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A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details The Everyday Practice and Performance of European Politics: An Ethnography of the European Parliament. Amy Busby Candidate Number: 58390 Registration Number: 20913681 Supervisors: Prof Paul Taggart & Dr Jon Mitchell Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary European Studies University of Sussex August 2013 Statement: I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: 2 Acknowledgements: In this thesis, an understanding of ethnographers as bricoleurs is presented. The researcher is understood as a jack-of-all-trades and research as an interactive process shaped by the setting and participants at that moment. Much of this can also be said of the doctoral process and experience. This thesis has been shaped by the people and places I have encountered during my journey which could not have been completed without the support, faith, and goodwill of those I would like to thank here. This research has also been supported materially by a generous Economic and Social Research Council 1+3 award (grant number ES/I/900934/1) for which I am grateful. My first and foremost thanks go to my supervisors Prof Paul Taggart and Dr Jon Mitchell, and also Prof Tim Bale for most of the journey. Their guidance has kept me on track and I am grateful to them for taking a risk on me and with this inter-disciplinary project and hope they have enjoyed the experience even part as much as I have. Thanks to Paul for always asking ‘so what’ and to Jon for his fieldwork advice and patience. My thanks also go to everyone at the Sussex European Institute who has helped to create this open and stimulating research community over the years. Thanks to Drs’ Lucia Quaglia, Simona Guerra, and Nat Copsey for their early encouragement and to those who gave me feedback during my Research Outline presentation and later during my Research in Progress seminar, particularly Dr Dan Hough. Special thanks here must go to Dr Dan Keith, an SEI institution, who has been a constant source of encouragement from thinking through my research design to thrashing out my conclusions on the sunny steps at Sussex. Special thanks also to Serena Verdenicci for all her assistance and enthusiasm. Thanks to all the colleagues and friends I have shared offices and discussions with in Arts C and Friston and who have been and are the heartbeat of the SEI; Dr Dan Keith, Dr Emma Sanderson- Nash, Dr John Fitzgibbon, Dr Stijn van Kessel, Dr Stefano Braghiroli, Dr Ezel Tabur, Dr Lee Savage, Monika Bil, Ruth Johnson, Marko Stojic, Peter Simmons, Elefterios Zenerian, Satoko Horii and later Roxana Mihaila, Rebecca Partos, and Gentian Elezi. I have also had the pleasure to work on the SEI’s newsletter, euroscope, with Prof Aleks Szczerbiak, Dr Kim Brayson and Anne Wesemann. I would also like to thank the department and university co-ordinators, Amanda Sims, Julie Carr, and Lindsey Allen-Cavell for their patience with me and my forms and especially Maggie Pryer for all her extremely efficient assistance. 3 A second group of thanks go to the people who have kindly commented on my work. This first and foremost goes to Drs’ Ariadna Ripoll Servent, Maja Kluger Rasmussen, and Alex MacKenzie who have all read this entire thesis in various guises over the last four years. Thanks to Ariadna with whom I developed the European Parliament Qualitative Research Network (EPQRN) and shared many interesting conversations with about research and academia in Brighton and beyond. Thanks to Maja with whom I shared fieldwork experiences in Brussels and many drinks huddled over draft chapters in cafes and bars in London. And thanks to Alex for proofing the final draft and for your relentless enthusiasm. Particular thanks also to Dr Ann-Christina Lauring Knudsen for her encouragement, fieldwork advice, and for reading early versions of my work, and to Prof Nils Ringe for his helpful feedback on a conference paper based on Chapter 7. Thanks also to Prof Dr Didier Georgakakis for his encouragement on the use of the Brussels Bubble metaphor and transnational field concept. Special thanks also to Prof Allaine Cerwonka, Dr Xymena Kurowska, and Lise Philipsen for their comments on my methodological reflections at a workshop in Copenhagen in April 2011 which helped me think about my positionality. Thanks to Prof Susan Wright and Vita Peacock for their comments on a paper based on Chapters 5 and 7 which was presented at an Anthropology workshop at UCL in July 2012. Parts of this thesis have been published in peer-reviewed journals and I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their feedback which often drove forward my ideas. The methodology (Chapter 2) was reviewed for the SEI Working Papers; Busby, A. (2011) ‘You’re not going to write about that are you?: what methodological issues arise when doing ethnography in an elite political setting’, SEI Working Paper 125. Chapter 5 was reviewed for JCER and I would particularly like to thank Dr Maxine David for her help with the article; Busby, A. (2013) ‘Normal parliament: exploring the organisation of everyday political life in an MEP’s office’ in Journal of Contemporary European Research 9 (1) pp 94-115. Ideas from Chapters 4 and 8 were combined for an article in PEPS and I would like to thank the special issue editors Cristian Nitoiu and Nikola Tomic for their comments and also Anne Bostanci; Busby, A. (2013) ‘Bursting the Brussels Bubble: using ethnography to explore the European Parliament as a transnational political field’ in Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14 (2) pp 203-222. Ideas in Chapter 6 were reviewed for our special issue of EIoP, and I would like to thank Dr Kheira Belkacem with whom I co- wrote this article for many fruitful discussions about the role of the MEP assistants; Busby, 4 A. and Belkacem, K. (2013) ‘Coping with the information overload: An exploration of assistants' backstage role in the everyday practice of European Parliament politics’ in Ripoll Servent, A. and Busby, A. (eds) ‘Agency and influence inside the EU institutions’ in European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Special Issue 1, Vol. 17, Article 4, pp1-28. The development of this thesis and its narrative has also been guided by discussions with and feedback from many conference and workshop participants and I would like to thank just some of them here. This includes particularly EP practitioners Francis Jacobs and Michael Shackleton who have been involved in a number of EPQRN-organised panels at the last three UACES annual conferences and given me insightful comments on my papers. Thanks also to Dr Bjørn Høyland, Dr Anne Rasmussen, Dr Christine Neuhold, Dr Nathalie Brack, Ana-Iuliana Postu, Dr Tomas Maltby, Simon Orth, Mattias Dobbels, Deborah Werner, Lena Sucker, Mark Field, Chris Huggins, Ollie Quinton, and Kathryn Simpson for your comments and encouragement along the way on the conference circuit. My third group of thanks and gratitude go to my informants and interviewees who gave up their valuable time to take part in this research project. This of course first and foremost goes to the MEP with whom I interned in 2010. Without his willingness to take the risk of giving me access, this research could not have been conducted. I thank him for his interest and the privilege of working with him for 7 months, and hope he did not feel too much like my ‘lab-rat’ too often! I would also like to thank the two assistants I worked alongside. The first for her invaluable advice about the role and extremely insightful interview, and the second for all her help organising interviews and managing my dual intern-researcher identity – I hope I was not ‘a little blonde streak’ running off with a recorder too often! Thanks particularly to all the assistants who accepted my dual role, gave me many insights, and made me feel at home in Brussels. Thanks also to the two EP officials who took part in lengthy interviews and met with me many times to help me understand the EP – you know who you are and thank you very much for your invaluable help. Thanks to all of my interviewees – MEPs, assistants, and officials – some of whom gave up lots of time to talk to me about their experiences of life inside this fascinating institution, and thanks also to the assistants and interns who took part in the survey. Thanks finally to my fantastic flatmates who made my time in the Brussels Bubble a lot of fun; Rose, Jennifer, and Jonas, as well as my landlady Joëlle who made it all so easy. 5 I would also like to thank my colleagues and friends at the Department for Communities and Local Government in London with whom I worked during my final year and from whom I learnt much about social research as well as civil service life.