Issue 2, Number 1 2014
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Issue 2, Number 1 2014 Salus Journal A peer-reviewed, open access e-journal for topics concerning law enforcement, national security, and emergency services Special Issue on Policing and Security in Practice Published by Charles Sturt University ISSN 2202-5677 Issue 2, Number 1 Dr Anna Corbo Crehan Charles Sturt University, New South Wales Dr Ruth Delaforce Griffith University, Queensland Dr Garth den Heyer Charles Sturt University, Sydney Associate Professor Michael Eburn Issue 2, Number 1, 2014 Australian National University, Canberra www.salusjournal.com Dr Victoria Herrington Published by Australian Institute of Police Management Charles Sturt University Dr Valerie Ingham Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Charles Sturt University, Canberra Dr Stephen Loftus ISSN 2202-5677 Oakland University, Michigan Dr Stephen Marrin Brunel University, London Advisory Board Dr David A McEntire Associate Professor Nicholas O’Brien (Chair) University of North Texas Professor Simon Bronitt Professor Alida Merlo Professor Ross Chambers Indiana University of Pennsylvania Professor Mick Keelty AO, APM Associate Professor Felix Patrikeeff Mr Warwick Jones, BA MDefStudies University of Adelaide, South Australia Dr Tim Prenzler Griffith University, Queensland Editor-in-Chief Dr Suzanna Ramirez Dr Hank Prunckun University of Queensland Charles Sturt University, Sydney Dr Susan Robinson Charles Sturt University, New South Wales Special Issue Editors Dr Rick Sarre Dr Rosemary Woolston, Associate Professor University of South Australia Nicholas O’Brien, and Dr Susan Robinson Charles Sturt University Professor Emeritus Joseph Scanlon Carleton University, Ottawa Canada Dr Brian Sengstock Assistant Editors University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland Ms Michelle O’Connor, BA Mr Jason-Leigh Striegher, MA Ms Kellie Smyth, BA, MApAnth Charles Sturt University, Sydney Dr Patrick F. Walsh Web Editor Charles Sturt University, Sydney Mr Patrick McKenzie Associate Professor Grant Wardlaw Australian National University, Canberra Editorial Board—Associate Editors Dr Troy Whitford Charles Sturt University, New South Wales Dr Jeremy G Carter Indiana University-Purdue University Salus Journal Issue 2, Number 1 2014 Special Issue: Policing and Security in Practice Contents Editorial Policing and Security in Practice: Then, Now, and into The Future Rosemary Woolston, Nicholas O’Brien, and Susan Robinson 1 Research Articles The Police Executive and Governance: Adapting Police Leadership to an Increase in Oversight and Accountability in Police Operations Gary Ellis 2 Managing the Risks of Public Discourse on the New South Wales Police Force Facebook Site Andrew Kelly 19 Incorporation of Obedience to Authority into New South Wales Police Force Recruit Training Ken Wooden and John Nixon 43 Examining Police Strategic Resource Allocation in a Time of Austerity Garth den Heyer 63 Sage on the Stage or Guide by the Side?: A Proposed Developmental Pathway for Police Educators Brett Shipton 80 Critical Essay Police Instructor or Police Educator? Brian R. Basham 99 Book Review White Collar Crime: Accounts of Offending Behaviour Douglas M.C. Allan 110 Licensing All material published in Salus Journal is published under a Creative Commons License. Under this licence you are free to copy and distribute the essays, articles, and reviews under the following conditions: 1) you give attribution to the author(s); 2) the essays, articles, and reviews are not used for commercial purposes without written permission of the author(s); 3) that you do not alter, transform, or build upon the essays, articles, or reviews; and 4) further distribution is based on the “share-alike” principle. Salus Journal Issue 2, Number 1, 2014 Editorial POLICING AND SECURITY IN PRACTICE: THEN, NOW, AND INTO THE FUTURE Dr Rosemary Woolston, Associate Professor Nicholas O’Brien, and Dr Susan Robinson Special Edition Editors t would be safe to say that research is the key distinguishing feature of I successful universities. This is because research fuels knowledge and innovation. In this regard, we are proud to have been able to edit this special edition of Salus Journal because it showcases examples of research that came out of the International Policing and Security Conference that was held in Sydney, Australia between 14 and 15 November, 2013. The conference was organised with the aim to provide an opportunity for scholars and practitioners interested in issues impacting on policing and security to come together in order to discuss the critical issues facing the profession. The two day conference became a forum for scholars and practitioners to engage in a variety of lectures, seminars, and work-based visits. Conference delegates discussed, engaged, and shared their thoughts on issues currently confronting practice as well as examining emerging issues. It was a rich environment for cultivating ideas. That’s why papers presented at the conference were considered for inclusion in this special issue of Salus Journal. So, we are pleased to be able to present five research articles and a critical essay that represent a sampling of the scholarly research that was presented. We commend these papers to you as examples of “policing and security in practice,” and in doing so, we thank the members for the Editorial Board for generously donating their time to review them. - o O o - 1 Salus Journal Issue 2, Number 1, 2014 Research Article THE POLICE EXECUTIVE AND GOVERNANCE: ADAPTING POLICE LEADERSHIP TO AN INCREASE IN OVERSIGHT AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN POLICE OPERATIONS Gary Ellis* In a democracy, it is generally understood that the police serve at the will of the people and are accountable through police governance. This usually consists of elected and/or appointed officials whose primary legal authority is to set policy and appoint the police leaders whom they hold accountable for ensuring that effective policing operations are carried out. It is widely held in common law jurisdictions that the governing body is limited in their role and cannot get involved in “operational policing issues.” In June 2010, the G20 world leaders’ conference was held in Toronto, Canada. The events surrounding the police actions during this conference caused a great deal of concern and led the Toronto Police Services Board, who are the governing authority for the Toronto Police Service, to commission a review to look at their own role. The findings in relation to “board” involvement in the operational side of policing challenged a long held belief regarding the limited role of governance in police operations. These findings will be examined in relation to the lack of board expertise and the challenges faced by police leaders to adapt and develop their attitudes, skills and abilities to respond to any expansion of governance authority. Keywords: police governance, police leadership, police executive, police operations INTRODUCTION his study will examine the role of the Toronto Police Services Board (‘the T board’), the governing body of the Toronto Police Service, in relation to the findings of a report done by Justice John Morden (2012) who reviewed the actions of the police during the G20 world leaders’ meeting in Toronto in June, * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Salus Journal Issue 2, Number 1, 2014 2010. Though Morden’s comprehensive report looks at many areas related to the police response, the focus of this paper is on the findings related to the role of the board in police ‘operations’. If Morden’s findings are accepted and adopted, this will alter the police chief/ board relationship and will create new challenges surrounding developing board competence as well as creating an increased responsibility for the chief police executive to inform the board on operational issues that have traditionally been understood as being the exclusive purview of the chief. BACKGROUND The Toronto Police Service is the largest municipal police force in Canada with about 5,600 police officers serving a population of 2.8 million people, and an annual operating budget approaching CAN$1 billion dollars (Toronto Police, 2011, p. 5). The police service is led by a chief of police who is appointed by the governing police services board that is comprised of seven members; four are appointed by the City of Toronto and the other three are appointed by the Province of Ontario. The legislation that enables this governance structure is the Police Services Act of Ontario (RSO, 1990). In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for policing falls to the individual provinces. With the exception of the federal police known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and two provincial police services in Canada that report directly to government; the rest of the country has numerous local municipal police services that report directly to their police services boards that are created by provincial statute (Randal & Ramirez, 2011, p. 7). The traditional view in this governance model is that the police have autonomy over their operations and the board’s role is to develop policy (Sossin, 2007, p. 48). This leads to the question: what is the municipal board’s authority in police operations? Between 25 and 27 June 2010, the G20 world leaders’ conference was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This event required a large police presence. A major concern in the planning stages was the protection of the world leaders and the security of the downtown area of Toronto. An important consideration was the disruption caused at previous G20 conferences by a group known