January 2018 a of rkings wo the type in men Wo machine Illuminating 11 6 : Page molecular Page in ce es? y tur of sen tal struc face today’s re ne the eI Africa Britain do sto nd to gp nc age ea se au modern dam sa lin sc is tt and chitectur act What aharan Ar imp 10 5 ic mining -S unse llist Rena Page coal: Page ba sub An the at en e? in far ude: hildr cus oc class incl fo wd he ue ft in Ho ss ’o rds si e8 tom thi Awa Pag ‘bot Director’s note Scheme news Funding ambition Imminent deadlines

Allapplicationsclose at 4pm, unless otherwisestated. ThefinalBoard Meetingof2017saw theTrustees distribute abumpercropofawardsfor Leverhulme 1February 2018 DoctoralScholarships, Visiting Professorships,Major Emeritus Fellowships Research Fellowships, Research ProjectGrantsand Philip Forseniorresearchers whohave retiredfromanacademic Leverhulme Prizes –some£37 millionintotal –tosupport post whowishtocomplete aresearchproject andprepare ambitious discovery research in UK universities.Alistofthe theresultsfor publication: research expenses of up to successful proposalsisincludedinthisNewsletter. £22,000 over up to twoyears. This year,for thefirsttimesince theschemewas launched in theyear2000, thethirty Philip Leverhulme Prize 1March 2018 Winners–togetherwithguests, university representatives, EarlyCareerFellowships andmanyofthe Trust’sfriends andsupporters–will gather Forearly career researcherswithatrack record of research foracelebratory Gala Dinner andPrize-givinginthe splendid whowishtoundertakeasignificant pieceofpublishable surroundings of theDrapers’Company Livery Hall in the work,but whohave notyet held apermanent academic City of . The prizes recognisethe achievements of position: 50 percentmatch-fundingfor thesalarycosts of outstandingresearchers workinginthe UK,eachwinner athree-yearacademicresearchposition(contribution of up receiving£100,000tospend as they choose, in supportof to £25,000pa, balancetobepaidbyhostinstitution), plus theirscholarly activities.The prizes areawonderful wayof £6,000 perannum towardsresearchexpenses. remindingourselves of thedepth of talent –fromall countries –thatistobefound in Britishuniversities. We aredelighted Successful applicantsfor both theseawardswillbe that theawardsthisyearwillbepresented by Professor Sir announcedinMay 2018. VenkiRamakrishnan, Presidentofthe Royal Society. Stillonthe subjectofspecialoccasions,Professor 21 March 2018 SirPaulNurse,Nobel Prizewinner andDirectorofthe Detailedapplicationsfor Research ProjectGrants FrancisCrick Institute,delivered thethird Leverhulme Up to £500,000 over fiveyears forresearchonaprojectof Annual LectureinNovemberlastyearatthe Institution of theapplicant’s choice,tocover salary andresearch costs Engineeringand Technology in London. SirPaul’stopic was directlyassociatedwiththe project. Please note that an outline “Research andthe Public Good”. If youmissed hislecture applicationmustbesubmitted andapprovedinthe first instance. thefulltextisavailableonthe Trust’swebsite.Nextyear’s lecturewillbegiven by MmeChristine Lagarde, Managing Successful applicantswillbeannouncedinJuly2018. Director of theInternational Monetary Fund,who will (coincidentally) be speaking in thefinalfew monthsbefore theUK’sscheduled exit from theEuropeanUnion. If she Other rounds currently open chooses to address this topic, it will be interestingtohear what shehas to say, sincemanyinthe sectorthinkthat Philip Leverhulme Prizes Brexit will have damaging effects on theUK’shard-won Up to thirty awards of £100,000 to recognisethe achievement reputationasone of thebestcountries in theworld in which of outstandingresearchers whoseworkhas alreadyattracted to conductacademicresearch across thewhole range of the internationalrecognition andwhose futurecareeris sciences, socialsciencesand humanities. exceptionallypromising.The 2018 competitionoffers Prizes Finally, theBoard is pleased to announcethatthe in Classics, EarthSciences, Physics, Politics andInternational Trustwillbeextendingits supportfor theBritish Academy/ Relations, Psychology,and Visual andPerformingArts. Leverhulme TrustSmall Grants Schemefor afurther five Closing date: 17 May years, with an awardof£2.5million. These grants recognise theimportanceofsmaller awards (upto£10,000)for many Research Project Grants researchersworking in thehumanitiesand thesocial Outlinebidsare welcome at anytime. sciences. They allowthe Academy to attractsignificant matchingfunds andhave,over theyears,providedthe first Visiting Professorships step into research whichhas gone on to shapeacademic AwardedtoUKinstitutionsthatwishtoinviteaneminent careersand wholefields of study. Workinginpartnership researcher from overseasfor an extended stay in theUKto in this wayhelps theTrust to fulfill itsambitiontoprovide enhancethe knowledgeand skillsofacademicstafforthe acomprehensive suiteoffundingopportunities fortalented studentbodywithin thehostinstitution. researchersworking in theUK. Closing date: 10 May

Professor Gordon Marshall Forfulldetails andtoapply,see leverhulme.ac.uk/funding

2 January 2018 Adventures withthe Buddha

Dr Naomi Appleton, University of Edinburgh Philip LeverhulmePrize

Jatakas –stories of theBuddha’spast My overallresearchinterestisthe role of storiesinthe construction, communicationand challenge of religious lives–aremanyand varied.Naomi ideas, with afocus on earlyIndia.Ihave aparticularinterest Appleton is creating an online database in multi-lifestories,includingstories of theBuddha’s past lives (jatakas),which form an importantliterarygenre bringing together both text andvisual throughoutthe Buddhist world;theypurport to illustrate versions,beforeexaminingthe stories themanyadventuresofthe Buddha-to-be when he wasborn amongstanimals,humansand gods,aswellasoutlininghis in abroader Indian context progress towardsBuddhahood over multiple lifetimes. Ihave also worked on thewaysinwhich narrative characters,motifsand themes reveal thesharedhistorical contextofJain, Buddhist andHindu traditions.Mynext projectwillcombine thesetwo research interestsand examine jataka storiesintheir broaderIndian–including non-Buddhist–context. My aimisto explorethe different ways in whichstories of theBuddha’s past liveswere understood andused across differentIndianBuddhist schoolsand contexts,aswell as theextenttowhich they are shared with non-Buddhist narrativetraditions,uptoaround thefifthcentury CE.

Photograph Jataka literature is difficult to navigate because of its scaleand complexity.The largesttextual collection contains around 550 stories, whilethe many other jataka textsboth

courtesy increase thetotal number of storiesand repeat storiesin multiple versions;versions of some storiesare also found in non-Buddhist texts. Artistic depictions at Buddhist sites

of from thefirstcentury BCEtothe presentday addtothe

James challengesofinterpretingthe genre, whiletextual scholars andart historians operateinlargely separate fieldswithout

M. many opportunitiestoshare theirexpertise.

Hegarty Forthese reasons, research into thesefascinating narratives wouldbegreatly enhanced by thecreationof an online database of jatakas in texts andart.Avarietyof search andbrowse functions, comprehensive bibliographic information, andlinks to artistic depictions andtextual and epigraphic translations,willmakethe resource invaluable notonlyfor my ownresearch,but also forother scholars of Asianreligion, includingart historians,withwhomIwill collaborateonthisproject.The online database will also be ausefuleducationalresource,within andoutsidethe Buddhist world,and Ihopetouse it in my ownteachingas well as in work Iamdoing with localschoolteachers.

The jataka of the monkey king, in which the Buddha-to-be, born as amonkey, saves his troop by making abridge to safety out of his ownbody.Sanchistupa complex, Madhya Pradesh, c. 1st centuryBCE

leverhulme.ac.uk 3 Something in theway we move

Dr Karl Bates, University of Liverpool Research Project Grant

Karl Bates andteamare clarifying thelink betweenfootbones, footprintmorphology andlocomotion to help understand how we evolvedtowalkon twofeet istockphoto.com Eraxion, Photo:

Upright bipedalism: adefining moment in human evolution

Thetransitiontowalking on twofeetrepresentsadefining much moredetailedunderstandingofhow morphology links episodeinhuman evolution. To understand how, when to function in modern humans is necessary to understand andwhy uprightbipedalismevolved,palaeontologistsand locomotion in hominid fossils, andsubsequently how, when anthropologistshave long relied on theshape of fossil foot andwhy upright bipedalism first evolved. bonesand footprints to diagnose thestyle of locomotion Our primary goal is to investigatehow the different used by ourancestors.Modernhuman foot anatomyand useofthe mid-foot (stifforflexible)interacts with bone function areconsidered thehallmarks of ourupright andfootprint shape. We aimtoexplain howorwhy some bipedalism: we possess stabilised longitudinal arches in individualsvarythe motionoftheir feet so dramatically step themid-foottoimpartthe necessary stiffness to help to step.Weargue that understandinghow this functional generate theforcesrequiredtostridebipedallyoverthe variationcorrelates with morphologyinmodernhumans ground.Thiscontrasts with tree-dwelling non-human will providefundamental insights into howthe lowerlimb apes like chimpanzeesthathave long toes andahighly functionsasamechanical structure. In turn, this new mobile mid-foot to providethe necessary flexibility for mechanisticunderstandingofhow morphologyworks will grasping andclimbing. Thus,for example, broadlyhuman- enable themostrobust interpretation of fossil bonesand shaped metatarsal boneswould be seenasindicatinga footprints to date. stabilised mid-foot arch andsoconstituteevidencethata To achievethiswewillintegrate multiple-imaging humanancestorwalkedefficientlyontwo feet.The same techniques,gaitanalysisand computationalmodelling to conclusionwould be drawnfromabroadlyhuman-shaped establishcause–effectrelationships betweenanatomy and fossil footprint. motion, andprovide measures of mechanical performance. However, recent biomechanicalresearchsuggests Ourcomputersimulations,digitally modifying both that thelinkbetween foot bones, footprintmorphology, anatomyand behaviourtomimic changes seeninfossils, andlocomotionmay notbesostraightforward.There are, will allowustoreplaythe keyanatomicaltransformations it seems,highlevelsofvariation betweenmodernhumans, seenduringthe evolutionofhuman locomotion. This will andevenwithin oneindividual: some of us useavery stiff providemeasuresofmechanicalperformance andhelpus (i.e.stereotypically human) mid-foot in some steps, buta understand theselective pressuresdriving evolutionary very flexible(i.e. stereotypically non-human ape) mid-foot in changes in locomotion over thepastsix million years. othersteps –and howthese differentmotions arereflected in theshape of footprints is unclear. This indicates that a

4 January 2018 Architectureand theface of coal: mining and modernBritain

Dr GaryA.Boyd Queen’s University Belfast Major Research Fellowship

Thebuildingsofthe coal mines once defined theUK landscape. Gary Boyd aims to exploretheir contribution to twentieth-century Scotland Britain Environment istoric ©H Photo:

Bilston Glen Colliery. Drawing of new model collierybyNCB Scottish Region architect, Egon Riss

In TheRoad to WiganPier,his exposé of workingclass life responses from both within andoutsidethe industry.These in 1930s, depression-stricken northern England,George beganwithpublicand privateenquiries,commissions and Orwell described theimmeasurableimpactofthe coal ultimately acts of legislationthatsoughttoimprove aspects of industry on contemporary existencebothwithin andbeyond miners’ workingand social lives. In time theseobservations thecoalfields. foundthemselvestranslatedintospatial andenvironmental interventionswhich,especiallyinthe twentiethcentury, “Our civilisation ... is foundedoncoal, more completely realised conspicuouslyenlightened andhumanepiecesof than onerealisesuntil onestops to think aboutit. The architecture andapproachestourban form. machines that keep us alive, andthe machines that make Engagingwithextensive visual andtextual material themachines, areall directly or indirectly dependent upon containedinvarious archives across theUK, my research coal.Inthe metabolism of theWestern worldthe coal miner aims to reveal thecontributionofthe architectureof is second only in importance to theman whoploughs thesoil. coal to twentieth-centuryBritain.Straddlingthe period He is asortofgrimy caryatid upon whose shouldersnearly before andafter nationalisationand untilthe construction everything that is notgrimy is supported.” of thelast‘superpit’atAsfordbyin1993, it critically recordsand analyses theoncepervasive butnow largely Orwell’s characterisation of theminer as a“grimy vanished infrastructure of adepartedindustry:educational caryatid”isbothpoeticand apt. Butthe twentiethcentury’s buildings,pithead baths, holidaycamps,hospitals, debt to thecoalindustry andits workersismorecomplex swimmingpools,convalescent homes, housingschemes than thejuxtaposition of messyconditions of production and andother formsofurban settlement,model collieriesand thedistant enjoymentofits products andeffects. Whilethe ‘superpits’. Of particular interestare therelationships deleteriousenvironmental impact of burningcoaland other betweenthe aesthetics andorganisationofthese iconic fossil fuelsisnow widely accepted,historicallythere is another andparadigmaticarchitecturalforms andtypes of spatial sidetocoal, both socially progressiveand hugely under- organisation –built expressly forminersand realised acknowledged.Thisconcernsanother form of environmental throughasocial andsocialistredistributionofwealth–and impact,which begins within theimmediate contextofthe thedevelopment of similarinterventionsinthe creation, coalfieldsbut whoseinfluenceextends farwider. nationwide,ofamodern welfarestate. From thenineteenthcentury onwards, thedangerous conditions surroundingcoalminingprecipitated aseriesof

leverhulme.ac.uk 5 Illuminating the workings of amolecular machine

Professor Nigel Burroughs, University of Warwick Research Project Grant

Kinetochoreasamechanical compliant body.(A)Human AB mitotic spindle: duplicated chromosomes (blue) connect to chromosome movements mechanical model bundles of microtubules; grey via kinetochores (greydisks). Spindle poles in orange. (B)Zoom of sister-sister single kinetochoreshowing four axis possible protein components (blue, attached to chromosomes; red, attached growing and hip joint; green, hinge joint; black, chromosome shrinking axis microtubules attachment to microtubules

hip hinge microtubule joint joint attachment to structural network microtubules (mitotic spindle) link to sister kinetochore

MathematicianNigel Burroughsand cell biologist Andrew McAinshare investigatinghow chromosomes move around within ahuman cell

Ourproject aims to understand howatiny (nanoscale) presumablyunderpinthe kinetochore’smechano-sensing molecularmachine–the kinetochore–shifts chromosomes capabilities that feed into ‘intelligent’chromosome around within ahuman cell,and ensuresthatthe two movement.However, it remainsunknown howthe overall daughter cellsreceive acompleteset of chromosomesupon architecture adjustsinresponsetomechanicalforces (inputs) cell division. This is amechanicalprocessaskinetochores andcontrolsofthe functional output of thekinetochore. arebelievedtoworkbygeneratingand respondingtoforces. To solvethismystery we will useacombinationof Thehuman body is builtfromaround50trillion microscopy andmathematics.Byattachingfluorescent individual cellsthatoriginate from divisions of asinglecell. markerstotwo or threekinetochore components at atime Auniversalfeature of thesedivisions is theseparationof we will watchhow thekinetochoresmoveand change shape duplicated chromosomesintothe newdaughtercells;errors during chromosome movement.Mathematicalmethods in this processare linked to humandevelopmental disorders familiar from mobile phone tracking (trilateration)and andcancerprogression. To move chromosomesthe cell uses reverse engineeringcomputational approaches that mapa molecularcablescalledmicrotubulesthatcan grow and 3D structural kinetochoremodel to thetime-series data will shrink;eachchromosome attaches to thesecablesbythe enable us to reconstructthe nanoscopic proteinmovements kinetochore, aprotein super-complexcomprisingsome100 from pairs/triples of fluorescent markersand determinethe different proteincomponentsand measuringsome 300nm conformation dynamics of thekinetochoresuper-complex, across.The kinetochoreisaversatileand ‘intelligent’ howthese conformationsare influenced/drivenbyforces, machinethatcan controleachattachedmicrotubule’s andthe likely inputs into themechano-sensors.Our project growth andshrinkagetogenerate‘pushing’ and‘pulling’ will thus provideasetofrules explaininghow kinetochores forces,somovingthe chromosome around thecell. make intelligentdecisions by sensingmechanicalforces,a Aparts listofthe kinetochorehas beenestablished, cruciallinkbetween microscopicforces andthe generation with some approximatefunctions.Itisalsoknown that of chromosome order. thekinetochore is acompliant structure, undergoing compression, stretchingand internal twists.These changes

6 January 2018 Psychology’s architectural turn

Dr Des Fitzgerald University of Cardiff Philip Leverhulme Prize

DesFitzgeraldiscurious aboutthe implications of contemporary interest in therelationshipbetween ourphysicalenvironment andour mental state 3.0 CC under licensed Mabbett, Andy Photo:

The Barbican Estate, London, combines brutalist concrete with natural elements including alake and an arboretum

In arecent essay, the architect John Paul Eberhard tells astory or architectural ‘turn’ in how we think about neuroscience, about Jonas Salk, the discoverer of the polio vaccine. ¹ psychology and, increasingly,mental health. And not only In 1948, Salk was in Pittsburgh working feverishly to develop among neuroscientists and psychologists. Iaminterested his vaccine, when he became overwhelmed with ‘brain in anetwork, in which, certainly,atone point, teams of overload.’Heatonceleftfor the town of Assisi, where he clinicians and researchers are trying to figure out why there stayed at the basilica of St Francis. And it was there, among is so much mental illness in cities. But at another point, the building’s harmonious arches and frescoes, that Salk there are planners, architects andpolicymakers, wondering made the vital realisation that a‘dead’ virus could be used how to actually design for good mental health. There are in avaccine.Years later, he told this story to the American psychologists and counsellors becoming more and more Institute of Architects. For Salk, the physical surroundings of convinced of the healingpower of nature. And there are hotel Assisi were central to his breakthrough: he suggested quite chains trying to figure out how more ‘natural’ environments seriouslytothe architects that they devote more attention to can improve the emotional experiences of their guests. the links between architecture and the brain. This network coalesces around an important shift in Ilike this story. ButIalso take it as symbolic of psychological, psychiatric and neuroscientific thinking –one amoment when astriking range of organisations and in which our psychological healthseems to be more and more individuals, across awide array of fields, not only began closely caught up with the physicalenvironmentsweinhabit. to explore the linkbetween architecture and the brain, My research, beginning in 2018, is about making sense of this but become much more widely interested in the delicate shift, the institutions and practices holding it together, and its interweaving of psychology andthe environment –inthe idea wider consequences for how we think about, and intervene in, that the psychological and neurobiological aspects of our lives our mental health. are intimately caught up with the physical environments and ¹Eberhard, John Paul (2015) ‘Architectureand Neuroscience: ADouble Helix’, in S. landscapes in whichthose lives take shape. Robinson and J. Pallasmaa (eds.) MindinArchitecture: Neuroscience, Embodiment This idea –which is not new exactly, but is becoming and theFuture of Design.Boston, MA: MIT Press much more expansive–marks acertain kind of environmental

leverhulme.ac.uk 7 How do children at the ‘bottom’ofthe classfare?

Dr EleanoreHargreaves University College London Institute of Education Research Project Grant

EleanoreHargreaves andteam’sfive-year studywillexplore theexperienceof primaryschool children in thelowest ‘ability’groups Hargreaves Jonathan Photo:

Pupils’ learning is affected by the groups they areplaced in

Children arenot oftenaskedtovoice theirtrueopinions yet thecommonly accepted view stillpersists, that ‘ability’ at school,especiallynot aboutschool. In this project, we grouping is both necessaryand normal. explorehow agroup of primaryschoolpupilsdescribe being Some reasonsfor thenegativeeffectsoflow ‘ability’ in a‘bottom’attainmentgroup.Through extensive, regular groups seemtooriginate in unsatisfactory teaching interviews andclassroom observations across fiveyears, conditions.Relatedly,‘bottom’group pupils seemto we learnhow aselection of 24 children respondtobeing experience lowerlevelsofmotivationand aspiration; in thelowest‘ability’ group. We investigateinparticular apoorersense of belonging;and generalfeelingsof whether, andifsohow,effectssnowballacrossfive years. unhappiness/anger. Theyalsomakelessprogress than their Throughconstructingaset of school-lifehistories,weaim to peers accordingtonationaltests.While research up to now investigateand challenge theaccepted‘truths’that: only points to generaltrends, ourproject highlights the a) ‘ability’isafixed, quantifiableand innatepropertyofthe detail of individual pupils’experience. Ouraim is to improve child, and thesophisticationofour knowledgeabout how‘ability’ b) teachingpupils in groupsdefinedbythis‘ability’ is grouping functionsbydrawing on theperspective of pupils beneficialfor theirlearningand personal/socialflourishing. whosevoiceshave been systematically marginalised. ‘Ability’groupingwas advocated by theLabour Ourteamofthree researcherswillobserve and government in thelate1990s andearly 2000sbecause interviewsix Year 3pupils in each of four schoolsover13 students in abilitygroupsapparentlybecame“more terms, culminatinginthe pupils’lasttermofYear7.We engaged in theirown learning”. ¹Asaresult, almost 80 will also monitor theirexperiences in English, maths, art percentofpupilsare now‘ability’-grouped formostorall andPE. Ashortfilm andamonographwillhighlight our subjects.Yet grouping appearstohavethe oppositeeffects findings at theend of thefive years. to thosestatedbygovernment,for pupils in ‘bottom’ groups.Inaddition, theconcept of innate‘ability’ has ¹Departmentfor Educationand Skills (2005) Higher Standards, Better Schools proved morecomplex than it wasthenportrayed andthe forAll: More Choice forParents andPupils.London:HMSO criteria forbeing labelled as ‘low ability’ questionable.And

8 January 2018 An unsettling presence: sub-Saharan Africa in Renaissance

Professor Kate Lowe Queen MaryUniversity of London Major Research Fellowship

Kate Lowe is examiningthe Renaissance Italyand sub-SaharanAfricaare not normallytalkedofinthe same conversation, so it is contribution of sub-SaharanAfrica unsurprising that thereisnopreviousstudy of sub- to Italianhistory andculture in the SaharanAfricainRenaissance Italy: analysingAfrica’s place in theRenaissance hasagreat deal to offer. fifteenthand sixteenthcenturies IaminterestedineverythingAfrican in fifteenth- and sixteenth-centuryItaly.Myproject focusses on howthe arrivalofsub-Saharanobjects,animalsand enslaved people unsettlesand complicatesthe standard narrativeofthe historyand cultureofRenaissance Italy. The encounterwith sub-SaharanAfricaforced Renaissance Italytoconfront ideasofwhatitwas to be human, what it wastobe‘civilised’ andwhatitwas to be different, allofwhich arecentral Renaissance concerns.New andprecise knowledgeofAfrica also unsettlesthe currently accepted view of Renaissance Italybecause it showsthe limitationsofthe classical traditionuponwhich theRenaissance wasfounded. Iamfirstand foremost an archival historian, andanextraordinaryamount of relevantarchival material in Italy, nearly allunknown andunpublished, lies at thecoreofthe project. Butone of theattractions

Photo: of RenaissanceItaly to cultural historians lies in the qualityand abundanceofother typesofsourcematerial.

Miguel Consequently,inadditiontoarchivaldocuments,Ishall be examiningtravelaccounts, proverbs, plays, frescoes,

Hermoso frontispieces, sculpture, maiolica (tin-glazedpottery), cushioncovers, ivoryhorns andsaltcellars,oil paintings, jokes, dictionaries,maps,newsletters,tapestries, classical Cuesta, literature,shortstories andfurniture.Itisintriguing that theperceptions of Africa circulatingatthe time mostly continuedtobetaken from theimagination, or licensed from classical andbiblicalstories,ratherthanmatching what wasalready knownabout sub-SaharanAfricain

under Renaissance Italy. The same is true of representationsof Africans themselves,which only sometimesresembled

CC Africans living in Italyatthe time.

4.0 Whilemosthistories of RenaissanceItaly tend to focusonjustone location, my studywillrange across the Italianpeninsula, comparingVenicewithGenoa,Rome with Palermo. This approach will make it possibleto examinewhatAfricaand Africanness mighthave meant acrossRenaissance Italy. Afurther aspect of theproject is itscontemporary relevance,offering historical contexttocurrent sub- SaharanAfrican migrationtoItaly.

An African in the procession of the Magi, detail from Adoration of the Magi, LorenzoMonaco, c. 1420, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence

leverhulme.ac.uk 9 What damage do today’sballistic impacts cause to stone structures?

Dr Lisa Mol University of West of England Research Project Grant

Lisa Moland team are analysingmilitary-grade impactsand categorising theireffectstohelp conserve heritage sites caught in thecrossfire Blenkinsop Tom Photo:

Scan of AK47 impact stone remnant

The destructionduringconflict of sites that represent effects accordingly. Without aproperunderstanding,we ourcommon humanity hasgiven rise to widespread risk either prematurely replacingheritagematerials or condemnation. Butitisnot just thedamagedone to buildingsthatcould potentiallystill be salvaged,orelse mosques, shrinesand ancientmarkets in Iraq andSyria; overlookingdamagethathas destabilised theinternal similardevastation wroughtinYemen andMalihas gone structureofstone. largelyunreported.While some buildings aretargeted Ourproject addressesthisissue.Aninterdisciplinary deliberately,othersare simply caught in thecrossfire. team of geomorphology,petrology and3Dscanning We stillknowverylittleabout themechanics of expertswilluse high-resolutionmicroscopy,3Dscanning deteriorationassociated with such ballisticimpacts. andstone deteriorationexperiments to analyse military- What happenstothe stone structurewhenabullet hits? gradeimpacts createdunderhighlycontrolledconditions. Howdoes this impact vary betweenstone types? Does the Astep-by-stepuserguide andriskscorecard will be previous deteriorationofasurface (e.g.weathering) play developed to identify thenatureand severity of the aroleinits response?Bullets leavescars on abuilding damage caused so that eventually we cancategorise that spoilits appearance butmay also be thesurface damage accordingto‘beyond repair/stabilise/ok’, based manifestationofalargerfracturenetwork within thestone on lithology(thecharacteristics of therocktype),stone work whichcan threaten asite’slong-term conservation. conditionand nature of impact.Then, anypersons We cansee alarge range of such impact scarsacross presentinthe conflictarea, such as localvolunteers or Europe,leftbyconflictssuchasthe 1916EasterRising peacekeepingforces, will be able to usethe guideand in Irelandand thecivil warthatfollowedthe break-up of scorecardtoquickly andcheaply documentthe damage former Yugoslavia (1991–95). However,while we canstudy caused,and communicatetheir findingstoexperts around theseimpacts to quantify heritagedeterioration caused by theworld,withoutthe need forlabour-intensiveexpert earlier conflict, they give us little insightintothe future of field teams. This triage couldbeused to effectively allocate buildingscaughtinthe crossfire of contemporary conflict. conservation resources andmap areaswhere damage is As artilleryincreases in strength andammunitionis most prevalentand in need of attention. designed to penetrate as faraspossibleintoamaterial, ongoingscientific research must learntounderstand their

10 January 2018 Womenintype

Professor Fiona Ross Research Project Grant

Women’spivotal role in thedevelopment of type design is little known. FionaRossand team aim to change this,withan in-depth studyofwomen in type-drawing offices, 1910–90 onotype ©M

The Type Drawing Office of the Monotype Corporation in the 1920s

Type design playsafundamental role in visual womenintypedesign, as in allied industries,increasingly communication: it is crucialtothe textualrepresentation took over rolestraditionallyheldbymen,which werevital of languages to affordliteraciestoglobalcommunities. to supplyingthe needsofthe printindustry.The Monotype Histories to date have largely overlooked type design’s andLinotypetype-design departments, whichhad importance,and concomitantlythe keycontributors divergent practices, werebothrun or staffed principallyby to thetype-design andmanufacturing processes that womenfromtheir inception. However,the detailsofthese developed in thetwentiethcentury.Womenwereoften women’spositions andactivitieshave beenoverlooked, centraltothisdevelopment,particularlyinBritain within andinparticulartheir precisecontributionstothe type- themajor type-manufacturingcompanies of Monotype design processduringthe rapidlychangingsocialand andLinotype. Ourproject will providethe first socio- technological environments of theperiod. historical accountofwomen’sroleand responsibilities in Ourteamwilldocumentagenciesofchangefor type-drawing studiosfrom1910to1990asexperienced womenworking in thesetype-drawingoffices against within thetwo companies: theMonotype Corporation threeinterconnected contexts:interms of social history; andLinotypeLimited (formerlyLinotype-Paul Ltdand in relation to technologicaldevelopments; andinterms Linotype-HellLtd). of contributionstotypeface design.Using data gathered Apilot studyin2016, whichincludedvisitstoassess primarilythrough interviews,the analysis of historical relevant archives,determined thescope of theproject, records, andthe examinationoftechnicaldrawingsand itsfeasibility andthe appropriatenessofour research typeface proofs,wewilldetermineaccuratehistories of the methodology. Focusing on theMonotype Corporation, development of typeface design andmanufacture. whose type-drawing office wasestablished in 1910,we The findings will transformour understanding were able to confirm theavailabilityofrelevantarchival of women’sactivitiesand status within thedesign- recordsand keypersonnel forinterview.Our preliminary based industries from 1910to1990, making aprofound investigations andinterviewshave alreadyyielded interdisciplinarycontributiontosocialand design valuable undocumented informationabout womenworking historieswhile informingcurrent type-designpractice. in this field andthe significant rolestheyoccupied.We were able to confirm that during thetwentiethcentury

leverhulme.ac.uk 11 Grants awarded between August 2017 and December 2017

Doctoral Scholarships Research Project Grants Dr RandaHerzallah Aston University Institutions receive£1.5m to fund fifteen Controlofbehavioural dynamics PhD students overthree years. £180,078

Science ProfessorPeter WHHolland University of Aberdeen Dr Karl Bates Extrememolecular evolutioninanextreme ProfessorJudithMasthoff University of Liverpool environment: homeobox genesgoneawry Centre fordoctoral traininginsustainable Bonesinmotion:anew integrated £179,630 production of chemicalsand materials experimental–computational approach to understandingthe evolutionofhuman Dr Abusaleh Jabir University of Birmingham locomotion OxfordBrookes University ProfessorRobertMacKenzie £249,045 Monitor: aself-reparablememristivegas Theforestedge: emergent properties and sensorarray contestedspaces Dr Kate Britton £234,992 University of Aberdeen Durham University Integrativeapproaches to late Pleistocene ProfessorKeith Jones ProfessorPhilip Steinberg herbivoreecology,ranging anddiet University of Southampton Interdisciplinaryunderstandingfor a £260,519 Understandingmeiotic drive: howMendel’s changingArctic lawischeated in oocytes Dr JulioCesar BuenodeAndrade £171,337 Imperial College London University of Exeter ProfessorOscar Ces MomentsofL-functionsinfunction fieldsand ProfessorJaneKaye Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarship random matrix theory University of Oxford programmeincellularbionics £282,167 Biomodifying technologies: governing converging research in thelifesciences King’s College London ProfessorNigelBurroughs £340,240 ProfessorWyn Bowen University of Warwick Interrogatingvisionsofapost-Western Mechano-sensing of amolecular machine ProfessorSymaKhalid world:interdisciplinaryand interregional £360,478 University of Southampton perspectives Combining quantum andclassical methodsto Dr VijayChudasama studybacterialmembraneenzymes Lancaster University University College London £126,931 ProfessorRichard Harper Understandinghow themicroenvironmentofa Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarships protein candictate thecourse of bioconjugation Dr Istvan Kiss programmeinmaterial socialfutures £154,274 University of Sussex Bayesian inferenceand approximations of Newcastle University ProfessorIlanDavis high-dimensional networkmodels ProfessorDanielNettle University of Oxford £301,665 Behaviour informaticsand themultimodal Elucidatingthe functionsofmRNAstability studyofbehaviour regulation in synaptic plasticity ProfessorStefanKrause £244,770 University of Birmingham University of Oxford Plasticrivers:fateand transportof ProfessorKaren O’Brien ProfessorJohnDoonan microplastics in rivers Publication beyond print:OxfordUniversity Aberystwyth University £284,974 Leverhulme doctoral centre Thecellularbasis of ecosystemengineering by sphagnum peatmoss ProfessorMarkLeake Queen Mary, £257,956 University of York ProfessorEngin Isin Probing theshape of DNAbytwisting, Mobilepeople: mobilityasaway of life Dr AgapiEmmanouilidou pullingand ‘seeing’ single molecules University College London £245,669 University of Surrey Exotic formsofmatterinmolecules driven by ProfessorJohnjoe McFadden free-electronlasers Dr CrispinLittle Quantum biologydoctoral trainingcentre £180,939 University of Leeds Macroevolution in Boreal OceanJurassic- University of Sussex ProfessorBoris Gaensicke Cretaceous methaneseepcommunities ProfessorJamie Ward University of Warwick £191,157 From sensationand perception to awareness: Evolved planetarysystems: auniquewindow an interdisciplinaryDoctoral Scholarship into thecomposition of otherworlds Dr Emma McCabe programme £159,772 University of Kent Ferroelectricity:new mechanisms and University College London Dr MalteChristian Gather materialsbycombinedexperiment and ProfessorGabriella Vigliocco University of St Andrews theory Leverhulme doctoral trainingprogramme Lighting up thebrain: organicLEDsaslight £96,975 forthe ecological studyofthe brain sourcesfor optogenetics (EcologicalBrain) £328,203 Dr Alistair McCormick University of Edinburgh Dr Duncan Greig Surpassing evolutiontoenhance University CollegeLondon photosynthesisusing algal CO₂superchargers Identification andanalysisofspeciation £349,148 genesinyeast £183,775

12 January 2018 Dr JamesMcCutcheon Dr MishaRudnev ProfessorPatricia Owens University of Leicester University of Sussex Neural andperipheralgenerationofa Geometry,combinatorics andalgebra of Womenand thehistory of international thought specific appetite forprotein sum-products £286,503 £194,257 £176,247 Dr Tamara Rathcke Dr WilliamMcGeown Dr MichailStamatakis University of Kent University of Strathclyde University College London Does language have groove?Sensorimotor An investigation of theneuralbases of From moleculestochemicalreactorsby synchronisation forthe studyoflinguistic hypnosis andsuggestibility boosting kinetic Monte-Carlo rhythm £144,243 £274,554 £203,349

Dr AbbieCMclaughlin ProfessorAlexanderStrohmaier ProfessorLiWei University of Aberdeen University of Leeds University College London Investigation of novelhexagonal perovskite Mathematical analysis of Casimir interactions Earlychildhood bilingualism:effectson oxideion conductors £174,962 brain structureand function £149,398 £305,748 ProfessorMarkVan Rossum ProfessorThomas Mock University of Edinburgh University of East Anglia Energylimited neural plasticity:learning Molecularunderpinnings of adaptive with minimalchanges Social sciences evolution in diatomsofpolar oceans £179,632 £236,623 Dr EleanoreHargreaves Dr CraigWalling University College London Dr Lisa Mol University of Edinburgh Alongitudinalstudy of primarychildren’s University of the West of England Testingthe evolutionary basisofthe journey at the‘bottom’ofthe class Ballisticdamageofstone heritage structures longevityresponsetodietary restriction £258,077 in conflictareas £287,841 £199,745 Dr KeithHyams ProfessorDavid Whitmore University of Warwick Dr Daniel Mulvihill University College London Anthropogenicglobalcatastrophicrisk: the University of Glasgow Canindividualcells in culturetellthe time challenge of governance Fundamentalmechanicalbehaviour of nano of year? £189,985 andmicro structured interfaces £183,372 £281,479 Dr ChrisJones ProfessorSivarameshWigneshweraraj Aston University ProfessorDavid Murphy Imperial College London Taxhavensand emerging market University of Bristol Molecularanalysisofabacterialmetabolic multinational enterprises Howdoesthe one-humped Arabian camel break £121,590 surviveinthe desert withoutdrinking? £199,425 £318,415 ProfessorDuncanMcVicar Dr Gerald Williams Queen’s University Belfast Dr DianneNewbury University of Essex Zero hourscontracts: characteristics, OxfordBrookes University Searching forgemsinthe landscapeof prevalence andimpactsonworkers Speaking backwards–sdrawkcab gnikaepS cyclically presentedgroups £125,276 £232,412 £177,486 ProfessorAnnaMorcom ProfessorKim Plunkett ProfessorSemir Zeki Royal Holloway, University of London University of Oxford University College London Music, moneyand power: an economic Languagemediatedattention in infancy Social influences on aestheticjudgementsand anthropologyofmusic £42,099 theirneuralbasis £299,904 £279,869 ProfessorAlban Potherat ProfessorFiona Ross CoventryUniversity University of Reading Thenon-linearstatesofconvection in the Womenintype: asocialhistory of women’s Earthcore Humanities role in type-drawing offices, 1910–90 £297,852 £161,821 ProfessorGregoryCurrie ProfessorStephen DPrice University of York ProfessorJonathanTonge University College London Learning from fiction:aphilosophical and University of Liverpool Studiesofradical-surface chemistryof psychologicalstudy An evaluation of historical andcontemporary relevancetothe interstellar medium £342,223 debatesonlowering thevotingage £177,961 £119,740 Dr Oliver Harris Dr David Rippin University of Leicester University of York Beyond thethree agesystem: mapping a Archival polarphotography –unearthingthe historyofmaterials, 3000–600CE forgottenrecordofglacierchange £221,898 £316,607

leverhulme.ac.uk 13 Philip Leverhulme Prizes Dr Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb Dr ClareChambers Department of Applied Mathematics and PrizeWinners receive£100,000, to be used for Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge Intact:the politicalphilosophyofthe any purpose that will advance their research. unmodifiedbody ProfessorDominic Vella £197,265 Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford ProfessorGregoryCharlesDart BiologicalSciences Dr HendrikWeber University College London Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick CharlesLamb andromanticism Dr TomBaden £159,766 School of LifeSciences, University of Sussex ProfessorChristopherEyre Dr KatieField Philosophyand Theology University of Liverpool Faculty of Biological Sciences, Peopling ancient Egypt: an ethnographyof University of Leeds Dr NaomiAppleton pharaonicEgypt School of Divinity,University of Edinburgh £130,650 ProfessorNickGraham Lancaster Environment Centre, Dr Joel Cabrita ProfessorJohnFoot Lancaster University Faculty of Divinity,University of Cambridge University of Bristol Bloodand power: ahistory of Italianfascism, Dr KaylaKing Dr John Michael 1915–1945and beyond Department of Zoology,University of Oxford Department of Philosophy,University of Warwick £104,805

Dr Andrea Migliano ProfessorIan Phillips ProfessorAndrewGeorge UCL Anthropology,University College London Department of Philosophy,University of SOAS,University of London Birmingham Thedrunken gods:anewstudy of ancient Mesopotamian mythology Dr BryanWRoberts £187,885 History Department of Philosophy,Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and ProfessorSimon Goldhill Dr Andrew Arsan Political Science University of Cambridge Faculty of History, University of Cambridge Playinggod with time £114,548 Dr Toby Green Department of Historyand Department of Sociologyand Social Policy ProfessorHelen Graham Spanish, Portuguese &Latin American Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London King’s College London Dr David Clifford Franco’s prisons, 1936-1976 Department of Social Statistics and £181,669 Dr David Motadel Demography,University of Southampton Department of International History, London ProfessorJosephineGuy School of Economics and PoliticalScience Dr DesFitzgerald University of Nottingham School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University OscarWilde’s developmentasasuccessful Dr LucieRyzova West Enddramatist Department of History,University of Birmingham Dr SuzanneHall £110,467 Department of Sociology,London School of Dr AliceTaylor Economics and Political Science Dr Mark Jary Department of History, King’s College London Roehampton University Dr AliceMah Nothingissaid: linguisticswithout the Department of Sociology,University of Warwick saying implicatingdistinction £106,220 Law Dr MariadoMar Pereira Department of Sociology,University of Warwick ProfessorJohnAndrewLippitt ProfessorPinar Akman University of Hertfordshire School of Law,University of Leeds Love’s forgiveness £92,235 Dr AnaAliverti School of Law,University of Warwick Major Research Fellowships ProfessorKateLowe Queen Mary, University of London ProfessorFiona de Londras An unsettlingpresence:sub-SaharanAfrica Birmingham ,University of Birmingham in RenaissanceItaly Humanities £120,041 ProfessorRosie Harding Birmingham Law School, University of ProfessorJohnMGBarclay ProfessorTeresaMorgan Birmingham Durham University University of Oxford Reciprocityand co-interestatthe rootsofthe Theinvention of faith: Christianpistis/fides ProfessorJeff King Christiantradition andthe Romanempirec.100–500 UCL Faculty of Laws,University College London £86,669 £161,559

ProfessorEugenio Biagini Dr JamesPalmer University of Cambridge University of St Andrews Mathematicsand Statistics Religiousminoritiesand national identity in Scienceand beliefinthe making of early southern Irelandsince 1912 medieval Europe Dr Anders Hansen £178,036 £165,353 Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge Dr KathrynRudy University of St Andrews Dr OscarRandal-Williams Measuringmedievalusers’ responsesto Department of PureMathematics and manuscripts: newtechnological approaches Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge £174,784

14 January 2018 ProfessorStellaSandford ProfessorClare Holdsworth Dr Vitaly Moroz Kingston University University of Keele Swansea University Sexdivision in naturalhistory Thesociallifeofbusynessinanage of Visiting Professor– £141,484 de-acceleration ProfessorFriedemannBrock £152,657 £73,812 ProfessorAlisonShell University College London ProfessorLindsay Paterson Dr VijayNagarajan Dramaand theBritish counter-reformation: University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh Catholic collegeplays in context Education andsociety in Scotland Visiting Professor–Professor Daniel Sorin £154,990 £139,322 £24,395

ProfessorAlexandra Shepard ProfessorCorey Ross Dr Friederike Otto University of Glasgow University of Birmingham University of Oxford Childcare, family andeconomy in England, Blue revolution:fisheries, developmentand Visiting Professor–DrMaisa Rojas 1660–1815 environmentinthe 20th century £25,280 £149,143 £179,312 ProfessorRosalindRickaby ProfessorRolandSmith Dr Paulinevon Hellermann University of Oxford University of Oxford Goldsmiths, University of London Visiting Professor– TheGreekEastunder Rome:avisualhistory Redgold: aglobalenvironmental ProfessorKatsumi Matsumoto £167,629 anthropologyofpalm oil £70,522 £154,542 ProfessorNicholasVincent Dr FelixSchulze University of East Anglia University College London Adiplomaticedition of theletters and Visiting Professor– charters of King RichardI ProfessorMarielSaez £95,645 Visiting Professorships £20,050

Dr AlexandraWilson OxfordBrookes University Opera wars:culture,accessibilityand Sciences Humanities identity in Britain,1900–2020 £156,204 Dr Afshin Anssari-Benam ProfessorTamar Garb University of Portsmouth University College London Visiting Professor– Visiting Professor–Professor DeborahPosel ProfessorGerhard A. Holzapfel £88,560 Social sciences £39,640 Dr Mark Knight Dr FeliaAllum ProfessorStavroula Balabani LancasterUniversity University of Bath University College London Visiting Professor–Professor ColinJager Women, crime andculture:transnational Visiting Professor– £48,039 organizedcrime as an equalopportunity ProfessorRenatoMachadoCotta industry £73,200 Dr AntonioLázaro-Reboll £171,566 University of Kent ProfessorCharlesBatty Visiting Professor– ProfessorKenneth Armstrong University of Oxford ProfessorSusanadelaSierraMoron University of Cambridge Visiting Professor–Professor Yuri Tomilov £21,139 TheBrexiteffect:convergence, divergence £37,795 andvariation in UK regulatory policy ProfessorSteven Mithen £173,536 Dr Colm Connaughton University of Reading University of Warwick Visiting Professor–Professor Guiyun Jin Dr Gary Boyd Visiting Professor– £80,035 Queen’s University Belfast ProfessorFrancisco Rodrigues Architecture andthe face of coal:miningand £76,472 Dr JairoLugo-Ocando modern Britain University of Leeds £155,569 ProfessorMarc-Olivier Coppens Visiting Professor– University College London ProfessorFedericoSubervi Dr Alex Bremner Visiting Professor– £22,130 University of Edinburgh ProfessorAlexanderNeimark Edwardianbaroque architecture and £39,141 ProfessorGiorgio Riello imperialism in Britain andthe British world University of Warwick £140,033 Dr Ilia Leitch Visiting Professor– KewRoyal Botanic Gardens ProfessorMikiSugiura Nishiyama ProfessorBen Clift Visiting Professor– £48,780 University of Warwick ProfessorJonathanWendel TheOBR andthe politics of UK growth £45,899 amidst Brexit,uncertaintyand austerity £162,755 Dr Steven Longmore Social Sciences Liverpool John Moores University ProfessorSionaidhDouglas-Scott Visiting Professor–Professor JohanKnapen ProfessorSir RichardWBlundell Queen Mary, University of London £18,420 University College London Brexit andBritish constitutional Visiting Professor– unsettlement ProfessorJames Marshall ProfessorFrancoisManiquet £172,987 University of Sheffield £10,550 Visiting Professor–DrAndrewBarron ProfessorSondraHausner £72,016 ProfessorAnnette Jackle University of Oxford University of Essex Renouncing theworld:Hindu politics and Visiting Professor– asceticlifeinindependentIndia ProfessorChristopherR.Bollinger £113,441 £53,711

leverhulme.ac.uk 15 Read theseand moreprofiles of current research,plusfullawardslistings, on ourwebsite: leverhulme.ac.uk

Photo: Professor GregoryCurrie University of York

Heather Research Project Grant Learning from fiction: aphilosophical and Ferguson psychological study

Senso-motoriceye glasses allowobservation of natural eyemovementpatternsduring reading and socialsituations

A. Professor Andrew George H. SOAS University of London Layard, Major Research Fellowship The drunken gods:

(1853) anew study of ancient Mesopotamian mythology The Monuments of Nineveh, pl. 5. Scan: A.

George Bas-reliefwall slabsdepicting aMesopotamian stormgod repellingahostile monster,Nineveh

The Leverhulme Trust 02070429888 To orderadditionalcopiesofthisnewsletter, pleaseemail 1Pemberton Row leverhulme.ac.uk [email protected] London EC4A 3BG @LeverhulmeTrust