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LOUS 2013 Hoering Phthalates

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LOUS 2013 Hoering Phthalates Survey of selected phthalates Part of the LOUS-review Version of Public Hearing October 2013 1 Survey of selected phthalates 1 Title: Authors and contributors : Survey of selected phthalates Sonja Hagen Mikkelsen Jakob Maag Jesper Kjølholt Carsten Lassen Christian Nyander Jeppesen Anna Juliane Clausen COWI A/S, Denmark Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: 2013 ISBN no. [xxxxxx] Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor COWI or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey of selected phthalates Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Conclusion and summary .......................................................................................... 8 Dansk resumé ......................................................................................................... 16 1. Introduction to the substance group ................................................................. 24 1.1 Definition of the substances ................................................................................................ 24 1.2 Physical and chemical properties ........................................................................................ 27 1.3 Function of the substances for the main application areas ................................................. 31 2. Regulatory framework...................................................................................... 34 2.1 Legislation ............................................................................................................................ 34 2.1.1 Existing legislation ................................................................................................ 34 2.1.2 Classification and labelling ................................................................................... 38 2.1.3 REACH .................................................................................................................. 40 2.1.4 Other legislation/initiatives ................................................................................... 41 2.2 International agreements .................................................................................................... 42 2.3 Eco-labels ............................................................................................................................. 43 2.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 49 3. Manufacture and uses ...................................................................................... 51 3.1 Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.1 Manufacturing volumes ........................................................................................ 52 3.2 Import and export .................................................................................................................55 3.2.1 Import and export of selected phthalates in Denmark .........................................55 3.2.2 Import and export of the selected phthalates in EU ............................................ 56 3.3 Use ........................................................................................................................................ 58 3.3.1 Use in the EU......................................................................................................... 58 3.3.2 Use in Denmark .................................................................................................... 65 3.4 Historical trends in use ........................................................................................................ 70 3.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 70 4. Waste management .......................................................................................... 74 4.1 Waste from manufacture and use of selected phthalates ................................................... 74 4.2 Waste products from the use of selected phthalates in mixtures and articles .................. 74 4.3 Release of selected phthalates from waste disposal ........................................................... 76 4.4 Summary and conclusions .................................................................................................... 77 5. Environmental effects and exposure ................................................................. 78 5.1 Environmental hazard ......................................................................................................... 78 5.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 78 5.1.2 Environmental effects ........................................................................................... 79 5.2 Environmental fate ............................................................................................................... 81 5.3 Environmental exposure ..................................................................................................... 82 5.3.1 Sources of releases ................................................................................................ 82 5.3.2 Monitoring data .................................................................................................... 83 5.4 Environmental impact ......................................................................................................... 84 3 Survey of selected phthalates 3 5.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 84 6. Human health effects ....................................................................................... 86 6.1 Human health hazard .......................................................................................................... 86 6.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 86 6.1.2 DEP ........................................................................................................................ 87 6.1.3 DIPP ....................................................................................................................... 92 6.1.4 DPHP ..................................................................................................................... 93 6.1.5 DMEP .................................................................................................................... 94 6.1.6 DINP and DIDP ..................................................................................................... 96 6.2 Human exposure .................................................................................................................. 99 6.2.1 Direct exposure pathways ................................................................................... 100 6.2.2 Indirect exposure pathways ................................................................................ 100 6.3 Bio-monitoring data .......................................................................................................... 102 6.4 Human health impact ......................................................................................................... 105 6.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................. 106 7. Information on alternatives ............................................................................ 108 7.1 Alternatives to DINP, DIDP and DPHP use in PVC ......................................................... 108 7.2 General features of plasticisers relevant in substitution efforts ...................................... 108 7.3 Possible plasticiser alternatives to DINP, DIDP and DPHP in PVC .................................. 111 7.4 Alternatives to DEP, DMEP and DIPP ............................................................................... 117 7.4.1 Alternative polymers ............................................................................................ 124 7.5 Historical and future trends ..............................................................................................
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