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A Annan, Koﬁ, 159 Aboriginal children, 153 Anstalten Kumla, vii Aboriginal people, 95 Anti-terrorist, 164 Abu Ghraib Prison scandal, 208 A one-eyed Justice, 158, 165, 172, 249, 271, Accusation, 11, 12, 30, 54, 84, 87, 144, 220, 280–281, 285, 288, 290, 295, 298, 299, 225–228, 230, 288, 301, 309 304, 306, 310 Achaemenid, 5 Apartheid, xviii, 9, 49, 68, 99, 100, 112, 148, Acholi, 154 235, 241, 243, 274 Actus reus, 116 Apartheid Convention, 112 Adversarial, 11 Appeal Chamber, 10 Advisory Opinion, 82–84 Application of the Convention on the Afghan children, 77 Prevention and Punishment of the Afghanistan, 13, 55, 122, 134, 135, 169, 228, Crime of Genocide, 72, 82, 108 287, 300, 305, 307 Aquinas, Thomas, 215, 219 African Charter, 2, 43n3 Arab, 61, 78, 116, 135, 136, 180, 201, 223, 224, African Charter on Human and Peoples, 120 299, 309, 315 African law, 18, 30, 122 Arab Charter, 2, 32 Aggression, xviii, 9, 39, 44, 48, 67, 81, 96, Arab Charter on Human Rights, 85, 120 99, 111, 134, 141, 147, 156, 206, 263, Arab government, 61, 116 268, 281 Argumentum ad hominem, 123 Ahura-Mazda, 6 Armed conﬂict, xviii, 8, 31, 32, 36, 40, 49, 53, Akayesu case, 112 60, 63, 66, 86, 95, 96, 102, 103, Albanian Civil War, 49 107–109, 118, 120, 134, 150, 158, 174, Alexander the Great, 6, 249 193, 196, 198, 206, 230, 250, 252, Al-Farabi, ix 255–257, 259–262, 264, 272, 286, 290, American, 6, 8, 32, 47, 53, 59, 65, 78, 108, 114, 299, 303, 307 118, 122, 131, 135, 171, 201, 214, 216, Armenian, 154, 178 276, 283, 303 Armenian customs, 30 American Convention on Human Article 51 of the Charter, 98, 134, 255 Rights, 2, 120, 121 Article 38 of the Statute of the International American Declaration of Independence, 68 Court of Justice, 214 American Revolution, 37 Asia, 118, 169, 206, 227, 260 Amnesty international, 185 Assassination, 30, 275 Anglo-Saxon, 155, 238 Atkin, Lord, 184, 185 Angola Civil War of Independence, 49 Atomic bombs, 10, 31, 196, 299

Augustinian, 1 Cambodia, 91, 156 Australia, 63, 65, 74, 77, 92, 95, 153, 206, 210, Cambodian people, 154 225, 238 Canada, 63, 119, 189, 225, 226, 238 Australia law, 210 Canon Law, 50, 283 Australian government, 59, 153 Canon of Medicine, 43, 298 Australian law, 30, 113 Capital punishment, 7, 18, 26, 27, 103, 109, Austria, 54, 216 121–125, 130, 131, 136, 151, 188, 195, Avicenna, 43, 44, 297, 298 207, 208, 235, 240, 257, 272, 299 Azerbaijan, 154 Capitol Hill, 200 Azerbaijani civilians, 154 Catholic, 238 Chapter VII, 86, 96, 97, 228, 241, 298 Charles Taylor Trial, 247 B Charles VI of France, 137 Babylonian, 6, 129 Children, 8, 14–16, 30, 46, 65, 74, 77, 85, 94, Baha’i, 95 98, 112, 138, 148, 152, 153, 157, 160, Bangladesh, 8, 122, 154, 173, 238 169, 190, 192, 197, 198, 206, 220, 225, Bank, 16 227, 235, 237, 241, 257, 275, 303, 307 Barcelona Traction, 105, 106 China (Chinese), 8, 15, 47, 60, 74, 78, 86, 92, Barrios Altos v. Peru case, 177 113, 114, 119, 122, 134, 154, 159, 171, Basic principles of humanity, 176, 296 174, 189, 207, 214, 220, 226, 235, 238, Bauer case, 170 265, 273, 285, 300 Beccaria, 18, 19, 165, 207, 209, 218, 237, 243 Chinese communistic regulations, 115 Belgian government, 38, 95 Chinese law, 59 Belgium government, 38 Christian, 29, 64, 115, 121, 171, 238 Bengalis pro-Pakistanis, 246 Christian church, 230 Bentham, Jeremy, 30, 55, 218, 227, 258, 277, Christian religious rule, 50 297, 315 Church, 21, 34, 35, 77, 140, 220 Blackstone, William, 243 Churchill, 92 Blair, Tony, 87, 119, 194, 286 CIA, 38, 92, 119, 160, 200, 201, 217, 228, 249, Blix, Hans, 160, 287 309 Bona ﬁde nature of love, 48 Civil Service, 36 Bosnia, 72, 82, 85, 153, 154, 266 Civil War, 48, 49, 58, 95, 154 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 82, 85, 266 Code of love, 213, 236, 252, 287, 300 Brazil, 154, 216 Code of morality, 68, 194, 234–236, 238, 242, Brennan, William J., 248 245, 246 Brilliant declaration, 247 Collective responsibility, 10, 74, 85 British, 47, 59, 61, 78, 87, 92, 94, 119, 135, Common Law, 11, 36, 50, 59, 63, 104, 137, 154, 183, 194, 196, 206, 208, 216, 259, 138, 183, 208, 213, 238 286, 299 Commonwealth Criminal Code, 225 British Institute of Comparative law, 226 Commonwealth Law, 188, 314 Brotherhood, 18, 80, 95, 125, 140, 226, 264 Communism, 77 Brownlie, Ian, 114, 276 Communist justice, 97 Bruye`re, Jean de La, 44 Complicity, 63, 111–113, 119, 159–161, 303 Buddhist, 121 Concern of all states, 72, 80–82, 84–87, 124, Bulacio case, 104, 287 125, 180, 188 Burundi, 154 Congo, 38, 166 Burundian Civil War, 49 Congolese Civil Wars, 49 Bush, George W., 31, 159, 286, 299 Constitution, 22, 26, 37, 51, 65, 69, 76, 81, Butcher of humanity, 26 111, 134, 153, 189, 190, 228–230, 238, 257, 273 Continental law, 36 C Convention on Apartheid, 100 Caesar, Julius, 6 Convention on Discrimination, 95 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights, 79, 120 Convention on Genocide, 72, 153, 289 Calvin, John, 30 Convention on the Elimination, 95, 100 Index 333

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 43, 57, Defence Policy, 67 120, 153, 239 De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 114 Copenhagen, 274, 308 De lege ferenda, 14 Corbin, Henry, 244 De lege lata, 174, 183, 269, 279 Counterterrorism, 135, 164 Democratice, 39, 55, 60, 61, 64, 65, 78, 92, 94, Cour Amoureuse, 137 135, 136, 169, 183, 197, 219, 235, 276, Court of Justice of the European Union, 36 297, 313 Crimes against humanity, 8, 9, 29, 39, 48, 54, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 37–38, 68, 75, 86, 96, 98, 141, 147–149, 151, 305 156, 160, 199, 206, 220, 223, 225, 251, Democratic states, 169 252, 256, 257, 261, 272, 274, 280, 289, Denmark, 216, 235 296, 302, 303 Detective criminal law, 11, 13–14, 19 Crimes against women or humanity, 224 de Vattel, E., 155, 165, 242, 273, 316 Criminal behaviours, 32, 34, 39, 51, 96, 104, Dictatorial justice, 97 115, 124, 174, 175, 192, 194, 212 Disabilities, 192 Criminal justice, xviii, 1–3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, Discrimination Based on Religion, 73, 79, 95 17–21, 24–29, 32–34, 37, 38, 46, 49, Divine justice, 23, 25, 186, 276 53–87, 91–125, 129–161, 163–165, Dresden, 65 170, 171, 174, 178–183, 187–190, 194, Dualism, 56, 59, 77, 143 198, 205–230, 235, 240, 245–247, 268, Dutch, 163 271–291, 308, 314 Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 70 Criminal law, 2, 3, 5–40, 48, 49, 54–58, 61, 62, Duvalier, Marcos, 70 64–66, 68–74, 76–82, 84–86, 94, 98, 101–105, 108–110, 117, 122, 130, 140, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 154, 163, 168, 177, 198, 207–209, 233–252, 256, E 275, 296–300 East Germany, 67 Criminal penalty, 151 East Jerusalem, 83, 84 Criminal policy, 32, 61, 109–111, 208 East Timor, 49, 59, 63, 156, 206 Criminal proceedings, 11, 12, 24, 32, 151, 189, Education, 94n9, 160, 177, 194, 217, 229, 199 245, 252 Criminal responsibility, 8–11, 66, 117, 122, Egyptian, 37, 47, 92, 285 151, 195, 196, 252, 256, 283, 301 Elimination of, 23, 75, 96 Cruz, Ted, 299 Emergency Session, 83 Customary law, 36, 56, 97, 164 Engels, Fredrick, 98, 227, 274 Cylinder, 50 England, 30, 218 Cyrus Charter, 50 English, 12, 16, 74, 163, 182–184, 200, 208, Cyrus Cylinder, 6 218, 219, 238, 283 Cyrus the Great, 6 English government, 12, 208 Erga omnes, 80–82, 262, 263 Eser, Albin, viii, 217 D Europe, 30, 31, 36, 38, 54, 58, 65, 66, 94, 95, Dali, Salvador, 198 98–100, 110, 116, 118, 131, 137, 138, Darfur, 154 140, 150, 163, 169, 174, 180, 201, 207, Darius the Great, 5, 6 208, 220, 225–227, 237, 238, 246, 250, Darwin, Charles Robert, 227 260, 261, 285, 290 Darwinism, 77 European, 8, 36, 38, 47, 59, 66, 77, 78, 80, 85, Da Vinci, Leonardo, 198 99, 101, 110, 114, 115, 118, 123, 136, Declaration of, 6, 66, 68, 76, 77, 79, 85, 93, 95, 138, 153, 169, 170, 180, 206, 208, 210, 96, 120, 136, 198, 216, 229, 241, 247 211, 214–217, 220, 226–230, 238, 239, Declaration of Human Rights announced by the 251, 260, 280, 285, 303 United Nations, 17, 43n3, 69, 111 European Convention on Human Rights, 71, Decriminalisation, 31–33, 69 115, 133, 150 334 Index

European Conventions on Human Rights General Court, 36 laws, 61 Geneva, 66, 281 European court(s), 21, 36, 47, 57, 102, 109, Genocide, xviii, 8, 9, 28, 39, 48, 49, 51, 54, 63, 165, 208, 239, 267 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 77, 95, 96, 101, European Court of Human Rights, 21, 92, 99, 102, 108, 117, 125, 141, 147–149, 151, 115, 133, 183, 208 153–154, 156, 174, 178, 193, 195, 199, European criminal law, 110 200, 205, 206, 220–222, 234, 243, 246, European law(s), 3, 29, 30, 51, 55, 62, 98, 130, 250–252, 257, 261, 274, 289, 296 165, 200, 210, 227, 229, 272, 280, 283 German(s), 21, 22, 36, 111, 219, 238, 259, 268, European Union, 2, 7, 11, 30, 32, 36, 38, 269, 290, 314 48–51, 53, 54, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, German administrative law, 36 76, 78, 85, 87, 94, 98, 100, 111, 113, German Bundestag, 132 114, 116, 122, 150, 155, 198, 223, 226, German Institute for Economic Research, 164 229, 234, 238, 265, 315 God, 1, 2, 6, 23, 35, 54, 79, 112, 130, 131, 185, European Union Common Security, 67 186, 265, 276, 282 European Union states, 48, 53 Good action, 36 Evil, 15, 23, 26, 34–36 Good faith, 23, 36, 60, 76, 92, 96, 98, 180, 213– Evin Prison, 209 215, 304 Ex concessis, 123 Good interpretation, 36, 76 Ex post facto law, 269 Good result(s), 24, 36, 123 Extradition, 133 Gothenburg, 65 Extraordinary Chambers, 156 Government of Bosnia, 82 Grand Chamber of the European Court, 133 Grave violations, 39, 48, 55, 63, 95, 101, 110, F 118, 150, 156, 168, 177, 199, 200, 206, Fanatical justice, 97 239, 299, 302, 303, 314 Filipinos, 174 Greek(s), 2, 94, 110, 111 Finland, 216 Grotius, Hugo, 55, 114, 116, 130, 131, 139, Finnish, 16 165, 219, 227, 229, 237, 264, 265, Foundations of legal philosophy, 278, 280, 297, 314 285, 301, 310 Grundnorm, 56, 283 France, 55, 63, 64, 67, 119, 137, 216, 218 Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp, 208 Franklin, Benjamin, 6 Guatemalan civil war, 154 Fredrick the Great, 219 Gulf Crisis, 49, 119, 135, 160, 259, 267, 298 Freire, Paolo, 122 French Declaration on the Rights of Man, 68 French system, 36 H Fromm, Erich, 15, 16, 122, 226, 227 Hague, 66, 173, 226, 314 Fujimori, Alberto, 80, 124, 263 Hammurabi Codes, 50, 129, 256 Hart, H. L. A., 66, 73, 98, 102, 165, 175, 218, 219, 257, 258, 277, 279 G Hebrew Bible, 14 Gadafﬁ, 173 Hegel, G.W. F., 219, 290, 297 Gaddaﬁ, Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar, Helsinki Declaration, 198 135, 309 Henryson, Robert, 28 Gans, Jeremy, 50 Herrenvolk democracy, 65 Gaza, 24, 73, 86, 174, 175, 177, 180, 206, 241, Herzegovina, 82, 85, 153, 154, 266 273, 287, 302, 307 Hewat, Lord, 155 Gaza strip, 98, 177, 241, 273, 300, 303, 307 Hiroshima, 65 Gaza victims, 174 Hitler, 5, 21, 70, 97, 195 General Assembly, 17, 24, 32, 43, 62, 65, Hobbes, Thomas, 227, 242, 258 83, 87 Holy Spirit, 244 General Assembly resolutions, 43, 84, 99, 180 Hostis humani generis, 122 Index 335

Human dignity, xviii, 25, 54, 66, 72, 79, 109, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 156, 157, 159, 115, 121, 130, 133, 134, 142, 144, 188, 163, 168, 177, 194, 196, 207, 213, 214, 211, 223, 235, 237, 265, 285, 302 218, 226, 239, 243–246, 250, 252, 255, Human philosophy, 48 256, 259, 260, 275, 281, 283, 286, 287, Human relations, 33, 141, 167, 287 289, 290, 296–300, 307–309, 314 Human Rights Committee, 92, 124 International criminal responsibility of states, Human rights violations, 51, 67, 119, 177, 188, 9, 10 208, 263 International criminal tribunal, 9, 55, 95, 156, Human spirit, 17, 141, 145, 149 159, 165, 195, 262, 272, 280, 305, 307 Hussein, Saddam, 119, 135, 159, 160, 173, 182, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former 309, 314 Yugoslavia (ICTY), 9, 10, 24, 91, 104, Hutus, 95, 154 122, 145, 195, 222, 250, 262, 263, 266, 297 International humanitarian law, xviii, 3, 32, 36, I 38, 49, 60, 61, 76, 77, 83, 86, 95, 102, ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC) 103, 105, 108, 118, 120, 130, 134, 147, ICJ. See International Court of Justice (ICJ) 193, 196, 206, 252, 256, 257, 259–264, ICTR, 9, 24, 34, 91, 104, 112, 122, 145, 296 250, 297 International human rights, 30, 34, 47, 56, 78, ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for 96, 107, 109, 155, 235, 236, 255, 296 the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) international human rights law, xviii, 2, 8, 16, Imperialism, 77, 246 17, 21, 25, 32, 33, 38, 48, 60–62, 65, 70, Imperialist justice, 97 73, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 86, 97, 98, 103, Impunity, 14, 28, 31, 38, 49, 79, 104, 113, 122, 108, 115, 116, 118–121, 129, 136, 147, 123, 177, 182, 212, 260, 263, 274, 279, 160, 175, 188, 196, 198, 199, 206, 214, 287, 290, 296, 297, 301, 303, 305 215, 224, 235, 238, 244, 258, 261, 263, Indian, 15, 47, 65, 92, 94, 154, 180, 214, 237, 264, 272, 273, 275, 296, 298, 303, 310, 260, 285 314 Indonesia, 63, 86 International Law Commission, 10 Indonesian Communist Party, 154 International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Indonesian invasion, 49 66, 308 Indonesians, 49, 154, 174 Iran, 13, 61, 65, 86, 92, 95, 122, 134, 135, 153, Infanticide, 39, 73, 206, 207 169, 188, 189, 195, 210, 223, 224, 226, Innocent Jewish, 65, 67, 207, 226 299 Inquisitorial, 11 Iranian government, 59, 65 Intentional erratum, 123 Iranian law, 59 Inter-American Court, 80, 104, 124, 177, 188, Iraq, 36, 49, 73, 87, 98, 119, 122, 135, 153, 154, 263, 287 159, 169, 188, 194, 199, 226, 228, 246, Inter-American Court of Human Rights 259, 268, 286, 298, 305, 307–309 (IACHR), 80, 81, 177, 188, 263, 287 Irish government, 208 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 82–85, 87, ISIS, 29, 120, 135, 164, 200, 201, 308 106, 180, 214, 220, 257, 258 Islamic human rights law, 61 International Covenant on Civil and Political Islamic international criminal law, 286 Rights, 60, 92, 120, 124 Islamic international law, 49, 62, 66, 87, 265 International Criminal Court (ICC), xviii, 8, 9, Islamic judge, 78, 79 91, 98, 104, 144, 145, 165, 174, 193, Islamic jurist, 79, 80 214, 216, 220, 223, 244, 249–252, 257, Islamic justice, 258 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 287, 289, Islamic law, xvii, 3, 18, 21, 50, 51, 60, 68, 77– 296, 297, 299–303, 305–311 80, 98, 109, 115, 125, 188, 220, 224, International criminal law, xvii, 8–10, 17, 20, 228, 229, 273, 280, 283, 286 38, 39, 48, 49, 54–56, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, Islamic mosque, 230 71–73, 76, 77, 81, 82, 85, 86, 94, Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, 13 102–105, 108, 112, 117, 122, 130, 140, Islamic Republics of Iran, 13, 61, 92, 134, 224 336 Index

Islamic states, 53, 69, 70, 74, 86, 98, 116, 132, Khomeini regime, 37 207, 208, 210, 223, 225, 227, 309 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 13 Islamic system of criminal law, 80 Kosovo, 156 Israel, 83–86, 95, 100, 101, 172, 175, 177, 206, Kurds, 49, 95 235, 264, 265, 273, 287, 307 Kuwait, 188, 268 Israeli, 24, 47, 71, 80, 84, 116, 174, 177, 206, 259, 299, 303 Israeli Air Forces, 86 L Israeli High Court of Justice, 71 Lango, 154 Israeli law, 59, 188 Laocoo¨n, 110 Israeli military forces, 98 La paix, la justice et l’amour, 111 Italian, 163, 200, 215, 315 Latin America, 116, 221 Latin American, 32, 78, 109, 113, 136, 155, 188–190, 207, 208, 315 J Latin American region, 124 Jackson, R. H., 67, 220 League of Nations, 32, 237, 260 Jackson, T. P., 168 Lebanon, 156, 315 Japan (Japanese), 16, 63, 86, 92, 174, 226, 235, Legality, 2, 33, 36, 38–40, 48, 49, 62, 66, 68, 256 69, 73, 76, 79, 81–84, 91–93, 96, 114, Jefferson, Thomas, 6 115, 118–120, 123, 125, 134, 142, 143, Jew(s), 6, 54, 95, 171, 226, 228, 246, 261, 265, 151, 154–156, 165, 174–176, 178, 181, 281 185–187, 191, 196, 197, 206, 207, 215, Jewish, 29, 53, 77, 121, 188, 198, 208, 238, 219, 235–241, 245, 247, 250, 252, 258, 265, 266 261, 266–268, 301, 314 Jewish ceremony, 50 Legal philosophy, 55, 123, 156, 214, 234, 276, Jewish law, 3, 50, 51, 68, 115, 265, 280, 283 278–282, 284, 285, 290, 297, 301, 304, Jewish population, 65, 67, 177, 207, 226, 250 306, 308–310 Jewish tradition, 30, 155, 180 Lex iniusta non est lex, 28, 201 Jihad, 98, 111, 180, 210 Lex injusta non est lex, 101, 105, 114, 267 Jihadist human rights law, 98, 111 Liberian Civil Wars, 49 Jihadist struggle, 51 Libya, 65, 98, 122, 135, 154, 173, 249, 299, Joseph Stalin, 5, 27, 70, 91, 97, 98, 305 302, 309 Judaism, 77 Lisbon Treaty, 115, 236 Judgment of King Solomon of Israel, 14 Locke, John, 74, 112, 113 Jus ad bellum, 76, 98, 218, 252, 255 London, 134, 159, 160, 226, 274, 308 Jus cogens, 17, 21, 27, 81, 121–125, 132, 148, Love for justice, 3, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24–26, 28, 188, 262, 273 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, Jus in bello, 218, 252, 255 54–58, 60, 62, 66, 71, 75, 81, 84–86, 92, Jus naturale, 123 96, 97, 99–101, 106, 107, 122, 123, 125, 131, 132, 135–140, 143–147, 149, 153, 155, 160, 175, 180, 187, 189, 194, K 196–198, 200, 201, 207–209, 215, 216, Kantianism, 77, 102, 226 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 236, 240, 243, Kant, Immanuel, 22, 34–37, 47, 48, 58, 70–72, 251, 252, 255, 257, 259, 265–267, 98, 129, 130, 140, 165, 178, 185–187, 273–275, 282, 287, 289, 295–297, 219, 222, 227, 237, 258, 290, 297 299–301, 304–306, 309, 311, 313–316 Kasravi, Ahmad, 228, 229 Love hormone, 45 Katouzian, N, 110 Love of culture, 16, 18, 31, 54, 72, 73, 77, 138, Keats, John, 16, 146 141, 142, 149, 180, 209, 211, 219, 230, Kelsen, Hens, 24, 25, 47, 56, 73, 186, 187, 214, 243, 244, 272, 295 258, 282, 283, 297 Love of economic gain, 48 Khmer Rouge tribunal, 173 Love of oneself, 48 Khojaly Massacre, 154 Love of opinion, 48 Index 337

Lumumba, Patrice, 37, 38 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Lutheranism, 30 (NATO) Naturalism, 1, 77, 167, 168, 215, 276, 277, 280, 281 M Natural justice, 131, 276 MacCormick, Neil, 283, 284 Natural law, xvii, 5, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 49, 102, Machiavelli, Niccolo`,6 112, 130, 131, 140, 157, 168, 179, 190, Mahatma Gandhi, 103, 142, 149, 196, 205, 274 196, 217, 233, 236, 260, 276, 278, 280, Malays, 174 283, 286, 296 Mandela, Nelson, 175, 205, 274, 313 Natural Liberty, 131 Marco, Rubio, 299 Natural rights, 25–28, 66, 67, 79, 106, 107, Martin Luther King, 19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 47, 68, 123, 131, 153, 190, 196, 234, 277 141, 158, 175, 180, 187, 196, 205, 220, Natural Society, 131 236, 274, 289, 313 Nazis, 27, 172, 206, 218, 246 Marxism, 51, 102, 220 Neighbour, 2, 17, 25, 31, 61, 77, 113, 122, 139, Marx, Karl, 98, 122, 274 148, 175, 184–186, 191, 215, 216, 219, Medical practices, 43 235, 264, 265, 313, 315 Medical science, 43–51, 179 Neo-Darwinian, 22 Mens rea, 63, 116–121, 123, 152 Netherlands, 188, 226, 314 Middle East, 98, 118, 135, 169, 200, 227, Nietzsche Jeremy, Friedrich Wilhelm, 227 264–266 Nigeria, 154, 188, 249 Military conquest, 37 Nigerian-Biafra War, 154 Mill, John Stuart, 30, 177 Nightingale, Florence, 185, 274 Milosevic, 173, 290 Non-aggression, 98 Mohamadism, 102 Non-Christian, 29 Mohammedan, 258, 313 Non-Jew, 29, 53 Monism, 56, 59, 77, 143 Non-mens rea, 118 Monopolisation, 12, 101, 110, 135, 188, 289 Non-Muslim, 29, 48, 77 Montesquieu, B, 163, 237, 265, 276, 297 Non-use of force, 96, 98 Moral argumentations, 35 Non-Western, 2, 29, 123, 134 Morality, 2, 46, 53, 91, 134, 165, 167, 206, 233, Nordic countries, 47 256, 277, 297, 314 North America, 122 Moral justiﬁcation, 35 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Moral obligations, xvii, 2, 8, 14, 17, 22–25, 27, 32, 64, 115, 299, 315 35, 38, 186, 278, 286–290 North Korea, 122, 154, 189 Moral philosophy, 278, 284, 304 Norway, 216 Moral reasoning, 19, 22, 35 Norwegian, 47 Moral standard, 38, 40, 68, 70, 71, 147, 225, Nulla poena sine praevia lege, 68, 71, 102, 269 241, 259, 261 Nullum crimen sine lege, 68, 71, 102, 269 Moses, 37 Nuremberg, 9, 66, 67, 160, 250, 251, 256, 269, Mossadegh, Mohammed, 65, 274 281, 289, 305, 308 Mother Teresa, 17, 155 Nussbaum, M. C., 20, 39, 46, 55, 91, 213, 216, Mo Tzu, 75 221, 251, 252, 267, 284, 298 Muslim, 29, 47, 48, 54, 60, 62–64, 77, 103, 109, 114, 115, 121, 139, 140, 171, 219, 220, 225, 226, 228, 230, 238, 250, 262 O Muslim groups, 62, 63 Obama’s justice, 97 Muslim nations, 338 Ocampo, Moreno, 302 Mussolini, 97 Occupied Palestinian Territory, 83, 84 Ofﬁce of the Prosecutor (OTP), 266, 305, 306, 311 N Oil, 59, 63, 107, 117, 135, 154, 160, 185, 200, Nagorno-Karabakh War, 154 201, 227, 229, 268, 298, 299, 309 Naked judgment of law, 20 Oil interests, 119, 120 Naqsh-Rustem, 6 Organisation of African Union, 32 338 Index

Ottoman Empire, 94, 135 Pufendorf, B., 20 Oxytocin, 16, 43–51 Punishment of children, 152, 235 Pure love, 19, 21, 26, 29, 43, 147, 157, 198, 264, 274, 302 P Pure theory of love, 24–30, 47, 67, 81, 141, Pacta sunt servanda, 62, 273 145, 148, 149, 155, 245, 281 Pakistan, 120, 122, 154, 169, 180, 238 Putin’s justice, 97 Pakistani government, 115 Palestine, 98, 120, 172, 241, 264, 265, 287, 305 Palestinian, 47, 77, 82, 83, 85, 174, 227, 246, Q 266, 307 Queen Christina, 223 Palestinian law, 59 Quran, 228–230 Palestinian territories, 80, 83–85, 206 Quranic Charter, 111 Paraguay, 154 Quranic codes, 223, 224 Paraguay government, 154 Quranic Union, 230 Peking, 159 Permanent members, 47, 55, 85, 87, 96, 97, 99, R 120, 134, 221, 249, 267–269, 289, 307 Persian, 54, 65, 110, 175, 223, 238, 244, Racial discrimination, 95, 182 285, 295 Racine, Jean, 16, 115 Persian Emperor, 6 Radical evil, 26, 34–36, 38, 99, 158, 222 Persian polymath, 43 Rantsev, 102 Peru, 263 Rape, 29, 39, 40, 48, 54, 117, 148, 157, 193, Petition committee, 132 195, 198, 243, 250, 251, 257, 261 Philosophy of law, 20, 22, 26, 66, 73, 76, 91, Ratione loci, 13 151, 155, 165, 184, 211, 219, 226, 263, Ratione materiae, 13 264, 275, 277, 278, 284, 298, 304, 308 Ratione personae, 13 Piaf, E´ dith, 5 Ratione temporis, 13 Picasso, Pablo, 198 Rawls, J., 29, 165, 168, 227, 272, 297, 298 Plato, 101, 143, 193, 219, 240, 297 Raz, Joseph, 186, 187, 278, 306 Pluralism, 38, 54, 77, 91, 109, 141, 277 Real justice, xviii, 6, 56, 168–170, 220 Poena forensis, 70 Red Cross, 185 Poena naturalis, 70 Religious monopolization, 53 Political criminal law, 11–13, 38, 208 Right of love, 131, 132, 134–136 Political Rights, 60, 92, 120, 124, 217, 234 Roman law, 21, 23, 50, 105 Politicians of Europe, 29, 38 Ross, A., 30, 59, 73, 107, 117, 171, 172 Positivism, 2, 22, 77, 146, 167, 168, 171, 215, Ross, W.D., 23 226, 267, 276, 277, 280, 281, 283, 310 Rule of law, xvii, xviii, 1, 2, 11, 20, 23–26, 33, Powerful states, 24, 31, 72, 73, 96, 101, 118, 76, 83, 91–94, 97, 99, 101, 107–111, 209, 216, 261, 289 113–115, 120, 148, 151, 153, 213, 239, Pre-Trial Chamber, 8, 9, 109 256, 258, 267, 285, 315 Principle of morality, 21, 23, 30, 36, 39, 68, 71, Russell, Bertrand, xviii, 47, 275, 308 76, 108, 165, 174, 191, 196, 239, 241, Russell Tribunal, 274, 275, 308 242, 258, 267, 268 Russian criminal law, 68 Prosecutor of International criminal court Rwanda, 49, 73, 95, 148, 153, 154, 188, 212, (ICC), 144, 214, 271, 273, 275, 287, 220, 246, 250, 251, 305 299–303, 305–308, 311 Rwanda Genocide, 49 The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, 214 Protection of civilian persons, 83 S Pseudo-love, 44 Sadra, Mulla, 244 Public international law, xviii, 2, 17, 49, 59, 61, St Valentine’s Day, 137 66, 67, 82, 85, 86, 98, 99, 102, 104, 130, Samaritan, 184, 185 165, 193, 255, 265 Saudi Arabia, 13, 74, 122, 134, 189 Index 339

SAVAK, 217 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), 9, 24, Scandinavia, 77, 114, 188, 216, 219, 244 104, 122, 145, 156, 249, 250, 280 Scandinavian countries, 169 Special Panels of the Dili District Court, 156 Scandinavian legal realists, 267 Special Tribunal for Hussein, 159 Schengen, 84 Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 156, 315 Schwarzenberger, 54, 66, 219, 228, 260, 297, Spirit of man, 149 298 Spiritual justice, 97 Science of Justice, 131, 200 Spooner, Lysander, 131, 190, 233, 276 Scotch rebellion, 37 Sri Lankan, 154 Scotland, 30, 183 Sri Lankan civil war, 154 Scots law, 183 Stalinist justice, 97 Scottish system, 183 Stare decisis, 106, 183 SCSL. See Special Court for Sierra Leone Statute of international criminal justice, 32, (SCSL) 287 Secondary rules, 66, 77, 125, 165, 219, Stockholm, 191, 274, 308 256–257 Sudan, 49, 154 Second World War, 9, 27, 73, 91, 98, 241, 273, Sudanese Civil Wars, 49 280, 281, 289 Supreme Court of Berlin, 129 Self-defence, 30, 114, 123, 136, 155, 164, 196, Sussex Justices, 155 221, 255, 257–259, 261 Swedish, 16, 59, 84, 160, 196, 197, 219, 267 Selﬁshness, 35 Swedish government Self-judgment, 30 Swedish international lawyer, 160 Self-protection, 30 Swedish law, 59 Self-revision, 30 Syria, 36, 49, 73, 86, 87, 98, 119, 122, 135, Self-scariﬁcation, 30 199, 228 Sendero Luminoso guerrillas, 177 Syria Crisis, 86 Senegal, 248 Syrian, 59, 77, 118, 154, 200, 227 Senegalese judge, 247 11 September, 164, 309 Serbian leaders, 55 T Settlement of peace, 1, 31 Tail of the Wolf, 28 Sex, 2, 5, 79, 99, 137, 169, 197, 224, 239 Tehran, 201, 209, 228 Shakespeare, xviii, 73, 75, 209 Terrorist, 32, 54, 64, 86, 98, 115, 120, 135, 164, Shariah, 78, 153 200, 226, 227, 257, 262 Shariah law, 78 Thirty Years War, 237 Sierra Leone, 24, 49, 156, 212, 247–249, Tokyo, 9, 92, 256, 308 251, 305 Torture, xviii, 7–9, 18, 26, 27, 29, 38, 39, 48, Sierra Leonean Civil War, 49 68, 71, 92, 94, 112, 113, 117, 120, 122, Simone Weil, 122 123, 130, 133, 148, 156, 177, 188, 193, Six-Day War, 84 205, 207–209, 229, 243, 246, 250, 251, Socrates, 37, 176, 297 257, 261, 274, 296 Somalia, 122, 163, 164 Trabelsi, 133 Somalia coast, 163, 164 Trabelsi v. Belgium case, 133 Somali Civil Wars, 48 Trial-Chamber, 109, 222, 262, 263, 267, 280 South Africa, 59, 67, 83, 95, 99–101, 175, 287 Trojan horse, 110, 261 South America law, 122 Troy pastor, 110 South Sudan, 49 Truth, xvii, xviii, 6, 14, 16, 19, 21, 28–30, 33, Soviet Socialist Republic and the United 54, 55, 75, 79, 81, 93, 104, 115, 140, States, 55, 111, 155 145, 146, 150, 157, 167–169, 171–173, Sow, 247, 248 177, 181, 183, 193, 196, 198, 209, Spain, 64, 163, 216 214–216, 219, 226–228, 247, 249, 271, Spanish, 17, 94, 163, 192, 235, 237 274, 284, 285, 287–289, 295–300, 304, Special Court, 24, 156, 247, 248 309, 315 340 Index tu quoque, 61, 98, 262–264, 288 Violations of human rights, 59, 109, 193, Tyranny, 48, 93, 110, 112 300, 307 von Pufendorf, S., 33, 157, 165, 237, 269

U Uganda, 95, 154, 238, 305 W Ukraine crisis, 154 Wallace Ward, 172 United Kingdom (UK), 7, 8, 14, 30, 36, 55, 63, Wallace, William, 37 78, 86, 100, 101, 119, 133, 170, 174, Wall in the Palestinian Occupied Territory, 80, 175, 188, 206, 208, 216, 218, 234, 268, 82, 85 273, 285, 299, 308 War Crimes, 8, 9, 29, 39, 48, 68, 86, 96, 98, United Nations Peacekeeping, 85, 185 101, 147, 149, 151, 174, 193, 199, 206, United States (US), xviii, 24, 27, 37, 47, 51, 53, 249, 257, 261, 272, 274, 289, 296, 303 55, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69, 74, 77, 84, 86, 87, Washington, George, 37, 55, 201 91, 94, 100, 101, 111, 113, 115, Weapons, 23, 32, 60, 62, 63, 68, 69, 82, 86, 87, 118–120, 133–135, 155, 159–161, 109–112, 114, 117, 118, 135, 136, 157, 170–172, 174, 175, 188, 208, 216, 218, 160, 163, 164, 196, 216, 219–221, 226, 225–230, 234, 235, 238, 248, 249, 256, 227, 251, 259, 308, 309, 316 260, 268, 273, 275, 286, 299, 308 Weeramantry, 72, 108 United States government, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, Western, 2, 29, 47, 63, 71, 103, 109, 111, 123, 119, 159, 160, 308 134, 135, 139, 154, 169, 201, 220, 222, United States law, 3, 59, 210 249 University of Tehran, 228 Western money, 247 Unjust law, 28, 68, 105, 196, 201 Wolf, 28, 110 UNMIK Court, 156 Women, 8, 14, 39, 40, 46, 85, 94, 95, 109, 113, Use of force, xvii, xviii, 17, 21, 22, 30, 34, 46, 139, 193, 197, 210, 223–225, 227, 241, 48, 49, 66, 67, 71, 73, 76, 79–82, 86, 96, 250, 251, 266, 275 98, 114, 125, 134, 136, 158, 210, 211, Wright, Frances, 110, 315 252, 255, 256, 264, 308 U.S. v. Ward, 172 Utøya, 47 Y Yazidi, 64 Yemen, 122, 154 V Yugoslavia, 73, 95, 159, 199, 220, 250, 251, van Gogh, Vincent, 198 305 Vattel, M., 155, 315 Yugoslavian war, 49, 262 Velasquez v. Honduras State, 188 Vienna Convention, 56, 86, 225 Vietnam, 27, 65, 122, 246, 274, 308 Z Vietnamese, 77, 174 Zionist government, 246 Vinter case, 133 Zum Ewigen Frieden, 290