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26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 1 EDITORS Luca Belli Nikhil Pahwa Osama Manzar PREFACES AND POSTFACE Vint Cerf Sébastien Soriano Anriette Esterhuysen THE VALUE OF INTERNET OPENNESS IN TIMES OF CRISIS OFFICIAL OUTCOME OF THE UN IGF COALITIONS ON NET NEUTRALITY AND ON COMMUNITY CONNECTIVITY 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 2 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 3 THE VALUE OF INTERNET OPENNESS IN TIMES OF CRISIS OFFICIAL OUTCOME OF THE UN IGF COALITIONS ON NET NEUTRALITY AND ON COMMUNITY CONNECTIVITY EDITORS LUCA BELLI, NIKHIL PAHWA AND OSAMA MANZAR Presented at the United Nations Internet Governance Forum 2020. The opinions expressed in this volume are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or the position of the institutions that support this publication. 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 4 This document can be modified non-commercially, as long as credit is given to the orig- inal authors and license the modified version/new creation under the identical terms. Title of the book: The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis Official Outcome of the UN IGF Coalitions on Net Neutrality and on Community Connectivity The Editors would like to acknowledge and express sincere gratitude to Aditi Agrawal, Sarah Farooqui, and Laila Lorenzon for their important help. ISBN: 978-65-86060-11-9 Edited by: Luca Belli, Nikhil Pahwa and Osama Manzar Book Cover Illustration: Sharada Kerkar Book Design & Layout: Shaifali Chikermane The online copy is available at www.defindia.org/publication-2 First Published in 2020 by Digital Empowerment Foundation 44, 2nd Floor, Kalu Sarai (Near IIT Flyover), New Delhi- 110 016, India www.defindia.org Co-published by FGV Direito Rio, Praia de Botafogo, 190, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22250-900, Brazil www.fgv.br Medianama, Mixed Bag Media Pvt Ltd, 20 A Rajpur Road, Civil Lines, Delhi-110 054 www.medianama.com 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS 07 PREFACE 19 Internet Lessons from COVID19 Vint Cerf PREFACE 23 Internet Openness toward Digital Sustainability Sébastien Soriano INTRODUCTION 27 COVID-19: A Harsh Reminder that Open Internet Access and Meaningful Connectivity are Necessary Luca Belli, Osama Manzar and Sarah Farooqui ONE Meaningful Connectivity: Advancing the Open Internet 37 during COVID19 Dhanaraj Thakur, Teddy Woodhouse, and Sonia Jorge TWO COVID-19 and the Value of Internet Openness: The 41 European Experience Frode Sørensen THREE Bridging India’s Digital Divide during COVID-19 47 Requires a Comprehensive Strategy Apar Gupta and Sidharth Deb FOUR Net Neutrality in India: From Rules to Enforcement 61 Smriti Parsheera The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis 5 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 6 FIVE Net Neutrality in India: Ensuring openness amidst the Crisis 69 Smriti Parsheera SIX Access as a Human Right 75 Rolf H. Weber SEVEN Russia during COVID-19: Information Warfare, Digital 81 Passes and Digital Protest Anna Orlova and Andrey Shcherbovich EIGHT Innovative Spectrum Approaches for Internet Openness 89 in South Africa Senka Hadzic, Pablo Aguera, Alison Gillwald NINE Open Internet Governance: The 6F Framework and 95 COVID-19 Alejandro Pisanty TEN Beyond Connectivity: Networks of Care 103 LocNet Team ELEVEN Community Network in Latin America: Unleashing 109 Openness through Self-determination Luca Belli, Carlos Baca, Erik Huerta and Karla Velasco TWELVE Context and Response of Community Networks to 121 COVID-19 in Latin America Karla Velasco and Daniela Parra THIRTEEN Open Internet Is Always an Inclusive Quality Internet 129 Amali De Silva-Mitchell FOURTEEN COVID19 and the Importance of Building Trust in the 133 Internet Nikhil Pahwa FIFTEEN Internet Openness and Covid-19: Community Networks and 139 their Importance to Foster Openness in India Ritu Srivastava and Osama Manzar POSTFACE 147 Internet Openness for an Open Internet Governance Anriette Esterhuysen 6 The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 7 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ALEJANDRO PISANTY Dr. Pisanty is a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico where he has also served as Academic CIO and Coordinator for Open and Dis- tance Education. His education includes a Ph.D. in Theoretical Chemistry and a postdoctoral period in the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research. He has been a member and Vice-Chair of the ICANN Board of Directors and a Trustee of the Internet Society (ISOC), as well as a member of the Working Group on In- ternet Governance. He is Chair of ISOC Mexico and a well-known, active scholar, speaker, and promoter in the field of Internet governance. He is also an active blogger and microblogger and has led successful social-media based cam- paigns like #InternetNecesario. ALISON GILLWALD Alison Gillwald (PhD) is the Executive Director of Research ICT Africa (RIA) and holds an adjunct professorship at the Nelson Mandela School of Public Gov- ernance (University of Cape Town), where she convenes a transdisciplinary PhD programme focusing on ICT policy and regulation. A former regulator she was appointed the founding Council of the South African Telecommunications Regu- latory Authority (SATRA) having headed the policy department at the first broadcasting regulator, the Independent Broadcasting Authority established in the wake of the first democratic elections in South Africa in 1994. She also served as chairperson of the South African National Digital Advisory Body, which re- ported on digital migration in 2001; the board of the public broadcaster, the The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis 7 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 8 South African Broadcasting Corporation; and is currently deputy chairperson of the SA National Broadband Advisory Council. AMALI DE SILVA-MITCHELL Amali De Silva-Mitchell is a Chartered. Professional Accountant, Economist and followed a masters degree in Computer Science at Imperial College (UK). She has worked in the business of technologies within shared services, software de- velopment, laser technology and so forth, in business, non profit and Govern- ment. She was President of the Vancouver Community Network (ISP), a Director of the Freedom of Information & Privacy Association of BC, amongst other nonprofit management positions. She is currently coordinator for the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Data Driven Health Technologies and participates with EuroDIG, the European dialogue on Internet Governance. She has lived in Asia, Europe and the Americas. ANDREY A. SHCHERBOVICH Andrey A. Shcherbovich is Associate professor at the National Research Univer- sity Higher School of Economics, Faculty of Law (Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law), in Moscow, Russia and Visiting Professor at the Cyber- BRICS Project. His professional Interests include Internet Governance; Consti- tutional Law; Human Rights; International Public Law and Procedure; Information Law; International Organizations; United Nations. Andrey grad- uated from the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Fac- ulty of Law (Department of International Law) in 2008 and completed Postgraduate studies at the National Research University – Higher School of Economics (Moscow, Russia); Faculty of Law (Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law) at 2011. ANRIETTE ESTERHUYSEN Anriette is the executive director of the Association for Progressive Communi- cations established in 1990. APC is an international network of organisations working with ICTs to support social justice and development. Prior to joining APC as a staff member, Anriette was executive director of APC member SAN- GONeT, an internet service provider and training institution for civil society, la- bour and community organisations in South Africa from 1993 to 2000. She served on the African Technical Advisory Committee of the UN's Economic Commis- sion for Africa's African Information Society Initiative. She was a member of the United Nations ICT Task Force from 2002 to 2005. Currently she serves on the boards of GeSCI (Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative) and Ungana- Afrika, a small organisation supporting community owned network solutions in rural South Africa. Anriette has published extensively on ICTs for devel- opment and social equality and has participated actively in many global, re- 8 The Value of Internet Openness in Times of Crisis 26/10valueOfINet.qxp_Layout 1 03/11/20 5:54 PM Page 9 gional and national muli-stakeholder forums related to internet governance and development Anriette has not served on the MAG previously, but has been an active participant in the IGF since its inception. She is currently a member of the CSTD's (Commission on Science and Technology for Development) working group on IGF improvements. Anriette is also a co-organiser of the Southern Af- rica IGF. ANYA ORLOVA Anya Orlova is a sociologist researching engagement of marginalized groups into Internet Policy processes and use of ICT. Anya is a Research Fellow at the CyberBRICS Project and is currently working as a researcher and project coor- dinator at the Brazilian Association for Digital Radio (ABRADIG). Previously Anna was a postgraduate researcher in the Amazon Digital HF Radio Net- work/Fonias Jurua academic research project at the UNESP University. APAR GUPTA Apar Gupta is a lawyer and the Executive Director of the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) and is a 2020 Ashoka Fellow for Social Entrepreneurship. He completed his post-graduate degree from the Columbia University School of Law and has practised law for more than a decade. He worked as a commercial litigator in top law firms such as Karanjawala& Co. and was a partner at Advani & Co. During this period he conducted courses on law and technology at insti- tutes such as NLS, Bangalore and NLU, Delhi. His writing includes op-eds, jour- nal articles and legal commentary on the Information Technology Act, 2000 published as a book by Lexis Nexis that is presently in its third edition.
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  • Technology Evolution and Innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS)

    Technology Evolution and Innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS)

    International Telecommunication Union ITU-T FG-DFS TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (03/2017) ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services Technology evolution and innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS) Focus Group Technical Report 2 ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: Technology evolution and innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS) FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The procedures for establishment of focus groups are defined in Recommendation ITU-T A.7. TSAG set up the ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services (FG DFS) at its meeting in June 2014. TSAG is the parent group of FG DFS. Deliverables of focus groups can take the form of technical reports, specifications, etc., and aim to provide material for consideration by the parent group in its standardization activities. Deliverables of focus groups are not ITU-T Recommendations. ITU 2017 This work is licensed to the public through a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). For more information visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ 1 ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: Technology evolution and innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS) Technology evolution and innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS) 2 ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: Technology evolution and innovation in Digital Financial Services (DFS) About this report This technical report was written by Leon Perlman, PhD.