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THREE YEARS in KATTEGAT and SKAGERRAK Welcome to KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK JUST THREE YEARS AGO

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THREE YEARS in KATTEGAT and SKAGERRAK Welcome to KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK JUST THREE YEARS AGO SEA meets LAND THREE YEARS IN KATTEGAT AND SKAGERRAK Welcome to KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK JUST THREE YEARS AGO... Imagine a world where • the map ends at the national border • knowledge is tucked away in boxes • cooperation is held back by fences A world in which climate change may soon lead to higher sea level and imbalance in the ecosystem. Where there are no common guidelines for the challenges we all face. Welcome to Kattegat Skagerrak. KATTEGAT SKAGERRAK The project Hav möter Land [Sea meets Land] has helped to change this picture. Feel free to share our findings and add your piece of the jigsaw to the big picture, for the sea and for the people. 4 THE SEA IS MINE AND YOURS – OUR JOINT RESPONSIBILITY attegat and Skagerrak – our part of the Atlantic. Transnational sharing of experience builds consensus, KEvery bay, every skerry, every fiord is our joint increases knowledge, and provides us with common responsibility. tools to improve our planning. In-depth and compre- hensive understanding of the value of what lies below Here, there are whales, coral and herring. There are the water's surface are integral parts of the whole. boats and ships, harbours and houses. There are people. Each part is a small part of the puzzle that we piece In the project Sea meets Land, we want to make use of together; municipalities, researchers, regions, state the sea without destroying it, without harming it. The agencies and others, on land and at sea. sea is part of our welfare – it provides us with food, tourism, health and recreation, it's the foundation of The climate changes our ability to live and support our joint culture; now and into the future. ourselves here. The project Sea meets Land generates joint knowledge for joint readiness. Sea and land provide us with oxygen and safety. But if we neglect them, we risk losing these vital services This is what is unique about Sea meets Land – we are The land erodes, fish disappear, ecosystems collapse united. Sea meets Land. Researchers meet practition- and no longer support us; they stop producing the ers. Climate meets social planning. Neighbouring coun- services we depend on for our life here. We want to tries meet each other. We meet the future, together. continue to make use of the sea and manage it well. It will be good to live where Sea meets Land. Those of us working in the project Sea meets Land There are no boundaries underwater. work with climate change, water management and social planning holistically, and we do it together. 5 THE CLIMATE OF THE FUTURE What will the future climate of the Kattegat–Skagerrak region be like and how will it be affected? This question has permeated the entire Sea meets Land project. The consequences of climate change Future scenarios from a new sea model A warmer climate can affect water temperature, Within the Sea meets Land project, we have devel- wind and sea level. It can affect storm frequency, oped a regional model for the Baltic Sea–Kattegat– precipitation and run-off. When patterns of precip- Skagerrak–North Sea region. The model estimates itation and run-off change, this can also affect the the sea's status and how it will change in a future salinity of the seawater. climate. The model has excellent resolution; around 3.5 km instead of the 125 km or so normally used in a This could lead to changes in the distribution ranges global model. of animals and plants that require a certain salinity or temperature range, such as cod. Higher seawater Climate models are used to calculate future changes temperatures also decrease the solubility of oxygen to different variables based on various emissions sce- and alter the distribution and flow of nutrients. This narios. Global models provide boundary conditions could mean that measures to counteract marine eu- to the higher resolution regional models. Typically, trophication would not have the same effect in a fu- calculations extend to 2100. ture climate. To estimate the uncertainty of the future projections, There are already signs of rising seawater tempera- we perform calculations for different combinations ture. One example is the more frequent sighting of of emission scenarios and global and regional mod- specimens of striped red mullet, a Mediterranean els. This way, we are able to see that some changes are fish, in the Kattegat. For salinity, however, there is as more robust than others and that uncertainty can be yet no evidence of trends in the Kattegat–Skagerrak greater in some regions than elsewhere. region. 6 How sea temperature changes. The surface temperature may change in the Kattegat–Skagerrak region in a future climate. The map reveals the projected temperature change between two thirty- year periods; 1970--1999 and 2070--2099. This image would change if other climate scenarios or models were used, but the general result is still that the water temperature increases. MORE CERTAIN CHANGES: MORE UNCERTAIN CHANGES: • increased air and sea temperatures • wind speed • raised sea level • storm frequency • reduced solubility of oxygen • run-off • reduced ice cover • salt content 7 HARMONISATION The goal is healthy coastal environments but also provided knowledge about their strengths Sea meets Land has investigated the methods used and weaknesses. The results show that the different to assess the environmental status of coastal waters. methods provide different indications of environ- We have a common goal of clean and healthy water, in mental status in the same body of water. which plants and animals can thrive. In areas where the environmental status is unsatisfactory, countries For the Outer Oslofjord, the Norwegian methods yield must plan and implement appropriate measures. A results that suggest the status is favourable and that common understanding of current environmental sta- environmental goals have been achieved, whilst the tus, and of whether or not the goals have been achieved, Swedish methods reveal that there is a need for meas- is important for the countries surrounding the Kattegat ures to be taken. In Southern Vestfjord, the results are and Skagerrak. the opposite: the Swedish methods indicate good status whereas the Norwegian methods show that status is only Report comparing the Norwegian and moderate. Swedish methods Sea meets Land has developed a report that presents the How we move on countries' work to assess the environmental status of Sea meets Land will inform the responsible author- coastal waters. It shows that in principle they are study- ities of the differences that have been detected, and ing the same things, but that some of the methods differ, the risk that these differences may lead to disagree- and they interpret the results differently. Consequently ment over the need for action. The ground-laying the two countries do not agree over the definition of sat- work carried out in this project will form the foun- isfactory status even for the simplest parameters. dation of environmental status assessments in the neighbouring regions. We now have a better basis In order to test the methods, data from four differ- for deciding which investigations should be empha- ent coastal areas were used to assess environmental sised and how we should manage any differences that status using Norwegian and Swedish methodologies. arise. This common platform will improve the trans- This not only tested the methods against each other national work and produce better results. 8 • The Norwegian and Swedish methods provide different indications of enviro- mental status in the same body of water. • The differences may result in disagreement over the need for measures. • We now have a better basis for handling differences. "We have a common goal for clean and healthy water in which plants and animals can thrive." 9 BOATING We aim to find and promote the best solutions for eco-friendly boating. A Nordic standard with common requirements and solutions will not only be good for the environment but will also make it easier for boaters to be eco-friendly. Handbook for the development of eco-friendly development of established, and new, harbours. The harbours handbook provides a brief overview of the most impor- Sea meets Land has assembled the best eco-friendly tant issues that need to be considered when developing solutions from Nordic marinas in one handbook. eco-friendly innovative marinas. Anyone involved in planning, approving and develop- ing marinas can use this as a check-list for the develop- Campaign for eco-friendly boating ment of eco-friendly solutions. During the course of In the summer of 2012, the M/S Latrina ran a very the project, Sea meets Land has worked to establish successful awareness campaign in Oslofjorden, a common understanding of the problems, challenges where the goal was to make boat owners aware of the and opportunities that are encountered during the environmental consequences of waste water emis- sions. M/S Latrina ran a similar campaign along the coast of Bohuslän, Sweden, in 2011. The campaigns highlighted problems and solutions. This clarified the challenges and shortcomings experienced by boaters along the coast. 337 boat owners participated in a questionnaire and a number of boats had their septic tanks emptied. The campaigns led to a lot of media coverage of the issues and positive feedback in both countries. Two successful summers. The crew of the M/S Latrine chat with a boat owner. 10 Greater attention from Nordic countries and the EU and requirements are also being tightened in the EU. on ethical and environmental challenges requires joint Sea meets Land has been in consultation with Nor- action and common guidelines to improve the current wegian authorities regarding this matter. environmental status. Sea meets Land has contributed positively to this development and will establish two Films about eco-friendly operation of marinas permanent waste water treatment facilities.
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