DOCSLIB.ORG

ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVES Non-Confidential Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVES Non-Confidential Report ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES non-confidential report Legal name of applicant(s): DEZA, A.S. Submitted by: DEZA, A.S. Substance: BIS (2-ETHYLHEXYL ) PHTHALATE (DEHP) Use title: Formulation of DEHP in compounds, dry-blends and plastisol formulations Industrial use in polymer processing by calendering, spread coating, extrusion, injection moulding to produce PVC articles [except erasers, sex toys, small household items (<10cm) that can be swallowed by children, clothing intended to be worn against the bare skin; also toys, cosmetics and food contact material (restricted under other EU regulation)] Use number: Uses 1 and 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES © DEZA, a.s. 2013 The information in this document is the property of DEZA, a.s. and may not be copied, communicated to a third party, or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied, without the express written consent of DEZA, a.s. While the information is given in good faith based upon the latest information available to DEZA, a.s., no warranty or representation is given concerning such information, which must not be taken as establishing any contractual or other commitment binding upon DEZA, a.s or any of its subsidiary or associated companies. ii ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to this Application for Authorisation .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Identity of the Applicant ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Background to the applied-for uses ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Hazards leading to listing of the substance under Annex XIV of the REACH Regulation ................. 3 1.1.4 Organisation of this AoA .................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Identification and screening of potential alternatives ..................................................................................... 5 1.3 Assessment of suitability and availability of potential alternatives substances .............................................. 6 1.3.1 Overview of approach ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Reduction of overall risks .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.3 Technical and economic feasibility of potential alternative substances .............................................. 16 1.4 Summary of the findings on the suitability of potential alternative substances .............................................. 17 1.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Actions required for making the alternatives suitable and available .............................................................. 17 2 ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANCE FUNCTION.......................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Introduction to plasticised polymers ............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Roles and material flows in the polymers and plastics industries ....................................................... 19 2.2.2 Role of plasticisers .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Role of DEHP in the applied-for uses ................................................................................................. 22 2.2.3.1 Scope of this Analysis of Alternatives .................................................................................. 22 2.2.3.2 Identification of applied-for uses for DEHP .......................................................................... 22 2.3 Technical feasibility considerations from the perspective of the applicant .................................................... 22 2.3.1 Technical characteristics of DEHP manufacture ................................................................................. 22 2.3.2 Parameters of technical feasibility from the applicant’s perspective ................................................... 23 2.3.2.1 Production integration ........................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2.2 Availability of precursors ...................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2.3 Production plant requirements and feasibility of process modification ................................. 26 2.4 Technical considerations in selecting a plasticiser ......................................................................................... 28 2.4.1 Overview of plasticiser types .............................................................................................................. 28 2.4.2 How to select a plasticiser ................................................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 General Purpose plasticisers and commercial success of DEHP ......................................................... 32 2.4.4 Technical feasibility and selection criteria for DEHP and alternatives ............................................... 33 2.4.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.4.2 Approach to information collection ....................................................................................... 33 2.4.4.3 General technical comparison criteria ................................................................................... 34 2.4.4.4 Core Criterion 1: PVC compatibility .................................................................................... 35 2.4.4.5 Core Criterion 2: Processability ........................................................................................... 38 2.4.4.6 Core Criterion 3: Plasticiser efficiency ................................................................................ 38 2.4.4.7 Core Criterion 4: Permanence .............................................................................................. 40 2.4.4.8 Secondary Criterion 1: Low temperature performance ........................................................ 42 2.4.4.9 Secondary Criterion 2: Clarity / Colour ............................................................................... 42 2.4.4.10 Secondary Criterion 3: Elastic recovery ............................................................................... 43 2.4.4.11 Secondary Criterion 4: Odour .............................................................................................. 43 Use number: 1,2 Legal name of applicant: DEZA, a.s. iii ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 2.4.4.12 Secondary Criterion 5: Melting / Freezing point .................................................................. 44 2.4.4.13 Secondary Criterion 6: Sterilisability ................................................................................... 44 2.4.4.14 Secondary Criterion 7: Printability and adhesion properties ................................................ 45 2.4.5 Summary of technical requirements for DEHP as a plasticiser in PVC .............................................. 46 3 IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 48 3.1 Introduction and scope of analysis.................................................................................................................. 48 3.2 Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives .......................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Research and development activities ................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1.1 Activities of the applicant ...................................................................................................... 49 3.2.1.2 Activities of downstream users of DEHP .............................................................................. 49 3.2.2 Data searches for the purposes of this Analysis of Alternatives .......................................................... 50 3.2.3 Consultations ....................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.3.1 Overview of key consultees .................................................................................................. 51 3.2.3.2 Consultation with the applicant ............................................................................................. 52 3.2.3.3 Consultation with downstream users ..................................................................................... 53 3.3 Identification of potential alternative substances
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Survey and Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances in Rugs for Children
    Survey and risk assessment of chemical substances in rugs for children Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 147, 2016 Titel: Forfattere: Survey and risk assessment of chemical substances Helene Bendstrup Klinke, Sie Woldum Tordrup, Thomas Witterseh, in rugs for children Johnny Rodam, Nils H. Nilsson -Danish Technological Institute Poul Bo Larsen - DHI Udgiver: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 København K www.mst.dk År: ISBN nr. 2016 978-87-93435-98-8 Disclaimer: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes reports and papers about research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by the Agency. The contents of this publication do not necessarily represent the official views of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. By publishing this report, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency expresses that the content represents an important contribution to the related discourse on Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey and risk assessment of chemical substances in rugs for children Contents Contents .................................................................................................................... 3 Preface ...................................................................................................................... 6 Summary and Conclusion .......................................................................................... 7 Sammenfatning og konklusion ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of PFAS, Phthalates, Alternative Plasticizers and Organophosphate Esters in Sludge
    No. U 6235 January 2020 Analysis of PFAS, phthalates, alternative plasticizers and organophosphate esters in sludge Commissioned by Naturvårdsverket Georgios Giovanoulis, Jenny Aasa, Jon Benskin, Merle Plassmann, Minh Nguyen, Raed Awad and Robin Vestergren Author: Georgios Giovanoulis, Jenny Aasa, Minh Nguyen, and Robin Vestergren Commissioned by Naturvårdsverket Project Participants: Naturvårdsverket Report number: U 6235 © IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute 2020 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden Phone +46-(0)10-788 65 00 // www.ivl.se This report has been reviewed and approved in accordance with IVL's audited and approved management system. Table of contents Summary ................................................................................................................................ 4 Sammanfattning ..................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6 2 Materials & Methods ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Extraction and analysis of phthalates, alternative plasticizers and organophosphate esters .................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aggregate Exposures to Phthalates in Humans
    Aggregate Exposures to Phthalates in Humans July 2002 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributors Joseph DiGangi, PhD, USA, Ted Schettler MD, MPH, USA Madeleine Cobbing, UK Mark Rossi, MA, USA Reviewers HCWH thanks the following individuals for reviewing an earlier draft of this report. Their comments and sug- gestions were invaluable and substantially improved the manuscript. We are grateful for their contribution. Their review, however, does not constitute endorsement of the report or its conclusions. Two additional reviewers chose to remain anonymous. Earl Gray PhD Michael McCally MD, PhD The contributing authors would also like to thank Cecilia DeLoach, Tracey Easthope, Per Rosander, Jamie Harvie and Charlotte Brody for their editing and proofreading of this report. Health Care Without Harm 1755 S St. NW, Suite 6B • Washington, DC 20009 • www.noharm.org • 202-234-0091 Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................ii Executive Summary.....................................................................................1 Abbreviations..............................................................................................4 Preface......................................................................................................5 Introduction................................................................................................6 Phthalates in Consumer Products.................................................................9 Phthalate Toxicity ......................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Toxic Healthcare - Second Edition (2019) Non-Toxic Healthcare - Second Edition (2019) 3 Foreword Executive Summary
    NON- TOXIC HEALTH CARE: Alternatives to Hazardous Chemicals in Medical Devices: Phthalates and Bisphenol A SECOND EDITION (2019) TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 4 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 6 Hazard of chemicals contained in medical devices 6 Hazards for human health 8 Exposure through medical devices 8 Hazards for the environment 11 The European legal framework on hazardous chemicals in medical devices 11 Why update this report now? 15 Chapter 1: Substituting hazardous chemicals in Medical Devices 16 Governmental Initiatives 17 Non-Governmental Initiatives 17 Chapter 2: Alternatives to phthalates 19 Chapter 3: Alternatives to BPA 20 Chapter 4: Best practices in European healthcare 21 Chapter 5: The health impact of plastics in healthcare 22 General background 22 Plastics in healthcare - Medical plastics 28 Impacts of medical plastics 29 Case studies of plastic waste management in European hospitals 32 Initiatives from the medical devices industry 32 The way forward / The urgency to act on plastics 34 Chapter 6: Conclusions and recommendations 36 Conclusions 36 HCWH Europe’s Recommendations 37 References 39 2 NON-TOXIC HEALTHCARE - SECOND EDITION (2019) NON-TOXIC HEALTHCARE - SECOND EDITION (2019) 3 FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Modern healthcare makes use of a wide range of HCWH Europe promotes the substitution of harm- Medical devices play a critical role in healthcare but Within this report, HCWH Europe examines the plastic-based medical products to provide high ful substances by demonstrating that many alter- may contain hazardous substances in their com- health impact of plastics in healthcare, and pre- quality and effective treatment to patients. As a natives with safer toxicological profiles are available position that can leach into patients during their sents a number of recommendations for policy consequence high volumes of plastic single-use on the market.
    [Show full text]
  • LOUS 2013 Hoering Phthalates
    Survey of selected phthalates Part of the LOUS-review Version of Public Hearing October 2013 1 Survey of selected phthalates 1 Title: Authors and contributors : Survey of selected phthalates Sonja Hagen Mikkelsen Jakob Maag Jesper Kjølholt Carsten Lassen Christian Nyander Jeppesen Anna Juliane Clausen COWI A/S, Denmark Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: 2013 ISBN no. [xxxxxx] Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor COWI or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on
    [Show full text]
  • Phthalates in Exterior Use Products – Existing Data Summary November, 2017 Prepared by Eva Dale and Heather Trim Zero Waste Washington
    Phthalates in Exterior Use Products – Existing Data Summary November, 2017 Prepared by Eva Dale and Heather Trim Zero Waste Washington This report summarizes existing information of phthalates as components of products that are used, or are potentially used in the exteriors of commercial or industrial sites. These data were compiled as a first step in the Phthalates Research for Source Control project because the project will build on previous work. Awareness of the types of products, the types of phthalates, and the range of concentrations allows for preliminary identification of products at sites in the Duwamish Waterway and Commencement Bay source areas which may contribute to loading in stormwater runoff. Previous work has focused primarily on these phthalates: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-butyl phthalate/Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP). Preliminary observations include: • Some caulks and sealants are composed of up to 30% or more of phthalates • Paint and other coatings may be important sources phthalates. • Motor vehicle components and products may be important sources of phthalates. • Hoses, including garden hoses, made of plasticized PVC contain phthalates. • Products made of plasticized PVC may or may not leach phthalates (example: roofing). • Many of the samples tested register as unknown quantities due to high laboratory detection limits which are associated with testing challenges. In this Report Phthalate Source Study Pharos Building Product Library Roofing Material Concrete US Department of Health and Human Services Household Products Washington State Department of Ecology Children’s Product Testing Alternatives Assessments Phthalate Source Study The City of Tacoma, Seattle Public Utilities and King County joined together to carry out a Phthalate Source Study in 2003-20041,2, comprised of two phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Effects of Plastic Additives on Marine Environments and Organisms: a Review
    1 Chemosphere Achimer September 2017, Volume 182 Pages 781-793 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00391/50227/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: A review Hermabessiere Ludovic 1, Dehaut Alexandre 1, Paul-Pont Ika 2, Lacroix Camille 3, Jezequel Ronan 3, Soudant Philippe 2, Duflos Guillaume 1, * 1 Anses, Lab Securite Aliments, Blvd Bassin Napoleon, F-62200 Boulogne Sur Mer, France. 2 Inst Univ Europeen Mer, Lab Sci Environm Marin LEMAR, UBO CNRS IRD IFREMER UMR6539, Technopole Brest Iroise,Rue Dumont dUryille, F-29280 Plouzane, France. 3 CEDRE, 715 Rue Alain Colas, F-29218 Brest 2, France. * Corresponding author : Guillaume Duflos, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Plastics debris, especially microplastics, have been found worldwide in all marine compartments. Much research has been carried out on adsorbed pollutants on plastic pieces and hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) associated with microplastics. However, only a few studies have focused on plastic additives. These chemicals are incorporated into plastics from which they can leach out as most of them are not chemically bound. As a consequence of plastic accumulation and fragmentation in oceans, plastic additives could represent an increasing ecotoxicological risk for marine organisms. The present work reviewed the main class of plastic additives identified in the literature, their occurrence in the marine environment, as well as their effects on and transfers to marine organisms. This work identified poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), phthalates, nonylphenols (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and antioxidants as the most common plastic additives found in marine environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Replacing Phthalates Why and How to Substitute This Hard-To-Spell Chemical Group INTRODUCTION 5
    Replacing phthalates Why and how to substitute this hard-to-spell chemical group INTRODUCTION 5 THE CHEMICAL FACTS 6 PHTHALATES ARE WIDELY USED IN PLASTICS 9 Most of the plastic goes into packaging 10 Phthalates from plastic packaging end up in food 10 PHTHALATES INTERFERE WITH OUR HORMONES 12 SO WHY ARE THESE CHEMICALS ALLOWED? 14 In the European Union 14 In the United States 15 In China 15 ALTERNATIVES TO PHTHALATES 16 Understanding the function 16 Analysing alternatives 16 DEHT/DOTP and DINCH 18 Epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO) 19 Trimellitates (TOTM) 19 Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) 19 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE 21 Policy 22 Business 22 3 Phthalates is certainly a complicated word to spell. It is also a group of chemicals that are hard to avoid exposure to in daily life. Phthalates are used in a wide variety of applications due to their Introduction versatility, but are mainly used as plasticisers in plastics and can be found in everything from wall coverings and furniture to electronic devices and toys. Phthalates make up two-thirds of the plasti - cisers market, and since plasticisers are so frequently used it means that phthalates are all around us. What makes this concerning is that many phthalates are proven to be hazardous for human health and the environment. Although data is not available for all the substances in this large group of chemicals, studies have shown that many phthalates are toxic for reproduction, hormone-disrupt- ing and have negative effects on the brain. What adds to the concern is that phthalates are not chemically bound to the material to which they are added.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (Edcs) 9
    An Assessment Report on Issues of Concern: Chemicals and Waste Issues Posing Risks to Human Health and the Environment Annexes Table of Contents A. Supporting Information on Existing Instruments and Actions to Address the Issues of Concern under SAICM ����������������������������������������5 1. Chemicals in Products (CiP) 6 2. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 9 3. Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs) 14 4. Hazardous Substances in the Life Cycle of Electrical and Electronic Products (HSLEEP) 17 5. Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) 24 6. Lead in Paint 29 7. Nanotechnology and Manufactured Nanomaterials 31 8. Per- and Polyfluoralkyl Substances (PFASs) 34 B. Supporting Information on Assessment of Issues Where Emerging Evidence Indicates Risks Identified by GCO-II ���������������������������39 1. Arsenic 40 2. Bisphenol A (BPA) 45 3. Cadmium 57 4. Glyphosate 63 5. Lead 71 6. Microplastics 79 7. Neonicotinoids 87 8. Organotins 97 9. Phthalates 102 10. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 110 11. Triclosan 114 C. Annex References �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������129 A.1. CiP 131 A.2. EDCs 132 A.3. EPPPs 135 A.4. HSLEEP 136 A.5. HHPs 138 A.6. Lead in Paint 140 A.7. Nanotechnology and Manufactured Nanomaterials 140 A.8. PFASs 142 B.1. Arsenic 143 B.2. BPA 145 B.3. Cadmium 164 B.4. Glyphosate 167 B.5. Lead 168 B.6. Microplastics 172 B.7. Neonicotinoids 174 B.8. Organotins 177 B.9. Phthalates 179 B.10. PAHs 182 B.11. Triclosan 184 Image credits All images by © Thomas Kast A. Supporting Information on Existing Instruments and Actions to Address the Issues of Concern under SAICM 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasticisers in the Terrestrial Environment: Sources, Occurrence and Fate
    RESEARCH FRONT CSIRO PUBLISHING Environ. Chem. 2021, 18, 111–130 Review https://doi.org/10.1071/EN21033 Plasticisers in the terrestrial environment: sources, occurrence and fate Alex Billings, A,B,D Kevin C. Jones,B M. Glo´ria PereiraA and David J. SpurgeonC AUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK. BLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK. CUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK. DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Environmental context. Many human activities cause the release of plastic and associated plasticisers to land, where chemicals may persist for extended periods and be taken up by organisms. However, quantitative information of the terrestrial occurrence, fate and exposure of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticisers is lacking. Research into this field is needed, especially as society moves away from phthalates to the next generation of plasticisers which may themselves represent an emerging risk. Abstract. Modern society is widely dependent upon plastic. Therefore, it is unsurprising that macro- and microplastic pollution is found in every environmental compartment on earth. Plasticisers are chemicals added to plastics to increase their flexibility. Like plastics themselves, plasticisers are also widely present in the environment. Plasticisers and plastic debris may undergo long-range transport in the atmosphere and the oceans, contaminating even the most remote areas of land. In addition, although plasticisers typically degrade in a matter of weeks–months, they can persist in soil for decades and have been shown to occur in all land uses studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasticizers GPP &
    Intermediates Plasticizers GPP & SPP POLYNT INTERMEDIATES & SPECIALTIES Contents Production Sites...............................................................................................................................................................2 Polynt Reichhold Group ...................................................................................................................................................2 What are plasticizers........................................................................................................................................................3 EMEA - Italy.....................................................................................................................................................................5 Asia Pacific - China........................................................................................................................................................7 Company Addresses........................................................................................................................................................8 Production Site EMEA - Polynt S.p.A. (San Giovanni Valdarno) ASIA PACIFIC - Polynt Chemical (Changzhou) Co., Ltd. Polynt Reichhold Group After the merger on May 2017 the new Polynt-Reichhold Group is a global Company in the Intermediates, Coating and Composite Resins, Thermoset Compounds, Gel-coats and niche Specialties. This combination enhances the Group’s leading position as a global vertically integrated specialty chemicals
    [Show full text]
  • Signaling by Phthalate Esters: SAR and Mechanism Studies
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Disruption of Retinol (Vitamin A) Signaling by Phthalate Esters: SAR and Mechanism Studies Yanling Chen, David H. Reese* Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States of America * [email protected] a11111 Abstract A spectrum of reproductive system anomalies (cryptorchidism, hypospadias, dysgenesis of Wolffian duct-derived tissues and prostate, and reduced sperm production) in male rats exposed in utero to phthalate esters (PEs) are thought to be caused by PE inhibition of fetal testosterone production. Recently, dibutyl and dipentyl phthalate (DBuP, DPnP) were OPEN ACCESS shown to disrupt the retinol signaling pathway (RSP) in mouse pluripotent P19 embryonal Citation: Chen Y, Reese DH (2016) Disruption of carcinoma cells in vitro. The RSP regulates the synthesis and cellular levels of retinoic acid Retinol (Vitamin A) Signaling by Phthalate Esters: (RA), the active metabolite of retinol (vitamin A). In this new study, a total of 26 di- and SAR and Mechanism Studies. PLoS ONE 11(8): mono-esters were screened to identify additional phthalate structures that disrupt the RSP e0161167. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161167 and explore their mechanisms of action. The most potent PEs, those causing > 50% inhibi- Editor: Michael Schubert, Laboratoire de Biologie du tion, contained aryl and cycloalkane groups or C4-C6 alkyl ester chains and were the same Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, FRANCE PEs reported to cause malformations in utero. They shared similar lipid solubility; logP val- Received: February 23, 2016 ues were between 4 and 6 and, except for PEs with butyl and phenyl groups, were stable for Accepted: August 1, 2016 prolonged periods in culture.
    [Show full text]