July 2011 Quarterly Report and Semiannual Report to Congress
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FOCUSONDIYALA FOCUSONDIYALA Figure D.1 Geography SULAYMANIYAH TAMEEM Provincial Capital: Ba’quba 6,828 square miles Kifri Area: (17,685 square kilometers), 4.1% of national territory SALAH AL-DIN Major Cities: Ba’quba, Baladrooz,al-Khalis,Kifri, and Khanaqin IRAN Demography Khanaqin Population: 1.65 million Lake Hamrin (2009 GOI est.) Sunni Rural vs. Urban: 59% vs. 41% Uzaim Shia Major ethnosectarian groups: Kurd Sunni (55%); Shia (25%); Kurds(10%);others,including er Shia/Sunni Mix iv R Turkmen, Christians, and la Shia/Kurdish Mix a y Yazidis (10%) Balad Di Al-Muqdadiya Political Economy Al-Khalis Governor: Abdul-Nasser al-Mahdawi Tigris River Mandali (Iraqi Accordance Front) Ba’quba Baladrooz Provincial Council Chairman: Tarmiya TalibMohamadHasan (Kurdistani Alliance) Main Industry: Agriculture Taji Al-Rashidiyah U.S. Presence Turki Diyala PRT Closure Date: September 2011 Total U.S. Reconstruction Funds BAGHDAD Committed: $1.06 billion Baghdad Ongoing U.S. Capital Note: The map above shows the diverse ethnic and religious composition of Diyala province. The shapes are rough Investment: $54.9 million indicators and should not be viewed as exact. Planned U.S. Capital Investment: Source: 3rd HBCT, 1st Cavalry Division, “Diyala Province,” 10/2006–12/2007, as sourced in Claire Russo, “Diyala Provincial $5.18 million Election: Maliki and the IIP,” The Institute for Understanding War, 1/30/2011, p. 12. Note: Population estimates based on data call responses from U.S. Embassy-Baghdad, With no national census since 1987 and 3/29/2009, 7/6/2009, and 7/16/2009, and Background information from the Diyala Investment Bordered by Iran, the Kurdistan Region, large-scale population displacements hav- Commission. Funding information from PRT Diyala. Baghdad, the mostly Sunni province ingoccurredbothbeforeandafter2003, ofSalahAl-Din,andtheoverwhelm- measuring the size and composition of inglyShiaprovinceofWassit,Diyalaisa Iraqi provincial populations with precision amidst this ethnic mosaic is an even more microcosmofIraq.Withitscontentious isimpossible.Thesituationisparticularly complexweboftribes.Accordingtothe intercommunal relationships, mixed difficult in Diyala because of the Ba’athist U.S. military, in 2007 there were at least economy,andvariedgeography,the regime’s mass resettlement of Arabs 25majortribesandalmost100sub-tribes majorissuesinDiyalareflect,albeitona thereandrelatedexpulsionsofKurdsin inDiyala,someofwhichencompassed smaller scale, the foremost challenges fac- theperiodaftertheIran-IraqWar.Most bothSunniandShiabranches.Asafor- ingIraq.AsoneU.S.brigadecommander estimates, however, show that a majority of merDiyalaProvincialCouncilmember saidaboutDiyalain2007,“basically,all Diyala’s residents are Sunni Arabs, but as told SIGIR in July, ethnic tensions were theissuesandconflictsthatexistthrough FigureD.1shows,theysharetheprovince minimized prior to 2003 because, “Sad- allIraq...existhere.”187 with several different groups. Intertwined dam ruled with an iron fist.”188 JULY 30, 2011 I REPORT TO CONGRESS I 47 July2011.indb 47 7/25/2011 10:37:53 AM FOCUSONDIYALA Becauseitsoilandnaturalgasresources theunresolvednatureofthisdispute,in haveyettobeextensivelydeveloped, lateMay2011,theKhanaqinmunicipal Diyala’s economy remains heavily depen- governmentraisedtheKRGflagoveran dentonagriculture.Onceknownasthe officialbordercrossingwithIranforthe “CityofOranges”foritsbountifulcitrus first time.192 groves,theprovincialcapitalofBa’quba Since2010,theU.S.militaryhasbeen lies at the heart of the fertile Diyala River engaged in joint patrols with the Iraqi Se- valley,whichbisectstheprovincefrom curityForces(ISF)andKurdishPeshmerga thenortheasttothesouthwest.Butaplu- alongtheKurdistanRegion’ssouthern U.S. artillery round detonates during operations ralityoftheprovince’spopulation(40%) border.AsofJune30,nofirmplansexist against insurgents in Diyala in January 2007. residesintheprovince’slargest,and regardingwhatforce,ifany,willreplace (USF-I photo) mostlydesert,districtofBaladrooz.189 themiftheU.S.militarywithdrawsfrom Although Coalition forces killed al-Zarqawi Iraqasscheduledbytheendoftheyear. inaJuneairstrikeonhishideoutnear Arab-Kurdish Dispute This led former U.S. Forces-Iraq (USF-I) Ba’quba,thesecuritysituationintheprov- NorthofBaladroozliesthedistrictof Commanding General Raymond Odierno incecontinuedtodeteriorateastheyear Khanaqin—the central focus of Arab- to publicly raise last year the possibility woreon.SectariantensionsinDiyalawere KurdishtensionsinDiyalaprovince. of an international peacekeeping force alsoexacerbatedbytheSunniperception IntheaftermathoftheIran-IraqWar, eventually patrolling territories claimed that the Shia-dominated police force acted Saddam Hussein attempted to “Arabize” by both the KRG and GOI.193 inapartisanmanner.Inoneincident,a much of Khanaqin by expelling large police sweep netted about 900 detainees— numbersofFeyli(Shia)KurdsfromIraq, allbut2ofwhomwereSunnis.196 accusingthemofactivelysympathizing Security As the security situation grew worse, with their Shia co-religionists across the The Insurgency Intensifies: 2003–2006 Diyala’s government ceased to func- border.Intheirplace,theBa’athistsrelo- Between 2003 and 2006, the insurgency tion.InSeptember2006,Diyalaofficials cated Sunni Arab families—thought to graduallyintensifiedinDiyala,asarmed stopped distributing regular food rations be more sympathetic to Saddam—to take groups streamed into the province from andfueltoresidents.InOctober,the ownershipofthevacatedhomes.After citieswheretherewasalargerCoalition provincial government recessed because 2003, many displaced Kurds resettled in militarypresence,suchasBaghdad.194 ofthedeterioratingsecuritysituation. thedistrict,andtheKurdistanRegional By June 2007, the number of monthly By December, the insurgency effectively Government (KRG) asserted claims incidentshadreached1,023:195 controlledBa’qubaandmuchofthe 197 topartsofKhanaqinandneighboring 1,023 Diyala valley. Kifridistricts—claimscontestedbythe 6/2007 GovernmentofIraq(GOI).190 Securing Diyala: 2007 Thesetensionsledtoastand-offbe- BeginninginJanuary2007,Coalition tween Kurdish Peshmerga forces and the forces,ledbytheU.S.1stCavalryDivi- Iraqi Army (IA) in August 2008, when sion,slowlyreassertedcontroloverDi- elements of the IA’s 1st Division entered 96 yala.AfterclearingAQIfightersfromthe 1/2004 46 Khanaqin—a movement that the IA’s 12/2010 villageofTurkisoutheastofBa’qubain ChiefofStaff,aKurd,claimsnottohave FigureD.2showsmajorsecurityevents OperationTurkiBowl,U.S.forcesgradu- knownofinadvance.191 Like the disputes in Diyala during peak violence in ally pushed toward the provincial capital. betweentheGOIandKRGoverKirkuk, 2006–2008. Inanattempttocountertheincreased theconflictingclaimsovernorthern ByApril2006,AbuMusabal-Zarqawi, tempoofU.S.operations,AQIlaunched Diyalaaremeanttobesettledaspart then-headofal-QaedainIraq(AQI),felt several attacks in March and April, using oftheprocesssetforthinArticle140of secureenoughtodeclareDiyalaasthecapi- suicide bombers against civilian targets the Iraqi Constitution. But, to date, the talofthecaliphateheintendedtoestablish intownsandvillagesandkidnapping GOI has made little progress in moving inIraq.Thatsamemonth,AQIlauncheda andkillingmanyGOIofficials.Shia forwardwiththeArticle140process, large-scale offensive in the province, strik- militias also constituted a serious secu- whichrequiresittoconductbotha ingtargetsacrossDiyalafromtheirrural rity threat. In late February, U.S. troops census and referendum. Underscoring bastions in the farmlands near Ba’quba. uncovered a cache of more than 150 48 I SPECIAL INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR IRAQ RECONSTRUCTION July2011.indb 48 7/25/2011 10:37:53 AM FOCUSONDIYALA Figure D.2 Significant Security Events in Diyala, 2006−2008 2006 2007 2008 Mid-May Commander of 5th Iraqi Army Division relieved of January command for sectarian bias Coalition forces clear September AQI elements from September April AQI launches a series farming communities Diyala government U.S. forces establish 7 of attacks on Diyala northeast of Ba’quba stops PDS food and combat operating posts in Concerned Local April fuel deliveries and around Ba’quba Citizen groups October Abu Musab Series of major March–June al-Zarqawi June 7 January–February September 24 reconciliation ISF and SOI declares Diyala Al-Zarqawi U.S. army sweeps Suicide bomber kills meetings held increase presence August–September the capital of his killed in U.S. rural areas east and 28 at a reconciliation by pro-GOI northeast of ISF arrests several caliphate airstrike south of Ba’quba meeting in Ba’quba sheiks Ba’quba Diyala SOI leaders October March June 19 August 19 November–December August 11 Diyala government recesses AQI launches Operation More than 100 Operation Raider Reaper targets Diyala Provincial large-scale Arrowhead Diyala tribal AQI elements operating in rural Council removes December attacks in Ripper targets leaders sign areas outside Ba’quba Provincial Police Insurgents take effective southern insurgents in pact pledging Commander Qureshi control of Ba’quba Diyala Ba’quba to oppose AQI July 15 on grounds of sectarian and other Suicide bombers attack IA bias Mid-March July insurgents recruiting station in Diyala, U.S. forces Operations Ithaca killing 35 Mid-August reinforce Diyala and Olympus drive August 27 Special GOI AQI from smaller U.S. and ISF counterterrorism unit Diyala town forces launch raids provincial Operation government buildings, July 23 Church north of arresting several Sunni First large reconciliation Ba’quba officials