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Hacia Una Internet Libre De Censura II. Perspectivas En América Latina

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Hacia Una Internet Libre De Censura II. Perspectivas En América Latina Hacia una Internet libre de censura II Perspectivas en América Latina Agustina Del Campo Compiladora Facultad de Derecho Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información Hacia una Internet libre de censura II 1 Hacia una Internet libre de censura II Perspectivas en América Latina Agustina Del Campo COMPILADORA Facultad de Derecho Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información 3 Del Campo, Agustina Hacia una Internet libre de censura II : Perspectivas en América Latina / Agustina Del Campo ; compilado por Agustina Del Campo . - 1a ed . - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Universidad de Palermo - UP, 2017. 200 p. ; 23 x 15 cm. Traducción de: Fernanda Guerra ; Jessica Vidal. ISBN 978-950-9887-20-6 1. Internet. 2. Derechos Humanos. 3. América Latina. I. Del Campo, Agustina , comp. II. Guerra, Fernanda, trad. III. Vidal, Jessica , trad. IV. Título. CDD 323 Compiladora: Universidad de Palermo Agustina Del Campo Rector Ing. Ricardo H. Popovsky Traducción: Fernanda Guerra y Jessica Vidal Facultad de Derecho Diseño general: Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión Departamento de Diseño y Acceso a la Información (CELE) de la Universidad de Palermo Directora Agustina Del Campo Corrección: Carla Ortiz Rocha Mario Bravo 1050 (C1175ABW) Ciudad de Buenos Aires Editado por la Universidad Argentina de Palermo, febrero de 2017, Tel.: (54 11) 5199-4500 | Fax: (54 11) 4963-1560 Buenos Aires, Argentina [email protected] | www.palermo.edu/cele © 2017 Fundación Universidad de Palermo ISBN: 978-950-9887-20-6 Febrero de 2017 Licencia Creative Commons 4.0. Los artículos de este libro se distribuyen Hecho el depósito que marca la bajo una Licencia Creative Commons ley 11.723 Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. Pueden ser compartidos Cantidad de ejemplares: 200 y adaptados mientras no se haga un uso comercial del material, bajo la condición de Impresión: MPA reconocer a los autores y autoras y mantener Luis Sáenz Peña 647 (1110) esta licencia para las obras derivadas. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Impreso en la Argentina / Printed Este libro fue realizado en el marco de un in Argentina proyecto auspiciado por Ford Foundation. Índice 7 Prólogo Agustina Del Campo 11 Redes de gobernanza de internet a nivel nacional. La experiencia de casos recientes en América Latina Carolina Aguerre 37 Ciberseguridad y derechos humanos en América Latina Daniel Álvarez Valenzuela y Francisco Vera Hott 5 6 Neutralidad de la red, zero-rating y el Marco Civil de Internet Luca Belli 93 ¿Se puede tener el oro y el moro? Zero-rating, neutralidad de la red y el derecho internacional Arturo J. Carrillo 171 El “derecho al olvido” de Europa en América Latina Daphne Keller 199 ¿Derecho al olvido en el ciberespacio? Principios internacionales y reflexiones sobre las regulaciones latinoamericanas Nelson Remolina Angarita Prólogo Con la diversificación y el crecimiento de internet surgen oportunidades y desafíos que requieren soluciones creativas, que permitan el desarrollo, la inversión, el crecimiento constante, y garanticen los derechos de los usuarios. La regulación es una de las soluciones desde la perspectiva estatal y tiene que estar orientada a solucionar de manera pragmática los problemas que van surgiendo respetando los derechos humanos fundamentales de las personas. Durante los últimos años América Latina ha visto un crecimiento ex- ponencial en materia de regulación de internet y cierta diversificación de las temáticas que ocupan a nuestros funcionarios públicos, legisladores y quienes día a día están encargados de hacer políticas públicas para el mejor funcionamiento de nuestras sociedades. Uno de los grandes desafíos que enfrentan es que con el continuo desarrollo tecnológico, las problemáticas se van complejizando, y una vez que alcanzamos consensos en torno a ciertas problemáticas, estas cambian, mutan, se agrandan o incluso desaparecen. Otro factor, no menor, que afecta también la evolución normativa de estos temas es que los desarrollos locales conviven en un contexto mundial. Así por ejemplo, el tratamiento y la regulación que la India propuso en torno al zero rating y los efectos de dicha regulación, permearon la forma de analizar y regular el fenómeno a nivel mundial. A medida que distintos países van “probando” distintas soluciones, a nivel global adquirimos experiencia, por prueba y error, respecto de qué políticas tienen mejores o peores ventajas respecto de las desventajas que acarrean. Uno de los casos más paradig- máticos de esta dinámica en este momento es el fenómeno del “derecho al olvido,” una propuesta que nació en Europa y permeó las discusiones en torno al balance de los derechos a la libertad de expresión y a la privacidad de distintos países dentro y fuera de Europa, incluyendo a América Latina. En vista de los constantes cambios y desarrollos que nos ofrece internet y quienes se dedican a desarrollar las redes, la infraestructura, las aplica- ciones y los contenidos, desde el CELE nos proponemos aportar insumos al debate estudiando y evaluando críticamente las experiencias comparadas; 7 Hacia una Internet libre de censura II analizando el impacto de ciertas políticas públicas en la vigencia, respeto y garantía de los derechos humanos en internet; y proponiendo, dentro de lo posible, medidas o herramientas útiles para pensar la regulación de manera respetuosa de estos derechos básicos en el contexto latinoamericano. Desde 2010 trabajamos el tema de derechos humanos en internet y en 2012 crea- mos la Iniciativa por la Libertad de Expresión en Internet (iLEI) prestando particular atención al impacto de la regulación en la libertad de expresión y acceso a la información. También publicamos un primer libro en la materia: Hacia una Internet Libre de Censura, Propuestas para América Latina, una compilación de artículos de reconocidos académicos y abogados de Latino- américa y Estados Unidos que abordaba algunas de las problemáticas más complejas en el desarrollo de la regulación de internet en la región en ese momento. La consigna era identificar las problemáticas y ofrecer distintas perspectivas al respecto tendientes a enriquecer el debate regulatorio y realizar recomendaciones concretas para el desarrollo de políticas públicas respetuosas de los derechos humanos en la región. En esta nueva publicación, y bajo la misma consigna, se abordan algunos de los temas más significativos que vienen marcando la agenda legislativa y regulatoria en materia de internet en América Latina. Todos ellos presentan aristas y asperezas que generan duros enfrentamientos entre pares académi- cos, doctrinarios, legisladores, abogados, técnicos, compañías y usuarios. El primer artículo, escrito por Carolina Aguerre, aborda la gobernanza de internet y las distintas instancias de gobernanza local que se han proyectado en América Latina, evaluando la eficacia de los distintos modelos surgidos. El segundo artículo, de Daniel Álvarez Valenzuela, brinda una introducción al tema de ciberseguridad, destacando la necesidad de enfocar el tema desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos. El tercer artículo, de Luca Belli, describe la íntima vinculación entre el acceso a internet y el zero-rating. Y el cuarto artículo, de Arturo Carrillo, ofrece un análisis del mismo tema a la luz del test de legalidad, necesidad y proporcionalidad que establece el sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos. Los últimos dos artículos abordan la problemática del “derecho al olvido”. Daphne Keller ofrece un análisis de la directiva europea en este tema, desde la perspectiva de la protección de la libertad de expresión y su (in)transferibilidad a la regulación latinoamericana; y Nelson Remolina evalúa la interpretación y el desarrollo jurisprudencial del derecho al olvido desde la perspectiva de la protección de datos personales. El objetivo de esta publicación es precisamente facilitar la comprensión de las distintas complejidades de cada uno de los temas a través del con- traste de ideas, a fin de enriquecer el debate público, identificar ventajas y 8 Prólogo desventajas, virtudes y defectos, de las distintas teorías y propuestas que se plantean, y colaborar con ello a la creación de políticas públicas necesarias y proporcionadas, respetuosas de los derechos humanos. Esta publicación se realiza en el marco de un proyecto del CELE con el apoyo de la Fundación Ford. Desde el CELE agradecemos las contribucio- nes de todos los autores y al equipo que trabajó en la publicación. Esperamos que los aportes sean útiles para pensar la regulación de internet a futuro en estos y otros importantes temas vinculados. Agustina Del Campo 9 Capítulo Uno Redes de gobernanza de internet a nivel nacional. La experiencia de casos recientes en América Latina Carolina Aguerre1 Resumen Este trabajo examina los mecanismos institucionales de gobernanza de internet en diversos países de América Latina que emergieron en los últi- mos años, como fue el caso en Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, México, Uruguay y Venezuela con el trasfondo del caso brasileño. Desde la literatura en gobernanza de internet, la investigación está orientada a conceptualizar la relevancia de la dimensión nacional. Se considera la formación de estos nuevos espacios como redes de políticas (policy networks), en transición hacia redes de gobernanza en el nivel nacional, sobre los cuales se delimita un campo de acción específico. El artículo analiza estos casos nacionales buscando comprender sus variaciones, los aspectos en común y posibles consecuencias de estos arreglos
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