The “Natasha” Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking

by Donna M. Hughes Photo source: PhotoDiscPhoto source: about the author rafficking in women and Donna M. Hughes holds the Eleanor M. and Oscar M. Carlson Endowed Chair at the girls for the purpose of sex- University of Rhode Island. She is a research partner in the Ukrainian–U.S. Research Partnership, Tual exploitation is a shadow which is cosponsored by the National Institute of Justice and the Ukrainian Academy of Law. market valued at US $7 billion This article is based in part on work performed for NIJ grant 98–WT–VX–0032 and in part on annually. Women are trafficked to, the article “The ‘Natasha’ Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women,” from, and through every region in Journal of International Affairs, 53(2) (Spring 2000). She can be reached at 401–874–5150 the world. This highly profitable or [email protected]. trade poses a relatively low risk compared with trades in drugs or arms. The moneymakers are valuable women are from Russia a universal meaning, resulting in transnational networks of traffickers and Ukraine. different estimates depending on and pimps who prey on women the definition used. This article This article focuses on the trade seeking employment and opportu- uses the following definition: nities. These illegal activities and originating in Ukraine. It examines related crimes not only harm the the scope of the problem, the Trafficking is any practice that women involved; they also under- factors that create a climate ripe involves moving people within mine the social, political, and for trafficking, the methods traffick- and across local or national economic fabric of the nations ers use, and the people who profit borders for the purpose of sexu- where they occur. from the trade in women and girls. al exploitation. Trafficking may It concludes with some strategies be the result of force, coercion, Countries with large sex industries to address the problem of trafficking manipulation, deception, abuse create the demand for women; and discusses the role that policy- of authority, initial consent, countries where traffickers easily makers, researchers, and law family pressure, past and present recruit women provide the supply. enforcement officers in the United family and community violence, For decades, the primary sending States can play. economic deprivation, or other countries were in Asia. But the conditions of inequality for collapse of the Soviet Union opened women and children.1 up a pool of millions of women Scope of the Problem from which traffickers can recruit. It is difficult to know how many This definition accepts that traffick- Former Soviet republics such as women have been trafficked for sex- ing occurs even if the woman Belarus, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, ual exploitation. The trade is secre- consents, which is consistent with and Ukraine have become major tive, the women are silenced, the the 1949 United Nations convention suppliers of women to sex industries traffickers are dangerous, and not prohibiting it. Narrower definitions all over the world. In the sex indus- many agencies are counting. Also, of trafficking require acts of try today, the most popular and the word “trafficking” does not have violence or coercion. Exact numbers are unknown, but international agencies and govern- mental bodies estimate that each year over 1 million women and girls “Can people really buy and sell women are trafficked for sexual exploitation in sex industries. and get away with it? Sometimes I sit here In the last decade, hundreds of thousands of women have been and ask myself if that really happened to me, trafficked from Central and Eastern Europe and the republics of the for- mer Soviet Union into prostitution if it can really happen at all.” throughout the world. The U.S. State Department estimates that — A Ukrainian woman who was trafficked, beaten, raped, and used 50,000 to 100,000 women and in the sex industry in Israel. After a police raid, she was put in prison, children are trafficked into the awaiting deportation. United States each year for labor or sexual exploitation, primarily

National Institute of Justice Journal January 2001 9 business methods, which were based on corruption and protection The U.S. Response and Role schemes. The independent states that emerged lacked organized and Until recently, trafficking in women Secretary of State, the Attorney efficient regulatory agencies to hin- in the United States had never been General, and the President’s Intera- der the growth of crime networks. systematically studied, and the U.S. gency Council on Women to expand lagged behind Europe and Asia in their work against violence against In Ukraine, people who were no recognizing and addressing the prob- women to include work against the longer able to support themselves lem, especially as it occurred within trafficking of women. with one salary or who weren’t this country. In the last 2 years, the being paid for long periods sought The strategy to combat trafficking United States has vigorously respond- additional work. But the only jobs has been implemented as a program ed, making the trafficking of women a available were in the privatized referred to as the three P’s: Prevention top priority. In 1998, a Memorandum criminal businesses. The result has of Trafficking, Protection and Assis- on Steps to Combat Violence Against been a criminalization of the econo- tance for Victims, and Prosecution Women and the Trafficking of Women my in general and an expansion of and Enforcement Against Traffickers. and Girls was issued that directed the organized criminal networks. By 1995, the shadow economy account- ed for 50 percent of Ukraine’s gross domestic product. from Southeast Asia, the Newly beyond local and state control. Independent States of the former Members of organized crime rings Transnational trafficking of women Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe.2 establish contacts with collaborators from the former Soviet Union had in diaspora communities and work its beginnings during perestroika in The Ukrainian Ministry of the within migrating populations to the mid-1980’s, when international Interior estimated last year that build criminal networks. Increased travel restrictions were eased. The 100,000 Ukrainian women were migration also serves as a cover for disintegration of the Soviet Union trafficked during the previous traffickers transporting women. opened borders for travel, migra- decade. The International tion, and privatized trade, all of Organization for Migration Privatization and liberalization which facilitated the operations of estimated the number to be four to of markets have created wider and criminal networks. Transnational five times higher. Popular destina- more open marketplaces. Computer crime networks from the Newly tion countries include Canada, the technologies also have enabled the Independent States organized to Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, increased volume and complexity meet the demand for women to be Hungary, the Netherlands, Turkey, of international financial transac- used in brothels, massage parlors, the United Arab Emirates, the tions, increasing opportunities for bars, and street prostitution in United States, and Yugoslavia. Large transnational crime and decreasing receiving countries. numbers of Ukrainian women are the probability of detection. This trafficked into Korea to be used as technological aspect of globalization prostitutes near military bases. In allows money gained through traf- Strategies some parts of the world, such as ficking in women to be transferred and Tactics Israel and Turkey, women from and laundered. Russia and other former Soviet Hundreds of trafficking victims In the former Soviet Union, the republics are so prevalent that have recounted their experiences state economy didn’t supply the prostitutes are called “Natashas.” to nongovernmental organizations, goods and services the public need- reporters, and police. Although indi- ed or wanted. The shadow economy vidual variations exist, the themes of Climate for began to meet those demands manipulation and violence from the Trafficking decades before the collapse of com- traffickers and further persecution munism. When the Soviet political by police appear repeatedly. The growth of shadow economies and economic system weakened and criminal networks in the Newly and collapsed, existing organizations Irina, aged 18, responded to Independent States of the former leaped to fill the vacuum. Privati- an advertisement in a Kyiv, Soviet Union arises from expanding zation allowed previously illegal Ukraine, newspaper for a train- economic, political, and social markets to operate legally and ing course in Berlin, Germany, transnational linkages increasingly expand, but they retained their in 1996. With a fake passport,

The “Natasha” Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking 10 she traveled to Berlin, where 3 years in prison for working advertisements in newspapers offer- she was told that the school in a brothel.5 ing lucrative job opportunities in had closed. She was sent on to foreign countries for low-skilled In addition, a number of trafficking Brussels, Belgium, for a job. jobs, such as waitresses and nannies. rings have been uncovered, revealing When she arrived, she was told Some advertisements promise good the tactics, financial rewards, and she needed to repay a debt of US salaries to young, attractive women transnational reach of such net- $10,000 and would have to earn who will work as dancers and host- works. the money in prostitution. Her esses. An estimated 20 percent of passport was confiscated, and In March 1999 in Sevastopol, trafficked women are recruited she was threatened, beaten, and Crimea, Ukraine, two men and through advertisements. raped. When she didn’t earn a woman were arrested for sell- Another method of recruitment ing 200 Ukrainian women and enough money for the first is through “marriage agencies,” girls, aged 13 to 25, for the sex pimp, she was sold to another sometimes called mail-order bride industry in Turkey, Greece, and pimp who operated in Brussels’ agencies or international introduc- Cyprus. The traffickers received red light district. When she tion services. According to a report US $2,000 for each woman. escaped with police assistance, by the International Organization The women were held in debt she was arrested because she had for Migration, all mail-order bride bondage until they repaid their no legal documentation. A med- agencies with women from the ical exam verified the abuse she expenses. If they complained, 6 former Soviet Union are under had suffered, such as cigarette their debt was tripled. 3 the control of organized crime burns all over her body. In Poland, 70 percent of the networks.9 Recruiters use “marriage Lena, aged 21, was recruited by Ukrainian women in the sex agencies” to contact women who a woman who said her daughter industry are monitored at all are eager to travel or emigrate. times by guards. The women are was working in Greece and mak- But the most common way for sold from one agency to another ing a lot of money. When Lena Ukrainian women to be recruited for US $4,500 to $11,000, and arrived in Greece, her passport is through a friend or acquaintance each time the woman incurs a was taken away and she was put who gains the woman’s confidence. debt that must be repaid.7 into a small room in a brothel, “Second wave” recruiting occurs guarded by two dogs. She was In September 1999, a psychology when a trafficked woman returns sold in prostitution each night teacher from Cherkasy, Ukraine, home to draft other women. Once from 9 in the evening until 6 in was charged with being head a woman has been trafficked and the morning. When she escaped of an international trafficking trapped in the sex industry, she has and returned to Mykolayiv, she ring that sold young Ukrainian few options. One of the few means 4 had US $55. women into the sex industry of escaping the brutality of being Tatyana, aged 20, is from a small in the United Arab Emirates. forced to have sex with multiple town in Lugansk Oblast in Along with criminals from men each day is to move from Eastern Ukraine. She could not Kazakhstan, Syria, and the victim to perpetrator. find a job there because the United Arab Emirates, she promised 30 young women jobs economy is very poor and the Entrapment in factories are closed. A friend of as dancers, waitresses, or domes- her mother’s told her that she tic servants, and then sold them Prostitution 8 could earn US $4,000 a month to buyers in the sex industry. Whatever the recruitment method, working as a maid for a rich the majority of women do not family in the United Arab Recruitment Methods expect the sexual exploitation and Emirates. When she arrived, her violence that await them. After a passport was taken and she was Sex industries use up women—both woman has reached the destination sold to a brothel for US $7,000 physically and emotionally -—neces- country, the trafficker or pimp tells and forced into prostitution to sitating regular fresh supplies of her that she is not going to work as repay the purchase and travel women, which keeps trafficking a waitress, nanny, or whatever more costs. When she escaped and profitable. Recruiters, traffickers, agreeable opportunity was offered, went to the police for help, she and pimps have developed common but will be in prostitution. The was arrested and sentenced to operating methods. One strategy is methods used to control women

National Institute of Justice Journal January 2001 11 once they reach the destination country include confiscation of travel documents, violence, threats Officials’ acceptance of prostitution and to harm family members, and debt bondage. trafficking exacerbates the problem. According Pimps in Western Europe and Israel can buy Russian or Ukrainian to Kateryna Levchenko, coordinator of women for a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, then make several thousand dollars from them by La Strada–Ukraine, “Complacency on the part selling them in prostitution. The women get to keep little, if any, of of government and law enforcement officials the money. Women must repay their purchase price and travel and other is as much to blame as financial difficulties expenses before they are allowed to leave. A woman may be sold from one pimp to another, at which time [for facilitating recruitment].” her debt starts all over again. Often, the only way out of the sex industry is a police raid, which results in deportation. There are indications mation concerning migration Trafficked women get little assis- that pimps, working with officials, regulations, or driven by tance once they are under the tip off police on the whereabouts economic despair or large- control of traffickers and pimps. of a woman just about the time that scale violence. In such cases, In receiving countries, they are woman has earned enough money the migrant’s freedom of choice treated as criminals, either as to leave, resulting in the woman is so seriously impaired that the prostitutes or illegal immigrants. being arrested and deported and “voluntariness” of the transac- Many people view the women the pimps keeping the money. tion must be questioned.11 as complicit in the trafficking, as Even when women know they will The networks’ tactics mimic those immoral, or as workers -—a wide be in prostitution, their expectations of slave traders. For example, in span of perspectives, all of which are usually far from the reality. One Milan, Italy, in December 1997, ignore the harm to the victims and woman who knew she would have police uncovered a gang that was many of which blame the victims to engage in prostitution thought it auctioning women from the former for the crimes committed against would be like the film “Pretty Soviet Union. The women were them. Officials often minimize or Woman,” where one man would stripped partially naked, displayed, deny the severity of the problem, the support her.10 Women don’t realize and sold for an average price of US violence and coercion used in traf- the lack of control they will have, the $1,000.12 Traffickers and pimps also ficking, and the harm to victims. level of the violence that will be used use extreme violence to control their One official in Ukraine was quoted against them, and the small percent- women and territory. In Italy, police in the New York Times as saying, age of money they will receive. report that one woman in prostitu- “women’s groups want to blow this tion is murdered each month.13 all out of proportion. Perhaps this According to Narcisa Escaler, Women are mutilated and murdered was a problem a few years ago. But Deputy Director General of the as warnings to competing traffickers it’s under control now.”15 International Organization for and pimps and as punishment for Migration: Officials’ acceptance of prostitution refusing to engage in prostitution. and trafficking exacerbates the [M]any migrants…are eager to In two reported cases, women who problem. According to Kateryna escape poverty or political and resisted were killed as an example to Levchenko, coordinator of La social insecurity, and…are other women. In Istanbul, Turkey, Strada–Ukraine, “Complacency on unaware or unmindful of the two Ukrainian women were thrown the part of government and law pitfalls of irregular migration. off a balcony and killed while six of enforcement officials is as much to [I]n many instances, trafficked their Russian friends watched. In blame as financial difficulties [for migrants are lured by false Serbia, a Ukrainian woman who facilitating recruitment].”16 In promises, misled by misinfor- resisted was beheaded in public.14

The “Natasha” Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking 12 Russia, an undercover investigation UK, for 8 months before she was financial centers, such as the United by the Global Survival Network arrested. During that time she States and Western Europe or in implicated government officials made more than US $210,000.19 offshore accounts. in collaborating with trafficking The money made from the sexual In Israel, for instance, organized networks.17 exploitation and enslavement of crime groups from the former trafficked women enriches transna- Soviet Union invested profits from Profit and Corruption tional criminal networks. According trafficking in women, along with to Michael Platzer, of the United other illegal activities, into legiti- Once a woman is under the control Nations Center for International mate businesses. Between 1990 and of a trafficker or pimp, she can be Crime Prevention, trafficking in 1995, some US $2.5 to $4 billion exploited to make a large profit. women has one of the highest had been invested in Israeli banks Pimps can make 5 to 20 times as profit margins and lowest risks and another US $600 million had much from a woman as they paid for criminal groups in Eastern been invested in real estate.22 for her. An International Organi- Europe. Mikhail Lebed, chief of Moreover, trafficking in women zation for Migration study of criminal investigations for the has been found to be part of broad- women trafficked into Germany Ukrainian Ministry of the Interior, er transnational criminal schemes. found that the trafficker or pimp told the Kyiv Post, “It is a human From early 1998 until mid-1999, US requires a payment of US $3,000 to tragedy, but also, frankly, a national $10 billion was laundered through $30,000 from a woman for her trav- crisis. Gangsters make more money the Bank of New York. The account el expenses and her purchase price. from these women in a week than belonged to Ukrainian-born crime Then she must pay for her room we have in our law enforcement boss Semion Mogilevich, who the and board in the brothel as well as budget for the whole year.”20 the pimp’s fees, lawyer’s fees, doc- FBI and Israeli intelligence reported tor’s fees, and sometimes private The corruption of officials through was involved in prostitution, living expenses. Even after a woman bribes and the collaboration of weapons and drug trafficking, has paid off her debt, she must turn criminal networks with government and investment scams. According over 50 to 75 percent of her earn- officials enable traffickers to oper- to one source, Mogilevich headed ings to pimps. ate. In Russia, the Global Survival a large prostitution ring that operat- Network found evidence of govern- ed in the nightclubs in Budapest The Kyiv Post reported that a ment collaboration in the Interior and Prague.23 Mogilevich’s crime Ukrainian woman in a massage Ministry, the Federal Security network operated in the Czech parlor owned by a Russian in Service, and the Ministry of Foreign Republic, Hungary, Ukraine, and Silver Spring, Maryland, was 21 24 Affairs. As the influence of crimi- the United States. allowed to keep only 30 percent nal networks deepens, the corrup- of the US $70 price for a mas- tion goes beyond occasionally sage. If she wanted more money, ignoring illegal activity to providing Strategies for Change she had to engage in prostitu- protection by blocking legislation Although trafficked women can be tion for tips.18 that would hinder the groups’ activ- found almost anywhere, the destina- Le Monde reported that during ities. As law enforcement personnel tions for most trafficked women are a 3-month stay in Germany and government officials become countries and cities where there are on a tourist visa, a woman can more corrupt and criminals gain large sex industry centers and where make US $20,000 for a pimp, more influence, the line between prostitution is legal or widely toler- according to German police. An the state and the criminal networks ated. Legalization of prostitution, Eastern European woman can starts to blur, making it difficult pimping, and brothels causes an earn more than that for a pimp to intervene in the succession of increase in trafficking to meet the or trafficker in Japan, where corruption, collaboration, crime, demand created by a legitimized Eastern European women are and profit. sex industry. considered exotic. Trafficking in women brings pros- Most approaches to the problem Le Monde further reported that perity neither to individual women of trafficking have focused on the Oksana Ryniekska, a Ukrainian nor to the communities the women sending countries. In the former doctor, operated a brothel with come from. The money the criminal Soviet Union, prevention education non-English speaking women networks make is laundered through projects are aimed at potential from Eastern Europe in Essex, bank accounts of criminal bosses in victims of trafficking, and non-

National Institute of Justice Journal January 2001 13 governmental organizations have for the Council of Europe, Michele nomenon.” This law is the first that established hotlines for victims or Hirsch stated, “where only forced aims to protect women from vio- women seeking information about prostitution is illegal, inability to lence by holding men accountable the risks of accepting job offers prove constraint has repeatedly led and thereby addressing the demand abroad. to international procurers being for women to be trafficked for acquitted by the courts.”27 prostitution. Less attention is focused on curtail- ing demand. For example, in 1998 In 1949, the U.N. General Assembly Policies and laws in the United a Training Program to Combat Convention for the Suppression States need to change to recognize Trafficking of Women from Ukraine of Traffic in Persons and of the the victimization of women who was held in New Jersey, where hun- Exploitation of the Prostitution of have been trafficked into prostitu- dreds of Ukrainian women have Others stated that “prostitution and tion. In most cases, the women are been trafficked into strip clubs and the accompanying evil of the traffic treated as criminals and/or illegal massage parlors. Twenty representa- in persons for the purpose of prosti- immigrants when in fact they have tives from Ukraine government tution are incompatible with the been the victims of violent crimes ministries, law enforcement, social dignity and worth of the human and are desperately in need of med- services, the media, and nongovern- person and endanger the welfare ical, legal, and social services. There mental organizations attended. An of the individual, the family, and needs to be aggressive intervention INS agent told this audience, “This the community” and that consent against illegal prostitution in the sex is your problem that you are going of the trafficked person is irrelevant industry to curtail the trafficking of to have to solve. It is like drugs -- to the prosecution of the exploiter. women to meet the demand. More you have to get at the root of the Ukraine is a signatory to the research is needed to support a new problem, which is overseas.”25 He Convention (1954), as are the understanding of prostitution and ignored the possibility for action Russian Federation (1954), Belarus the trafficking of women, instead of against the illegal sex industry in the (1956), and Latvia (1992). The relying on old rationales based on United States. Convention was not widely ratified sexist judgments of women’s lives and did not create a monitoring and experiences. Legalized prostitution makes it diffi- body, so there has been no ongoing cult to hold traffickers accountable Trafficking in women for sexual evaluation of its implementation for their activities. Traffickers evade exploitation has become such a large or effectiveness. prosecution by claiming that the and severe crisis, affecting not only women knew what they were getting The Convention is under attack by women’s well-being but also the into, and prosecutors generally have those who favor legalized prostitu- security of nations, that strong a hard time establishing the line tion and “consensual trafficking.” interventions are needed at all levels between voluntary and forced The trend toward legalization of and points in the trafficking process. prostitution. When prostitution is the sex industry and definitions This modern slave trade benefits legal, the prosecution’s case depends of trafficking that require proof only criminals. upon proving that the woman did of coercion or force will make NCJ 186186 not consent. Considering women’s conviction of traffickers even more vulnerability in these slavelike difficult and will benefit transna- Notes circumstances and the fact that tional criminal networks. 1. This definition of trafficking was some women do initially consent Another approach to ending modified slightly from that put to travel or even to work as a prosti- trafficking is to intervene in the forth by the Coalition Against tute, such cases are much more demand. In 1998, Sweden passed Trafficking in Women, an inter- difficult to prove. a law that created a new offense: national nongovernmental According to Michael Platzer, “gross violation of a woman’s organization. head of operations for the United integrity.” Prostitution was included 2. Visit the Secretary of State’s Nations’ Center for International as a type of violence against women. Web site at http://secretary.state. Crime Prevention, “The laws help The “purchase of sexual services” gov/www/picw/trafficking/index. the gangsters. Prostitution is semi- is prohibited and is punishable by html for more trafficking legal in many places, and that makes fines and/or imprisonment up to information. enforcement tricky. In most cases 6 months. The government was punishment is very light.”26 In the clear that this new offense marked 3. Paringaux, Roland-Pierre, “Pros- Plan of Action Against Traffic in Sweden’s attitude toward prostitu- titution Takes a Turn for the Women and Forced Prostitution tion as an “undesirable social phe- West,” Le Monde, May 24, 1998.

The “Natasha” Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking 14 4. Bird, Chris, “100,000 Ukrainians Slaves of West’s Sex Industry,” For More Information Reuters, July 6, 1998. Todd S. Fogelsong and Peter H. Solomon, “Crime, Criminal Justice and Criminology in 5. Escaler, Narcisa, “Statement at Post-Soviet Ukraine” (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, forthcoming spring the United States–European 2001). Union Transatlantic Seminar to Prevent Trafficking in Women,” Donna M. Hughes and Claire M. Roche, eds., Making the Harm Visible: Global Sexual Lviv, Ukraine, July 9–10, 1998. Exploitation of Women and Girls, Speaking Out and Providing Services (Kingston, Rhode Island: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 1999). 6. “Ukrainian Police Arrest Sex Trade Gang,” Newsline 3(54), International Organization for Migration, Information Campaign Against Trafficking in Part II (Prague, Czech Republic: Women From Ukraine—Research Report (Geneva, Switzerland: International Radio Free Europe/Radio Organization for Migration, July 1998). Liberty, March 18, 1999). Regional Security Office, Kateryna Levchenko, Combat of Trafficking in Women and Forced Prostitution: Ukraine, Country Report (Vienna: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, September 1999). U.S. Embassy, Kyiv, Ukraine, Crime Digest, March 1999, MiraMed Institute, “Who Is Trafficking CIS Women?” Preliminary Survey Report on http://www.usemb.kiev.ua/rso/ Sexual Trafficking in the CIS. (Moscow MiraMed Institute, June 1999). CrimeDigest9903.html. Visit the Trafficking in Women From Ukraine Research Project, part of the US–Ukraine 7. Regional Security Office, U.S. Research Partnership, Web site at http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine. Embassy, Kyiv, Ukraine, Crime Digest, January 1999, http://www.usemb.kiev.ua/rso/ CrimeDigest9901.html. and help the victims of traffick- 22. Amir, Menachem, “Organized ing. Crime in Israel,” in Organized 8. “Ukrainian Teacher Held Over Crime -—Uncertainties and 17. The Global Survival Network Sex Ring Allegations,” Reuters, Dilemmas, eds. Stanley Einstein was an organization focused September 24, 1999. and Menachem Amir (Chicago: on illegal trafficking of both Office of International Criminal 9. International Organization humans and other animals. In Justice, 1999): 231–248. for Migration, Information December 1999, the Network’s Campaign Against Trafficking in directive was altered to include 23. “Les Nouvelles Mafias d’Europe Women from Ukraine -—Research only wildlife conservation issues de l’Est,” Marianne en ligne, Report (Geneva, Switzerland: and its name was changed to December 5, 1997. Accessed at International Organization for WildAid. Although the group’s http://www.marianne-en-ligne. Migration, July 1998). emphasis has changed, informa- fr/12-05-97/dessus-b.htm. tion dealing with human traf- 10. Hyde, Lily, and Marina 24. Koshiw, Jaroslav, “A Native Son ficking still is available from Denisenko, “Modern-Day and the Bank of New York WildAid. Contact the organiza- Slavery Traps Local Women,” Scandal,” Kyiv Post, August 26, tion at http://www.WildAid.org Kyiv Post, October 9, 1997. 1999. or call 415–834–3174. 11. Escaler, Statement. 25. Personal notes from Training 18. Hyde and Denisenko, “Modern- Program to Combat Trafficking 12. Specter, Michael, “Traffickers’ Day Slavery Traps Local of Women From Ukraine, July New Cargo: Naive Slavic Women.” Women,” New York Times, 1998. 19. Paringaux, “Prostitution Takes January 11, 1998. 26. Specter, “Traffickers’ New Cargo: a Turn for the West.” 13. Ibid. Naive Slavic Women.” 20. Hyde, Lily, “Women’s Groups 27. Hirsch, Michele, Plan of Action 14. Ibid. Battle Sex Slavery,” Kyiv Post, Against Traffic in Women and January 23, 1998. 15. Ibid. Forced Prostitution (Strasbourg: 16. La Strada is a nongovernmental 21. Global Survival Network, Crime Council of Europe, 1996). organization in Ukraine working and Servitude (Washington, DC: to prevent trafficking in women Global Survival Network, 1998).

National Institute of Justice Journal January 2001 15