André Figueiredo Nunes Segurança Energética: OPAEP E a Geopolítica

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André Figueiredo Nunes Segurança Energética: OPAEP E a Geopolítica ESCOLA DE COMANDO E ESTADO-MAIOR DO EXÉRCITO ESCOLA MARECHAL CASTELLO BRANCO André Figueiredo Nunes Segurança Energética: OPAEP e a Geopolítica do Petróleo no século XXI Rio de Janeiro 2020 ANDRÉ FIGUEIREDO NUNES Segurança Energética: OPAEP e a Geopolítica do Petróleo no século XXI Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Militares do Instituto Meira Mattos da Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Militares. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini Rio de Janeiro 2020 N972s Nunes, André Figueiredo Segurança Energética: OPAEP e a Geopolítica do Petróleo no século XXI. / André Figueiredo Nunes. 一2020. 333 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Orientação: Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Militares)一Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, 2020. Bibliografia: f. 293-333. 1. PETRÓLEO. 2. OPAEP. 3. SEGURANÇA 4. ENERGIA 5. PAÍSES ÁRABES. I. Título. CDD 333.79 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus pela possibilidade de conduzir esta pesquisa, bem como por me conceder tempo e capacidade intelectual para me debruçar sobre questões de política internacional envolvendo geopolítica e energia no Oriente Médio. Aos meus pais, Renivaldo e Lúcia, à minha irmã Tamara e cunhado Rafael, pelo apoio e presença nos momentos alegres e difíceis que fizeram parte de toda esta trajetória. Ao meu orientador, o Prof. Dr. Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini, pela disponibilidade, correções de conteúdo, tratamento fraterno e pela troca de conhecimentos. Ao Capitão de Mar e Guerra Leonardo Mattos, editor responsável do Boletim Geocorrente, publicado pelo Núcleo de Avaliação da Conjuntura, da Escola de Guerra Naval, que foi um importante incentivador para o desenvolvimento de estudos ligados à região do Oriente Médio, assim como a todos os colegas que compõem esse grupo de pesquisa. A todos os professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Militares da Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército pelos ensinamentos, parceria e compreensão em todo o decorrer do curso de doutorado. RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar o conceito de segurança energética, com base nas relações entre as nações envolvendo o petróleo, a partir do desenvolvimento de um estudo acerca dos países árabes exportadores de petróleo filiados à Organização dos Países Árabes Exportadores de Petróleo (OPAEP). A escolha dessa Organização é importante porque seus membros concentram uma parcela significativa das reservas e exportações mundiais; encontram-se localizados em uma mesma faixa regional, que abrange o Oriente Médio e do Norte da África; e tem como seus principais mercados consumidores regiões longínquas, como o Leste Asiático, a América do Norte e a Europa, que apesar de não ser geograficamente distante do Norte da África, é separada das reservas do Golfo Pérsico por chokepoints marítimos como os estreitos de Ormuz, Bab el-Mandeb e o Canal de Suez. Para cumprir o propósito desta pesquisa, propõe-se – a partir de uma análise teórica sobre segurança energética aplicada, exclusivamente, à dinâmica de relações e interesses dos países produtores e consumidores na geopolítica do petróleo – que, quando analisado o contexto da OPAEP, a segurança energética internacional possa ser alcançada a partir da garantia da ininterruptibilidade do fluxo petrolífero pelos chokepoints; da diversificação de fontes energéticas domésticas dos países árabes, o que lhes permitiria direcionar uma maior parcela da produtividade interna para o mercado global; e do papel da Arábia Saudita como produtor mundial de ajuste que atua como possível afiançadora do fornecimento internacional de petróleo. Palavras-Chave: Petróleo – OPAEP – Segurança – Energia – Países Árabes ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the concept of energy security, based on relations between nations involving oil, from the development of a study about Arab oil exporting countries affiliated to the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) . The choice of this Organization is important because its members concentrate a significant portion of the world's reserves and exports; they are located in the same regional strip, which covers the Middle East and North Africa; and its main consumer markets are distant regions, such as East Asia, North America and Europe, which although is not geographically distant from North Africa, is separated from the Persian Gulf reserves by maritime chokepoints such as Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb straits and the Suez Canal. To fulfill the purpose of this research, it is proposed - from a theoretical analysis on energy security applied exclusively to the dynamics of relations and interests of producer and consumer countries in the geopolitics of oil - that, when analyzed the context of OAPEC, the international energy security can be achieved by guaranteeing the uninterrupted flow of oil throw the chokepoints; the diversification of domestic energy sources in the Arab countries, which would allow them to direct a greater share of domestic productivity to the global market; and the role of Saudi Arabia as the global swing producer that acts as a possible guarantor of international oil supply. Keywords: Oil - OAPEC - Security – Energy – Arab Countries LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS AGP Arab Gas Pipeline AIE Agência Internacional de Energia AIER Agência Internacional de Energia Renovável AIEA Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica AMPTC Arab Maritime Petroleum Transport Company ANP Agência Nacional do Petróleo APICORP Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation APOC Anglo-Persian Oil Company APSCO Arab Petroleum Services Company APTI Arab Petroleum Training Institute ARAMCO Arabian American Oil Company ASRY Arab Shipbuilding and Repair Yard Company BP British Petroleum bpd Barris por Dia CAE Conferência Árabe de Energia CASOC California-Arabian Standard Oil CE Comunidade Europeia CIJ Corte Internacional de Justiça CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIP Companhia de Petróleo do Iraque CNT Conselho Nacional de Transição CNUDM Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar COVID-19 Novo Coronavírus EAU Emirados Árabes Unidos EI Estado Islâmico EIA Energy Information Administration EJs Exajoules EUA Estados Unidos da América FIE Fórum Internacional de Energia FLN Frente de Libertação Nacional FMI Fundo Monetário Internacional GNL Gás Natural Liquefeito GWh Gigawatt-hora IPSA Iraqi Pipeline in Saudi Arabia IRGCN Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy IRIN Islamic Republic of Iran Navy JODI Joint Oil Data Initiative KACARE King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy m3 Metros Cúbicos mbpd Milhões de Barris por Dia MW Megawatts OCI Organização para a Cooperação Islâmica OI Organização Internacional OMI Organização Marítima Internacional ONU Organização das Nações Unidas OPAEP Organização dos Países Árabes Exportadores de Petróleo OPEP Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo OTAN Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte PIB Produto Interno Bruto REAOL Renewable Energy Authority of Libya REPDO Renewable Energy Project Development Office SOCAL Standard Oil of California TWh Terawatt-hora União Europeia UE UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development VAT Value-Added Tax WNA World Nuclear Association ZEE Zona Econômica Exclusiva LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Disposição geográfica dos países da OPAEP ................................ 53 Figura 2 – Chokepoints marítimos internacionais ............................................. 54 Figura 3 – Principais rotas de trânsito marítimo de GNL .................................. 55 Figura 4 – Dutos no Golfo Pérsico ................................................................... 56 Figura 5 – Dutos internacionais no Norte da África .......................................... 59 Figura 6 – Arab Gas Pipeline ........................................................................... 60 Figura 7 – Dolphin Pipeline .............................................................................. 61 Figura 8 – Fluxo global de petróleo em 2019 em milhões de toneladas ........ 114 Figura 9 – Mapa ilustrativo do subcomplexo de chokepoints ......................... 131 Figura 10 – Sistema de separação de tráfego marítimo no estreito de Ormuz ....................................................................................................................... 144 Figura 11 – Sistema de separação de tráfego marítimo na entrada do Golfo Pérsico ........................................................................................................... 148 Figura 12 – Estruturas petrolíferas da Península Arábica alvejadas por grupos não estatais em 2019 ..................................................................................... 151 Figura 13 – Sistema de separação de tráfego marítimo no estreito de Bab el- Mandeb .......................................................................................................... 154 Figura 14 – Objetivo de composição da matriz energética do Egito para 2035 ....................................................................................................................... 196 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – Reservas de petróleo dos países da OPAEP em bilhões bpd ....... 62 Gráfico 2 – Reservas de gás natural dos países da OPAEP em trilhões de metros cúbicos (m3) ..................................................................................................... 63 Gráfico 3 – Consumo mundial de petróleo x energia primária em EJs (1974-2019) ........................................................................................................................
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