DOCSLIB.ORG

The International Cocaine Trade in Guinea-Bissau: Current Trends and Risks Luís Filipe Madeira, Stéphane Laurent and Sílvia Roque

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The International Cocaine Trade in Guinea-Bissau: Current Trends and Risks Luís Filipe Madeira, Stéphane Laurent and Sílvia Roque NORWEGIAN PEACEBUILDING CENTRE Noref Working Paper The international cocaine trade in Guinea-Bissau: current trends and risks Luís Filipe Madeira, Stéphane Laurent and Sílvia Roque February 2011 Executive Summary This paper analyses the international, Favourable conditions for trafficking West African and national conditions Both the global operation of the cocaine that fuel the spread of the international market and a number of specific national drugs trade in West Africa, particularly in conditions favour the development of drug Guinea-Bissau, and examines the impact trafficking in West Africa and especially of the international cocaine trade at a Guinea-Bissau. At the systemic level, the social, economic and governance level in enforcement of the global drug-control this small West African country. system tends to push traffickers to select transit routes through states that are Although drug trafficking has a long already weakened by internal conflict, history in West Africa, over the past poverty or both. five years the region has increasingly attracted international attention as a new In recent years, the Latin American hub for the illicit cocaine trade between drug cartels appear to have shifted Latin America and Europe. In the case their attention to supplying the lucrative of Guinea-Bissau, that attention has European market by developing networks been all the greater for a number of in West Africa, focused around Ghana reasons: a) the visibility of the authorities’ in the south and Guinea-Bissau in the involvement in trafficking, causing north. From there the drugs are smuggled international agencies and the media to into Europe on commercial flights by dub it the “world’s first narco-state”; b) mules. At the same time, by paying local the amount of drugs seized on its territory collaborators in both cash and cocaine, the and the increasing presence of South traffickers are creating a local consumer Americans, to whom this type of activity market for the drug. is attributed; and lastly c) because the country is totally dependent on aid and The geography of Guinea-Bissau, with its uses the media attention given to drug myriad of coastal islands, makes it the trafficking as an argument for keeping aid perfect destination for unloading drugs flowing into the country. that have been transported by sea, often from Brazil or Venezuela. The virtual Following significant seizures of cocaine in collapse of the country’s administration, 2006 and 2007, the trade appeared to go the inadequacies of the police and justice into decline in 2008 and 2009, for which sector, impunity, endemic corruption the authors outline four possible scenarios, and widespread poverty create fertile the most likely being that it is continuing conditions for the flourishing of the but through the employment of other less cocaine trade which, in turn, has further visible methods, with the traffickers having adverse consequences at the social, made only a temporary tactical retreat. economic and governance levels. Noref Working Paper February 2011 The presence of resourceful and potentially address these problems. From a long-term violent South American cartels in Guinea- perspective, the attraction of the drugs Bissau has aggravated a situation that was trade for disenfranchised youth may also already unsustainable, and drug-related undermine social control mechanisms incidents are on the rise. After reporting that prevent crime and violence. So far, the involvement of the military and their however, Bissau’s youth, though faced civilian allies in drug trafficking, several with unemployment and few opportunities, journalists and activists have had to have shown little desire to go down that flee the country or go into hiding. Drugs route. Nevertheless, the consequences have been discovered at military bases, of globalisation, the food crisis and the and seizures made by the police have inability of external aid to respond to disappeared after being confiscated by the such problems could quickly change the military. Senior government officials have situation. also reportedly received death threats when seeking to investigate cocaine Policy options seizures. The authors argue that, in the long term, in order to tackle the enormous Social and economic impact challenges that the drug trade poses in The influence that cocaine-trafficking is route countries, a less securitizing agenda having on the country’s economy is not needs to be put in place globally, and the yet clear but, as it gains in importance, prohibition-based international consensus it is likely to soon generate more wealth should be debated and reconsidered. In than traditional legal activities and thus the meantime, a number of shorter-term be more attractive to the local population. measures need to be taken urgently to The extent of the impact will depend halt the negative effects of this activity on whether Guinea-Bissau’s role in the at international and national level. These trafficking chain is predominantly active or include improving the coordination of passive. efforts at national, sub-regional, regional and international level, reforming the At the social level, domestic drug use country’s institutions, supporting civil is growing, with the resultant addiction society, rehabilitation initiatives and and violent crime; addiction to cocaine, conducting further research to gain an and especially crack, is reportedly accurate understanding of the scale of the rampant. Guinea-Bissau lacks the material problem. resources, expertise and experience to Luís Filipe Madeira teaches International Relations at the University of Beira Interior (Portugal). He holds a PhD in Political Sciences from IEP, University of Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, and he regularly collaborates with CIDAC (Portuguese NGO) Stéphane Laurent was trained at the University of Bordeaux in Management of Development and Humanitarian Aid. He is a member of the Board of CIDAC where he coordinates the development cooperation sector. Since 2002 he has been responsible for the NGO’s cooperation with Guinea-Bissau. Sílvia Roque is a researcher at the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra. She holds a master’s degree in African Studies from ISCTE (Lisbon) and a BSc in International Relations from the School of Economics of the University of Coimbra. She is a completing her PhD in International Politics and Conflict Resolution and has been conducting research on Guinea-Bissau since 2006. - 2 - The international cocaine trade in Guinea-Bissau: current trends and risks Contents Page Executive Summary 1 Methodological note 3 The rise of the cocaine trade in Guinea-Bissau 4 Conditions favouring the cocaine trade in Guinea-Bissau 6 The international drugs economy 6 National conditions 9 The main risks for Guinea-Bissau 11 Governance 11 Economic impact 12 Social impact 13 Conclusions and policy options 16 Further reading 18 List of interviewees 18 Methodological note The international drugs trade in West Africa, and specifically in Guinea-Bissau, has had a lot of exposure in the media but has been little studied. Since it is an illegal trade, accurate data on it is hard to come by, especially for countries where it is a relatively new phenomenon and where statistical research and analytical skills and tools are limited, as in the case of Guinea-Bissau. This paper is based on secondary data that has appeared in the media, and reports by international organisations (academic research on this specific issue and country is virtually non-existent); interviews with national and international stakeholders who have privileged information on the issue; the authors’ extensive fieldwork experience in the country over the past nine years in the context of development cooperation and research projects in the fields of human security, youth and gender violence; and the international peacebuilding intervention in Guinea-Bissau, where the issue of drug trafficking has repeatedly been highlighted and analysed by international organisations, national officials and the population. - 3 - Noref Working Paper February 2011 The rise of the cocaine trade and the media to dub it the “world’s first nar- in Guinea Bissau co-state”;3 b) the amount of drugs seized on its territory and the increasing presence of South A history of trading Americans, to whom this type of activity is at- In Guinea-Bissau the drugs trade only emerged tributed; and lastly c) because the country is to- as an acute problem in 2005. This does not tally dependent on aid and uses the media atten- mean that the trafficking, smuggling or even tion given to drug trafficking as an argument for consumption of drugs is completely new to the keeping aid flowing into the country. country. As in other parts of the world, traf- ficking is an ancient economic activity in West Accurate figures on the cocaine trade in Guin- Africa (including Guinea-Bissau).1 The trans- ea-Bissau are hard to ascertain. Official data is porting of people and goods across frontiers based solely on seizures made by the country’s is a specialised activity that has been going police. In 2006, 674 kg of cocaine were seized on for centuries and is characteristic of in Guinea-Bissau (the second largest sei- populations living in border regions. zure in West Africa). In 2007, 635 kg Guinea-Bissau is well-known in the re- were seized (the third largest in West gion for the illegal trafficking of small Africa).4 In 2007, a report by the Unit- arms. High-ranking government and ed Nations Office on Drugs and Crime military officials have been directly in- (UNODC) spoke of “the scaling up of volved. Over the past five or six years, the Latin American drug traffickers’ activi- illegal arms trade seems to have diminished ties and the use of Guinea-Bissau as a co- only to be replaced by the trafficking of cocaine, caine stockpiling centre, with illicit drug traf- involving, in particular, military actors.2 ficking taking place both by sea and air”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Henry the Navigator, Who Brought This Move Ment of European Expansion Within Sight of Its Greatest Successes
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com PrinceHenrytheNavigator CharlesRaymondBeazley 1 - 1 1 J fteroes of tbe TRattong EDITED BY Sveltn Bbbott, flD.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD PACTA DUOS VIVE NT, OPEROSAQUE OLMIA MHUM.— OVID, IN LI VI AM, f«». THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. Frontispiece. 1 1 l i "5 ' - "Hi:- li: ;, i'O * .1 ' II* FV -- .1/ i-.'..*. »' ... •S-v, r . • . '**wW' PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY I 394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNr Of" GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGH OUT THE MIDDLE AGLi> AS THE PREPARATION FOR KIS WORlf' BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON 1 fr" ' RifrB | <lvFnwn ; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDEN^rf^fHB-SrraSR^tttpXFORD, 1894 ule. Seneca, Medea P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Cbe Knicftetbocftet press 1911 fe'47708A . A' ;D ,'! ~.*"< " AND TILDl.N' POL ' 3 -P. i-X's I_ • •VV: : • • •••••• Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube ftntcfeerbocfter press, Hew Iffotfc CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE Xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE . I CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) . 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) .
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Forward : U.S.- Africa Relations
    LOOKING FORWARD: U.S.-AFRICA RELATIONS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 Serial No. 116–19 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/, http://docs.house.gov, or http://http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 35–615PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York, Chairman BRAD SHERMAN, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Ranking GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York Member ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia STEVE CHABOT, Ohio THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida JOE WILSON, South Carolina KAREN BASS, California SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts TED S. YOHO, Florida DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois AMI BERA, California LEE ZELDIN, New York JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas JIM SENSENBRENNER, Wisconsin DINA TITUS, Nevada ANN WAGNER, Missouri ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York BRIAN MAST, Florida TED LIEU, California FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida SUSAN WILD, Pennsylvania BRIAN FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania DEAN PHILLIPS, Minnesota JOHN CURTIS, Utah ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota KEN BUCK, Colorado COLIN ALLRED, Texas RON WRIGHT, Texas ANDY LEVIN, Michigan GUY RESCHENTHALER, Pennsylvania ABIGAIL SPANBERGER, Virginia TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee CHRISSY HOULAHAN, Pennsylvania GREG PENCE, Indiana TOM
    [Show full text]
  • Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
    Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Effigies ampli Regni auriferi Guineae in Africa siti, extensum inde ab. insulis Atlanticis, vulgo dictis, de Cabo Verde: ad flumen Benin usque, ad cujus ripam sita est Regia urbs et magna Benin, atque inde ad promontorium Lopi Gonsalvi, delineata per S. Rovelascum, et politioribuslineamentis figurata per Lodovicum Texeram, protocosmographum Regis Hispaniarum, Eodem anno editus est liber, amplam harum regionum descriptionem continens per P.D.M. Stock#: 68369 Map Maker: Allard Date: 1690 circa Place: Amsterdam Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG Size: 24 x 18.2 inches Including text Price: Not Available Description: One of the Great Early Maps of West Africa With Significant Manuscript Annotations Important early map of West Africa showing the coastal region from the Canary Islands to the Bight of Benin and São Tomé and Principe. This a striking, dark impression of the Carol Allard state of the map with numerous annotations in a contemporary hand. The title cartouche attributes the map to an earlier manuscript sketched by Francisco Revelasco and drafted by Luis Teixeira ca. 1600; Teixeira was an important cartographer during the Iberian Union (1580-1640). The title reads in translation from the original Latin: Depiction of the expansive and gold-rich kingdom of Guinea in Africa, which stretches from the Atlantic islands popularly called the Cape Verde Islands to the river in Benin on which the great and royal city of Benin lies, and from there to the promontory of Lopez Gonsalvez, drawn by S.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
    191 A Bibliography of Geographic Literature Concern- ing Foreign Countries. Taken from Non-geoj^fraphifal Magazines 1900-1914; Government Documents; and Geographical Magazines. B. H. SCHOCKEL. INTRODUCTION. Tliis bibliography is sulimitted in the hope tliat it will be of some value to teachers of geography below the University, even though it is incomplete, and loosely organized. P^aeh article has at least been briefly scanned. There are included many articles not written from a geographic standpoint, but it is thought that these also will be of some value to the geography teacher. The accompanying key is employed to save space. The first refereu(!«3 under South America, for example, according to the key is Bidhiin of t/ia Pan American Union, volume 32, pages 240 to 251. Acknowledgement is due to C. 0. McFarland and Mrs. E. E. Rullmau for assistance in preparing the bibliography. KEY. I. Aiuerican Journal of Archaeologj^ II. American Journal of Science. III. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. IV. Atlantic Monthly. V. Bookman. VI. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society (Journal). VII. Bulletin of the Pan American Union. VIII. Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia. IX. Bureau of American Republics. (Pan American Union.) X. Centiu'y Magazine. XI. Chautauqua. XII. Engineering. XIII. Everybody's Maga/iiic 192 XIV. Forum. XV. Geographical Journal. XVI. Harper's Magazine. XVII. Harper's Weekly. XVIII. Harvard Graduate's Magazine. XIX. Independent. XX. Johns Hopkins University Studies. XXI. .lournal of Geographj-. (Journal of School Geography.) XXII. Journal of Geology. XXIII. National Geographic Magazine. XXIV. New England Magazine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colonial Argument of the Princess Micomicona Episode in Don Quijote Part I ______Stacey Triplette
    Chivalry and Empire: The Colonial Argument of the Princess Micomicona Episode in Don Quijote Part I ______________________________________ Stacey Triplette ervantes’ engagement with the motifs of the libros de ca- ballerías is undeniably deep and complex. Critics may never agree on the degree to which Cervantes’ romance borrowings are admir- Cing or antagonistic, but it remains beyond doubt that the chivalric features of Don Quijote are so deeply enmeshed in the fabric of the text that it would be almost impossible to unravel and catalogue each one. Without the intervention of the romances of chivalry, particularly of the Amadís de Gaula, which the character Don Quijote upholds as the mirror of all virtuous action, the major moments of Cervantes’ text would not even exist. Both Daniel Eisenberg and Judith Whitenack have demonstrated the depth of Cervantes’ chivalric borrowings, and both critics would prob- ably categorize Cervantes’ gaze as admiring more often than not.1 Don Quijote’s chivalric episodes go beyond mere citation of motif; rather, they interpret and re-contextualize the values of the source works. One episode, the appearance of Princess Micomicona, showcases Cervantes’ particular reading of romance motif. In order to coax Don Quijote out of Sierra Morena, the cura and Dorotea present the mad knight with the fictional Micomicona, an African princess who requires the knight’s assistance in order to rid her kingdom of a troublesome giant. Sancho makes his own contribution to the story by planning to enslave Micomicona’s people once Quijote has slain the giant and taken control of Micomicona’s kingdom. 1 See Daniel Eisenberg, “Don Quijote y los libros de caballerías,” and Judith Whitenack, “Don Quijote and the Romances of Chivalry Once Again” for a discussion of Cervantine versions of chivalric motifs.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Cocaine Trade in Guinea-Bissau: Current Trends and Risks Luís Filipe Madeira, Stéphane Laurent and Sílvia Roque
    NORWEGIAN PEACEBUILDING CENTRE Noref Working Paper The international cocaine trade in Guinea-Bissau: current trends and risks Luís Filipe Madeira, Stéphane Laurent and Sílvia Roque February 2011 Executive Summary This paper analyses the international, Favourable conditions for trafficking West African and national conditions Both the global operation of the cocaine that fuel the spread of the international market and a number of specific national drugs trade in West Africa, particularly in conditions favour the development of drug Guinea-Bissau, and examines the impact trafficking in West Africa and especially of the international cocaine trade at a Guinea-Bissau. At the systemic level, the social, economic and governance level in enforcement of the global drug-control this small West African country. system tends to push traffickers to select transit routes through states that are Although drug trafficking has a long already weakened by internal conflict, history in West Africa, over the past poverty or both. five years the region has increasingly attracted international attention as a new In recent years, the Latin American hub for the illicit cocaine trade between drug cartels appear to have shifted Latin America and Europe. In the case their attention to supplying the lucrative of Guinea-Bissau, that attention has European market by developing networks been all the greater for a number of in West Africa, focused around Ghana reasons: a) the visibility of the authorities’ in the south and Guinea-Bissau in the involvement in trafficking, causing north. From there the drugs are smuggled international agencies and the media to into Europe on commercial flights by dub it the “world’s first narco-state”; b) mules.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Size and Shape of African States Elliott Green (LSE) Political
    Political Science and Political Economy Working Paper Department of Government London School of Economics No. 4/2010 On the Size and Shape of African States Elliott Green (LSE) On the Size and Shape of African States Elliott Green 1 DESTIN, LSE [email protected] June 2010 Abstract: African states are both unusually large and well-known for having artificial borders created during the colonial period. While their size and shape have been previously shown to be correlated with negative development outcomes, so far no one has examined the origins of either phenomenon. Here we show that African state size and shape are a consequence of Africa’s low pre-colonial population density, whereby low-density areas were consolidated into unusually large colonial states with artificial borders. We also show that state size has a strong negative relationship with pre-colonial trade, and that trade and population density alone explain the majority of the variation in African state size. Finally, we do not find a relationship between population density and state size or shape amongst non-African former colonies, thereby emphasizing the distinctiveness of modern African state formation. 1 Research for this paper was funded in part by British Academy Small Research Grant #SG091125. I appreciate research assistance from Ulas Karakoc. All errors remain my own. 1. Introduction The geographic size of states has long been of interest, with scholars from (Montesquieu, 1989 [1748]) to (Alesina & Spolaore, 2003; Spolaore, 2006; Wittman, 1991, 2000) weighing the benefits of the economies of scale of large states with the better representation of citizens’ interests in smaller states.
    [Show full text]
  • Piracy and Armed Robbery Off the Coast of Africa
    Piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Africa EU and global impact IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Eric Pichon with Marian Pietsch Members' Research Service PE 635.590 – March 2019 EN African maritime security is affected by a wide range of illegal activities. This paper focuses on maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea. It examines the legal aspects and societal implications of these forms of violence. Maritime piracy and armed robbery off the African coast are also a threat for the European Union's security and economy. Since 2008, the European Union has been implementing a maritime security strategy (MSS) via distinct regional strategies in the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Guinea. AUTHOR(S) Author: Eric Pichon with Marian Pietsch, Members' Research Service. Maps by Eulalia Claros, Members' Research Service. This paper has been drawn up by the Members' Research Service, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. To contact the authors, please email: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN Translations: DE, FR Manuscript completed in March 2019. DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT This document is prepared for, and addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament as background material to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL GE}IEFAL A/ 3R/ 3\3 a S S E H4 B I.Y 21 August 1980 ORIGINAL: NNGLTSH
    :tt\ \: _4Os.- FE: <_;{ P NAT'ENS UN'IED Distr. GENERAL GE}IEFAL A/ 3r/ 3\3 A S S E h4 B I.Y 21 August 1980 ORIGINAL: NNGLTSH Thirty-fifth session Iten 64 (t) of the provisional agenda* SPECIAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAI'MES Assistance to Guinea-Bissau lryrt*g.1l the Secretary-General- 1. In its resol-ution 3\/1:Z;- of 1\ December L9T9 on assistance to Guinea-Bissau, the General Assembly, inteq qlia, requested. the Secretary-Genera1 to continrre his efforts to nobilize the necessary resources for an effeetive programme of financial, technical and material assistance to Guinea-Bissau, and to arrange for a review of the economic situation of Guinea-Bissau and the progress made in organizing and irnpleraenting the special econornj-c assistance prograrme for that in time for the matter to be considered by the Assernbly at its thirty- "or-ttyfifth session. 2. Ttre Secretary-General arranged for a review mission to visit Guinea-Bissau to consult with the Government on the economic situation and, on the progress made in inplementing the special eeonomic assistance progranme. The report of the review m'ission which is annexed hereto, describ:s the economic and financial position of the country, discusses the need for food- assistancg *d summarizes ihu p"ogr.ss r,rhich has been made in implementinf the proJects included in the special economic assistance progranme. 3. In resoluti-on 3)+/l.Z1u the Secretary-Genera1 was also requested- to pursue with the Government of Guinea-Bissau the quest"ion of organizing a meet'ing of d.onors and., in that respeet, to co-ordinate efforts with the United Nations Development Progranme (Uirop), the Econorni"c Commission for Africa and the hlorld Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Economic Update • 2015 FOREWORD
    October 2015 | Edition No. 1 Transition amid Risks with a Special Focus on Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations Macroeconomic and Fiscal Global Practice Transition amid Risks with a Special Focus on Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ i FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. v MAIN MESSAGES AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. ix PART I: Social, Economic, and Governance Status ....................................................................................................... 1 1. Context and Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Social and Poverty Status .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Short-Term Variation of Zooplankton Community in Cintra Bay (Northwest
    Oceanologia (2019) 61, 368—383 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect jou rnal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/oceanologia/ ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa) Amina Berraho *, Hinde Abdelouahab, Tarik Baibai, Said Charib, Jamila Larissi, Aziz Agouzouk, Ahmed Makaoui National Institute of Fisheries Research, Casablanca, Morocco Received 19 October 2018; accepted 14 February 2019 Available online 27 February 2019 KEYWORDS Summary This is the first study that describes the spatial-temporal distributions of the zooplank- ton community and potential control factors in Cintra Bay. Zooplankton were sampled using a bongo Cintra Bay; Zooplankton; net, 150 mm mesh size, during two surveys, in autumn 2015 and spring 2016, extending from the coast Copepods; to the open sea. Fourteen zooplankton groups were identified, where copepods represented 49.1% and 92.5% of the total abundance in autumn 2015 and spring 2016, respectively. Tintinnids accounted Diversity indices; Environmental for 39.7% and 4.7%, respectively. The total zooplankton abundance was higher in autumn À3 À3 parameters (55 992 ind m ) than in spring (2123 ind m ). Nineteen species of copepods, belonging to 14 fami- lies, were identified. Euterpina acutifrons and Oithona nana were the most common and abundant species. The Acartiids were represented by three species (Acartia clausi, A. tonsa and A. bifilosa) in autumn and one species in spring (A. clausi). The copepods diversity was significantly different between the two seasons showing high values at the entrance and the center of the bay in autumn 2015 and in the southern half of the bay in spring 2016.
    [Show full text]