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Evidence for Policy and Practice

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Evidence for Policy and Practice WHAT WORKS: CRIME REDUCTION SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SERIES NO. 7: POLICE PRE-ARREST DIVERSION OF PEOPLE WITH MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE IMPACTS ON CRIME AND MENTAL HEALTH Authors: Karen Schucan Bird, Carol Vigurs, and Katie Quy With Ian Shemilt contributing the Economics section. EPPI Centre, UCL Department of Social Science, University College London, UK Corresponding author: Karen Schucan Bird EPPI Centre Social Science Research Unit (SSRU) UCL Institute of Education 18 Woburn Square London WC1H 0NR Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)20 7612 6465 Fax: +44 (0)20 7612 6400 COPYRIGHT This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. In addition there should be an indication if any changes were made to the original text and there should be no suggestion that the authors or any of their collaborators endorses you or your use. This research was carried out by the EPPI Centre, Social Science Research Unit at the UCL Institute of Education. The research was co-funded by the College of Policing and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC); Grant title: 'University Consortium for Evidence-Based Crime Reduction'. Grant Ref: ES/L007223/1. Contents BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 7 Policing and mental health ........................................................................................... 7 Models of police pre-arrest diversion ................................................................................................. 8 Research background .................................................................................................... 9 Conceptualizing the effectiveness of police pre-arrest diversion strategies ...................................... 10 The economic case for pre-arrest diversion ...................................................................................... 12 Aims and approach ..................................................................................................... 13 Scope and definitional issues ............................................................................................................ 14 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 15 Stakeholder/ user involvement in the review ............................................................. 15 Identifying and selecting studies ................................................................................ 15 Defining relevant studies: Inclusion and exclusion criteria .............................................................. 15 Search strategy and screening ........................................................................................................... 17 Describing and assessing the quality of the primary studies for the in-depth review 17 Describing the primary studies ......................................................................................................... 17 Assessing the quality of the studies .................................................................................................. 17 Synthesis of evidence: effects .................................................................................... 20 Selecting outcome data ..................................................................................................................... 20 Calculating effect sizes ..................................................................................................................... 21 Synthesis methods ............................................................................................................................. 22 Synthesis of evidence: mechanisms, moderators and implementation ...................... 22 Synthesis of evidence: economic commentary ........................................................... 23 Quality assurance processes ....................................................................................... 24 RESULTS .................................................................................................... 25 Descriptive overview of included studies ................................................................... 25 Police pre-arrest diversion interventions ........................................................................................... 28 Methodological characteristics of included studies .......................................................................... 32 Study participant characteristics ....................................................................................................... 34 Effects: The impacts of police pre-arrest diversion on crime and mental health ....... 36 Evidence summary ............................................................................................................................ 36 Crime: Arrest .................................................................................................................................... 38 Mental health .................................................................................................................................... 39 Mental health: Service Utilization .................................................................................................... 40 Mechanisms: explanations for how police pre-arrest diversion reduces crime and improves mental health ............................................................................................... 44 Enabling police ................................................................................................................................. 44 Monitoring of compliance ................................................................................................................. 45 Enabling people with mental health issues ....................................................................................... 45 Early interception .............................................................................................................................. 46 Moderators: the population groups for which police pre-arrest diversion is most effective ...................................................................................................................... 47 Characteristics of the intervention providers .................................................................................... 47 Characteristics of people with mental health issues .......................................................................... 47 Implementation: barriers and facilitators to the implementation of police pre-arrest diversion ..................................................................................................................... 49 Multi-agency collaboration in the delivery of the intervention ......................................................... 49 Promoting police awareness and acceptance of pre-arrest diversion ................................................ 49 Making referral easy for police officers ............................................................................................ 50 Supporting take up of treatment and services ................................................................................... 50 Economics: The impacts of police pre-arrest diversion ............................................. 51 Overview of identified economic evidence ....................................................................................... 51 Summary of evidence from full economic evaluations and cost analyses ........................................ 51 Summary of findings of identified economic evaluations................................................................. 53 Summary of cost information found in other studies ........................................................................ 54 Discussion ................................................................................................... 56 Understanding police pre-arrest diversion interventions: summary of main EMMIE findings ....................................................................................................................... 56 Limitations of the evidence base ................................................................................ 59 Strengths and limitations of the review ....................................................... 60 Strengths ..................................................................................................................... 60 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 61 References ................................................................................................... 63 Appendices .................................................................................................. 70 Appendix 1: Stakeholder/ users consulted ................................................................. 70 Appendix 2: Search terms for electronic databases .................................................... 71 Appendix 3: Data Extraction Tool.............................................................................. 72 Appendix 4: Quality Appraisal Tool- Internal Validity ............................................. 91 Appendix 5: SAMSHA reports used in
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