THREE YEARS in KATTEGAT and SKAGERRAK Welcome to KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK JUST THREE YEARS AGO

SEA meets LAND THREE YEARS IN KATTEGAT AND SKAGERRAK Welcome to KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK JUST THREE YEARS AGO... Imagine a world where • the map ends at the national border • knowledge is tucked away in boxes • cooperation is held back by fences A world in which climate change may soon lead to higher sea level and imbalance in the ecosystem. Where there are no common guidelines for the challenges we all face. Welcome to Kattegat Skagerrak. KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK

The project Hav möter Land [Sea meets Land] has helped to change this picture. Feel free to share our findings and add your piece of the jigsaw to the big picture, for the sea and for the people. 4 THE SEA IS MINE AND YOURS – OUR JOINT RESPONSIBILITY

attegat and Skagerrak – our part of the Atlantic. Transnational sharing of experience builds consensus, KEvery bay, every skerry, every fiord is our joint increases knowledge, and provides us with common responsibility. tools to improve our planning. In-depth and comprehensive understanding of the value of what lies below Here, there are whales, coral and herring. There are the water's surface are integral parts of the whole. boats and ships, harbours and houses. There are people. Each part is a small part of the puzzle that we piece In the project Sea meets Land, we want to make use of together; municipalities, researchers, regions, state the sea without destroying it, without harming it. The agencies and others, on land and at sea. sea is part of our welfare – it provides us with food, tourism, health and recreation, it's the foundation of The climate changes our ability to live and support our joint culture; now and into the future. ourselves here. The project Sea meets Land generates joint knowledge for joint readiness. Sea and land provide us with oxygen and safety. But if we neglect them, we risk losing these vital services This is what is unique about Sea meets Land – we are The land erodes, fish disappear, ecosystems collapse united. Sea meets Land. Researchers meet practition- and no longer support us; they stop producing the ers. Climate meets social planning. Neighbouring coun- services we depend on for our life here. We want to tries meet each other. We meet the future, together. continue to make use of the sea and manage it well. It will be good to live where Sea meets Land. Those of us working in the project Sea meets Land There are no boundaries underwater. work with climate change, water management and social planning holistically, and we do it together.

5 THE CLIMATE OF THE FUTURE

What will the future climate of the Kattegat–Skagerrak region be like and how will it be affected? This question has permeated the entire Sea meets Land project.

The consequences of climate change Future scenarios from a new sea model A warmer climate can affect water temperature, Within the Sea meets Land project, we have devel- wind and sea level. It can affect storm frequency, oped a regional model for the Baltic Sea–Kattegat– precipitation and run-off. When patterns of precip- Skagerrak–North Sea region. The model estimates itation and run-off change, this can also affect the the sea's status and how it will change in a future salinity of the seawater. climate. The model has excellent resolution; around 3.5 km instead of the 125 km or so normally used in a This could lead to changes in the distribution ranges global model. of animals and plants that require a certain salinity or temperature range, such as cod. Higher seawater Climate models are used to calculate future changes temperatures also decrease the solubility of oxygen to different variables based on various emissions sce- and alter the distribution and flow of nutrients. This narios. Global models provide boundary conditions could mean that measures to counteract marine eu- to the higher resolution regional models. Typically, trophication would not have the same effect in a fu- calculations extend to 2100. ture climate. To estimate the uncertainty of the future projections, There are already signs of rising seawater tempera- we perform calculations for different combinations ture. One example is the more frequent sighting of of emission scenarios and global and regional mod- specimens of striped red mullet, a Mediterranean els. This way, we are able to see that some changes are fish, in the Kattegat. For salinity, however, there is as more robust than others and that uncertainty can be yet no evidence of trends in the Kattegat–Skagerrak greater in some regions than elsewhere. region.

6 How sea temperature changes. The surface temperature may change in the Kattegat–Skagerrak region in a future climate. The map reveals the projected temperature change between two thirty- year periods; 1970--1999 and 2070--2099. This image would change if other climate scenarios or models were used, but the general result is still that the water temperature increases.

MORE CERTAIN CHANGES: MORE UNCERTAIN CHANGES:

• increased air and sea temperatures • wind speed

• raised sea level • storm frequency

• reduced solubility of oxygen • run-off

• reduced ice cover • salt content

7 HARMONISATION

The goal is healthy coastal environments but also provided knowledge about their strengths Sea meets Land has investigated the methods used and weaknesses. The results show that the different to assess the environmental status of coastal waters. methods provide different indications of environ- We have a common goal of clean and healthy water, in mental status in the same body of water. which plants and animals can thrive. In areas where the environmental status is unsatisfactory, countries For the Outer Oslofjord, the Norwegian methods yield must plan and implement appropriate measures. A results that suggest the status is favourable and that common understanding of current environmental sta- environmental goals have been achieved, whilst the tus, and of whether or not the goals have been achieved, Swedish methods reveal that there is a need for meas- is important for the countries surrounding the Kattegat ures to be taken. In Southern Vestfjord, the results are and Skagerrak. the opposite: the Swedish methods indicate good status whereas the Norwegian methods show that status is only Report comparing the Norwegian and moderate. Swedish methods Sea meets Land has developed a report that presents the How we move on countries' work to assess the environmental status of Sea meets Land will inform the responsible author- coastal waters. It shows that in principle they are study- ities of the differences that have been detected, and ing the same things, but that some of the methods differ, the risk that these differences may lead to disagree- and they interpret the results differently. Consequently ment over the need for action. The ground-laying the two countries do not agree over the definition of sat- work carried out in this project will form the foun- isfactory status even for the simplest parameters. dation of environmental status assessments in the neighbouring regions. We now have a better basis In order to test the methods, data from four differ- for deciding which investigations should be empha- ent coastal areas were used to assess environmental sised and how we should manage any differences that status using Norwegian and Swedish methodologies. arise. This common platform will improve the trans- This not only tested the methods against each other national work and produce better results.

8 • The Norwegian and Swedish methods provide different indications of enviro- mental status in the same body of water.

• The differences may result in disagreement over the need for measures.

• We now have a better basis for handling differences.

"We have a common goal for clean and healthy water in which plants and animals can thrive."

9 BOATING We aim to find and promote the best solutions for eco-friendly boating. A Nordic standard with common requirements and solutions will not only be good for the environment but will also make it easier for boaters to be eco-friendly.

Handbook for the development of eco-friendly development of established, and new, harbours. The harbours handbook provides a brief overview of the most impor- Sea meets Land has assembled the best eco-friendly tant issues that need to be considered when developing solutions from Nordic marinas in one handbook. eco-friendly innovative marinas. Anyone involved in planning, approving and developing marinas can use this as a check-list for the develop- Campaign for eco-friendly boating ment of eco-friendly solutions. During the course of In the summer of 2012, the M/S Latrina ran a very the project, Sea meets Land has worked to establish successful awareness campaign in Oslofjorden, a common understanding of the problems, challenges where the goal was to make boat owners aware of the and opportunities that are encountered during the environmental consequences of waste water emissions. M/S Latrina ran a similar campaign along the coast of Bohuslän, Sweden, in 2011. The campaigns highlighted problems and solutions. This clarified the challenges and shortcomings experienced by boaters along the coast.

337 boat owners participated in a questionnaire and a number of boats had their septic tanks emptied. The campaigns led to a lot of media coverage of the issues and positive feedback in both countries.

Two successful summers. The crew of the M/S Latrine chat with a boat owner.

10 Greater attention from Nordic countries and the EU and requirements are also being tightened in the EU. on ethical and environmental challenges requires joint Sea meets Land has been in consultation with Nor- action and common guidelines to improve the current wegian authorities regarding this matter. environmental status. Sea meets Land has contributed positively to this development and will establish two Films about eco-friendly operation of marinas permanent waste water treatment facilities. One will Sea meets Land has created information films about be connected to the national parks of Kosterhavet and eco-friendly boating and marina operations. The Ytre Hvaler, the other will be linked to Færder National themes in the film are antifouling paints, hazardous Park in the county of Vestfold. After the end of the pro- waste, boat cleaning facilities, and attitudes to other ject the stations will be run by the local municipalities. people and to nature. The films are 3-4 minutes long.

M/S Latrina highlighted problems and solutions for boaters.

Environmental measures in boat cleaning areas The maintenance of leisure boats can have a very negative impact on the environment if measures are not in place to counteract the harmful effects of this maintenance. Every year, millions of leisure boats At the set. See the films on the web. are washed down to remove undesired fouling organisms and contaminants. These organisms and the rinse water that lands on the ground contain toxins that harm the environment. Simple cleaning systems and good practice at the marina significantly reduce environmental impacts. In Sweden, strict requirements apply to the purification of rinse water,

Handbook for eco-friendly harbours. Cleaning systems Tough job pays off. reduce toxins in the sea. Several waste water treatment stations are in place.

11 VIDEO OR DIVE – AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF THE FUTURE How do we keep track of the status of marine life and how it's changing? And which method is best and cheapest?

Pilot project in the national parks sity. We identified the need for both standardised and Video filming and scuba-diving are two ways of investi- cost-effective methods in order to monitor the marine gating the status of the marine environment. We have environment and assess the status of the marine life. tested different methods of underwater filming and compared them with traditional observations from Conclusions of the pilot study scuba-diving. The comparison was made in a pilot Although video-filming methods only identified half study in the two marine national parks, Ytre Hvaler as many species as were found in traditional diving and Kosterhavet. surveys, it is nonetheless possible to identify habitat-forming groups of organisms with this method. The main purpose of the pilot study was to evaluate This may be useful for monitoring dominant groups methods that can be used in environmental mon- over time in larger areas such as Hvaler–Koster, as itoring and surveying of the flora and fauna of the the method is cost-effective. But if we are interested seabed in Skagerrak and Kattegat. The evaluation in following individual species and looking at diver- targeted precision and costs. sity, diving observations are necessary.

We compared differences in the number of species Future environmental monitoring in the sea found, how many samples are required in an area in The idea for the pilot study came about during our order to ensure the majority of habitat-forming spe- workshop, in which future environmental monitor- cies are represented, the uncertainties and advan- ing was discussed. tages of each method, and the associated costs. We also ran a workshop on the theme of visual meth- The marine environment of the seabed is complex. The ods such as diving and underwater filming. Attend- two marine national parks contain a high level of diver- ees were a mixture of researchers, civil servants and

12 Filming and scuba-diving are two ways of investigating the status of life in the sea. We have compared the different methods.

consultants from various projects that work with • Video is useful for identifying habitat- visual methods. The limitations and potential of the forming groups of organisms. different methods were discussed. • Video identified only half as many species A standardised description for visual methods in as with diving observations. Sweden will be published in 2013. The work of Sea meets Land has contributed to parts of this report. • Diving is necessary in order to follow

Harmonising environmental monitoring across bor- individual species and look at diversity. ders was a part of the Sea meets Land project. The pilot study and workshops have brought us closer to • Video is useful and cost-effective when our goal. Our evaluation of diving and video-filming monitoring dominant groups over time approaches will be useful to many different parties. in a larger area.

Three new buoys. Our buoys improve knowledge of the sea's status. They measure salinity temperature, oxygen level, turbidity, chlorophyll and currents. Buoys are deployed in Kosterhavet National Park, Jomfruland and Havstens Fjord.

13 Where toxic sediments end up – Langøya, Norway.

14 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AND DREDGING

An important part of the Sea meets Land project was to exchange experiences with our neighbouring countries. Norway has a great deal of experience of handling contaminated sediments, from which Sweden can benefit. Our goal was to advance the cleaning and handling of contaminated sediments, primarily in Sweden.

ormally, contaminated marine sediments are The other report provides the basis Nonly cleaned in marinas in the case of exploita- for how the management of contami- tion, e.g., for new harbours. It is high time that the man- nated sediments on land should be agement of contaminated marine sediments gained assessed from an environmental momentum, in the same way that the management of perspective, by proposing standard contaminated areas inland took off back in the 90s. values for leachate for three environmental toxins. This is entirely Field trips in both Norway and Sweden new knowledge in Sweden. Propos- Work commenced with a general survey of sedi- als have also been developed for ment in all marinas in the Stenungsund municipal- guidelines on sensitive, and highly sensitive, land ity. Six of eight harbours were heavily contaminated use for these substances. with toxins. We decontaminated the worst hit area, Mjösund, in order to test a decontamination method Industry gathering in Göteborg – a summary: in full scale. All of the work related to dredging and environmental toxins was summarised in a final seminar in April At the same time, the group made a number of field 2013, with participants from both Norway and Swe- trips. We started in Norway by visiting their largest den. Among other things, we spoke about the method landfill for contaminated sediment, Langøya. We of freeze-dredging, which is one of the methods we also visited a normal waste facility with experience strongly believe in. The seminar's target audience of contaminated sediments. The next field trip was included decision-makers, consultants and dredging to Bua in Sweden, where we were given a demonstra- companies in Norway and Sweden. tion of a project in which an area was decontaminated and the substances were managed on land. CHALLENGES:

Green reports • Six out of eight of the harbours investigated Two comprehensive consultancy reports have been were heavily contaminated. Take the prob- produced, both in Norwegian and Swedish. The first report is a summary of Norway's work over time with lems of contaminated sediments seriously. contaminated sediments. The report is called "Den • Investigate contamination in your shipyards grønne manual" [The Green Manual]. One of the conclusions is that Sweden should not need to "go as and marinas, on land and in sediment. far" as Norway. • Use our reports as support.

15 THE OPEN SEA

Bratten – Sweden's westerly outpost Bratten is a large area far out to sea in the Swedish part of Skagerrak. It features steep, deep ravines with horn coral and many other rare species. Brat- ten is also an important commercial fishing area for Swedish, Danish and Norwegian fishermen. Weath- er permitting, sport fishermen sometimes find their way here. Bratten has been part of the EU's network of protected areas, Natura 2000, since 2011. Trawl- ers sometimes come too close to the ravine walls and the trawl gets stuck, whilst sport fishing lines have Thinking together. Fishermen, researchers, officials, sometimes become entangled in horn coral, among environmental organisations, Sweden Norway and Denmark. other things, which causes damage. IMPORTANT LESSONS The trick of keeping both fishermen and coral Nearly 20 per cent of all prawns landed in Sweden • Ensure that all concerned groups meet and come from Bratten and the fishing there is important discuss, on a number of occasions. for coastal communities of the Skagerrak. For sport fishermen, this is the last outpost in Sweden where it • It is important to have good maps and is still possible to catch very large and unusual species of fish. that everyone has the same type of mapping system. Here in Sweden, the We are in the process of developing a management plan authorities and fishermen have different for Bratten, together with participants from authori- systems. ties and research institutions from the three countries. The working group has met with commercial and sport • Demonstrate the clear relationship fishermen on several occasions to discuss sustainable fishing in the area. We have also invited a larger group between natural values, what these provide of environmental organisations, responsible author- for humankind, what affects these values, ities, commercial fishermen, sport fishermen and re- and the relevant solutions. We used the tool searchers to discuss the proposals presented thus far. Miradi to do this.

16 Svabergsgrunden – a marine treasury of protected areas of different sizes – nature reserves, within reach national parks and Natura 2000 regions. The nature Close to Kungshamn and Hållö on the Swedish Bohus reserves are often smaller and lie closer to the coast. coast lies the offshore bank, Svabergsgrunden. When But is this a functional network with good internal marine biologists explored the area in 2010 and 2011 connections? they found a number of rare species that were unique in Swedish waters and even the world! This is likely Together with the Swedish Agency for Marine and a result of the extreme currents here; there are many Water Management, we have enlisted researchers different habitats at different depths and this patch from the University of Gothenburg who have studied of seabed is the first suitable area encountered by how different larvae spread and used the findings in a larvae carried here by North Sea currents. Read the hydrographic model to analyse whether plant spores exciting report. and animal larvae can spread from one protected area to another. Do more areas need to be protected? Are there enough protected areas in Skagerrak and Kattegat? Certain areas of the sea are protected so that animals and plants can survive. The three countries surrounding Skagerrak and Kattegat have many different types

Rare creatures: The Devonshire cup coral Caryophyllia Specific areas of the sea are protected so that animals and smithii and Cranch's nut crab Ebalia cranchii plants can survive.

17 CLIMATE THREATS TO COASTAL COMMUNITIES How should we build for a rising sea level? What do we do with the roads and houses that will be covered by the rising sea?

Consequences of rising sea level for coastal for coastal managers to integrate climate adaptation community planning and flooding problems in their spatial planning and Sea level is rising and is expected to continue to do so apply the handbook's recommendations. for hundreds of years. There is a great deal of uncertainty, and this means great challenges for planning It has been extremely useful to cooperate over both in coastal communities. national and municipal borders.

We have worked with strategies and guidelines • Politicians and officials must take the issue focussing on how to incorporate climate threats such as floods and rising sea level in planning, and how of rising sea level seriously, as it will have a the existing and future urban areas and infrastruc- big impact on economic values. ture should be managed. • Sweden and Norway have the same issues Three pilot areas We have developed a handbook for spatial planning in and can learn from each other in how we flood prone areas. We have tested this in three "pilot" manage shoreline construction. coastal municipalities – Orust, Larvik and Falkenberg. • A structured handbook for officials and The study incorporates a comprehensive plan in Orust, politicians in all coastal municipalities an in-depth comprehensive plan in Larvik, and two surrounding Kattegat and Skagerrak, local plans in Falkenberg. We tested the applicability of the handbook for the different conditions and focuses which includes recommendations on how of the three pilot areas. We also provide suggestions for to progress with the management of how the handbook can be improved. construction along the shoreline is very important. A basis for planners Our report shows how municipalities can work to adapt coastal communities to climate change and rising sea level. The result forms a valuable basis

18 Our report reveals ways in which municipalities can work to adapt coastal communities to climate change.

19 MARINE PLANNING LAWS

We have compared legislation for marine planning and management in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

n Sweden, it is the responsibility of local muni- The report will be useful to politicians, legislators, I cipalities to show how areas of water up to the administrators and planners, both locally and regionally. territorial boundary will be utilised. In Norway and Knowledge about legislation and planning systems Denmark, however, the State is responsible for the sea can also be of use to any party with an interest in the and coastal areas. sea and the coast, such as industry and commerce.

OUR REPORT ”MARINE PLANNING LAWS” PROVIDES:

• a compilation of current legislation concerning marine planning

• an analysis of similarities and differences in regulations, as well the associated difficulties and opportunities

• a compilation and analysis of legislation, practice and application

20 PLANNING SVERIGE NORGE DANMARK Inland water Territorial Exclusive Eco- Inland water Territorial Exclusive Econ- Inland water Territorial Exclusive Eco- waters nomic Zone waters omic Zone waters nomic Zone OWNERSHIP

Private waters The State The State's The State The State The State The State The State The State 300 m or 3 m jurisdiction depth, public waters outside of this PLANS

Municipality, Municipality, up The State, Municipality The State, The State, Municipality, The State, The State, in comprehen- to the territo- sectorally. may plan up to outside of the to the baseline Natura 2000 seotoral plan- sive plans and rial boundary Suggestion: 1 nautical mile baseline plans, water ning local plans Suggestion: the the State de- outside of the planning State develops velops marine baseline marine planning planning from 1 nautical mile the baseline LEGISLATION

Planning and Planning and Sectoral laws Planning and Nature Sectoral laws The Planning Sectoral laws Sectoral laws Building Act Building Act the Buil ding Act, Diversity Act, the Swedish Swedish Environ- up to the sectoral laws Environmental mental Code, baseline Code, Act con- Act concerning cerning Ancient Ancient Monu- Monuments ments and Finds, and Finds, laws sectoral laws

MANAGEMENT SVERIGE NORGE DANMARK Inland water Territorial Exclusive Eco- Inland water Territorial Exclusive Eco- Inland water Territorial Exclusive Eco- waters nomic Zone waters nomic Zone waters nomic Zone RESPONSIBILITY

The State, The State, The State, The State, 16 The State/ The State/ The State/ The State/ The State/ 5 water dis- the Swedish the Swedish water regions, Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the tricts, 5 water Agency for Ma- Agency for Ma- 11 water region Environment, Environment, Environment, Environment, Environment, authorities, up rine and Water rine and Water authorities up 3 administra- 3 administra- 4 water 2 administrati- 2 administrati- to the baseline Management, 2 Management, 2 to the baseline tive districts tive districts districts, up to ve districts ve districts + 1 nautical administrative administrative +1 nautical mile from the up to the open the baseline + mile districts from districts from baseline sea 1 nautical mile the base line the base line up until the EEZ up until the EEZ boundaries boundaries PLANS

Management By stages - good By stages - good Management Management Management Water plan By stages - good By stages - good plan, adopted environmental environmental plan plan from the plan from the with action environmental environmental by water autho- status 2012, status 2012, baseline baseline to the programme, status 2012, acti- status 2012, acti- rity, 2009-2015, action pro- action pro- open sea 6-year cycles on programme on programme 6-year cycles gramme 2016 gramme 2016 2016 2016 LEGISLATION

The Ordinance EU directives, EU directives, EU directives, Storting White Storting White EU directives, EU directives, EU directives, on Water Qua- the Marine the Marine the Water Paper No. 12, Paper No. 12, Environmental Marine Stra- Marine Stra- lity Manage- Environmental Environmental Regulation Clean and rich Clean and rich Objectives Act tegy Act tegy Act ment Ordinance, Ordinance, seas (Marine seas (Marine the Swedish the Swedish Environment Environment environmental environmental White Paper) White Paper) code, sectoral code, sectoral laws laws

21 GEODATA FOR COASTAL AND MARINE PLANNING Sharing maps and geodata is also a way to communicate.

How to find useful geodata A better basis for decisions Sea meets Land has developed a simple guide that A significant component of social planning involves describes the valuable geodata that can be used in gathering information from multiple sources to cre- coastal and marine planning. It gives a good insight ate a basis from which to make appropriate decisions into which geodata are available for coastal and ma- for community development. Geographical data, or rine planning, as well as the characteristics and lim- "geodata", constitutes a large part of this basis. itations that may be important to know about. For geodata and geographical information systems There are more geodata available for marine areas ("GIS") to provide valuable results, the user must than might be expected. Mostly these are mapped or understand the conditions and limitations associat- modelled seabed and water characteristics, but there ed with each set of data and its associated metadata. are also other kinds of data, such as transportation Metadata describe characteristics that are specific routes, utility-lines and areas protecting valuable to a given dataset, for example the appropriate scale habitats. All of these are summarised in our inven- for the stratum or which coordinate system is used. tory of geodata. More and more authorities and municipalities are Maps with a unique overview making the decision to distribute geodata via web We have created maps that show Sweden's, Norway's services, rather than publishing GIS files. With web and Denmark's activities in nature conservation, services such as WMS, users can download the latest fishing and energy. The results show the data for each geodata direct to their own GIS program. This way, country separately as well as combined into one map. users don't have to handle physical files, which are often large and need regular updating. The maps provide a unique overview of the entire Kattegat and Skagerrak region and form a sound The decision-making process is made easier if social basis for marine planning. The aim is to provide a planners can choose from all the data provided by mu- complete picture of the area, illustrate the situation nicipalities, authorities, county administrative boards in the three countries' respective areas and how well and the public. With the help of our simple guide, it is the different data can be harmonised. now easier to obtain such data for marine areas.

22 Energy, nature conservation and fishing, on the map. Our simple guide makes it easier to find geodata for coastal and marine planning.

"... in order to make appropriate decisions for community development"

23 SMALL WASTE WATER, BIG WATER CYCLES

Our work with private waste water systems has focused on eutrophication. We have worked with the supervision of small waste water treatment plants and a pilot project on "cycle management" of waste from private waste water treatment systems. Both aspects contribute to clean, fresh water. We have worked in Kungsbacka's coastal waters, part of the Kattegat.

The primary goal is secure operation and manage- Eutrophication is caused by nutrients in the wrong ment of small waste water treatment plants place. We can therefore solve many problems by Kungsbacka Miljö & Hälsoskydd [Kungsbacka dealing with the nutrients immediately and return- Health and Environmental Protection] and Driftas- ing them to agricultural land. This recycling of nu- sistansen in Østfold [Operational Assistance in Øst- trients is good for streams, rivers and the sea. fold] have compared different methods for supervision, verification and sampling adopted by Sweden How we move on and Norway. The aim was to improve the results of We are sharing our results with administrators at operations at waste water treatment facilities for different authorities, as well as with decision-mak- individual households. Inadequate management of ers, contractors of small waste water treatment small waste water treatment plants may result in in- plants, and others. We also held two seminars within effective treatment. The risk is then that these treat- the timeframe of the project. The seminars were de- ment plants release more or less untreated waste signed to be forums for discussion as well as for the water into our watercourses. dissemination of knowledge, and will hopefully contribute to issues being pushed up the agenda with a As a basis for the work, Kungsbacka checked a num- higher level of awareness among those who have the ber of small waste water treatment plants. The study power to act upon them. Documentation from both reveals that only about a third of the property own- projects will also be available in the form of reports. ers arrange annual servicing by qualified personnel. Furthermore, where servicing is actually carried Continued cooperation between Norway and Sweden out, malfunctions arising from infrequent inspec- is desirable in the area of private waste water treat- tions between services are common. For example, ment systems. the levels of precipitating chemicals haven’t been maintained, or sludge suction has not been ordered • Only a third of property owners arrange at regular intervals. annual servicing of their facilities by The second goal is to return nutrients from qualified personnel. private waste water treatment systems to the water cycle • Malfunctions as a result of owners not We have carried out a pilot study of how best to uti- performing sufficient inspections between lise the nutrients in sludge from private waste water servicing are common. treatment systems. Above all, we have looked at source-separated fractions from sealed tanks, with • Cooperation between Norway and Sweden and without a vacuum toilet. Local sanitation of the sludge may be one solution. is desirable in the area of private waste water treatment systems.

24 25 THE COAST – PLANNING, PRESERVING AND DEVELOPING

Two municipalities, one plan, hundreds of voices Åby Fjord spans the municipalities of Sotenäs and Lysekil. In our pilot study, these two municipalities worked together to make a more in-depth comprehensive plan. What is interesting is that we have obtained knowledge from the residents, made an inventory of the area's assets and based our thinking on the services that the ecosystems provide.

Diverse knowledge contributes to planning The area's residents have been able to take part and tell us how the area is used. We have advertised, held meetings and put up stalls at Christmas markets. After the Christmas markets, we invited the residents to meetings in which they could discuss ideas surrounding the future of Åby Fjord. They drew on maps and described the natural and cultural assets of the area and how the area is used. This method of working is inspired by Tvedestrand in Norway. By A new way of planning society.

26 informing and involving more people, we have brought new knowledge into the planning process.

In order to increase knowledge about the marine environment, we have surveyed and evaluated the different biotopes in the fjord, such as eelgrass beds. The inspiration for this came from the Norwegian method used in Agder for marine habitat surveying and evaluation.

Political decisions on the ecosystem approach The politics – i.e. taking a standpoint on whether to preserve and develop Åby Fjord – is based on the area's natural assets and the ecosystem services these assets provide. The ecosystem approach was also the basis for an environmental assessment of the pro- posed plan. The plan focuses on tourism, outdoor recreation and viable rural areas. The localisation of a future residential area is intended to safeguard the opportunities and economic assets that the land- scape can provide for people, e.g., via outdoor recreation and tourism. With exploitation based on sound knowledge, we can take advantage of the area's assets and opportunities.

We have learned much in our work together across the borders.

• Anyone living in a given area should be able to contribute their knowledge.

• Norway's methods can be used and developed.

• Politicians can make use of the ecosystem approach.

Model reveals suitable locations for NORWEGIAN SISTER PROJECT: mussel farming We have developed a GIS model that helps the ”Marine biological assets in Tvedestrand Munici- user to identify suitable locations for mussel pality” – developed an overview of marine assets in a farms. It was developed with the use of knowl- typical coastal municipality along the Skagerrak coast. edge from researchers and mussel farmers. ”Active management of marine natural assets in the The model is useful both for producing a foun- coastal zone” – developing tools that can contribute dation for planning and to assess proposals for to active, sustainable and innovative management of establishing mussel farms. We have developed the coastal areas. this type of planning foundation for Åby Fjord.

27 BARRACUDA FOR BREAKFAST? The future of fish in Kattegat and Skagerrak.

here are more than 15,000 different species of Changes in Kattegat and Skagerrak Tfish in the sea, but fewer than 200 of them live in Fish are seldom alone in a marine area. Predators, Kattegat and Skagerrak. The expected temperature competitors, parasites, pathogens and lack of food increases in the Kattegat-Skagerrak region open up and habitat limit the distribution of fish in relation the possibility for new southern species to survive to its theoretical niche width and define the realised and reproduce in our waters. niche width. Along Norway's coast, the reduced in- cidence of kelp is related to raised temperatures, as Limited by winter temperatures? it can only survive at temperatures above 19 degrees The physical environmental requirements of fish are for a matter of weeks, and temperatures above 22 determined by their physiological capability, which degrees only for a number of days. As these seaweed in turn determines their distribution, assuming they forests are important for cod fry, for example, condi- have no predators or competition in the area. The tions for coastal-dwelling cod may deteriorate in the combination of physical factors in which fish can sur- south of Norway. In Sweden, it is documented that vive is called the niche width. Naturally, in order for eutrophication-induced increase in macroalgae, in- fish to become established in an area over time, the cluding sea lettuce, results in a change in fish stocks basic niche width for adults, eggs, larvae and juveniles and that fry of flatfish such as plaice (Pleuronectes must be available. The niche width can vary consider- platessa) reduce in number, whilst three-spined ably between each of these stages of life. In addition, stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) increase. requirements for the basic niche width must be met all year round, for the fish to become established. The Warmer waters – new species on the way average temperature may be perfect, but this means Expected temperature increases in Kattegat and nothing if it dips below the fishes' level of tolerance Skagerrak over the next 80-90 years vary from 1.5-3.5 for three weeks during the winter. A result of this is degrees, depending on the emission scenario. This that there are a number of warm water species, such should allow for the establishment of many south- as the Mediterranean scaldfish (Arnoglossus laterna) ern – "Lusitanian" – species of fish. But temperature and the solenette (Buglossidium luteum), that usually forecasts are not enough to predict future fish stocks. only spread northwards when the winter is mild. This These predictions will complement knowledge of indicates that it is likely the winter temperatures in fishes' niche width in order to bolster understanding the Kattegat-Skagerrak region that limit the spread of about fishes' habitat requirements and the interplay southerly-dwelling species in this area. between new and established species.

28 A new species in Kattegat-Skagerrak? Many factors will determine whether the barracuda will be a new species for Scandinavian sport fishermen to discover.

29 You can always find more information from us at We are Sea meets Land www.havmoterland.se The County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland Østfold County Council Reports from Sea meets Land – 2009-2013 The Swedish Species Information Centre (Artdatabanken) (In Swedish). Aust-Agder County Council Buskerud County Council • What is Svabergsgrunden hiding? The County Governor of Aust-Agder • Working together towards a common vision The County Governor of Buskerud The County Governor of Telemark • Marine legislation - Concerning systems for coastal and The County Governor of Vestfold marine planning The County Governor of Østfold • Harmonised environmental monitoring in Skagerrak Larvik Municipality and Kattegat – workshop Lysekil Municipality • An integrated model system for the Outer Oslofjord The County Administrative Board of Halland and its catchment area. Nøtterøy Municipality • The M/S Latrine's awareness campaign 2012 final report Orust Municipality and Projekt 8 fjordar [the 8 Fjords Project] • Climate in the 21st century in south-east Norway Region Halland • Future extreme water levels in Falkenberg - a SMHI demonstration modelling Sotenäs Municipality • Den gröna handboken – Norwegian version: Methods Telemark County Council of action and the decontamination of sediments Vestfold County Council in Norway Region Västra Götaland Århus University • Den grønne manual – Swedish version: Norwegian experiences of contaminated sediments – methods of action and decontamination Contact us • Decontamination dredging of Mjösund • Sediment sampling in marinas in Stenungsund The County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland • Video or dive? Methods for integrated monitoring and has been Lead Partner for the project Sea meets mapping of marine habitats in the Hvaler-Koster area Land. Please contact us at www.lansstyrelsen.se/ • Handbook for the development of eco-friendly harbours. vastragotaland/en for more information. • Classification of waters – a comparison of the Swedish and Norwegian methods of assessing the status of coastal waters

Planned publications

(In Swedish). Graphic design: Milla;Design. www.milla-design.no

• Climate scenarios for the Kattegat-Skagerrak region Printed by: • The development of the Kattegat-Skagerrak region's Vestfjorden Grafisk oceanography Photos: • The future of fish Cover, Claes Hillén: p. 2-3, 9: Haakon Braathu Haaverstad, p. 4, 10: Lars W. Solheim, p. 5: Bengt Frizell, Solveig Egeland, p. 6: Jan Erik • Effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem in Heggelund / NTB scanpix, p. 8: Vetle Houg, p. 9: Kyrre Hurum, the Kattegat-Skagerrak region p. 10: Camilla Jakobsen, p. 11: Ronny Svensson, Lennart Benson, Thomas Hartung, p. 12, 13: Janne Kim Gitmark, p. 13: Camilla With Fagerli, • Dialogue with citizens and new planning perspectives – Fredrik Waldh, p. 14: NOAH, p. 15: Magnus Karlsson, p. 16: Monika Olsen, values come first. About the work with FÖP, Åby Fjord. p. 16, 18, 20, 24, 31: Wilhelm Gårdmark, p. 17: Matz Berggren, p. 25: Marie Olofsson, p. 26: Berglagsbild AB, Lena Johansson, • Habitat surveys and evaluation in Åby Fjord. p. 27: Magnus Karlsson, Cecilia Lindsten, p. 28: Malin Hemmingsson, p. 29: Kaare Manniche Ebert, p. 31: Ewa Lawett, Nordsøcentret, Ingela • Mussel farming – finding appropriate areas with the Isaksson, halland.se, Maria Kilnäs, Vibeke Weibell Eliassen, Jan Mogol, help of modelling. Lars W. Solheim, Aase Richter, Charlotte Forsberg, Thomas Dahlgren.

30 31 The project Sea meets Land gathers together 26 municipalities, regions, universities and governmental agencies in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. We collaborate on issues related to climate, water and social planning for Kattegat and Skagerrak.

Our findings can be used by decision-makers, planners, researchers and anyone involved in the management of natural resources.

Changing climate alters the conditions for our life and livelihood here. We are generating common knowledge for common preparedness. Project participants include planners, marine biologists, environmental advisers, researchers and those involved in the management of water.

Join in at www.havmoterland.se