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KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma Cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU

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KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma Cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU SKRIPSI ANNISYA APRILLIA 160805079 PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI S1 FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas dan memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Sains ANNISYA APRILLIA 160805079 PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI S1 FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2021 PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU SKRIPSI Saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini adalah hasil karya sendiri, kecuali beberapa kutipan dan ringkasan yang masing-masing disebutkan sumbernya. Medan, Mei 2021 Annisya Aprillia 160805079 PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI Judul : Keanekaragaman Serangga Pada Ekosistem Perkebunan Kakao (Theobroma cacao) Di Desa Hapesong Baru, Kecamatan Batang Toru Kategori : Skripsi Nama : Annisya Aprillia Nomor Induk Mahasiswa : 160805079 Program Studi : Sarjana (S1) Biologi Fakultas : MIPA – Universitas Sumatera Utara Disetujui di Medan, Mei 2021 Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing Dr. Saleha Hannum, S.Si., M.Si. Drs. Nursal, M.Si. NIP. 197108312000122001 NIP. 196109031990031002 i iii KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA EKOSISTEM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao) DI DESA HAPESONG BARU, KECAMATAN BATANG TORU ABSTRAK Penelitian keanekaragaman serangga pada ekosistem perkebunan kakao (Theobroma cacao) di Desa Hapesong Baru, Kecamatan Batang Toru telah dilakukan pada bulan Juni sampai dengan Juli 2020. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman serangga pada ekosistem perkebunan kakao bardasarkan umur tanaman 15 tahun dan 20 tahun. Penentuan lokasi sampling dilakukan secara purposive random sampling dan pengambilan sampel serangga menggunakan metode jaring ayun dan metode pengamatan langsung. Setiap lokasi 1 dan lokasi 2 terdiri dari 3 plot dengan luas areal 20 x 20 meter. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi jumlah jenis dan individu serta tipe serangga dengan perhitungan Indeks Diversitas (H’) dan Indeks Equitabilitas (E). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi 1 (15 tahun) terdiri dari 7 ordo, 15 famili, dan 20 spesies, lokasi 2 (20 tahun) terdiri dari 7 ordo, 20 famili, dan 30 spesies. Peranan serangga yang ditemukan yaitu sebagai hama, predator, polinator, dan netral. Populasi serangga pada lokasi 2 lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada lokasi 1. Indeks keanekaragaman serangga pada lokasi 1 (2,350) dan lokasi 2 (2,679) tergolong dalam kategori keanekaragaman sedang. Indeks keseragaman serangga termasuk dalam kategori keseragaman tinggi dengan nilai tertinggi pada lokasi 2 (0,912). Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan jumlah keanekaragaman, peranan, dan populasi serangga pada lokasi 2 lebih tinggi karena mempunyai daya dukung dan faktor lingkungan yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan serangga. Kata kunci : Hapesong Baru, Keanekaragaman, Serangga, Ekosistem, Kakao. ii iii INSECT DIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEM COCOA PLANTATION (Theobroma cacao) IN HAPESONG BARU VILLAGE, BATANG TORU DISTRICT ABSTRACT Research on insect diversity in ecosystem cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao) in Hapesong Baru Village, Batang Toru District has been conducted from June to July 2020. The study aimed to determine the insect diversity based on the cocoa plants at 15 and 20 years of age. Study sites were determined using purpossive random sampling method while insects were collected by net swing method followed by direct morphological observation for species identification. Each site (site 1 and site 2) were patched with 3 plots with an area of 20 x 20 meters. The data collected includes the number of species, individuals, species, and ecological parameters such as Diversity Index (H ') and Equitability Index (E). The results showed that the insect diversity at site 1 (15 years) consisted of 7 orders, 15 families, and 20 species while at site 2 (20 years) consisted of 7 orders, 20 families, and 30 species. The roles of insects in this area were categorized as pests, predators, pollinators, and neutral. The population of insects at site 2 was higher than site 1. The insect diversity index at site 1 (2.350) and site 2 (2,679) were categorized as medium level of biodiversity category. The evenness was the highest in site 2 for 0.912. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the amount of diversity, role, and population of insects at site 2 was higher because it has the carrying capacity and environmental factors suitable for insects growth and development. Keywords: Hapesong Baru, Diversity, Insects, Ecosystem, Cocoa. iii iii PENGHARGAAN Alhamdulillahirabbil alamin, Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian skripsi ini dengan judul Keanekaragaman Serangga Pada Ekosistem Perkebunan Kakao (Theobroma cacao) Di Desa Hapesong Baru, Kecamatan Batang Toru. Terimakasih yang teristimewa penulis ucapkan kepada kedua orangtua tercinta Ayahanda Ashari Effendi dan Ibunda Rahmi Dhani Siregar yang senantiasa setulus hati telah membesarkan, mendidik, memberikan doa, kasih sayang, semangat, serta selalu memberikan yang terbaik pada penulis. Terima kasih juga kepada saudara tersayang Randi Oktaviansyah dan Andrian Febriansyah yang selalu berusaha memberikan semangat yang diberikan kepada penulis. Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Bapak Drs. Nursal, M.Si selaku Dosen Pembimbing yang telah memberikan bimbingan, motivasi, waktu serta perhatian yang besar kepada penulis saat memulai penulisan hingga penyempurnaan skripsi ini. Terimakasih kepada Ibu Dr. Erni Jumilawaty, M.Si dan Bapak Dr. T Alief Aththorick, M.Si selaku Dosen Penguji yang telah memberikan banyak masukan dan arahan yang sangat membantu dalam penyempurnaan penulisan skripsi ini. Terimakasih kepada Ibu Dr. Saleha Hannum, M.Si selaku Ketua Program Studi Biologi dan Bapak Riyanto Sinaga, M.Si selaku Sekretaris Program Studi Biologi FMIPA-USU, Dekan dan Wakil Dekan FMIPA USU, Bapak Dr. Miswar Budi Mulya, S.Si, M.Si selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik yang telah banyak memberikan arahan dalam penyusunan rencana studi bagi penulis, seluruh Dosen Departemen Biologi FMIPA USU yang telah banyak memberikan ilmu kepada penulis selama perkuliahan, serta kepada seluruh Staf Departemen Biologi FMIPA USU yang telah membantu penulis. Terimakasih penulis sampaikan kepada tim skripsi Yuni, Rinda, Indah, Agustia Ratih, Maria dan Sarah yang telah memberi bantuan kepada penulis mulai dari pengambilan data hingga penulisan skripsi, serta menjadi tempat cerita baik suka duka, iv iii menjadi motivator dan membantu penulis selama masa perkuliahan. Semoga kita diberikan kelancaran dalam mewujudkan impian kita dan selalu diberikan kesehatan. Terimakasih juga kepada sahabat penulis Rahmi dan Claudia yang menghibur penulis dan menjadi teman berbagi suka duka dan senantiasa membantu penulis dalam pengerjaan skripsi dan selalu setiap saat ada panggilan bantuan dari penulis. Terimakasih penulis sampaikan kepada seluruh rekan-rekan perjuangan Stambuk 2016 (L.E.D) yang telah mewarnai kehidupan penulis selama masa perkuliahan serta seluruh bantuan dan kerja sama selama menjalani masuk Laboratorium. Terimakasih kepada rekan-rekan di bidang Ekologi Hewan, seluruh Asisten Laboratorium Sistematika Hewan, Abang/kakak asuh 2014, Adik asuh 2017, dan IPKB Biologi untuk kebersamaan yang telah diberikan selama perkuliahan. Masih banyak teman-teman yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu yang turut ambil bagian dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak lagi kekurangan yang harus diperbaiki, maka dari itu penulis senantiasa menerima kritikan dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Harapan dari penulis, semoga skripsi ini menambah wawasan dan ilmu, khususnya bagi penulis sendiri dan bagi masyarakat luas. Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terimakasih. Medan, Mei 2021 Annisya Aprillia v DAFTAR ISI Halaman PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI i ABSTRAK ii ABSTRACT iii PENGHARGAAN iv DAFTAR ISI vi DAFTAR TABEL viii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ix BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2 Permasalahan 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian 3 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 3 BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Tanaman Kakao 4 2.2 Serangga 5 2.3 Peranan Serangga 6 2.3.1 Serangga Hama 6 A. Penggerek Buah Kakao (Conopomorpha cramerella) 7 B. Kepik Penghisap Buah (Helopeltis sp.) 7 C. Penggerek Batang/Cabang (Zeuzera coffeae) 7 2.3.2 Serangga Penyerbuk 8 2.3.3 Musuh Alami 8 A. Parasitoid 9 B. Predator 9 2.4 Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keanekaragaman Jenis 10 2.5 Hubungan Serangga Dengan Tanaman Kakao 11 BAB 3 BAHAN DAN METODE 3.1 Waktu dan Tempat 12 3.2 Alat dan Bahan 12 3.3 Deskripsi Area 12 3.3.1 Letak dan Luas 12 3.3.2 Iklim 13 3.3.2.1 Suhu, Curah Hujan dan Kelembapan Udara 13 3.3.2.2 Topografi 13 3.4 Metode Penelitian 13 vi 3.5 Pelaksanaan Penelitian 13 3.5.1 Cara Kerja 13 3.5.1.1 Metode Jaring Ayun (Sweep Sampling Method) 14 3.5.1.2 Metode Pengamatan Langsung (Visual Control) 14 3.5.1.3 Identifikasi Serangga 14 3.6 Analisis Data 15 3.6.1 Indeks Diversitas/Keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H’) 15 3.6.2 Indeks Equitabilitas/Keseragaman (E) 15 BAB 4 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Keanekaragaman Serangga Pada Ekosistem Perkebunan Kakao 17 (T. cacao) di Desa Hapesong Baru, Kecamatan Batang Toru 4.2 Peran Serangga Pada Ekosistem Perkebunan Kakao
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