Fostering an Open Internet in Asia
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Barbara Van Schewick Professor of Law and by Courtesy, Electrical Engineering Helen L
Barbara van Schewick Professor of Law and by Courtesy, Electrical Engineering Helen L. Faculty Scholar Director, Center for Internet and Society February 27, 2020 Reply Comments on TRAI Consultation Paper on "Traffic Management Practices (TMPs) and Multi-Stakeholder Body for Net Neutrality" I welcome the opportunity to submit reply comments on the TRAI Consultation Paper on "Traffic Management Practices (TMPs) and Multi-Stakeholder Body for Net Neutrality." I submit these reply comments as a professor of law and, by courtesy, electrical engineering at Stanford University whose research focuses on Internet architecture, innovation and regulation. I have a Ph.D. in computer science and a law degree and have worked on net neutrality for the past twenty years. My book “Internet Architecture and Innovation,” which was published by MIT Press in 2010, is considered the seminal work on the science, economics and politics of network neutrality. My papers on network neutrality have influenced discussions on network neutrality all over the world.1 I have testified on matters of Internet architecture, innovation and regulation before the California Legislature, the US Federal Communications Commission, the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, and BEREC.2 The FCC’s 2010 and 2014 Open Internet Orders relied heavily on my work. My work also informed BEREC’s 2016 net neutrality implementation guidelines as well as the 2017 Orders on zero-rating by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, and TRAI’s 2016 Order on zero-rating. Finally, I served as technical advisor for California’s net neutrality law, which took effect in January 2020. I have not been retained or paid by anybody to participate in this proceeding.3 My reply comments draw heavily on my existing writings on net neutrality. -
E-Commerce and Its Impact on Competition Policy and Law in Singapore
E-commerce and its impact on competition policy and law in Singapore A DotEcon study for the Competition Commission of Singapore Final Report – October 2015 DotEcon Ltd 17 Welbeck Street London W1G 9XJ www.dotecon.com Content Content 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2 E-commerce activity in Singapore ............................................................................... 4 2.1 An introduction to e-commerce ........................................................................... 4 2.2 E-commerce adoption in Singapore ................................................................... 17 3 E-commerce and competition .................................................................................... 38 3.1 What changes with e-commerce? ...................................................................... 38 3.2 The impact of e-commerce on market boundaries ............................................. 59 3.3 The impact of e-commerce on market structure and competition ...................... 65 3.4 Vertical restraints ............................................................................................... 77 4 Implications of e-commerce for competition policy in Singapore .............................. 83 4.1 Defining a relevant market ................................................................................. 84 4.2 Assessing market power ................................................................................... -
Singapore Internet Case Study
THE e-CITY: SINGAPORE INTERNET CASE STUDY April 2001 Michael Minges, Magda Ismail and Larry Press wrote this report. Vanessa Gray provided editorial comments and Nathalie Delmas handled formatting and production. Vincent Tan Fu Ming of Radin Mas Primary School in Singapore drew the picture on the cover. The authors are indebted to the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) for its support and particularly Meng Chung Lee who graciously dealt with the logistics. The report is based on field research undertaken 24-28 July 2000 as well as reports and articles identified in the bibliography or as footnotes. We would like to thank Jenny Yeo (Radin Mas Primary School), Alvin Kuek (AsiaStockWatch), Yap Kwang Tan (Ministry of Education), Colin Quek (National Healthcare Group), Siew Luan Yap (AsiaOne), Yoke Wah Lum (Ministry of Health), Cecilia Yip (Singa- pore Broadcasting Authority), Vivien Chow (Singapore Cable Vision) as well as IDA for their valuable comments on the draft version of this report. The views expressed are those of the authors and may not necessarily re- flect the opinions of the International Telecommunication Union, its mem- bers, or the Government of the Republic of Singapore. This report is one of a series of Internet Case Studies. Additional information is available on the Internet Case Studies web site at www.itu.int/ti/casestudies. © ITU 2001 ii Contents 1. Country background ............................................................ 1 1.1 Overview............................................................................. 1 1.2 Demography ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Economy ............................................................................. 1 1.4 Human development............................................................. 2 1.5 Political ............................................................................... 2 2. Information and Communication Technology markets ......... 4 2.1 Telecommunication Sector .................................................... -
History of the Internet-English
Sirin Palasri Steven Huter ZitaWenzel, Ph.D. THE HISTOR Y OF THE INTERNET IN THAILAND Sirin Palasri Steven G. Huter Zita Wenzel (Ph.D.) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) University of Oregon The History of the Internet in Thailand by Sirin Palasri, Steven Huter, and Zita Wenzel Cover Design: Boonsak Tangkamcharoen Published by University of Oregon Libraries, 2013 1299 University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-1299 United States of America Telephone: (541) 346-3053 / Fax: (541) 346-3485 Second printing, 2013. ISBN: 978-0-9858204-2-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-9858204-6-6 (English PDF), doi:10.7264/N3B56GNC ISBN: 978-0-9858204-7-3 (Thai PDF), doi:10.7264/N36D5QXN Originally published in 1999. Copyright © 1999 State of Oregon, by and for the State Board of Higher Education, on behalf of the Network Startup Resource Center at the University of Oregon. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/deed.en_US Requests for permission, beyond the Creative Commons authorized uses, should be addressed to: The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) 1299 University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1299 USA Telephone: +1 541 346-3547 Email: [email protected] Fax: +1 541-346-4397 http://www.nsrc.org/ This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-961657. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. -
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Press for
INFORMATION 105 TECHNOLOGY Press FOR DEVELOPMENT ,.c-;~··· ·-~ ··-:-;-~~·'~- .~ ·--=-.--:-:::~ .. ::~,.1 'ARCSER lnfomldon tedh"lOlogy Md the Internet lhe Singapore experience Lr. Chia. as. L• lllJd c.1<. *° Foetering civil mocillliOi1s In Africa through GOVERNET: an administratiw retonn network s. Qureshi 1998 Volume 8, No. 2 ISSN 0268-1102 Editor-in-Chief S. Ramani National Centre for Software Technology INFORMATION Gulmohar Cross Road No. g Juhu, Bombay, 400 049 India Tel.: +91 22 620 0590/620 1606 TECHNOLOGY Fax: +91 22 621 0139 E-mail: [email protected] Associate Editors FOR Odedra-Straub, M., Koramangala, Bangalore, India Heeks, R., University of Manchester, Manchester, UK DEVELOPMENT Editorial Associate Sasikumar, M., NCST, Bombay, India Korpela, M., University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland E-mail: [email protected] Kraemer, K.L., University of California, Irvine, USA La Rovere, R.L., Universitat Rostock, Rostock, Germany Editorial Board Aiyepeku, W.O., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Lee, C.-J., Research, Development, and Evaluation Avgerou, C., London School of Economics, London, UK Commission, Taiwan, Republic of China Baeza-Yates, R., Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Lind, P., INMADE, Satsjo-Duvnas, Sweden Balson, D., Intern. Development Centre, Ottawa, Canada Menezes, C., UNESCO, Paris, France Correa, C.M., Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Molino, E., FAMI, Mexico Argentina Okot-Uma, R. W'O, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, UK El-Sherif, H., IDSC, Cairo, Egypt Raman, K.S., National University -
Bridging the Last Mile: an Exploration of Ict Policy Through Bharatnet
BRIDGING THE LAST MILE: AN EXPLORATION OF ICT POLICY THROUGH BHARATNET Deepti Bharthur A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2015 Committee: Radhika Gajjala, Advisor Shannon Orr Graduate Faculty Representative Oliver Boyd-Barrett Clayton Rosati © 2015 Deepti Bharthur All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Radhika Gajjala, Advisor India is brimming with new optimism about its economic growth potential and ability to enhance its status. Democratic and demographic dividends play a crucial role in its aspiration. As a key IT player with regard to the services and allied sectors its transformation from telecom as a luxury to appreciable levels of teledensity is a narrative in itself. Its tryst with harnessing communication for development integrates the modernization approaches with all the consequent set of problems and issues. The liberal framework in which telecom reforms were initiated have spread the vision of modern handheld communication devices as harbingers of empowerment, entitlement and entertainment. Connectivity and access in the last mile is no doubt a significant variable and required a major policy articulation and push by the government. It was against this reality shared by many other nations that incremental articulations for broadband access in keeping with the vision of creating an information society were made. Through a historical institutional analysis, this study unravels the pattern leading -
Internet Governance As 'Ideology in Practice' – India's 'Free Basics' Controversy Anita Gurumurthy IT for Change, India
INTERNET POLICY REVIEW Journal on internet regulation Volume 5 | Issue 3 Internet governance as 'ideology in practice' – India's 'Free Basics' controversy Anita Gurumurthy IT for Change, India Nandini Chami IT for Change, India Published on 30 Sep 2016 | DOI: 10.14763/2016.3.431 Abstract: The paper examines the recent Free Basics controversy in India, which triggered a national level policy debate on the appropriate regulatory response to differential pricing of data services, employing the theoretical framework of 'ideology in practice'. Unpacking 'openness' in design, 'inclusion' in provisioning and 'empowerment' in use as contested concepts in the policy process, the paper demonstrates a paradoxical conflation of oppositional interpretations of access. Tracing the material-discursive practices of actors in the debate and scrutinising everyday practices of the internet for their moral claims, the paper examines if and how hegemonic discourses of economic globalisation are challenged, and alternative meanings of the internet etched in contemporary political agenda on internet governance in India. Keywords: Internet governance, Net neutrality, Facebook, Internet access Article information Received: 26 Apr 2016 Reviewed: 17 Jun 2016 Published: 30 Sep 2016 Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist that have influenced the text. URL: http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/internet-governance-ideology-practice-indias-free-basics-con troversy Citation: Gurumurthy, A. & Chami, N. (2016). Internet governance as 'ideology in practice' – India's 'Free Basics' controversy. Internet Policy Review, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2016.3.431 This paper is part of Doing internet governance, a special issue of Internet Policy Review guest-edited by Dmitry Epstein, Christian Katzenbach, and Francesca Musiani. -
The Role of the Internet in Singapore's 2011 Elections
series A Buzz in Cyberspace, But No Net-Revolution The Role of the Internet in Singapore’s 2011 Elections By Kai Portmann 2011 © 2011 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) Published by fesmedia Asia Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Hiroshimastrasse 28 10874 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49-30-26935-7403 Email: [email protected] All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung or fesmedia Asia. fesmedia Asia does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. ISBN: 978-99916-864-9-3 fesmedia Asia fesmedia Asia is the media project of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) in Asia. We are working towards a political, legal and regulatory framework for the media which follows international Human Rights law and other international or regional standards as regards to Freedom of Expression and Media Freedom. FES in Asia The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung has been working in Asia for more than 40 years. With offices in 13 Asian countries, FES is supporting the process of self-determination democratisation and social development in cooperation with local partners in politics and society. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung is a non-governmental and non-profit making Political Foundation based in almost 90 countries throughout the world. Established in 1925, it carries the name of Germany’s first democratically elected president, Friedrich Ebert, and, continuing his legacy, promotes freedom, solidarity and social democracy. A Buzz in Cyberspace, But No Net-Revolution The Role of the Internet in Singapore’s 2011 Elections By Kai Portmann 2011 Content ABSTRACT 5 1. -
Telecom Sector Policy Recommendation
Uganda Telecommunications Sector Policy Review Policy review report, 28/1/05 UGANDA COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS ON PROPOSED REVIEW OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR POLICY TO THE MINISTER OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS 31st January 2005 © Uganda Communications Commission Email: [email protected], http://www.ucc.co.ug Uganda Telecommunications Sector Policy Review Policy review report, 28/1/05 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. 1 MEMBERS OF THE REVIEW COMMITTEE .......................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 17 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 17 1.2 Motivation For The Sector Policy Review.................................................................. 17 1.3 Holistic Approach To The Review.............................................................................. 18 1.4 The Process................................................................................................................. 19 1.5 The Output................................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Report Layout............................................................................................................. -
The Internet and Power in One-Party East Asian States
Nina Hachigian The Internet and Power in One-Party East Asian States The Internet presents a dilemma to leaders of authoritarian states and illiberal democracies. It promises enticing commercial advantages, such as transaction cost reductions, e-commerce possibilities, and foreign trade facilitation. Yet, by giving citizens access to outside information and plat- forms for discussion and organization, the Internet can also help politically empower populations and potentially threaten regimes. Contrary to popular assumption, the response to this dilemma is far from uniform—not all one-party states try to maximize their control of the Internet.1 Leaders of one-party states use a wide variety of strategies to re- tain their power in the age of information technology (IT). In East Asia, North Korea and Myanmar fall at one end of the spectrum, severely restrict- ing all public use of the Internet. Three countries—China, Vietnam, and Singapore—have adopted compromise strategies that moderately restrict ac- cess, content, or both. Malaysia lands at the other extreme, actively promot- ing IT and Internet access, permitting almost all online political content. The debate between the determinists, who argue that the Internet will vanquish dictators, and the instrumentalists, who insist that authoritarian governments can control or even harness the Internet, frame many analyses of one-party states and IT.2 Yet, this debate obscures an important question about why leaders of one-party states choose to employ certain strategies to address the political potential of the Internet. The subtle choices regimes make about how to treat the Internet are designed to reinforce their broader strategies for retaining power, and those choices do not predict regime vi- ability in a clear way. -
News Flows in Singapore
Culture and Communication News Flows in Singapore “From Third World to First”: The Development of Disseminating News Towards a “More Just and More Efficient Information Order” Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultaet III der Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin von Carl Alexander Haentzschel geboren am 26. August 1975 in Mainz wohnhaft in Carl-Herz-Ufer 23, 10961 Berlin Matrikelnummer 138905 Praesident der Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Christoph Markschies Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultaet III Prof. Dr. Thomas Macho Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Thomas Macho 2. Prof. Dr. Hans J. Kleinsteuber Datum der muendlichen Pruefung: 22.08.2007 Druckversion Culture and Communication News Flows in Singapore “From Third World to First”: The Development of Disseminating News Towards a “More Just and More Efficient Information Order” Content Page 1. Introduction 1.1 Subject of this dissertation 9 1.1.1 Restraints of the subject 13 1.1.2 Relevance of the thesis 14 1.2 Structure and methods 15 1.2.1 Availability of data 16 1.2.2 Selection of sources 17 2. Definitions 2.1 Definitions of culture-related terms 19 2.2 Definitions of communication-related terms 22 2.3 Definitions of media-related terms 24 3. Retrospection 3.1 Origins of the discussions about news flows 27 3.1.1 The discussions in the 1970s and 1980s 30 3.1.2 The role of UNESCO in the discussions 34 3.2 Main parts of the report 38 3.2.1 Recommendations of the commission 42 3.3 Perceptions of the report 47 3.3.1 The perspective from the South 51 4. -
Economic Impact of Google's Apac Network Infrastructure Focus On
> THE IMPACT OF FACEBOOK’S CONNECTIVITY INITIATIVES IN THE ASEAN REGION C ONSULTING ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GOOGLE’S APAC NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FOCUS ON SINGAPORE David Abecassis, Dion Teo, Goh Wei Jian, Dr. Michael Kende, Prof. Neil Gandal SEPTEMBER 2020 analysysmason.com 1 Economic impact of Google’s APAC network infrastructure – Singapore | 1 1 1 All currency in USD, in real 2019 terms 2020250-274 Economic impact of Google’s APAC network infrastructure – Singapore | 2 2020250-274 Economic impact of Google’s APAC network infrastructure – Singapore | 3 2020250-274 Economic impact of Google’s APAC network infrastructure – Singapore | 4 Singapore has one of the world’s most developed telecom landscapes. As of 2019, 88% of its population was connected to the internet. Internet traffic generated across both fixed and mobile networks has been growing strongly at around 29% annually from 2010 to 2019, reaching 4EB in total in 2019. There are three main telecoms service providers in Singapore, in addition to a smaller new-entrant mobile operator (TPG) and many retail service providers and MVNOs: • Singtel, the incumbent and largest telecoms operator in Singapore • StarHub, the second-largest operator under ST Telemedia • M1, owned by Keppel Corporation. Singapore’s fixed and mobile networks provide extensive coverage: close to 100% of households2 have access to fibre broadband and 99% of the population is within range of 4G mobile coverage.3 Singapore is also one of the main submarine cable hubs in APAC, and is connected to 23 international submarine cable systems that, as of 2019, offered a total of 857Tbit/s in potential capacity.4 1 Google’s network infrastructure investments contributed to higher internet usage in Singapore, equivalent to 20% of internet traffic in 2019 Google’s investments in network infrastructure not only improve service performance and reliability of its content and services, they also improve the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of internet infrastructure in Singapore.