With a hieroglyphic Latin Glossary of Ludwig Stern 1-11. - Leipzig 1875. FISCHER, HANS The Agyplologe Georg Ebers. A case study on the problem science and Qffentlichkeil in the 19th century (= Egypt and old testament; ) 25).- Wiesbaden 1994 GHALTOUNGLI, PAUL The Ebers papyrus. A new English transiation, commentaries, and glossaries. - Cairo 1987. GRAPOW, HERMANN [together with HILDEGARD of yours and WOLFHART WEST VILLAGE] Layout of the medicine of the ancient Egyptians, 1-IX.- Berlin 1954-1973 HOFFMANN, FRIEDHELM Egypt. Culture and life in Greco-Roman time. A representation of the demotic sources (= textbooks of history and culture of the ancient world). -Berlin 2000 HOFFMANN, FRIEDHELM Science, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, ed. by Donald B. Redford. -Oxford 2001, p. 181ba_186. JANOT, FRANCIS Embaumeurs/mdecins de I' Égypte ancienne, in: Vesalius 9 (2003), p. 9a- 12a. JOACHIM, HEINRICH Papyros Ebers. The oldest book on dentistry. From the Egyptian to the first time completely translated. - Berlin 1890th The Papyrus Ebers and the medicine of the West 39

KOLTA, KAMAL SABIu / black man sheep HAUSER, DORIS The medicine in the ancient Egypt. Magic and rationality in disease presentation and therapeutic practice. With a foreword by Gundolf Keil (= Sudhoffs archive, booklet; 42).-Stuttgart 2000 KRONIX,FELIXBaron of To the sources of divorce of the Papyrus Ebers, in: 5'udhofjs archive 1 ([1907] 1908), p. 1228, 122-140, and supplement p. 322 SCHOLL, REINHOLD The Papyrus Ebers. The most important of the book to the medicine of ancient Egypt (= fonts from the University Library of Leipzig; 7). -Leipzig 2002 WESTENDORF, WOLFHART Papyrus Edwin Smith, a medical textbook from ancient Egypt: Wound and trauma surgery, spells against diseases, various recipes. Ed., translated from the ancient Egyptian and commented Wolfhart Westendorf (Huber's classic of medicine and the natural sciences 9 =;). -Bern, Stuttgart 1966 WEST VILLAGE, WOLFIIART Manual of ancient Egyptian medicine, 1-11 (= Handbook of Oriental Studies, founded by Berthold Spuler, Dept. 1: the near and the Middle East, X)(XVI, 12). - suffer and others 1999 WRESZINSKI, WALTER The Papyrus Ebers. Transcription, translation, and commentary, ed. by Walter Wreszinski, part 1: inscription [part II not published] (= WALTER WRESZINSKI, the medicine of all Egyptians, 111, 1).- Leipzig 1913. [*] By leading exponents of asterisk marked keywords refer to the corresponding article in the"author": the German literature of the middle ages.2., completely revised edition. Hrsg. by GUNDOLF KEIL, KURT RULL [leading up to vol. VIII (1992) 1, WERNER SCHRÖDER, BURGH type WACHINGER [leading from vol. IX (1995) 1 and FRANZ JOSEF WORSBROCK, 1XL. - Berlin, New York (1977 /) 1978-2004.]] [+] An exponentially ante were cross-identifier refers to the corresponding article in the dictionary of the middle ages, l-X.- Munich, Zurich (1977 /) 1980-1999, reprinted in 9 volumes - Stuttgart, Weimar 1999