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Governance of Land and Water Distribution for Agricultural Development and Nature Conservation in Africa

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Governance of Land and Water Distribution for Agricultural Development and Nature Conservation in Africa Governance of land and water distribution for agricultural development and nature conservation in Africa A report in the context of ‘Choices and constraints for sustainable African food production systems’ a programme of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). Both ENDS Nieuwe Keizersgracht 45 1018 VC Amsterdam The Netherlands Telephone: +31 20 530 6600 Fax: +31 20 620 8049 E-mail: [email protected] First published: June 2015 Text: Paul Wolvekamp, Christa Nooy, Nathalie van Haren (Both ENDS) With contributions from: Silas Kpanan’Ayoung Siakor, (SDI); Tom Lomax (Forest Peoples Programme); Claudia Piacenza; Violet Matiru (Millennium Community Development Initiatives); Halinishi Yusuf (Environment Liaison Centre International - ELCI); Justin Kenrick (Forest Peoples Programme); Mikael Bergius; Ronald Ziebe, Francis Ncembi Tarla and Pricelia Tumenta (CEDC); Frank Muramuzi, Geoffrey Kamese (NAPE); John Nelson (Forest Peoples Programme); Thirza Bronner (photos), Huub Kistermann, Gijsbert Koeters and Huub Scheele (Both ENDS). Acknowledgements With much appreciation we acknowledge the valuable contributions made by the authors of the case studies and those contributed to these studies. In a relative short period of time they were able to present real time insights and perspectives from the field. With many thanks to Silas Kpanan’ Ayoung Siakor, (SDI); Tom Lomax (Forest Peoples Programme); Claudia Piacenza; Violet Matiru (Millennium Community Development Initiatives); Halinishi Yusuf (Environment Liaison Centre International - ELCI); Justin Kenrick (Forest Peoples Programme); Mikael Bergius; Ronald Ziebe, Francis Ncembi Tarla and Pricelia Tumenta (CEDC); Frank Muramuzi, Geoffrey Kamese (NAPE); John Nelson (Forest Peoples Programme); Huub Scheele (Both ENDS). Thanks also to Barbara van Paassen (ActionAid); Huub Kistermann, Gijsbert Koeter, Sanderijn van Beek, Maaike Hendriks and Burghard Ilge (Both ENDS). Finally, we would like to convey a special word of thanks to Martha van Eerdt and Martijn Vink of the Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency (PBL). Besides encouraging us to take on this assignment, they also offered a welcome sounding board and offered general and detailed comments and suggestions to improve the scope and quality of the synthesis report and the case studies. Disclaimer You are free to: • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. • ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. The views presented in this publication are not necessarily the views of the organisations that have funded this research. Care has been taken to ensure that the case studies in this volume are accurate as of the time of writing. We welcome, however, any feedback. Table of Contents Acronyms .................................................................................................................... 7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Structure of the report ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2. The nine case studies .......................................................................................................... 10 2. The discourse on development, agriculture, food security .................................. 12 2.1. The case studies in short..................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Policies on sustainable development .................................................................................. 13 2.3. Local realities intertwined with global politics and trade..................................................... 15 2.4. Sparing or sharing? ............................................................................................................. 16 2.5. Bias towards agro-industrial in international agricultural development thinking ................. 16 3. Government policies: policy frameworks for agriculture, livelihoods, food security and the environment .................................................................................................. 19 3.1. Translating international obligations to national policy implementation ............................. 19 3.2. Issues of enforcement of international and national regulations ......................................... 19 3.3. Urgent challenges and competing claims over land and water ............................................ 20 4. Stakeholders: coherence and responsibilities ..................................................... 22 4.1. Distribution of powers and avenues for participation ......................................................... 22 4.2. Authorities at national and local level ................................................................................. 22 4.3. International financiers and their standards ....................................................................... 23 4.4. Safeguards of financiers and realities in communities ......................................................... 24 4.5. The “implementation gap” ................................................................................................. 25 5. Perspectives on livelihoods and food security .................................................... 27 5.1. Typologies of farming systems and other forms of land use ................................................ 27 5.2. External actors and local communities ................................................................................ 29 5.3. Ambitions and dilemmas of governments ........................................................................... 31 5.4. Implications of the ambitions and dilemmas of governments ............................................. 32 6. Natural resources management: impacts and trade-offs..................................... 35 6.1. Impacts on ecosystems ....................................................................................................... 35 6.2. Trade-offs ........................................................................................................................... 38 7. Remedies.......................................................................................................... 40 7.1. Empowerment local communities & local NGOs: Tenure, Information, Institutions ............ 40 7.2. Investments - public and private ......................................................................................... 40 7.3. Governance ........................................................................................................................ 41 8. Conclusions and reflections ............................................................................... 44 8.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 44 8.2. Reflections ......................................................................................................................... 45 Annex: Case studies ....................................................................................................... Acronyms BIDCO Bidco Oil Refineries Ltd CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CEESP IUCN Committee on Environment, Economic and Social Policy CFA Community Forestry Association CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres or Global Agricultural Research Partnership EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPO Equatorial Palm Oil (Plantation) E(S)IA Environmental (Social) Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDI Forging Direct Investments FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent GVL Golden Veroleum Liberia IAASTD International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation INESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IUCN World Conservation Union KFS Kenya Forest Service KOPGA Kalangala Oil Palm Growers Association (Uganda) KOPGT Kalangala Palm Oil Growers Trust (Uganda) LAC Liberia Agriculture Company NACOFA National Alliance of Community Forestry Associations (Kenya) NGO Non Governmental Organisation NRMP Natural Resources Management Project OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PLUP Participatory Land Use Planning REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RSPO Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor Tanzania SGSOC SG Sustainable Oils Cameroon (= Herakles Farms) SEIA Social and Environmental Impact Assessment SSA Sub-Sahara Africa TARDA Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority TDIP Tana Delta Irrigation Project UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People UNEP United Nations Environment
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