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Characterization of Clinical Isolates of Talaromyces Marneffei And RESEARCH LETTERS Acknowledgments Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 2014;203:93–9. http://dx.doi.org/ We thank Shneh Sethi for helpful advice and Sabrina Mündlein, 10.1007/s00430-013-0319-9 8. Prakash A, Sharma C, Singh A, Kumar Singh P, Kumar A, Hagen F, Grit Mrotzek, and Ahmad Saleh for excellent technical assistance. et al. Evidence of genotypic diversity among Candida auris isolates The German National Reference Center NRZMyk is funded by by multilocus sequence typing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and amplified fragment the Robert Koch Institute from funds provided by the German length polymorphism. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:277e1–9. Ministry of Health (grant no. 1369-240). Calculations were http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.022 performed on the Freiburg Galaxy server using computing 9. Magobo RE, Corcoran C, Seetharam S, Govender NP. Candida services provided by the Center of Genetic Epidemiology auris-associated candidemia, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1250–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2007.131765 (Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark). The Freiburg 10. Chowdhary A, Prakash A, Sharma C, Kordalewska M, Kumar A, Galaxy project is supported by the Collaborative Research Sarma S, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility Centre 992 Medical Epigenetics (DFG grant no. SFB 992/1 patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009–17) in India: 2012) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:891–9. (BMBF grant no. 031 A538A). T.D. acknowledges support http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx480 by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project no. 210879364–TRR 124/B1). Address for correspondence: Oliver Kurzai, University of Würzburg Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2 / E1, About the Author Würzburg 97080, Germany; email: [email protected] Dr. Hamprecht is a clinical microbiologist at the Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene and professor for antibiotic resistance of gram-negative pathogens at the University of Cologne, Germany, and the German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), also in Cologne. His research interests include multidrug-resistant organisms (mainly Enterobacterales and fungi), their resistance mechanisms, and the improvement of diagnostic methods. Characterization of References Clinical Isolates of 1. Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous Talaromyces marneffei yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a and Related Species, Japanese hospital. Microbiol Immunol. 2009;53:41–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x California, USA 2. Chowdhary A, Voss A, Meis JF. Multidrug-resistant Candida auris: “new kid on the block” in hospital-associated infections? J Hosp Infect. 2016;94:209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.08.004 Linlin Li, Katelyn Chen, Nirmala Dhungana, 3. Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, Abdolrasouli A, Chowdhary A, Yvonne Jang, Vishnu Chaturvedi,1 Ed Desmond2 Hall A, et al. First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Author affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Control. 2016;5:35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-016-0132-5 Richmond, California, USA 4. Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, Farooqi J, Chowdhary A, Govender NP, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2509.190380 resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by whole- genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw691 Talaromyces marneffei and other Talaromyces species can 5. Kohlenberg A, Struelens MJ, Monnet DL, Plachouras D; The cause opportunistic invasive fungal infections. We char- Candida auris Survey Collaborative Group. Candida auris: acterized clinical Talaromyces isolates from patients in epidemiological situation, laboratory capacity and preparedness California, USA, a non–Talaromyces-endemic area, by a in European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2013 multiphasic approach, including multigene phylogeny, ma- to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23:18-00136. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.13.18-00136 trix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass 6. Jeffery-Smith A, Taori SK, Schelenz S, Jeffery K, Johnson EM, spectrometry, and phenotypic methods. We identified 10 Borman A, et al.; Candida auris Incident Management Team. potentially pathogenic Talaromyces isolates, 2 T. marneffei. Candida auris: a review of the literature. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;31:e00029-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00029-17 1Current affiliation: New York State Department of Health, Albany, 7. Hamprecht A, Christ S, Oestreicher T, Plum G, Kempf VA, New York, USA. Göttig S. Performance of two MALDI-TOF MS systems for the 2 identification of yeasts isolated from bloodstream infections and Current affiliation: Hawaii State Department of Health, Pearl City, cerebrospinal fluids using a time-saving direct transfer protocol. Hawaii, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 25, No. 9, September 2019 1765 RESEARCH LETTERS alaromyces marneffei is a dimorphic fungal patho- both medium types and at both incubation temperatures. T gen that causes focal or systemic infection in immu- T. australis and T. stollii isolates also produced red pig- nocompromised persons, primarily HIV-infected patients ment by 3 days but with variations based on media or tem- (1). Many cases have been reported in travelers returning perature. At 7 days of growth, the 4 T. atroroseus isolates from areas of Southeast Asia, southern China, and eastern also showed variable red pigment production (abundant, India to which it is endemic. Other Talaromyces species weak, and absent) (Appendix). Microscopically, most iso- also have been reported to cause invasive fungal infections, lates showed biverticillate conidiophores and globose to including T. amestolkiae (2), T. purpurogenus (3,4), and T. fusiform conidia in unbranched chains. Both T. marneffei piceus (5,6). Talaromyces species are common in air, soil, isolates were from HIV-positive patients. MDL17022 was and human habitats. Clinical laboratories in areas to which from a blood sample of a 37-year-old man with a travel his- this fungus is not endemic often do not perform identifi- tory to Southeast Asia; MDL18026 was from skin tissue of cation of T. marneffei and other Talaromyces species (2). a 36-year-old man with no available travel history. Therefore, we devised a multiphasic approach for identify- Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- ing T. marneffei and other potentially pathogenic Talaro- time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, we myces species. generated main spectrum profiles (MSP) of Talaromyces We conducted this study during 2018. Talaromyces species following Bruker’s custom MSP and library cre- isolates from 10 human specimens were submitted to the ation standard operating procedure (https://www.bruker. Microbial Diseases Laboratory (MDL), California De- com). We extracted proteins of Talaromyces isolates us- partment of Public Health (Richmond, CA, USA), to rule ing the previously published National Institutes of Health out T. marneffei (Appendix, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ (NIH) protocol (10). We analyzed Talaromyces spectra article/25/9/19-0380-App1.pdf). Temperature and pH are with MALDI Biotyper 4.1 software against combined da- known to influence pigment production and colony mor- tabases of the Filamentous Fungi Library 2.0 (Bruker) and phology of Talaromyces species; therefore, growth char- the NIH Mold Library (10), with and without inclusion of acteristics were observed using 2 different culture media newly created MSPs of Talaromyces species (Appendix). (Sabouraud dextrose agar, pH 5.6; and Sabouraud dextrose The threshold for species identification was >1.9; for ge- agar, Emmons, pH 6.9), incubated at 25°C and 30°C. Fun- nus identification,> 1.7. gal DNA was extracted using a previously reported method Using the combined databases of Filamentous Fungi (7). Talaromyces isolates were identified to species level Library 2.0 (Bruker) and NIH Mold Library, we identified using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial none of the isolates to species level; results showed either no β-tubulin gene (BenA), and partial RNA polymerase II identification or genus-level identification. However, when largest subunit gene (RPB1) (8). The ITS and partial BenA we expanded the combined database with the MDL Mold Li- and RPB1 sequences were used to search for homologies brary, we correctly identified all Talaromyces isolates to the in GenBank and CBS databases (http://www.westerdi- species level with the best score >1.9. There were no ambig- jkinstitute.nl/collections). Multigene phylogenetic analy- uous identification results; that is, the second-best matched sis was conducted on the concatenated ITS–BenA–RPB1 species also had a high confidence score> 1.9. nucleotide sequence alignment (Appendix). A blastn search T. marneffei can be readily differentiated from other (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) through the GenBank red pigment–producing Talaromyces species by yeast-like database, pairwise comparison alignment through the CBS colony conversion at 37°C. However, many clinical lab-
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