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Survey of Selected Phthalates

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Survey of Selected Phthalates Survey of selected phthalates Part of the LOUS-review Environmental Project No. 1541, 2014 1 Survey of selected phthalates 1 Title: Authors and contributors: Survey of selected phthalates Sonja Hagen Mikkelsen Jakob Maag Jesper Kjølholt Carsten Lassen Christian Nyander Jeppesen Anna Juliane Clausen COWI A/S, Denmark Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1 401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: ISBN no. 2014 97 8-87-93026-95-7 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Env ironmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Howev er, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the conten t represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor COWI or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey of selected phthalates Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Conclusion and summary .......................................................................................... 9 Dansk resumé ......................................................................................................... 17 1. Introduction to the substance group ................................................................. 25 1 .1 Definition of the substances ............................................................................ 25 1 .2 Physical and chemical properties ...................................................................... 28 1 .3 Function of the substances for the main application areas...................................... 32 2. Regulatory framework...................................................................................... 35 2.1 Legislation................................................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Existing legislation ............................................................................ 35 2.1.2 Classification and labelling .................................................................. 40 2.1.3 REACH ........................................................................................... 42 2.1.4 Other legislation/initiatives ................................................................. 43 2.2 International agreements................................................................................ 44 2.3 Eco-labels.................................................................................................... 45 2.4 Summary and conclusions .............................................................................. 51 3. Manufacture and uses ...................................................................................... 53 3.1 Manufacturing.............................................................................................. 53 3.1.1 Manufacturing v olumes ...................................................................... 54 3.2 Import and export ......................................................................................... 57 3.2.1 Import and export of selected phthalates in Denmark ............................... 57 3.2.2 Import and export of the selected phthalates in EU................................... 58 3.3 Use ............................................................................................................ 60 3.3.1 Use in the EU ................................................................................... 60 3.3.2 Use in Denmark ................................................................................ 67 3.4 Historical trends in use .................................................................................. 72 3.5 Summary and conclusions .............................................................................. 73 4. Waste management .......................................................................................... 76 4.1 Waste from manufacture and use of selected phthalates ........................................ 76 4.2 Waste products from the use of selected phthalates in mixtures and articles .............. 76 4.3 Release of selected phthalates from waste disposal ............................................... 78 4.4 Summary and conclusions .............................................................................. 79 5. Environmental effects and exposure .................................................................80 5.1 Environmental hazard.................................................................................... 80 5.1 .1 Classification .................................................................................... 80 5.1 .2 Environmental effects ........................................................................ 81 5.2 Environmental fate........................................................................................ 83 5.3 Environmental exposure................................................................................. 84 5.3.1 Sources of releases............................................................................. 84 5.3.2 Monitoring data ................................................................................ 85 5.4 Environmental impact.................................................................................... 87 3 Survey of selected phthalates 3 5.5 Summary and conclusions .............................................................................. 87 6. Human health effects ....................................................................................... 88 6.1 Human health hazard .................................................................................... 88 6.1.1 Classification .................................................................................... 88 6.1.2 DEP................................................................................................ 89 6.1.3 DIPP............................................................................................... 94 6.1.4 DPHP ............................................................................................. 95 6.1.5 DMEP ............................................................................................. 96 6.1.6 DINP and DIDP ................................................................................ 98 6.2 Human exposure..........................................................................................1 01 6.2.1 Direct exposure pathway s ................................................................. 1 02 6.2.2 Indirect exposure pathways ............................................................... 1 02 6.3 Bio-monitoring data .................................................................................... 1 04 6.4 Human health impact .................................................................................. 1 07 6.5 Summary and conclusions ............................................................................ 1 08 7. Information on alternatives.............................................................................110 7 .1 Alternatives to DINP, DIDP and DPHP use in PVC ..............................................1 10 7 .2 General features of plasticisers relevant in substitution efforts...............................1 10 7 .3 Possible plasticiser alternatives to DINP, DIDP and DPHP in PVC.......................... 1 12 7 .4 Alternatives to DEP, DMEP and DIPP .............................................................. 1 19 7 .4.1 Alternative polymers .........................................................................1 25 7 .5 Historical and future trends ...........................................................................1 25 7 .5.1 Summary and conclusions................................................................. 1 26 8. Abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................... 128 References ............................................................................................................ 130 Appendix 1: Background information to chapter 3 on legal framework ........... 137 Appendix 2: Danish proposal on criteria for endocrine disruptors .................. 143 4 Survey of selected phthalates Preface Background and objectives The Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s List of Undesirable Substances (LOUS) is intended as a guide for enterprises. It indicates substances of concern whose use should be reduced or eliminated completely. The first list was published in 1998 and updated versions have been published in 2000, 2004 and 2009. The latest version, LOUS 2009 (Danish EPA, 2011) includes 40 chemical substances
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