Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 01 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

May 2021, Issue-76, Vol-02

Editor Dr. Bapu g. Gholap (M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)

 “Printed by: Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd. Published by Ghodke Archana Rajendra & Printed & published at Harshwardhan Publication Pvt.Ltd.,At.Post. Limbaganesh Dist,Beed -431122 (Maharashtra) and Editor Dr. Gholap Bapu Ganpat.

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing AreaImpact Factor 3.102 (IIJIF) 02 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

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 Dr. Momin Mujtaba  Dr. Ambhore Shankar Faculty Member,Dept. of Business Admin. Jalna,Maharashtra Prince Salman Bin AbdulAziz University [email protected] Ministry of Higher Education,Kingdom of Saudi Mobi.9422215556 Arabia, Tel No.: +966-17862370 Extn: 1122  Dr. Ashish Kumar  N.Nagendrakumar A-2/157, Sector-3, Rohini, Delhi -110085 115/478, Campus road, Ph.no: 09811055359 Konesapuri, Nilaveli ( Postal code-31010), Trincomalee, Sri Lanka  Prof. Surwade Yogesh [email protected] Dept. Of Library, Dr B A M U Aurangabad , Pin 431004 Cell No: +919860768499  Dr. Vikas Sudam Padalkar [email protected] [email protected] Cell. +91 98908 13228 (India),  Dr.Deepak Vishwasrao Patil, + 81 90969 83228 (Japan) At.Post.Saundhane, Near Kalavishwa Computer, Tq.Dist.Dhule-424002.  Dr. Wankhede Umakant Mobi. 9923811609 Navgan College, Parli –v Dist. Beed [email protected] Pin 431126 Maharashtra Mobi.9421336952  Dr.Vidhya.M.Patwari [email protected] Vanshree Nagar,Behind Hotel Dawat, Mantha Road, Jalna-431203  Dr. Basantani Vinita Mobi.9422479302 B-2/8, Sukhwani Paradise, [email protected] Behind Hotel Ganesh, Pimpri, Pune-17 Cell: 09405429484,  Dr.Varma Anju Assistant Professor, Dept. of Education,  Dr. Bharat Upadhya Sikkim University 6th Mile, Samdur Tadong-737102 Post.Warnanagar, Tq.Panhala, GANGTOK - Sikkim, (M.8001605914) Dist.Kolhapur-4316113 [email protected] Mobi.7588266926  Dr.Pramod Bhagwan Padwal  Jubraj Khamari Associate Professor,Department of Marathi AT/PO - Sarkanda, P.S./Block - Sohela Banaras Hindu University, Via/Dist. - Bargarh, Pin - 768028 (Orissa) Varanasi-221005.(Uttar Pradesh) Mob. No. – 09827983437 Mobi. 9450533466 [email protected] [email protected] s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 04 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

 Dr. Nilendra Lokhande  Dr. M.SURESH BABU, Head-Department of Commerce, Librarian, S.N.D.T. College of Arts & S.C.B.College of Comm. & C.M.R. College of Engineering & Technology Sci., S. N. D. T. Women’s University, (Autonomous). Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Mumbai-20. Mobile: 98 21 230 230 Hyderabad - 501 401 Email: [email protected] Mobile : 9492759646 [email protected]  Dr. Bhairulal Yadav Assistant Professor,  Dr. DEEPAK NEMA Department of Geography S/O Dr. B.D. Nema, Near Prem Nagar Power House, Visva-Bharati University,Santiniketan, Satna-485001,Contact No.8989469156, West Bengal 731 235,Mob. +91 8670027217 Email: [email protected] [email protected]  Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla  Dr. Madan Mohan Joshi HEAD, Department of B.Ed. Government Asst.Professor of History, School of Social Sciences Post Graduate College Kashipur, Udham Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani (Uk) Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India 244713 Cell nos. 09690676632,09412924858 9450223977 [email protected] [email protected]

 Dr.Seema Sharma (Tiwari)  Sunil S Trivedi Assistant Professor-Political Science, Rameshwar Park,B/h Navarang Society, Govt. M.L.B. Girls P.G. College, KilaBhavan, Indore-66 Mogri-388345 Ta & Di: Anand Mob: 9425904160 Mob: 9727290344, 8866465904 [email protected] [email protected]

 Dr. N.D. Choudhari  Dr. Anil Kumar Singh Dept. of Marathi H.O.D. Library & Information Science Anandrao Dhonde Alias Babaji College, Nandini Nagar P.G. College Kada, Tal-Ashti, Dist- Beed (India) Mobi. 7350474989 Nawabganj, Gonda [email protected] [email protected] Mob-09793054919  Dr. Yallawad Rajkumar Lt. Laxmibai Deshmukh Mahila College,  Dr. Preeti Sarda, Parli v. Dist. Beed,Pin. 431515, Flat No.505Amrapali Arcade, Street Mobi. 9881294195 No.10, Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad.-500029, Telangana . Mob.08374378080  Dr. Awasthi Sudarshan [email protected] Navgan college, Parli Vaijnath Dist. Beed Pin.431515, Mobi.9960127866  Ramakant Ambadas Choudhari [email protected] Plot No. 43 B / Vidyavihar Colony Part -01, SHIRPUR , DIST- DHULE (MH) 425405  Dr. Ravindranath Kewat Mobi – 7588736283 Teacher Colony, Bamni- Bllarpur, TQ. Ballarpur [email protected] Dist. Chandrapur Pin 442701, Mobi- 9421715172 [email protected] Dr. Dinesh Kumar Charan Associate Professor and HOD-History Dept.,  DR.PIYUSH PANDDEY Govt.Lohia College Churu (Rajasthan) India 371 H POCKET II, MAYUR VIHAR PHASE I Pin- 331001 NEW DELHI 110091,Mobi:9871415353 Mob. No.-9414305804 [email protected] Dr. Pallavi Adhav  Dr. Vishal purohit Principal, Lokmanya Tilak Shiksha Mahavidyalaya 111, dwarkadhish colony near airport road, Ujjain (M.P.) Mobi-9826575856 Indore (MP) Pin 452005 Mobile- 9303225368 Email- [email protected] s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 05 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 06 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

Editors Message...

Educational Research as nothing but cleansing of educational Research is nothing but cleaning of educational process. Many experts think Educational Research as under-According to Mouly, - Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving for solving educational problem. Travers thinks, - Educational Research is the activity for developing science of behavior in educational situations. It allows the educator to achieve his goals effectively. According to Whitney, - Educational Research aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientific philosophical method. Thus, Educational Research is to solve educational problem in systematic and scientific manner, it is to understand, explain, predict and control human behavior. Name of Educational Research changes with the gradual development occurs with respect to knowledge and technology, so Educational Research needs to extend its horizon. Being scientific study of educational process, it involves : - individuals (student, teachers, educational managers, parents.) – institutions (Schools, colleges, research – institutes) It discovers facts and relationship in order to make educational process more effective. It relates social sciences like education. It includes process like investigation, planning (design) collecting data, processing of data, their analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences. It covers areas from formal education and conformal educations as well. This part locates the research enterprise in several contexts. It commences with positivist and scientific contexts of research and then proceeds t show the strengths and weaknesses of such traditions for educational research. As an alternative paradigm, the cluster of approaches that can loosely be termed interpretive, naturalistic, phenomenological , interactions and ethnographic are brought together and their strengths and weaknesses for educational research are examined. The rise of critical theory as a pardiam in which educational research is conducted has been spectacular and its implications for the research undertaking are addressed in several ways here, resonating with curriculum research and feminist research (this too has been expanded and updated) Indeed critical theory links the conduct of educational research with politics and policy-making, and this is reflected in the discussions here of research and evaluation, arguing how much educational research has become evaluative in nature. A more recent trend has been the rise of complexity theory, originally from the natural sciences, but moving inexorably into social science research. This part introduces the field of complexity theory and steers readers to the accompanying web site for further details. That educational research serves a political agenda is seen in the later sections of this part. The intention here is to introduce readers to different research traditions, with the advice that ‘fitness for purpose’ must be the guiding principle: different research paradigms for different research pruposes. Dr. Bapug Gholap

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 07 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 INDEX

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01) STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN CAPITAL ON THE WAY OF INDIAN ... Prof.Dr. Abdul Rahim Shafi & Puja Kumari, Chapra, Bihar ||11 ...... 02) The Covid-19 catastrophe has another face: Usage of the Digital Sources ... Asst. Prof. Atish chandrakant Akade, Dist. Latur, Maharashtra ||17 ...... 03) Effects of academic stress and peer pressure on mental health of Of ... Dr.Anuradha & Deepshikha, Meerut ||19 ...... 04) CORPORATE CRIMES- CORPORATE HUMAN RIGHTS Dr. BHAGWANA RAM BISHNOI, SALONI SHARMA & AMAN JAIN, BIKANER ||22 ...... 05) A CRITICAL REVIEW ON DETECTION OF PICRAMIC ACID AND PICRAMATE IN ... Dr. Chandana Kumari, Bhagalpur, Bihar ||28 ...... 06) Miniature Paintings Reinterpreted: Through the Visual World of Prof. M.K. ... Ms. Jaspreet Kaur, Patiala ||31 ...... 07) Secularism: Concept, Obstacles and Strengthening Facilitators Dr. Rajesh Kushwaha, Agra ||42 http://www.printingarea.blogspot.com

...... | 08) ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, ISSUES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Dr. Ramdas B. Madale, Dist Nanded ||52 ...... 09) Kamala Markandaya’s The Coffer Dams: A protest against exploitation ... Dr. Narendra T. Mane, Dist.Amravati(MS) ||54 ...... 10) Libraries during a pandemic situation Dr. Jayant S. Meshram, Dist- Washim ||60 ...... 11) DIGITAL LIBRARIES: AN OVERVIEW Miss Kalpana L. Murade, Dist Washim ||64 ...... www.vidyawarta.com/03 www.vidyawarta.com/03 12) THE THEMATIC STUDY OF V.S.NAIPAUL’S MIGUEL STREET Smt. Sonal Sudhakar Patil, Vaijapur ||68 ...... 13) Digital Transformation of Education during COVID 19 and its Impact on ... Dr. Ranjana Sahu, Nagpur ||72 ...... s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 08 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

14) Comparative study of Educational Philosophy of Certain Philosophers Rakeshkumar G. Shripateliya & Dr. Kamalnayan B. Parmar, Borsad ||78 ...... 15) Tracing influences of Persian-Mughal Architecture in Punjab Mr.Atinderpal Singh, Patiala ||83 ...... 16) A Study of the Impact of ICT on Saharsa District 9th Grader Social Study ... Nitu kumari Singh, Saharsa ||92 ...... 17) Impact of Child’s birth order and mother’s education on Malnutrition: ... Tanwi Sinha & Saroj Sinha, Patna, Bihar, India ||96 ...... 18) Effect of Parental Vocational Status to Fulfillment of Needs and Family ... Dr. Tarannum, Dongargarh, District- (C.G.) ||101 ...... 19) A Review on Effect of the Weather Conditions on Sports Performance Sandip Thorat, Dapoli ||105 ...... 20) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Mo gm‘m{OH$ {dMma àm.S>m°. M§ÐgoZ gmdimam‘ Amdmao, Vm. {O. ~rS ||109 ...... 21) ›üÖò.²ÖÖ²ÖÖÃÖÖÆêü²Ö †ÖÓ²Öê›üÛú¸üÖÓ“Öê •Ö»Ö¬ÖÖê¸üÞÖÖŸÖᯙ µÖÖêÝÖ¤üÖ®Ö

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s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 011 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ment, increasing human capital formation and 01 by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. The main purpose of the study is to STUDY OF IMPLICATIONS OF FOREIGN investigate the impact of Foreign Capital on eco- CAPITAL ON THE WAY OF INDIAN nomic growth in India, from the period of 1990 ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT to 2010. In past few decades, foreign invest- ment has rapidly increased worldwide and has enhanced economic growth in developing coun- Prof.Dr. Abdul Rahim Shafi tries. Many developing countries like India fear Dean, Faculty of Commerce, that by opening up markets to competition and Jai Prakash University, Chapra, Bihar foreign investment without restriction, they will lose control of their strategic industries and in- Puja Kumari fluence on national security, social stability and Research Scholar, economic development. Jai Prakash University, Chapra, Bihar Keywords: Foreign Capital, Indian economy, Economic growth, Economic efficiency & effec- ======***********======tiveness. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Foreign Capital is always contributing in Foreign Capital or Foreign Direct Invest- the positive growth toward the economy of one ment, is Fund flow between the countries in the country due to the investment by another coun- form of Inflow or outflow by which one can able try or country’s personnel’s. The effectiveness to gain some benefit from their investment, and efficiency of Global economy depends upon whereas another canexploit the opportunity to the investor’s perception, if investment seen enhance the productivity and find out better with the purpose of long terms investment in position through performance. The potential ad- the social-economical development then it is vantages of the FDI on the host economy are it said that the investment contributes positively facilitates the use and exploitation of local raw towards global economy, if it is short term for materials; it introduces modern techniques of the purpose of making profit then it may be less management and marketing, it eases the access significant than that long term and disinvest- to new technologies. Our research article tries ment leads negative effect. The Foreign Capital to study the gowth of FDI on Indian economy, may also be affected due to the governmental where FDI is considered to be basic input. Dur- trade barriers and policies for the foreign invest- ing the past 15 years, the importance of FDI in ments and leads to less or more effective to- the world economy has increased rapidly. The wards contributions. total stock of FDI increased from 8% of world In this paper, our aim is to point out the GDP in 1990 to 26% in 2006. Although the bulk negative and positive implications which affect of FDI continues to take place between OECD the economic scenario and also measure the countries, the increase in FDI has been particu- level of predominance by the factors for eco- larly pronounced in developing countries, largely nomic contribution of particular country with reflecting the integration of large emerging special reference to India. Foreign Capital seen economies, the so-called BRICs (Brazil, Russia, as an important catalyst for economic growth India and China), into the world economy. in the developing countries, It affects the eco- The increase of FDI into developing nomic growth by stimulating domestic invest- countries has been spectacular. The share of s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 012 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 non-OECD countries in the global stock of in- billions in the year 2006. Increase in FDI was ward FDI has risen from 22% in 1990 to 32% in largely fuelled by cross boarder mergers and ac- 2005. China is by far the most important non- quisitions (M&As), FDI in 2006 increased by 38% OECD country as a recipient of FDI, accounting than the previous year. Most of the developing for about one third of FDI in non-OECD coun- and least developed countries worldwide equally tries in 2005. However, FDI inflows also tend to participated in the process of direct investment be sizable in many other emerging countries. activities. Indeed, since the mid-1990s, inward FDI has · FDI inflows to Latin American and Car- become the main source of external finance for ibbean region increased by 11 percent on an developing countries and is more than twice as average in comparison to previous year. large as official development aid. MNEs tend to · In African region FDI inflows made a have various advantages compared to purely record in the year 2006. domestic firms that allow them to compete suc- · Flow of FDI to South, East and South cessfully in foreign markets, despite the addi- East Asia and Oceania maintained an upward tional cost of having to coordinate activities trend. across different countries. Since 1980, foreign · Both Turkey and oil rich Gulf States con- direct investment in the United States has grown tinued to attract maximum FDI inflows. at a much faster rate than was typical for the · United States Economy, being world’s preceding 50 years. Foreign investors have be- largest economy also attracted larger FDI come much more visible throughout this coun- inflowsfrom Euro Zone and Japan. try. However, foreign investment in the United Higher inflows of FDI to a country, largely States plays virtually the same role that it has generates employment in the nation. FDI in since the founding of the Republic. manufacturing sector creates more employment TYPES OF INVESTORS opportunities than to any other sectors. Coun- A foreign direct investor may be classi- tries such as Luxembourg, Hong Kong, China, fied in any sector of the economy and could be Suriname, Iceland and Singapore ranked in the any one of the following top of Inward performance Index Ranking of the · an individual; UNCTAD. Over recent years most of the coun- · a group of related individuals; tries over the world have made their business · an incorporated or unincorporated en- environment investment friendly for absorbing tity; global opportunities by attracting more FDI funds · a public company or private company; to the country. · a group of related enterprises; LITERATURE REVIEW · a government body; Singer, 1950; Griffin, 1970; Weisskof, · an estate (law), trust or other social 1972, The main argument of these studies was institution; or that FDI flows to Less Developing Countries Trends in Global Foreign Direct Investment: (LDCs) were mainly directed towards the primary Flow of Foreign Direct Investment has sector, which basically promoted the less mar- grown faster over recent past. Higher flow of ket value of this sector. Since these primary prod- Foreign Direct Investment over the world always ucts are exported to the developed countries and reflects a better economic environment in the are processed for import, it receives a lower presence of economic reforms and investment- price for its primary product. This could create oriented policies. Global flow of foreign direct a base for the negative impact of FDI flows in investment reached at a record level of $ 1,306 the economy. Rodan (1961), Chenery and Strout s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 013 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 (1966), in the early 1960s argued that foreign there is evidence of positive effect. He also ar- capital inflows have a favorable effect on the gues that there is need for more consideration economic efficiency and growth towards the of the different circumstances that obstruct or developing countries. It has been explained that promote positive spillovers. Basu (2002), tried FDI could have a favorable short-term effect on to find the short run dynamics of FDI and growth. growth as it expands the economic activity. The study reveals that GDP in India is not Caves, 1974; Kokko, 1994; Markusen, 1995; Granger caused by FDI; the causality runs more Carves, 1996; Sahoo, Mathiyazhagan and from GDP to FDI and the trade liberalization Parida2001, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in- policy of the Indian government had some posi- flow into the core sectors is assumed to play a tive short run impact on the FDI flow. Calvo and vital role as a source of capital, management, Robles, 2003, FDI increases the stock of human and technology in countries of transition econo- capital, it stimulates the investment in R&D. mies. It implies that FDI can have positive ef- foreign inflows could be used for financing cur- fects on a host economy’s development effort. rent account deficits, finance flows in form of Barro and Martin, 1999; Helpman and Grossman, FDI do not generate repayment of principal and 1991, The studies that used the endogenous interests (as opposed to external debt). growth theory challenged this view in explain- Sahoo and Mathiyazhagan, 2003, There ing the long run growth rate of the economy by were also few evidences demonstrate that there using endogenous variables like technology and is a long-run relationship between Gross Domes- human capital Bhagwati, 1994, The local enter- tic Product, FDI and export in India Arshad, 2008, prises are able to learn by watching FDI initia- The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) tive, if the economic framework is appropriate. has been widely recognized as aeconomic Feenstra and Markusen, 1994, FDI is an impor- growth-enhancing factor in the developing coun- tant vehicle for the transfer of technology and tries. The effects of FDI in the host economy knowledge and it demonstrates that it can have are normally believed to be increase in the em- a long run effect on growth by generating in- ployment, increase in productivity, and increase creasing return in production via positive exter- in exports and, of course, increased pace of nalities and productive spillovers. Thus, FDI can transfer of technology. WDI indicators 2008, The lead to a higher growth by incorporating new amount of foreign direct investment increased inputs and techniques. significantly fordeveloping economies during Alam (2000) in his comparative study of 1985 to 2000. The share of developing coun- FDI and economic growth for Indian and tries in world FDI inflows and outflows has risen Bangladesh economy stressed that though the from 17.4% in 1985-90 to 26.1% during 1995- impact of FDI on growth is more in case of In- 2000. For India the amount of FDI inflows in- dian economy yet it is not satisfactory. Kumar creased from $ 0.24 billion in 1990 to $ 55 bil- and Pardhan, 2001, Foreign Direct Investment lion in 2007. Economist Intelligence Unit 2009, (FDI) has emerged as the most important source global survey of 548 companies provided evi- of external financial resource for developing dence of a link between investing in emerging countries and has become a significant part of markets and corporate financial success. Among economy in the developing. Hanson (2001) ar- surveyed companies from developed countries gues that evidence that FDI generates positive that derive less than 5% of their revenue from spillovers for host countries is weak.Lipsey activities in emerging markets, only 24% re- (2002), Takes a more favorable view from re- ported their financial performance as being bet- viewing the micro literature which argues that ter than that of their peers. By contrast, for de- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 014 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 veloped country companies that derived more kets, to protect its economy and to achieve self- than 5% of their revenue from emerging mar- reliance. Foreign trade was subject to import kets, the share reporting better performance tariffs, export taxes and quantitative restrictions, than their peers was just under 40%. while foreign direct investment (FDI) was re- METHODOLOGY stricted by upper-limit equity participation, re- The study is descriptive in nature and strictions on technology transfer, export obliga- therefore the information presented is based on tions and government approvals; these approv- secondary data. Secondary information has been als were needed for nearly 60% of new FDI in collected from various documents such as the industrial sector. The restrictions ensured books, newsletters, reports, magazines, journals, that FDI averaged only around US$200 million daily newspaper, WWW related to foreign di- annually between 1985 and 1991; a large per- rect Investment (FDI). centage of the capital flows consisted of for- OBJECTIVE eign aid, commercial borrowing and deposits of FDI initiative in Indian context based on non-resident Indians. India’s exports were stag- secondary data. Global flows of foreign direct nant for the first 15 years after independence, investment (FDI) have halved in the last two due to the predominance of tea, jute and cotton years, Emergingmarkets have edged ahead of manufactures, demand for which was generally developed markets as the major destination. As inelastic. Imports in the same period consisted higher-growth economies, emerging markets predominantly of machinery, equipment and raw have proven better than developed markets at materials, due to nascent industrialization. Since attracting FDI during the global downturn. Struc- liberalization, the value of India’s international tural shift in global FDIThe decline in global FDI trade has increased sharply. India’s major trad- flows in 2009 was accompanied by a distinct ing partners are the European Union, China, the shift in the pattern of FDI. Economic theory tells United States and the United Arab Emirates. The us that capital should flow from capital-abun- exports during April 2007 were $12.31 billion dant rich countries to capital-scarce poor coun- up by 16% and import were $17.68 billion with tries. In practice, that has not been the case as an increase of 18.06% over the previous year. In developed countries have consistently attracted 2006-07, major export commodities included the bulk of global FDI flows. High risk in many engineering goods, petroleum products, chemi- emerging markets, the benefits of advanced in- cals and pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, stitutions and infrastructure and a superior over- textiles and garments, agricultural products, iron all business environment in developed countries ore and other minerals. have tended to outweigh the attractions of Major import commodities included greater market dynamism and lower costs in crude oil and related products, machinery, elec- emerging markets. The share of emerging mar- tronic goods, gold and silver. Its September 2010 kets in global FDI has tended to rise during re- exports were reported to have increased 23% cessions as slumps in M&A have hit the devel- year-on-year to US $18.02billion, while its im- oped world disproportionately. ports were up 26.1% at $27.14billion. At INDIAN SCENARIO OF FDI US$13.06billion August’strade gap was the high- India’s economy is mostly dependent on est in 23 months but the economy is well on the its large internal market with external trade ac- road to cross $200 billion mark in exports for counting for just 20% of the country’s GDP. Until the financial year 2010-11. India is a founding- the liberalization of 1991, India was largely member of General Agreement on Tariffs and andintentionally isolated from the world mar- Trade (GATT) since 1947 and its successor, the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 015 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 WTO. While participating actively in its general of an integrated policy framework for develop- council meetings, India has been crucial in voic- ment. When designing policies to promote FDI, ing the concerns of the developing world. For policy-makers should take into account that these instance, India has continued its opposition to may not only affect the volume of inward FDI, the inclusion of such matters as labour and en- but also its composition and, as a result, its cor- vironment issues and other nontariff barriers responding benefits. The OECD Policy Frame- into the WTO policies work for Investment provides a useful starting FINDINGS point. For a start, removing specific regulatory It is find that the growth of FDI in India obstacles to inward FDI could be important. is not severely effected due to economic slow- There are two types of implications i.e. positive down/recession. It is slightly affected, during and negative as per following: the slowdown period of 2007-2009; generally Positive Implications there are boom in the FDI and initiated invest- 1. FDI provides capital which is usually ment trust over India by other countries missing in the target country-Long term capital toconciliate the loss of his own country due to issuitable for economic development. recession. As the fourth-largest economy in the 2. Foreign investors are able to finance world in PPP terms, India is a preferred destina- their investments projects better and often tion for foreign direct investments (FDI); India cheaper has strengths in telecommunication, informa- 3. Foreign corporations create new work- tion technology and other significant areas such places as auto components, chemicals, apparels, phar- 4. FDI bring new technologies that are maceuticals, and jewelers. Till 2010-11, services usually not available in the target country-There sector attracted 54.93 per cent of India’s total is empirical evidence that there are spill-over FDI as cumulative basis. Despite a surge in for- effects as the new technologies usually spread eign investments, rigid FDI policies resultedin a beyond the foreign corporations significant hindrance. However, due to some 5. Foreign corporations provide better positive economic reforms aimed at access to foreign markets-Ex. Foreign corpora- deregulating the economy and stimulating for- tions can provide useful contacts even for their eign investment, India has positioned itself as domestic subcontractors one of the front-runners of the rapidly growing 6. Foreign corporations bring new know- Asia Pacific Region. India has a large pool of how and managerial skills into the target coun- skilled managerial and technical expertise. The try- Again, there is a spill-over effects – as size of the middle-class population stands at people leave the corporations they leave with 300 million and represents a growing consumer the knowledge and know-how they accumulated market. During 2000-11, the country attracted 7. Foreign corporations can help to $178 billion as FDI. The inordinately high invest- change the economic structure of the target ment from Mauritius is due to routing of inter- country- With a good economic strategy gov- national funds through the country given sig- ernments can attract companies from promis- nificant tax advantages; double taxation is ing and innovative sectors avoided due to a tax treaty between India and 8. “Crowding in” effect-The foreign cor- Mauritius, and Mauritius is a capital gains tax porations often bring additional investors into haven, effectively creating a zero-taxation FDI the target country (ex. their usual subcontrac- channel. tors) CONCLUSIONS 9. Foreign corporations improve the busi- The positive effects of inward FDI for ness environment of the target country-Ethical workers in host economies suggest that FDI- business or rules of conduct friendly policies could be a useful component 10. Foreign corporations bring new s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 016 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 “clean” technologies that help to improve the Foundation, Mumbai. environmental conditions 5) Barro, R. and Sala-i-Martin (1999) Eco- 11. Foreign corporations usually help nomic Growth, MIT Press, Cambridge increase the level of wages in the target 6) Chenery, H. B. and A. M. Strout (1966) economy Foreign Assistance and Economic Development. 12. Foreign corporations usually have a American Economic Review, 56, pp.679-733 positive effects on the trade balance 7) Caves, R. (1996) Multinational Enter- Negative Implications prise and Economic Analysis. Cambridge, En- 1. Foreign corporations may buy a local gland: Cambridge University Press. company in order to shut it down (and gain mo- 8) Chakraborty, C. and P. Basu (2002) For- nopoly for example) eign Direct Investment and growth in India: A 2. “Crowding out” effect- We can see CointegrationApproach. Applied Economics, 34, this effect if the foreign corporations target the No. 9, pp. 1061-1073 domestic market and domestic corporations are 9) Dua, P. and A. I. Rasid (1998) FDI and not able to compete with these corporations Economic activity in India. Indian Economic Re- 3. Foreign corporations may cut working view,33, No. 2, pp. 153-168. positions (privatization deals or M&A transac- 10) Economist Intelligence Unit 200911. tions) Feenstra, R. C. and J. R. Markusen (1992) Ac- 4. Foreign corporations have a tendency counting for Growth with New Inputs. NBER to use their usual suppliers which can lead to Working Paper, No. 4114 increased imports (no problem if the production 11) Falki, N. (2007) Impact of foreign di- is export driven) rect investment on Economic growth in Pakistan 5. Repatriation of the profits can be www.wbiconpro.com/14-Nuzhat.pdf stressful on the balance of payments6. The high 12) Griffin, K. B. (1970) Foreign Capital, growth of wages in foreign corporations can in- Domestic Savings and Development. Oxford Bul- fluence a similar growth in the domestic corpo- letin of Economics and Statistics, 32, pp. 99-112 rations which are not able to cover this growth 13) Hanson, G. (2001): “Should Countries with the growth ofproductivity- The result is the Promote Foreign Direct Investment?”, G-24 Dis- decreasing competitiveness of domestic com- cussion Papers 9, United Nations Conference on panies Trade and Development 7. Missing tax revenues- If the foreign 14) Helpman, E. and G. M. Grossman corporations receive tax holidays or similar pro- (1991) Innovation and Growth in the Global visions Economy, Cambridge MA, MIT Press 8. The emergence of a dual economy- 15) Kokko, A (1994) Technology, Market The economy will contain a developed foreign Characteristics and Spillovers. Journal of Devel- sector and an underdeveloped domestic sector opment of Economics, 43, 279-293 REFERENCES 16) Nagaraj, R. (2003) Foreign Direct In- 1) Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1992) A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. vestment in India in the 1990s, Trends and Econometica, 60, pp. 323-351 Issues.Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVIII, 2) Alam M. S. (2000): “FDI and Economic No. 17, pp. 1701-1712 Growth of India and Bangladesh: A comparative 17) Nagaraj, R. (2003): “Foreign Direct study”, Indian Journal of Economics, vol. lxxx, Investment in India in the 1990s, Trends and Is- part 1 no 316, 1-15. sues”, Economic and Political Weekly, XXXVIII, 3) Alfaro L. (2003), Foreign Direct Invest- pp. 1701-1712 ment and Growth: Does the Sector Matter? 18) Reserve Bank of India (2001) RBI, Harvard Business School. Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy 4) Annual Survey of Industries, CD Rom (2001): Economic and Political Weekly Research s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 017 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Introduction: 02 There is no doubt that India’s higher edu- cation system tripped from slowdown to shut- The Covid-19 catastrophe has down, from despair to distress in the wake of Covid-19 pandemic. Since the corona virus pan- another face: Usage of the Digital demic has caused a global lockdown. Teachers, Sources to enhance Higher students are forced to stay in their homes. They Education System are anxious, scared and full of questions like, ‘How to utilize the time during the self-isola- Asst. Prof. Atish chandrakant Akade tion period and use it for educational growth Mahatma Phule Mahavidyalaya, Ahmadpur, and students’ development. However one does Dist. Latur, Maharashtra not just be caught up in the propaganda and in pandemic nervousness, try to look to look beauty as the air quality index has miraculously im- ======***********======proved all over the world . The air is far clean- Abstract: ers; the songs of the bird are now livelier and The present research paper has been at- louder. In this sense, a catastrophe has another tempted to explore the crucial role of digital face as well and that face is not ugly. So there source to enhance higher education system. The are lesson to be learnt and time has made avail- paper mainly focuses not only on the educa- able to think over educational issues and to tional coordinated work in the context of the enhance use of ELT aids. The water in the lake Covid-19 catastrophe phase but also tries to can be extremely pure, but it may be covered at show how active educational scholars, teach- times by a layer of green moss. When the one ers, students and government education officials who seeks good drinking water just pushes the to overcome and run education system by the moss a bit, he can easily lift handful of water to usage of digital sources such as quench his thirst. In the same way, when Covid- Digital Apps: Whats app, Zoom, Video share etc. 19 pandemic pushes into the merely physical Digital Tools: Sound recording, Lecture/speech/ isolation but not into solitude. It is time to inti- conference-webinar, poster presentation, pub- mate with the digital sources which enable to lished or unpublished interview, online journal/ connect all. magazine references/CD-ROM, DVD etc. On the There is no disputing that the digital In- other hand it is discussed that weaker sections dia campaign launched by the government has may not have the resources to spend money for led to a digital revolution. Today, India has 504 purchasing tab/mobile/laptop and data, hence million active internet users. Also the ministry it is the responsibility of the government should of human resource development (MHRD) has provide adequate facilities on subsidy basis. launched a comprehensive initiative called PM Hence it is better to see positive side to over- e-vidya which unifies all efforts related to digi- come such hindrances by using advance digital tal/online/on-air education for further expan- technology. sion of e-learning in higher education. There is Key words: Digital sources-library, apps, e-vidya, doubt that the pandemic has presented new DTH and teaching of Language and Literature challenges and also opportunities for present through modern digital sources and make education system. Indian educational scholars, awareness and responsibility in education sys- teachers and students should be ready and tem. equipped to reimagine the future of digital edu- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 018 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 cation through PM e-vidya, DTH source, digital Sr.no. Digital sources Form Features 01 WWW., CD-ROM, Internet enables -electronic journals, e-book, online- apps etc. as follow: DVD-ROM, Online magazine, dictionary, encyclopedia, email. databases Since Covid-19 catastrophe discovered 02 Software-setup Internet, needs Operating systems, acrobat Reader for hardware support PDF files, digital library many concepts such as lockdown, sanitizer sta- 03 Apps Run by software, android Zoom meet, Google meet, Whats App, system Diksha App. tions, quarantine days, work-from-home, video- 04 DTH services Satellite service Educational channels conference with digital technology are cher- Digital Apps: Whats App, Zoom Cloud, Google ished. Hence, W. Ross notes, ‘Digital source ma- Meet, Video share are used to teach, interact terials, offered through both the large-scale web and solve the problems of students by teach- sites of established heritage institutions such ers. Even students can share his knowledge with as the library of congress, the British Library.’1 his other peers in peer discussion. Further On the other hand, digital source refers to any teacher and students can use MS-PPT (Power source which is in digitized form that can be read point presentation) to explain concepts and vid- and scanned by means of electronic media. Fur- eos are used as teaching-learning support tool ther it does not require separate space in a li- for explanation of the crucial and critical con- brary as it can be stored in a computer/tab/ cepts or issues with diagrams. mobile storage locally with the usage of Digital Tools: Sound recording, Lecture/speech/ internet. ‘A digital library is an online database conference-webinar, poster presentation, pub- of digital objects that can include text, still im- lished or unpublished interview, online journal/ ages, audio, video, digital documents or other magazine references/ CD-ROM, DVD etc. such digital media formats,2 in this context, objects simple digital teaching tools are developed by of reference books, texts, graphs, print, photo- software engineers to explore teaching content graphs also originally produced digital content with data design context. As MS-Excel, design like word processor files and social media and graph are used in engineering field. Hence it is video posts. It consists in addition to storing important to note that digital sources possess content, digital libraries provide means for or- great potential as teaching tools, apps, ganizing, searching and retrieving the educa- websites, videos, softwares are just for in- tional content contained in the collection on stances available to lecturers to enhance teach- desktop or tab or mobile screen. In the modern ing–learning process and experiences and context, students’ inclination is more towards achieve the aims of learning outcomes. In this the use of computer/tab/mobile and less to- context, William M. Ferriter writes; wards the traditional printed sources of knowl- The good is that new digital tools can edge such as books, magazines, journal etc. Now make coordination in knowledge-driven a day’s Internet facility offers w.w.w (World Wide workspaces easier. Whether that coordination Web), Netscape Communicator or Internet Ex- depends on the sharing of ideas, having deeper plorer which provides students to use all ser- conversations about important issues, creating vices according to their needs. In this situation shared work products or taking action around digital acquisition is very easy as evolution and knotty issues, digital tools are fundamentally expansion of information technology, publish- changing the way we work toger.’3 ers’ trend of publishing seems to change toward It is important to note that many authen- electronic publishing, knowledge of science and tic and adequate apps are being used by teach- technology seems explosion through digital ers to connect with pupils without physically visit sources, growing popularity and realization of a college. It shout be noted that there are major utility of digital sources. Therefore, beneficial changes occurred in the Indian education sys- of digital sources can be seen briefly as follow; tem and in the teaching-learning process as the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 019 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 role of teachers means not just longer lecturers but facilitators. Traditionally teachers used to 03 follow limited and framed syllabus but close to the new recommendations of education policy, Effects of academic stress and teachers are handed a national curriculum and goals of core curriculum and teachers are given peer pressure on mental health of absolute freedom to select and use the teach- Of secondary school students ing materials. Hence teaching-learning process not just be via audio-visual mode, it needs that Dr.Anuradha teachers, professors should be the skill required Associate Professor, to handle computers, digital sources and work- R.G.(PG) College Meerut shops, conferences and seminars via web. In this backdrop, internet connectivity is Deepshikha not same across India and students who belong Research scholar to weaker sections may not have the resources to spend money for purchasing data. So centre ======***********======and state government should provide adequate Abstract facilities on subsidy basis. Further there are The purpose of the research paper was some problems such as teachers are not able to study the effects of academic stress and peer to view the receptivity of students through their pressure on mental health of secondary school body language and there is limited clarity on students. To measure the academic stress Scale the effectiveness of learning. Hence it is better for assessing academic stress by Sinha was to see positive side to overcome such hin- used. Mental health was measured with the drances by using advance digital technology. help of Mental Health battery by AK Singh and Alpana Sengupta. Peer pressure was measured Reference: with the help of peer pressure scale constructed 01 Wayne Ross, ‘The Social Studies by Singh and Sunny. The sample of 120 students Curriculm : Purposes, Problems, and Possibilites’, was taken from Secondary Schools of Meerut. Pub. By State University of New York Press, 2006, 2×2 factorial design was used for the study. Two p.242 independent variables and one dependent vari- 02 http://en.m.wikipedia.org able are used in the study. Independent vari- 03 William M. Ferriter, . ‘how to Use Digi- ables were-:Academic Stress and Peer Pressure. tal Tools to Support Teachers in a PLC’, Solution Mental health was used as dependent variable. Tree Press, 2015, P.03 Data analysis was done with the help of ANOVA and mean scores. On the basis of analysis it  was concluded that academic stress and peer pressure have a significant effect on mental health of secondary school students. Introduction Mental health of a person is related to his emotional, psychological and social well- being. It affects how we think, feel and act. It very effectively decides how we handle stress, make choices in daily life and relateto others. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 020 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 W H O define Mental Health as “Mental well- Bhattacharya the relationship between men- being in which individual realizes his her own tal health and peer pressure among professional abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of students was examined. A significant relation- life, can work productively and is able to make ship was found between mental health and peer a contribution to his or her community”.On the pressure. basis of this definition we can say that mental An another study was conducted by C health is the basis of individual well-being and Subramani(2017) to explore the academic effective functioning of the community. We can stress and its relationship with mental health include some points in it as criterias for mental among Government and private students of Sa- health which are: lem city Tamil Nadu. It was concluded that stu- 1.Adequate contact with reality. dents of private schools experience higher aca- 2.Control of thoughts and imagination demic stress than that of government school 3.Effective efficiency in work and play. students. 4.Social acceptance Although many researches have been un- 5.Positive self respect and dertaken on mental health there was a need to 6.A healthy emotional life. conduct closer examinations on effects of aca- Stress is a physical mental or emotional demic stress and peer pressure on mental health factor that cause bodily or mental tension. In of secondary school students. behavioral Sciences, stress is regarded as the Objectives of the study: “perception of threat, with resulting anxiety dis- The primary objective of the paper was comfort, emotional tension and difficulty in ad- to study the effect of academic stress and peer justment”. Academic stress is a specific type of pressure on mental health of secondary school stress which is related to one’s education. Aca- students in Meerut. demic stress is a mental distress with respect Research methodology: to some anticipated frustration associated with The study is based on primary data. The academic failure or even Awareness of the pos- primary data was collected through Peer Pres- sibility of such failure. There may be many sure Scale constructed by Singh and Saini, causes of it such as board exams, entrance ex- MentalHealth Battery constructed by A K Singh ams, tuition and coaching classes, social com- and Alpana Sen Gupta and Scale for Assessing parison, over scheduling and parents expecta- Academic Stress by Uday K Sinha. tions etc. Peer pressure is the pressure that we Sample size: feel on us due to our peer-group. It is the pres- Sample was collected from secondary sure that compels a person to follow his peer level students of CBSE affiliated schools. 120 group in many ways. students wererandomly selected from schools. Review of related literature: Experimental design: Deb,Sibnathet.al(2015) investigated the aca- 2×2 factorial design was used in the demic stress and mental health of Higher Sec- study. There were two independent variables i.e. ondary students and the association between Peer Pressure and Academic Stress.There was various psychological factors and academic one dependent variable in the study named stress in Kolkata. It was found that most of the mental health. students were stressed because of academic Tools for analysis: pressure and academic stress significantly af- For data analysis 2 ×2 ANOVAand mean fects mental health of a person. scores were used in the study. In another study conducted by Himani Data analysis and interpretation : s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 021 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Summary table of ANOVA for Mental health References

Source of variance SE df MS F Bhattacharya Himani (2017)Mental A(Academic stress) 1366.87 1 136 6.87 70.17** health in relation to peer pressure among pro- B(Peer pressure) 508.41 1 508 .41 26.10** fessional students of Kolkata, West Bengal. In- AB(Academic 122 1 122 6.26* stress×Peer ternational Journal of education and psychologi- pressure) cal research. Volume 6, issue 1, March 2017. Within treatment 2260.04 116 19.48 (error) Chellamuthu,Subramani (2017) . Aca- Total 4257.32 119 demic stress and mental health among high school students. Indian Journal of Applied Re- Fratio for the factor A(peer pressure) is search Volume 7,Issue 5 ISSN- 2249- 555X (1, 116)= 26.10. This value is greater than criti- Deb SibNath(2015) parental pressure cal value at 0.01 level. It indicates that students and Society and mental health among Indian with students withhigh peer pressure have poor high school students. International Journal of mental health. F ratio for factor B (Academic psychology and behavioral sciences 2015,5 (1) stress) is (1,116)=70.17 which is greater than : 26-34. the critical value at 0.01 level. It clearly indi-  cates that students with high level of academic stress possesspoor mental health and students with low level of academic stress possess good mental health. Effects of peer pressure :

Peer Pressure Total Scores N Mean Scores

High Peer Pressure (A1) 1574 60 26.233

Low Peer Pressure (A2) 1327 60 22.1167

The mean scores show that students who have high peer pressure have poor mental health then students having low peer pressure. Effects of Academic stress :

Academic Stress Total Scores N Mean Scores

High Academic Stress(B1) 1118 60 18.63

LowAcademic Stress(B2) 564 60 9.4

The results of academic stress scores after comparing with mental health scores show that high level of academic stress cause poor mental health and vice versa. Conclusion: Results of the study indicated that aca- demic stress and peer pressure have significant effects on mental health of secondary school students.

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 022 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 in White collar crimes. Corporate as a different 04 lawful substance vary from common individual its wrongdoing carried out by the Corporation CORPORATE CRIMES- CORPORATE and they are obligated and blameworthy for the demonstration. A worker of the corporation ex- HUMAN RIGHTS pected to take responsibility for the wrongdo- ing perpetrated? In the review of the inquiry, Dr. BHAGWANA RAM BISHNOI under the idea of vicarious liability Corporation PRINCIPAL, expected to take responsibility and not the GOVERNMENT LAW P.G. COLLEGE, BIKANER, worker. Corporations have at present turned into RAJASTHAN a vital a piece of our general public, and with advancement of firms they need become cru- SALONI SHARMA cial entertainer in our economy, our general LLM. STUDENT, public runs inside the danger of acquiring mis- GOVERNMENT LAW P.G. COLLEGE, BIKANER, used by these corporation, thus they should be RAJASTHAN deflected as well. The issue of organization wrongdoing is elite also, convoluted inferable AMAN JAIN from numerous reasons, the first being the per- LLM. STUDENT, sonality of organization structure. The augmen- GOVERNMENT LAW P.G. COLLEGE, BIKANER, tation of the vicarious liability to offenses of RAJASTHAN mensrea prompted the occasion of organization criminal liability. ======***********======Keyword: Corporate, Criminal Liability, Doc- ABSTRACT trines, Mensrea, Liability White Collar Crimes are perpetrated by INTRODUCTION different Individuals in avarice of self-enhance- “A company can only act through human ment. Yet, when this wrongdoing is led alto- beings and a human being who commits an of- gether by gathering of individuals or relation- fence on account of or for the benefit of a com- ship in any business, at that point such wrong- pany will be responsible for that offence doing becomes Corporate Crime. The misfortune himself.The importance of incorporation is that being experienced other Conventional Crimes, it makes the corporate itself liable in sure cir- for example, robbery, trespass, theft, pyroma- cumstances, further because the human be- nia, and so on is undeniably not exactly the mis- ings.” -Glanville Williams fortune being experienced White Collar Crimes. Section 11 of Indian Penal Code, 1860, It causes an unfavorable effect on the trade and characterize individual. It peruses the word per- economy of our country. What’s more, it addi- son includes any Company or Association or a tionally prompts loss of trust of the financial body of persons, whether incorporated or not.” backers on the lookout. This investigation man- Further section 2 of the Code gives that “Every ages the instances of white collar crimes and person shall be liable to punishment under this corporate wrongdoing in India and its sorts. The Code.” Thus, section 2 of the Code with no ex- measurable information of the previous years emption for body corporate, accommodates dis- identifying with white collar wrongdoing is like- cipline of each individual which clearly incorpo- wise appeared. Corporate Crime is otherwise rates a Company. Consequently, by perusing of called Organizational or Occupational crimes, these two arrangement idea of corporate crimi- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 023 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 nal liability can be determined, however it isn’t general styles of the white collar crimes and the sole enactment which accommodates the that is furthermore handle concerning the ac- discipline of corporate body, Companies Act, tivity crimes. The qualification between corpo- 2013, Income Tax Act, and so forth rate crimes and the occupational crimes is that Corporations have now turned into a vi- the corporate crimes alludes to the criminal act tal piece of our general public, and with im- of the corporate administrators to help the cor- provement of corporations they have become poration, the occupational crimes alludes to the critical actor in our economy, our general public individual representatives who is against the runs in the danger of getting misled by these corporation itself.6While managing the “corpo- corporation, and consequently they ought to be rate wrongdoing” the acts which are against the deflected as well. Inconvenience of, heaps of corporation are the wrongs which are done by any sort, can be perceived by different reason- the supervisors or workers to serve the organi- ing of criminal law, yet discouragement is the zation just as for the individual benefit. reasoning that is appropriate to such monetary Corporate wrongdoing is not the same substances as corporations.1 Corporations have as the conventional crimes which are perpe- their own character, they have separate lawful trated by the people. As such there is no differ- character and they are not the same as their ent branch for the crimes which has been per- members2, and this is adequate to makes it con- petrated by the corporate. There are different ceivable to expected them to take responsibil- sorts of corporate wrongdoing. Significant kinds ity and reprimand them. of corporate crimes are bribery, forging, em- Criminal Liability is the quality or condi- bezzlement, bank fraud and blackmail etc. tion lawfully committed or responsible; legiti- In A. K. Khosla v. S. Venkatesa7,two cor- mately capable to another or to society which porations were accused of having submitted is enforceable by criminal punishment.3 And fraud under the IPC. The Magistrate gave mea- accordingly, Corporate Criminal Liability implies sure against the corporations. The Court during the degree to which a Corporation as a lawful this case got wind that there 2 essentials for individual can be expected criminally to take re- the indictment of organization bodies, the es- sponsibility for its acts and oversights and for sential being that of arrangement and further- those of the common people utilized by it. This more the extraordinary being the mensrea and paper is proposed to analyze different subtle- the other being the capacity to force the required ties identified with corporate criminal liability, sentence of imprisonment. and toward the finish to give different sugges- The following are the types of White Collar tion which ought to be incorporated in enact- Crimes: ments. Ad Hoc crimes: In this classification an indi- WHITE COLLAR CRIMES vidual or the guilty party seeks after his own Professor Sutherland stated that, “when individual target having no eye to eye interac- a person of respectability and high social sta- tion with the Victim. For example Charge card tus in course of his legitimate occupation com- frauds, hacking, and so forth. mits an act which is approximately a crime, it is Bribery: When cash, products, administrations a White Collar Crime4” and later on added “A or any sort of data is offered with goal to im- person of upper Socio-economic class who vio- pact the action, assessment and choices of the lates the criminal law in course of occupational taker, comprises Bribery.8 or professional activities.5” Embezzlement: When an individual, who has Corporate crimes are considered to be been endowed with the cash or property, ap- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 024 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 propriates it for their own utilization. expected three corporations criminally to take Counterfeiting: Copies or mirrors a thing with- responsibility for an intrigue to pay off, the main out having been approved to do so.9 organization, for the acts of its worker, the sec- Forgery: When an individual passes bogus in- ond, for the act of its Director, and the third, for struments, for example, cheque.10 the acts of the Vice-President of a completely Tax-avoidance: regularly utilized by working possessed auxiliary. The Court appeared to ac- class to have extra-unaccounted income. cept that corporate criminal liability was impor- Professional Crime: Crimes perpetrated by tant since, a corporation is a legitimate fiction Medical practitioners, Lawyers in course of their involving just of people. US courts are by all occupation. account not the only courts which have incor- Fraud: In a broadest sense, fraud implies, a pur- porated the idea of vicarious liability in the in- poseful misdirection made for individual addi- stances of criminal liability, yet now this model tion or to harm someone else or element. Fraud has been dismissed believing it to be out of line is characterized in both criminal just as com- to denounce one individual for the unfair direct mon code. of another.15 VARIOUS MODELS OF CORPORATE CRIMINAL Identification of Doctrine LIABILITY This doctrine is an English law doctrine A. Derivative Model which attempts to recognize certain critical This model is individual focused model. people of a corporation who acts for its benefit, It determines to join the liability to the corpora- and whose direct and perspective can be as- tion simply because an individual associated cribed to that of the corporation. If there should with the corporation caused some liability for be an occurrence of Salomon v. Salomon and which the individual is to be rebuffed, yet since Co16. House of Lords held that corporate ele- it is associated with the corporation the liabil- ment is independent from the people who acts ity is put on the corporation to having that per- for its benefit. The Courts in England had in dif- son with it and letting it brought about some ferent decisions like DPP v. Kent and Sussex liability.11 Derivative model can be perceived in Contractors Ltd.,17 R v. ICR Haulage Ltd.,18 de- two sub-sorts: a) Vicarious Liability; b) Identifi- cided that the corporate elements could be ex- cation Doctrine. posed to criminal liability and the companies Vicarious Liability were expected to take responsibility for crimes The idea of vicarious liability depends requiring expectation. Judgment like these on two latin adages first, qui facit per aliumfacit prompted the proclamation of ‘recognizable as such, it implies that he who acts through an- proof doctrine’. other will considered to have acted all alone, Concerning the liability of these key and second, respondeat prevalent which means people who act for organization, it was held in let the expert answer. In Bartonshill Coal Co. v. Moore v. Brisler19 that the people who are re- McGuire12, Lord Chelmsford LC said: ‘each act lated to the corporations should be acting in- which is finished by a worker over the span of side the extent of their business or authority. his obligation is viewed as done by his boss’ The lead should happen inside an alloted zone requests, and therefore is equivalent to in the of activity despite the fact that points of inter- event that it were his boss’ own act.’ 13 est might be unapproved. It will be astute to Vicarious liability for the most part ap- gather that distinguishing proof doctrine is plies to common liability yet Massachusetts smaller in extension than the vicarious liability court in Commonwealth v. Helpful Finance CO.14, doctrine, rather than expecting corporation to s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 025 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 take responsibility for act of any representative, nal liability is detainment or fine, the corporate ID doctrine limits it down to certain persons.20 ought to be fined, particularly for the white col- B. Organizational Model lar crimes. Tragically, these proposals won’t ever Not at all like derivative model which traverse. Indeed in spite of the fact that we have centers around individual, organizational model arrangements under numerous Indian Laws thinks about corporation. Offenses require men- whereby the fraud, debasement, bribery, insider tal state (mensrea) to perpetrate a wrongdoing exchanging and so on is rebuffed with civil alongside actual act (actusreus), yet the diffi- guidelines however no penal legal arrangements cult that emerges while holding corporations have been incorporated in the Indian Laws which criminally responsible is the way a corporation rebuff the company. which is juristic individual could have impera- A corporation can’t be detained and was tive mental state to carry out a wrongdoing. not revised to arraignment for a criminal offense Derivative model was one approach to ascribe which was as it were deserving of death or de- mental state to corporation. Alternate way could tainment. In any case, the fact which was that be by demonstrating that there existed a climate the penalty accommodated the infringement of in the corporation which coordinated, endured, a resolution was fine or detainment, or both in, drove on, and even empowered the rebellious- which doesn’t deliver it not pertinent to a cor- ness of explicit law which made it offence.21 poration and the comparative guideline applies Moreover, actual act that also is needed to fin- just where the rule making the offense accom- ish the prerequisite of commission of an offense modates detainment if the fine advertised not can be gotten rather be demonstrated from the paid. It was moreover qualified to say that our act of its representatives, officials, chiefs, and Parliament has furthermore perceived this is- so on Consequently, culture of a corporation is sue partner degreed projected to change the IPC to be seen while deciding its criminal liability. during this see by along with fine as an other to Corporate culture may help for commission of detainment where corporations are engaged an offense requiring mental state by-right off with 1972.23 However, the Bill was not passed the bat, giving the climate or vital consolation yet lapsed. Such change in the criminal law is that it was accepted by the wrongdoer working an administrative capacity and consequently the in the corporation that it was totally okay to Parliament ought to perform it at the earliest perpetrate that offense, or corporation has men- opportunity. Some discipline for criminal liabil- tally upheld the commission of offense; also, it ity of corporations which can be found in Sec- is very conceivable that the corporation estab- tions.45, 63, 68, 70(5), 203, and so on of the lished a climate which prompted commission of Indian Companies Act. In this Act just the indi- wrongdoing. The two different ways it was the vidual who submits any offense is responsible corporation and its working society that let the and not the organization itself. offense submitted.22 DOCTRINE OF DIRECT LIABILITY CIVIL OR CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR CORPORATE The doctrine clarifies how the person on MISCONDUCT overwhelming offense held criminal liability. As At the present, the greater part of the of the nature it’s moreover insightfully same as nations concur that the corporations can be re- that of legitimate character, the corporation buffed under civil just as managerial laws. Any- wherein the action and lead of person inside way corporate crimes have more dubious. The the extent of power, and in the interest of cor- law commission of India in its 41st and 47th porate body, the hypothesis of corporate organ report recommended that the discipline for crimi- is enforceable.24 Yet, amusingly talking, it’s un- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 026 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 bending that corporation is criminally obligated fault of company.” instead of complex. Regardless of whether the Cases of Corporate Fraud corporation has managed without goal or infor- i. East Indian Company mation which is suggested or communicated in The East India Company was a Crown the accompanying conditions of the case will sanctioned exchanging organization. It was be held responsible are, claimed secretly yet had an order to profit the 1. Vicarious liability: body of the corporate or- British State industrially and strategically. First gans has their clout for the sake of the individual and preeminent, the EIC was a specialist of the it’s held at risk then the lawful character. Crown. 2. Deliberately dedicated offense: corporation It was first Multinational Corporation on purposely or purposefully the suggested nature the planet that sought after venture openings through a proof submitted an offense of nature. just as regional force. EIC representatives situ- 3. Corporate culture: when the corporation ne- ated in India looked for business benefits for glected to create corporate culture and ener- themselves, the Crown, and East India House; gize by them which isn’t identified with non – while they procured Indian Territory forcefully consistence of applicable arrangement. in the interest of the Empire. In late 1700s DOCTRINE OF MENS REA Edmund Burke had Robert Clive, (the originator Organization has no expectation to per- of the domain) and Warren Hastings, (India’s petrate the wrongdoing, just individuals in the Governor General), raised on prosecution ac- organization will carry out such a nature of of- cuses loaded of defilement issues. Despite the fenses. A legitimate inquiry has been raised; the fact that the path neglected to convict anyone. corporation is fictions why the law ought not To accomplish these finishes, the EIC’s corpo- create corporate mensrea fiction. Here the dis- rate direct was conflicting. Now and then, the cipline and fines towards the corporation has Company conformed to moral practice in deducted.25 For the part of fiction, the inquiry in wellbeing and monetary issue. At different oc- regards to the fictions to be in context in nature casions it readily occupied with monetary bur- replied. In the case of H.R. Bolton (engg.) Co. glary and pay-offs, or breached civil freedoms Ltd. vs. T.J. Graham26 it was stated that “A com- and common liberties. The idea of corporate pany may in many ways be likened to a human social duty was auxiliary to its inclinations. The body. They have a brain and a nerve centre, organization was in this way ended up under which controls what they do. They also have East India Company Stock Redemption Act, 1874. hands, which hold the tools and act in accor- ii. Mundhra Scam-First Scam of Independent dance with directions from the centre. Some of India the people in the company are mere servants Haridas Mundhra, an industrialist and and agents who are nothing more than hands stock theorist offered imaginary offers to Life to do the work and cannot be said to represent Insurance Corporation (LIC) and along these the mind or will. Others are directors and man- lines defrauding LIC by 125 crores. Mr.Jawahar agers who represent the directing mind and will Lal Nehru, (the at that point Prime Minister), set of the company and control what they do. The up a one-man commission headed by Justice state of mind of these managers is state of mind Chagla to Investigate. Justice Chagla finished of company and it treated by law as such. So up the matter and Haridas was seen as liable you will find that in case where the law requires and was condemned to detainment of 22 years personal fault as a condition of liability in tort, and T.T. Krishnamachari, the at that point Fi- the fault of the manager will be the personal nance Minister, left his position. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 027 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 iii. 2G Spectrum case Individuals of country likewise lose their trust 2G scam was fundamentally a media in the interest in private area. Where private transmission and a political outrage. In this em- area can help in gigantic financial development, barrassment numerous Politicians and govern- these days it is more enjoyed the field of Fraud. Legislature of India has found a way to forestall ment were included. The scam was about the this kind of Crime in India. There are sure com- distribution of bound together access adminis- ponents that have been refered to by the Gov- tration permit. The previous telecom minister A ernment of India by which the frauds can be fore- Raja has sidestepped standards at each level stalled under the Companies Act, 2013. and did the questionable 2G scam in the year Section 211 engages the Central Govern- 2008. ment to set up an office called Serious Fraud There are numerous corporate scams Investigation Office (SFIO) to examine fraud which has taken our economy to a greater mis- identifying with Companies (section 212). Fur- fortune, Coal Scam, Bofors embarrassment and ther, Central Government can likewise arrange examination concerning the issues of an orga- so forth were additionally celebrated in this re- nization and on the receipt of the report of the spects. enlistment center or the controller. The lawmak- CONCLUSION ing body ought to be activity towards the ac- As I would see it, corporate crimes are companying advances. In example corporate the most happening disasters in the general criminal liability new types of discipline ought public. Escape clauses in the corporate wrong- to be developed and subsequently incorporated. doing towards the legal way to deal with be more There are a few Suggestions that can be done:- viable impact on the Society. Corporate wrong- (1) The types of forcing fine ought to be iso- doing alludes to the crimes submitted by the lated in such nature of Economic and Social as- Corporation or the individual acting for sake the sent. (2) There ought to be compelling imple- mentation of discipline going from obligatory corporation expected to take responsibility and winding and direct remuneration orders. (3) culpable in law. Corporate crimes to be con- When the court made fundamental strides for demned in the lawful arrangement even more disintegration of corporation, no rights all to- viable and there is a requirement for the cor- gether that investor also, chiefs ought not rein- rection. It antagonistically influences the capi- corporate. (4) Corporate wrongdoing is all in- tal markets. In present situation it turned into a clusive issue. There ought to be a global law, threat to the general public. Indeed for the act understanding in consistence. of the worker for the sake of the corporation, Footnotes: the idea of vicarious liability in steady, the 1 "John T. Byam, The Economic Ineffi- ciency of Corporate Criminal Liability (Vol. 2), wrongdoing ought to be rebuffed in genuine of- 1982, pp. 582-585.” fense both the representative and furthermore 2 Salomon v. Salomon & Co., 1897 AC the corporation. In such conditions, the worker 22: (1895-99) All ER Rep 9 (HL). may take favorable. The progression of science 3 "Black’s Law Dictionary (9th edition), and innovations in most recent couple of many p. 997.” years has created another type of wrongdoing 4 "Dr. S.S Srivastava, Criminology, Crimi- which is known as ‘White Collar Crime’. What’s nal Administration (3rd Edition, Central Law more, because of individual ravenousness on Agency, 2007) pg. no. 40.” section of this wrongdoing has shown a gigan- 5 "Ahmad Siddique’s’ criminology and th tic development, for example Corporate Fraud. penology (16 Edition, Eastern Book Company, Corporate fraud is liable for the greater part of 2011) pg. no. 438.” the financial misfortune in the general public. 6 "Professor Sara Sun Beale, The De- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 028 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 velopment and Evolution of the U.S. Law of Cor- porate Criminal Liability(2013)” 05 7 “AIR 1991 SCC 703" 8 "Section-171-B of Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860)” A CRITICAL REVIEW ON DETECTION 9 " Section 489A, 489B, 489C, 489D, 489E OF PICRAMIC ACID AND PICRAMATE of Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860)” IN HAIR DYE PRODUCT 10 "Section 463 of Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).” 11 Sumit Baudh, Corporate Criminal Li- Dr. Chandana Kumari ability, The Student Advocate (Vol. 10), 1988, pp. University Department of Chemistry, 45-46.” T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar 12 Bartonshill Coal Co. v. McGuire, (1853) 3 Macq 300. ======***********======13 Corporate Criminal Liability in India, Abstract Shivesh Kumar Tripathi, https://blog.ipleaders. in/corporate-criminal-liability-in-india/amp/# Painting and body workmanship are ex- _edn9 panding their usage just as their social effect, 14 Scoff Massachusetts, 1971 360 Mass since penetrating and tattoos are growing so- 188,cfWR Lafare, Modem Criminal Law (West cial wonders, including numerous youngsters. Publishing Co., 775. Notwithstanding, the used materials regularly 15 State of Maharashtra vs. M/s Syndi- enter the market with deficient control and a cate Transport Co. (P) Ltd. AIR 1964 Bom 195. few instances of skin harms are accounted for.

16 Salomon v. Salomon & Co., 1897 AC Security of the used items should be guaran- 22: (1895-99) All ER Rep 9 (HL). teed by satisfactory quality controls which 17 DPP v. Kent & Sussex Contractors Ltd ., (1944) 1 All E.R.119. should be without any problem made, quick, 18 DPP v. Kent & Sussex Contractors Ltd minimal effort, clear and enticing. The technique ., (1944) 1 All E.R. 691. here detailed, respects the investigation on the 19 Moore v. Brisler, [1944] 2 All ER 515. conceivable presence of picramic acid in the 20 Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law 178 ethyl acetic acid derivation concentrates of busi- (1992). ness henné powders by NMR Spectroscopy. In 21 "Criminal Law Officers Comm. [Code the proton spectrum, three arrangements of pin- Committee] of the Standing Comm. of Attorneys- nacles could be recognized, relating to the three General, Austl., Model Criminal Code: Chapter classes of producers resonances: hennosides, 2, General Principles of Criminal Responsibility regular markers of Lawsonia inermis, the henné Section 501 (1992).” 22 A Study on Corporate Crime in India plant; picramic acid or picramate; unsaturated D. Silviya Dixina Saveetha School of Law, fats. Specifically, the arrangement of signs re- Saveetha University, ©2018 IJLMH | Volume 2, lating to hennosides can be utilized as markers Issue 1 | ISSN: 2581-5369 of the usage of the right raw material of henné. 23 http://www.legalserviceindia.com/ article/l101-Corporate-Criminal-Liability—An- Analysis.html 24 Moore v. Brisler, [1944] 2 All ER 515. 25 Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law 178

(1992). 26 H.R. Bolton (engg.) Co. Ltd. vs. T.J. Keywords: - penetrating, tattoos, picramic acid, Graham, [1957] 1 QB 159 NMR Spectroscopy, Lawsonia inermis, henne s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 029 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 plant L. inermis is a tall glabrous shrub or small Introduction tree with a grayish-brown bark and full of Picramic acid has moderate acute toxic- branches, which are devoid of thorns when ity by the oral route. However, studies suggest young. The leaves are opposite, sub-sessile, elliptical and lanceolate. The flowers are numer- that dermal penetration from hair dye formula- ous with a coloration ranging from white to pink tion is low. There was no evidence of skin irrita- and are very odorous. At maturity, the fruit splits tion with a 2.5% solution. Mild transient con- into four sections and presents many small junctival irritation was seen with a 2.5% solu- seeds (Sastri 1962; Chetty 2008) (Figure 1). tion instilled into the eye and rinsed out after Literature Review 10 seconds; although no data are available from This species has been anciently used as animals not subjected to very rapid washout. medicinal plant to cure rheumatoid arthritis, The compound was a mild sensitiser in a headaches, ulcers, diarrhoeas, leprosy, fevers, maximisation test in guinea pigs. In a 90-day leucorrhoea, diabetes, liver failures and cardiac diseases (Chopra et al. 1956; Reddy 1988; oral study a minimal effect level of 20 mg/kg Muhammad and Muhammad 2005) but mainly bw was reported. The compound clearly has as dye material. Nowadays this latter employ- mutagenic potential. Positive results were con- ment is still very common in Asia and Africa sistently obtained in assays for gene mutation where it is linked to traditional elements like in Salmonella. It is essential to ascertain weddings or special and religious ceremonies whether this potential can be expressed in vivo. (Westermarck 1972; Semwal et al. 2014) as well Studies in the whole animal have been limited as in the Western nations of the world where it to the bone marrow. Negative results were ob- is mostly employed for hair painting and tem- tained from a micronucleus test but only one porary body arts (staining and tattos) (Dweck harvest time was used. Negative results were 2002; Laumann and Derick 2006). Powdered dried leaves represent the raw also reported in an assay for SCE induction in material for henné dyes even if they can not be bone marrow. No conclusions can be drawn re- used directly and, in order to produce lawsone, garding the carcinogenicity of picramic acid. No a specific treatment must be followed (SCCS adverse effects were reported in an oral ter- 2013; Gallo et al. 2014; SCCNFP 2014). atogenicity study in rats at up to 15 mg/kg bw. Furthermore, there are several products In vivo data are needed from a well conducted marketed under the name ‘henné’, like red henné, micronucleus test, to a current protocol, and also grey henné, black hennè etc., and in several from an in vivo liver UDS assay. cases, they do not necessarily contain L. inermis The name henné, or henna, refers to the (Lemordant and Forestier 1983; Gallo et al. 2014). dye prepared from the leaves of Lawsonia Objective of the study inermis L. (family Lythraceae), commonly known · To Scale-up of laboratory synthesis of as henna tree, mignonette tree, Egyptian privet dyes to the manufacturing level in an industry. or simply by the same names of the dyes. · To Decolorization of synthesized dyes under various environmental conditions. Chemical Structures of Picramic Acid

Figure 1. Lawsonia inermis Figure 1:- Chemical structures of picramic acid s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 030 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 (left) and picramate (right). analyses, were of analytical purity and obtained Several social alerts concerning the lib- from Fluka Analitycal. eral utilisation of tattoos and the consequences Extraction of picramate of the absence of the necessary controls have Powdered dried leaves of each sample (4 g) were sieved and were mixed with been raised. A clear example of this is the phe- ethylacetate (20 mL) for 24 h at room tempera- nomenon of making temporary tattoos (Onder ture and sonicated in a model 3210E-MTH et al. 2001; Dron et al. 2007; FDA 2012). This (Branson, Danbury, CT) ultrasonic bath for 45 habit is highly appreciated and common in tour- min according to the methods developed by Jin ist areas, as beaches and city centres, (Van den et al. (2006) and Putzbach et al. (2007).The su- Keybus et al. 2005; Stante et al. 2006) and is pernatant was filtered through Albet (Barcelona, dangerous as well. In fact, several cases of blis- Spain) qualitative analysis filter paper (43 ò•d ters appearing on the tattoo areas from 3 to 12 ò•38 ìm) and the filtered extracts were con- days after the application, have been reported centrated under vacuum to dryness to obtain solid amorphous residues. The yield of the ob- but, by the time of their emergence, most tour- tained dried extracts was about 18% (w/w). The ists have already left and do not usually return obtained extracts were dissolved in methanol- to show the damage and complain (Al-Sheikh d4 (5 mg/mL) for analysis. and El-Rab 1996; Marcoux et al. 2002). NMR analysis True henné does not cause any injury or NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K on wound which must be attributed to the adding a Varian Mercury instrument operating at the of constituents of other origins (Jung et al. 2006; proton frequency of 300 MHz. The chemical Muhterem et al. 2009). One example of this is shifts were expressed from TMS for the spectra the ‘black henna temporary tattoo’ (Marcoux et in CDCl3 whereas the internal solvent signal of al. 2002; Van den Keybus et al. 2005) which may CD2HOD (p, 3.31 ppm) was set as reference for the spectra in CD3OD contain the synthetic product p-phenylenedi- Finding amine (PPD) causing severe skin damages and The examination of the whole 1H-NMR for this it has been banned in Western coun- spectra of the ethyl acetate extracts of di?erent tries and USA (FDA 2017). Another example is marketed henné powders are reported in the picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol), also Supplementary Material.Each of them clearly re- present as sodium picramate (Becker et al. vealed its components and some gave strange 2009; SCCS 2013). This compound is a highly results. functionalized benzene ring with four substitu- In fact, in both of them, at low field, two ents, i.e. one amino group, two nitro groups and evident signals, as sharp doublets, were present at about 8.20 and 7.70 ppm and these could be one hydroxyl group (Figure 2) and revealed to easily assigned to the protons in positions 3 and have primary findings of toxicity in epididymides 5 of picramic acid, also confirmed by their cou- and the gastrointestinal tract (CIR 1992). It is, pling constant (J = 1.5 Hz each).Indeed, all the therefore, important to not evidence the pres- sequence of signals between 8.32 and 7.00 ppm ence of picramic acid by analytical determina- could be assigned to the aromatic parts of tion such as the already proposed HPLC/MS and hennosides. Their presence was evidently con- HPTLC techniques (Gallo et al. 2008). In this firmed also by the three singlets (6.48, 6.15, 5.87 paper, an easy, low and rapid method to deter- ppm), attributable to each proton in position 3 mine its absence in henné powder by using NMR of the three compound Spectroscopy is proposed, instead. Conclusion A basic, simple and minimal effort tech- Chemicals nique like 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, was applied Solvents, including those used in NMR to check the nonappearance in hair dyes results s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 031 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 of picramic acid, a compound which is regularly added to these items to improve their consis- 06 tency and better keep them adhered to the skin. Surely, picramic acid has been demonstrated to apply harmful e?ects and ought to be restricted Miniature Paintings Reinterpreted: from the market. In this work, this compound Through the Visual World of has been proven in any event in two contem- plated tests consequently con?rming the over- Prof. M.K. Sharma (Sumahendra) all present day propensity of its expansion and furthermore recommending the need to perform Ms. Jaspreet Kaur, greater quality control investigations of these Assistant Professor, specific items. S. Sobha Singh Department of Fine Arts, References Punjabi University Patiala 1) Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC. 1956. Glossary of India medicinal plants. New Delhi: CSIR Publications; p. 151 ======***********======2) Dweck AC. 2002. Natural ingredients Art is reshaping of reality by Man to be for colouring and styling. Int J Cosmetic Sci. presented in an understandable way. As the Art- 24:287–302. 3) M. H. Perez, G. Penuela, M. I. ist recreates the world around him. It is reshaped Maldonado, O. Malato, P. F. Ibanez, I. Oller, W. by how he seized and what he believes in. The Gernjak, S. Malato, Appl. Catalysis B: Environ. Indian artist did not attempt to depict only the 2006, 64, 272–281. material reality around him. He wished to share 4) M. Abu Tariq, M. Faisal, M. Saquib, the complete experience of the world not just M. Muneer. Dyes Pigm. 2008, 76, 358–365. the photographic presentation of the shape 5) E. V. Skorb, E. A. Ustinovich, A. I. Kulak, around him. Beauty for the Indian artist has been D. V. Sviridov, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. reflection of the glory of God that is Satyam 2008, 193, 97–102. ShivamSudram.Infact for the Ancient artist the 6) E. Matyjas, E. Rybicki, Autex Res. J. experience of beauty .The ecstasy on seeing 2003, 3, 93-95. 7) Laumann AE, Derick AJ. 2006. Tattoos nature of art which is truly beautiful has been and body piercings in the United States: a na- considered as a king to Bharamanandto final tional data set. J bliss. 8) Am Acad Dermatol. 55:413–421 Indian painting has a very long tradition 9) Laumann AE, Derick AJ. 2006. Tattoos in history in Indian art.The Earliest Indian paint- and body piercings in the United States: a na- ing were the Rock paintings of Pre Historic times, tional data set. J as found in Bhimbhetka rock shelters approxi- 10) Am Acad Dermatol. 55:413–421 mately 30,000 years old. Vaghorariver where 11) Laumann AE, Derick AJ. 2006. Tat- Ajanta is created court to the Mughal where toos and body piercings in the United States: a Deccani Sultan desert of Rajasthan and the icy national data set. J land of Himachal. The paintings of Ancient In- 12) Am Acad Dermatol. 55:413–421 dia with beautiful depiction. The most impor- 13) Laumann AE, Derick AJ. 2006. Tat- tant surviving expression of that earlier tradi- toos and body piercings in the United States: a tion is the painting in the cave temples of Ajanta, national data set. J Am Acad Dermatol. 55:413– dating onwards for centuries from about 200 B.C. 421 Ajanta had a wide influence on Indian Art. In the philosophy of India the material world s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 032 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 around us.Taranath was a Tibetan philosopher the art journey, was revisited through his expe- first essay into the history of miniature painting riences. Through personal interview he described in his book ‘History of Buddhism in India’. From the Traditional Miniature paintings and tech- 11th century the Pala kings who ruled over Ben- niques vividly and during survey. S. Sobha Singh gal, Bihar was Buddhism. Palm leaf painting of Department of Fine Arts was established in 1995 Buddhist religious texts are characterized by the in Punjabi University Patiala, so far this depart- same softness and tenderness of treatment of ment. Miniature painting is being taught here the Ajanta style. During my research work I went since 2005 with the former members as Prof. to Jaipur for interview of few contemporary Min- SarojChaman and J.S Garcha. In this Department, iature Artists, where I visit to Prof. M.K Sharma’s Eminent Art Historian Prof. B.N Goswamy. Pro- home. It was a great opportunity to see his mar- fessor and Artist M.K Sumahendra, who taught velous work, Research Scholar had been taught the subject at Punjabi University.He leading the by him. University of Jawahar Kala Center and under the What is art? We can not bind it in some leadership of former Principal Jaipur Art College words. Bharatmuni has mentioned 64 artifacts and Fine Arts. It was known to have the depart- in NatyaShastra which includes Music, Poetry, ment be taught of a number of formative years Dance, Theater, Sculpture and Painting. In the by Prof. M.K Sumahendra. Mahabharata texts, it is said that any object To understand and trace the history of which has been created by human hands has Miniature painting in India know Miniature some specialization in it, that is called a shilp. Taranath, 1575 A.D Born in Tibet, is known as a Many of years ago, man used caves to express great Scholar and his writings are important. His his feelings. Images were created by lines in first commentary on the Indian painting school Prehistoric period. The artists of that time, ex- is believed to be recorded in the ‘History pressed their feelings through wall paintings on ofBuddhism in India’. In which he mentions two caves with the help of lines. As far as art and painters Dhiman and Betapalo, who are 11th religion are concerned, seeing the walls of century’s Painters. After Taranath, Coomara Ajanta, it becomes obvious that it was not cre- swamy introduced a separate identity with min- ated by any ordinary person. Rather, it was the iatures in which he mentioned Rajput paintings, Buddhist monks, who were very close to God. two volumes of Pahari and Rajput style. Karl My focus here is contemporary painter Profes- Khandalwal has discussed the names, situations sor M.K.Sharma ‘Sumahendra’, because in the and even genealogy of the painters in his book time of the kings, patronage was given to art- Pahari Painting. W.G. Archer detailed thePahari ists, but now neither the king nor the patron- style of Indian paintings from Punjab Hills in age. But an attempt is being made to revive this detail. M.S Randhawa has given unique ex- art in many places and today’s time. Some art- amples of Miniature painting in theKangra paint- ists from Himachal Pradesh are prevalent con- ing of the compilation of the poets like tinue the Miniature Tradition, being promoted BagwataPuran, Basoli Painting, Kangra Painting to this traditional painting on their studio open of GeetGobind, Guler Painting, Kangra Painting plots in Jammu, Shimla, Rajasthan in Jaipur, on Love. Famous Art Historians of India B.N Udaipur, Jodhpur, among which Sumahendra is Goswamy analyzes the generations after gen- a prominent name. erations of artists in artistic writing in their writ- Research Scholar got an opportunity to ings related to miniatures from Haridwar, visit his home in Jaipur, to meet his son Sandeep Pehowaand Kurukshetra, like from Pandit Seu to Sumahendra from his childhood to the end of 2009. B.N GoswamyThe Painters at the Sikh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 033 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Court, Piety and Splender, Nainsukh of Guler, Jahangir. The paper so far looked into the growth Manuku of Guler, Karkhana, I See no Strenger: and development of Art in India as regards the Early Sikh Art, Krishna Seen as Shreenath,The art Historians. Ananda Coomarswamy said World Is Sacred, World of the World in one book Rajput creates a magic world where all men are from. Through much useful Research has been heroic and all women beautiful and passionate done in of Indian Miniature paintings since the and shy, AnandaCoomarsamy pioneer work days of that incomparable critic of Indian art, ‘Rajput Painting’ emphasized the need to un- AnandaCoomarswamy, his pioneering efforts derstand the relationship between Rajput and were the foundation on which had never been Mughal painting. Mughal painting is academic, an art of the people for we know that its patron- dramatic, objective, electic, lyrical and incon- age and possession was by far and large, ceivable part from the life it reflects. Till 11th through with certain notable exceptions, the century that we find an illustrated Buddhist text preserve of the Hindu feudal aristocracy, Mus- on Palm leaves and its jain counterpart in the lim sultans and their governor and the Mughal second half of 11th century. Krsnachaitanyahas court. In Indian art Anandacoomarswamy be- written in the book first artist Dhiman and his came its most distinguished torch bearer. His son Bittpalo who made a miniature on palm Rajput Painting unveiled a forgotten world of leaves. In the 12 century, contemporary with beauty which had been created in a forgotten the Buddhist Pala dynasty but on the other side span of time. To admire Rajput painting was not of India Jain merchants of Gujarat began to pa- enough. Ananda Coomarswamy regarded Rajput tronize Artists. Thus was born what has come painting as the Hindu painting of Rajputana and to be known as Jain painting. Al Biruni, a muslim the Punjab Himalayas and assigned to it a pe- scholar who traveled in India, provides us with riod beginning from 1500 A.D to the middle of a vivid picture of the Hindu society in the first 19th century .He employed the term because all quarter of the 11th century, invaders Muhammad the work produced under the patronage of Gauri,Mahmud of Ghazni came to India. Artists Rajput Princes. Rajput ,whose name is Hindi for run away to the Himalayan areas like Tibet, sons (putras) of kings (rajans).Women had a dis- China, Japan and developed a new style of paint- tinctive place in Rajput society. They had a high ing called ‘Thangka Painting’.Thangkaalso called sense of honor and deep loyalty to their hus- Thanka,Tanga, Tanka is a Tibetan Buddhist bands. Raputs are dependents of the painting on cloth cotton, silk, usually depicting Suryawanshi and Chandravanshi Sun and the a Buddhist Diety, Mandalas. Moon. According to Scholars, Rajput decedents Mughal empire was laid in Babur in 1526 from the Iranian and central Asian tribes- when he defeated the Pathan King of India, It is Pratiharas, Kushana,Shakas,Huna and others, important now to see how the influence of who invaded India between the fourth and sev- Mughals changed and enhanced the Miniature enth century, moving down through the moun- painting scenario in India . At Panipat Babur was tain passes in the northwest and across the Indus succeeded by his son Humanyun(1530-1556) at Velley into what came to be known as Rajputana, the court of shah Tahmasp of Persia he came in land of Rajputs,and today is the state of touch with the painting of Persian Artists Aga Rajasthan. Mirak, sultan Muhammad and Muzaffar Ali. The influence of the Mughal court in the These were pupils of the legendary Bihzad, who modes and manner of living of Rajput chiefs, has also been called ‘Rapheal of East’Mir Sayyid was to some extent due to marriages ,between Ali (poet and painter) and Abdussamad from Rajput Princesses and the emperors Akbar and Shiraz joined Humayun. Akbar is the real founder s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 034 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 of Mughal painting. the ‘Suratkhana ‘and the distinct Jaipur school Rajasthan is the land of Rajputsand Jats. of painting. He was inspired by lord Krsna. There The principal states were Mewar (Udaipur), are seen several painting dedicated to Marwar (Jodhpur), Amber (Jaipur), Bikaner, GeetGovinda and BhagwataPuran series, Devi kotah, Bundi, kishangarh. Rajput paintings were Mhatamya. In (1743-50) SwaiIswari SinghSwai mostly religious in nature. Themes for paintings which meant one and quarter, he developed the were Ramyana and Mahabharta, the love lyrics paper industry in SanganerJaipurRajasthan. Pa- of the Chaurapanchasika. According to Scholors per cutting was the favorite art of SawaiIswari ,Bilhana, the tales of Krsna and Radha from the Singh. The paper was known to have been im- GeetGovinda from Jaidev, Krsna is a highly char- ported from Sialkot (now in Pakistan) acteristic figure. Who is omnipresent in Rajput Nizamshahi, Pune and Calcutta had grain qual- painting. His blue skin is symbolic of the sky. ity of excellence. Well known was Pratap Singh’s He wears a crown of peacock feathers, symbol admiration his Devotional, Musical and Philo- of the rainbow. On his neck is a garland of wild sophical compositions in Hindi Poetry. Partap flower, a symbol he plays on it the entire cre- Singh had great interest in Poetry, Music, Archi- ation is enraptured. Just like Classical Dance, tecture. He built temples of Vrajanidhiji, Classical Music, our Indian Classical Art or pratapeswarji, Govardahanathji, Madanmohanji, painting is a Miniature Painting. The Kachavas Anandbihariand Jnanagopaljiat Jaipur. He con- ,Aksatriya race known as descendants of Kush structed Hawamahal and dedicated to son of lord Rama, captured Amber about the end RadhaKrsna. AnandaCoomarswamy believed of the tenth century A.D and gradually extended that the Rajasthani Painting belonged to the their sway as far as the river Dhund, the region manifestation of Indian Art. Rajput Painting was later, came to be known as Dhudhar. For several a reflection of the great Epic and lyrical tradi- centuries theKachvahas led a very turbulent and tion. It was romantic art, distinct in character precious existence, as they were between the but not in technique from Mughal Art. central Muslim state of Delhi and Agra on the Vishnu Dharmotra Purana has explained hand, and the independent Rajputs Dynasties many layers of color in the image formula. The the Cauhans, and theRathors on the other. In ceremonial series is in Scripture style, it has 1562 the daughter of Raja Bharamalla was mar- Yellow-Red color, Monochrome backland shown. ried to Mughal Emperor, Akbar. This marked the Yellow color is used for the face. Shading is done beginning of a stable and cordial Mughal on teeth, and neck. This is sampled for the nose, kachwaha Alliance. Bhagvanta Das and his upper lip and upper layer. Paper is rubbed with grandson , Raja Man Singh were enrolled as hand in mildness. The paper is brightened so Mughal Mansabdar and the Mughal Emperors that it is low in color. The leaf made from grass most faithfully. Raja Man Singh patronized art is very similar inSialkot.Pahari painters used and literature. Mirza Raja Jai Singh ruled over papers made of Sialkot.Thisis known as Sialkoti Jaipur. He was also interested in Poetry, Archi- paper. Many other types of papers were also tecture etc. It was during Mirza Raja Jai Singh used. Both types of papers were made in Sialkot. regime that a Manuscripts and paintings depart- In addition to Illustrations, paper was used in ment organized for the first obviously on the books, letters and many other ways. Artists used Mughal pattern. A number of Manuscript were to Sialkoti paper for painting. It had a side the painted by his time. Manohar was the artist he Artist had to be careful not to scrub the paper. A wrote a number of manuscripts. In the time of few Rajasthan Artists were washing their pa- Swai Jai singh in 16 Century BCE he organized pers with a lot of water. The paper industry of s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 035 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Sialkot has been quite popular. Most of the in- ists of Rajasthan believe that dead Squirrel hairs gredients used in the mill are used for handi- are not right for this. So the Goats, Sheep, crafts. The use of writings during Mughal and Horse’s neck, etc are use. There was a ban on Sikh rule was more and more. The glue is then animal brushes by the Supreme Court but the put in alcoholic water and was washed with acid Artists felt the convinced brushes law of grace. water. Then it is placed on a wooden frame. The Indian Paintings use red color that was paper gets dry on the walls and then it is shiny obtained in many ways. Mercury was used to with the help of a sipi. Paper is usually made in achieve red color. The color used in rock paint- winter. While only the goods are collected in the ing was derived from mineral. The lemon juice summer. Paper is not made in summer because was also used in it. Cinebar is known by many it will dry up fast and then stick to the wall. Apart names in India. In Jaipur it is called Hansraj. Its from this, due to the landslides of the soil, it is name is known in Persian language, that the also fearful of its impairment at this time. mountain salt, water and Shangaraf are kept in The process of painting leads now to the water for three days And then grinded. Accord- Munja/ Brushes brought to use. Illustrative ing to the artist VirenBannu from Jaipur, he used Abhibhasitrithachintrmani is described in the to keep the small pieces in water for three days brush as, the most important tool of brush paint- and then powder. Geru (Red color)was also used ing was that artisans usually made brushes in painting. themselves. Today many brushes are readily Yellow color was obtained by means of available, but artists themselves make their own different methods. It is also called RamRaj, brushes. Brushes were made in abundance. Hartal, Gauguly. The effect of this color re- Sable’s hair brush was used by the artist to paint mained in painting till the 17th century. Yellow the large part of the image. No artist uses a flat color has been used in Indian Rajput, Pahari hairbrush. Contemporary Artist Shakir Ali, Style. This color was made by adding water to VirenBannu form Jaipur(Rajasthan) Vijay Sharma the urine of the cow, on mango leaves. After from Chamba ( Himachal Pradesh), Om drying in the sun, it was rubbed with hands. Sujanpuri from Simla, PrakashDhiman from Gauguly was light that it spread even with a Chamba (Himachal Pradesh), showed brushes drop of water. VedpalBannu, who was an artist used in miniature paintings during the survey. of Jaipur and also the teacher of Vijay Sharma, The authors of the SilpShastra have asked to take told that before use of other colors Gauguly use special care to choose the brush. It is called to apply for the background. Cows were used to equable, central and subtle. The use of differ- drink Sabel leaves and water and their urine was ent brushes is used for each color. Jaipur’s art- used as yellow color. Bodhi and Jaini used to ist Sumahendra said that he was reading to write their Granth in the same manner, and makes Squirrel hair brushes. Squirrels brushes Rajputi or Rajasthani style, Gauguli and strike are considered to be the best for detailed work. are mentioned.Hartal was found in Punjab which The squirrel tail gets a sharp edge of the water. came from the Swat valley of Peshawar. Another Which Forms some hair as a tip. The squirrel’s Rajasthan painter has described this style. Juice hair is cut and the squirrel is set free. Each of of Flowers, vegetables and fruits were commonly its hair is tied together with the help of the used for Miniature paintings. thread. Then these hair is tied with peacocks, The blue color is used in Indian Minia- doves or pigeon feathers. Many artists used light ture Painting. This is called Dali Ka, Dal means bamboos. They used to take some hairs from a piece called a blue leaf. Nuclear plant is found the squirrel tail and used to do their work. Art- in the plains of Northern India. The East India s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 036 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Company used to trade it. It is also easily avail- Artist Hans Raj Dhiman of Chamba able in Punjab. Neel cultivation is done in Sul- (Himachal Pradesh) during a personal interview tan and DeraGaziKhan and it is called Multani stated that this experimented to describe the Neel. It seems that Lepis Lazuli and ajurite tri- use ofSindur was also common in Rajput ,Pahari als have been used in ornaments. In Shimla’s and Mughal style paintings. The white mercury Museum, the image of the goddess Mahatma was burned in the open air and then it received has also been used in blue color. The first ex- red color and the Green color used in the paint- periment of Lepis Lazuli is found in the caves of ings to match the two colors (blue and yellow) Ajanta, Ellora. Lepis Lazuli is ironed in an iron and become green. Made with green and blue vessel (Hamadastata) with an iron hammer .Ar- spruce, it is written about the combination of chitectural floral details in Malerkotla region in color. Paste them till the time the glass is ready. Punjab uses Lapis Lazuli. When the desired color is found, separate it. White color is used in extreme quanti- This is ready for use. Green juice is also used in ties in Paintings like base of the painting and green color. To make green, the large leaves of architectural details, clouds etc. It is a white green vegetables were grond. After drying it all, colored stone, which is known as Kharia (com- it takes the form of sticky material. It does not monly called white), which is commonly used in require any glue. VishnudharmotarPuran has Indian Paintings. The painter Sumahendra of described the use of grass for green color. This Rajasthan said that the use of this color is the was mixed with Madhu-Chishta or Honey and most common. In the North it is called the Molasses of sugarcane. Kharia.Kharia was found in the Western Hills, According to the artist Ramu Ramdev of and Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) Artist Vijay Jaipur (Rajasthan) said The golden color is used Sharma told that he used Kharia which used to for decoration and to show the brightest things, come from BaklawKhan, it was easy to glue it ornaments Golden color is obtained from gold on dry paper. Its granules were collected in a leaves during personal interview. Apart from this, vessel, it was then mixed with water to make it it is used in the form of medicines or for the liquid, then it was strained several times from preparation of sweets. Making gold colors is the Muslin cloth and then dry was found it to easy, but it also requires experience. A clean eliminate its dudhia effect. White was found in surface plate (bronze platter) is required. It is the valleys of Chamba. Which was used in paint- spread with the help of the scallop, that the ings of the Pahari Style. whole leaf is rubbed with emphasis by keeping Black is common in Painting but it was the powder. Then another leaf is used. It is also used in other colors. Jaipur artist VirendraBannu taken care of that it does not spread. Golden of Jaipur (Rajasthan), ParkashDhima of Chamba leaves are placed near the plate. The maker (Himachal Pradesh) during a personal interview separates each leaf separately. Artist Viren stated that its main source is a mustard oil or a Bannu said that in personal interview placing sesame oil lamp, which was placed on top of it the leaf in the plate requires much experience. with a utensil His savah was also used. The main This work is not done in the seize because it ingredient used for this type of work was differ- can ruin it. According to artist Vijay Sharma from ent lamp-based substances used to obtain dif- Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) in personal inter- ferent grade shades. The gray color experiment view he described golden colour, Today artisans was used to show buildings from the water. do not make less powder than twenty leaves. There were also many other experiments. Black Then the water in the gold powder is added. After ink was used for manuscript. mixing it properly it is collected in a vessel. The s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 037 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 gold goes on the frying and the water is re- sketches made itself in childhood. Sumahendra moved. Where the water is being pulled out. became increasingly popular towards art. He got Then the brush is kept there. The golden color married to Ms. Suman Sharma was blessed by is used in Arabic glue. The use of silver was also son named Sandeep. He came to study Jaipur used in rock paintings of the seventeenth cen- and earned a diploma in painting and sculpture tury. Silver was also made like gold. The method at Jaipur School in 1967. After that, Drawing and of using tin in color is different. Some times sil- Paiting in his M.A in the year 1970 and gradu- ver palettes made beaten to get silver paste at ally he made his own studio at home. He did other warq of Silver was used their gum. Ph.D on RagmalaPainting. Black and white pho- According to the Arstist Ramu Ramdev tos were colored in the initial round with col- of Jaipur (Rajasthan) with personal interview ored figures. At that time, color photograph cloth during survey,Glue is used to provide strength that was on top of the paper used to dilute like to the color. Colors encircle the surface only, water and apply it on a paper. In the early days, while glue keeps them there. If they are planted it was their source of income. Photos from with water, then they take the form of powder. nearby studios would be sent to colored ones Glue or an animal glue is used. The use of to color them. In this way, he met Ram Gopal arabicgondis believed to be used in Indian Min- Vijay Vargiya, a Painter who was Principal of iature paintings. Many of time the glue (gond) the Art School. Sumahendra, Ram Gopal was from Mango tree was collected an thick brown quite influenced by the socialists. After the di- colour was added. There is a lot of glue in the ploma and painting diploma, he applied for his subtle art. Babul glue is common in Punjab’s job at the School of Art, where he got appointed markets, which was also easily available for in Sculpture Department. Under which the iconic Artists. Paintingsof the Sultanakal of the fif- hobby was developed within them because it teenth century have been used in animals glue. was to prove that he became as a sculpture Putting the glue in a vessel, it is poured ten teacher. He experimented in various technique, times in more water than the glue and then whether they were Sculpture of clay, stone and boiled. This vessel is not kept directly, other- metal. Meanwhile, the artist got a proposal to wise it will become black or it will reduce its paint Ajanta and Ellora wall paintings as a com- hold. Some artists have used fish glue. Because mercial movement machanism. Under which it is not black and there is strength in it. The they painted a staggering surface of stone called rest of the artists use various other types of Kota Stone. glues, which were easily spread to the brush, In 1970 at the time of Dr. Sumahendra no other kind of chemical was used. Kumar Sharma meets generations of painter Ved The Paper now focus on the interpreta- Pal Bannu. He was inspired by some works, and tion of the Visual World of Prof. M. K. Sumahendra performed a copy of some of the Sumahendra for this, knowing his birth and grow- paintings of the Lalit Kala Akademi Delhi. The ing years help in understanding his Aesthetic chairman was Karl Khandalawala. Artist Maga- World. Sumahendra Kumar Sharma ‘Sumahendra’ zine that was operated by Sumahendra, came was born on July 10, 1943 in the small village of in contact with Khandalawala (Lalit Kala Acad- Nayan District Amarsar, Jaipur, from the very emy) and they showed the image by copying it, beginning, from childhood, he was specially Karl Khandalawala was impressed with it and trained in the art. Your father’s name was Karl Khandalawala, Sumahendra was given the Damodar Prasad Sharma and mother of Kesri title of Painting The fine work was given and Devi. due to special interest in drawing, then the art of painting was in the best condi- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 038 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 tions, he also said to imitate. In this way, work Tagore in the temple and made an idol of Jus- was also done to cure old painting and to imi- tice Devi in Jaipur court, and Dr. M.K Sumahendra tate old paintings. Apart from this, he worked in worked for the last days except for the last two Chatriyan in Jaipur. During the Chatriyan project, days, when his health became worse. Colors and Sumahenrdaji’s son, Sandeep informed through brushes used to prepare themselves. The personal interview that his son worked with brushes were made by the bird of Squirrels Sandeep but not only in the neighboring villages feathers. When any bird was going out of the of Jaipur but also in Shamsaan Ghats because house, after which he was tied with a thread of the no lack of money by Maharajas. They and tied with a thread. The feathers of pigeons used to buy costly stones from Quarry after or peacocks were generally tied together and these deaths umbrellas were made and then the wings of large birds. Lime or the emulsion this painting was done. Sumahendra did a lot of lightly warmed lakh the comb to the brush. The work on this project. In addition, the National black color was made from lamp black. Dry gum Museum had imitated the painting style of paint- was also used to apply glue after the straining ing for New Delhi. Prof. MK Sumahendra had not of the color and then to experiment in the pic- yet completed four images and had painted them ture. He was died in 2012. In the end, we can till his death. say that Professor M.K. Sumahendra is still alive The colors themselves were also made as a Kalakaarand the generation of generations as if they were repeatedly done in the backyard. is also seen in the art of his son and great-grand- It took quite a while to make it. His son Sandeep child. also sponsored advertisement for Painting and Sculpture from the School of Art, during which Sandeep was attracted by Advertisements and started the advertisement of Newspaper Adver- tising. In 1986, the Advertising work started in time. The test that was used or the headline of the Advertisement was written by hand. As Sandeep told at a private meeting of Sumahendra, that computer was not as economi- cal at that time, fonts were written with a pen. Plate 1 Plate 2 At that time, the books used to be seen or (Plate 1) In this painting, the artist has watched, copying a photo of the book and it was presented to the society. The artist has shown fully documented that no practice had to do it a man and woman in this image. In which a man for Photography or Photography itself. In this way appears to have been caught in a cigarette. Who Sumanhedraused business work too, in which is wearing dhoti and Janeu.Janeu which seems face, hand and foot were made in the to be the symbol of Hinduism, from its gesture. picture.Because the rest of the scenes were He is sitting in front of a woman with a wrong made by other artists themselves. Sumahendra intension. Whose face is apparently appearing made a lot of painting during his time. The tra- in the front, Which reflects today’s society. The dition of Karkhana where more than one artist painter painted a view of the time of water fill- used on the painting was reviling. I.C.T Hotels ing. The pot is shown full. It shows that the man also made mural at places like Bombay, is full of jar and the pot has lying empty bowls.. Hyderabad, etc. They also did the work of Statue The face of the woman and the dead is shown in Jaipur. Within Jaipur, he built a statue of to be dedhChasham. The necklaces are em- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 039 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 broiled in the neck. Cabinets in feet are sym- Nepal.They from part of a loose grouping of tra- bols foundation. Hands have been displayed ditionally artisanal castes known as Panchals. aligned. Which seems to be influenced by the There are other traditional iron smithing com- Traditional Miniature Painting Style. The face of munities such as Ramgarhiya Traditional com- the woman seems influenced by the Kishangarh munities, Including the Yadvas, Kasathas, style. The front is displayed on a trunk and a Rajputs and Brahmins. Hindu lohar known as glass. Red bricks are shown in back ground. Pi- Vishkarmasand Muslim lohar known as Saifis. geon couple sitting on a tree trunk, which is a In this picture the artist depicts the family of symbol of love affair. Man wear watch on hand Lohar, Who made jewelry ornaments. The tools which is indicative of time that is tied to deter- are made to be bigger, either use the essentials mining the time of the meeting. of the home in day-to-day instruments, such as (Plate 2) In this painting the artist de- using large tires, kills, and used to make animal picts the woman and the male view. A shop is ornaments. The accessories of the buffalo, the shown in a shop in which a man is making a horse with their tools and equipment. Under- furnace and gauge. The furnace is burning, standing the Art theory of balance and rhythm which is made by combining it with the symbol in the picture is the most active. Where on one of woman’s beauty. The man is looking at the side the elderly boy, who seems to be seems woman through wrong intention. The subject of the last glimpse of life, has been shown sitting. the painting is modern; the artist has created On the other hand, the youth has fully demon- an artistic style combining the traditional with strated the bull. In the middle of the image, a modern style. The perception of the relation- some women have been shown in traditional ship between woman and man in the eyes of clothes to embellish the image. And the use of the woman is clearly visible. In the background, fire may have been used to provide some color two crows are shown in the same line, sitting to the image. This picture shows the fulfillment on top of a canal where Water is from the tube. of the work as well as natural scenes such as The artist has compared her to the beauty of trees and couples of two breeds. Efforts have the woman. The symbolism spread Sindhur on been made to bring meaning of trees and birds. the forehead is a indicates that it seems that it On the side of the painting where the wagon may be relation of the woman’s with men. Be- has been shown to be the symbol of non-living low the saree the belt coat is visible and in the force. On the other hand, the tree has shown feet the slippers are worn, which can be con- the symbol of the spirit of life. sidered as a sign of poverty. The man is watch- ing the heroine with the colors of the man is brown and the woman with glamorous eyes. The heroes have shown in their hands wearing bangles, necklaces and earrings. Jaipur’s mar- ket design is being seen on the walls. (Plate 3)Lohar are considered to be a caste. Among Plate 4 Hindu and Sikhs (Plate 4) Aurangzeb (ruled 1650-1707) and a clan among re instituted the strict orthodox Laws of Islam Muslims in the In- and withdrew imperial patronage of the arts. dian State of Uttar This of change attitude has a divesting effect pradesh and upon Mughal Painters and musicians drifted into s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 040 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 the service of hill chiefs and service of hill chiefs the time of Raja Sawant Singh. The images are and of the Hindu court of Rajasthan. During based on the Ragamala, influenced by them and Akbar and Shahjahan, the art was at its peak, painted them. BaniThani is presented as a nor- whether it was music or painting. Aurangzeb was mal, woman, domestic, working woman. In this a fanatic Sunni Muslim. During his time, art was image, the artist has shown BaniThani sitting at his final stage. He decided to abolish music, on rickshaw. Combined the paranormal theme painting etc. Many temples have been demol- with the contemporary theme. Dry trees due to ished, the artist has shown the image of heat are showing flowers on a tree. Artist has Tanpura, Sitar, etc., in this picture, behind the shown this picture in Rajasthan’s heat. palace scene. The instrument has been shown Sumahendra had this quality of enriching his as carrying out the movement as carrying out subject matter through understanding of soci- the palace. People feel misery and sadness while ety in the present context. shaking down a person while suffering from (Plate 6) The artist depicts Tridevi in this sorrow. One person has been weeping in mis- illustration. Usu- ery while falling on the ground. On the right side ally artists have of the picture, the hands of two people have shown Trideva turned upside down. People are surprised .The Brahma, Vishnu musical instrument like a fairy has shown a white Mahesh, as an idol cloth laced with a garland, which shows the inElephanta caves, appearance of musical instruments, four men but here the artist going on their shoulders. People are interacting has shown Parvati, with, people wears costume at that time is wear- S a r a s w a t i , ing a turban, In addition to life, instruments are Lakshmi as Trivedi, in between The face of seen from the hands of people. Speaking of one’s Saraswati is because Brahma is considered as forehead is a good sign symbol, but on the other a Creator. Therefore Sarasvati is in between, hand it is also considered a sign of non-status. Parbati, Shiva is blue, soParbatihas been shown In the background, the trumpets are seen fly- it in the blue color right andLaxmi is shown on ing. The artist has tried to show the perspective the left. He has kept his hand on his stomach. It by showing homes and trees, far and wide. seems as if he is protecting her pregnancy. On Carved windows are made in the painting. A one side, the body has blue and on the other person standing in the palace is delivering mes- hand light colors. In this way it seems like sages to the makers. aArdhnariashwara.Holding the rosary with one hand. Heavy bands have been seen hanging down. The hair which has long been a symbol of beauty. Snake which represents the society, the back wall on which the geometric design is being seen, the Swastika which is used as a sym- bol of good marks is made. On one side the Sun is made, these three faces are represented as BaniThani. Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 (Plate 5) In this image, the artist has (Plate 7) The topic of heroic mystery has made BaniThani as an ordinary woman, like been a popular subject of art in painting. The BaniThani was her maid later as Maharani at themes of most depictions have been based on s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 041 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 the tradition of poetry and writing poetry. The 2. Mahabharta depiction of different conditions of decoration 3. Bharatmuni,Natyasastra has been the main subject of these paintings 4. Vatsyayana, Kmasutra and Shingars can be called their soul. Bharat 5. FAXIAN, FA-HSIEN; Travels of Fah- Muni has mentioned eight heroes in hian and Sung-Yun,, Buddhist Pilgrims From Natyashastra Sanskrit and Hindi poets have China To India (400 A.D. & 518 A.D.) Andustie called him ‘AshtNaika’.1 In this image, the artist Press, USA depicts the love of the actor’s beloved, that the 6. Chaitanya, Krishna; 1984, A History Beloved considers himself deceived by the of Indian painting, Pahari Traditions Abhinav, promise of meeting at the place of place, anger Publication, Delhi and exploitation of the hero. In this way, the 7. Murti, Sivarama; 1980, Indian Paint- deputy dancer who is deprived of her husband ing, National book trust, India is called Vipraladha.2 In the picture showed the 8. Joshi, Sachidanand; 2017, Vihangam, heroine throwing her jewelry in protest. In the IGNCA, Expression of Chaurapanchasika; The background trees are shown, the trees are sym- Fifty Stanza of a love thief; Designed and printed bols of Radha and Krsna’s love. by Colorbar Communication National industrial In conclusion the paper keeps its focus area, New Delhi on interpreting the artworks of Prof M.k 9. Verma, S.P; 1999; Flora and Fauna in Sumahendra art in the light of Rajasthani Min- Mughal Art, Marg Publication, Mumbai. iature Tradition.There was a long influence of 10. Dass, Ashok Kumar; 2012, Wonder TalaPatrastarditon of Indian tradition of minia- of Nature of Mansur at the Mughal Court, Marg ture. Prof M.kSumahendra was well read and publication, Mumbai equally aware of the progress of various Minia- 11. Cooper, Ialy; 2014, Rajasthan Explor- ture styles with courtly end in the living links ing Painted Shekhawat, published by and Persia, Iranian and Mughal tradition of paint- Niyogibook, New Delhi ing. Prof Sumahendra was a Master of his Craft. 12. Murti, Sivarama; 1980, Indian paint- His rendering of faces, hands and feet and free ing, National book trust, India loving compositions, enhanced in the contem- 13. Lalit Kala, Akadmy;leaves from In- porary Miniature. His works are alive and living dian Paintings on after hid demis. The whole house and studio 14. Goswamy, Dr. B.N; 1975, Pahari visitors his scenes art colour the passionately Paintings of the NalaDamyanti, The National kept the tradition alive through not alone his Museum, New Delhi writings and paintings set into his teaching 15. Topsfield, Andrew; 2002, For Paint- skills. As a Teacher he gave his complete self to ing in Rajasthan, Marg publication, Mumbai the Students unlike Artists of his stature who 16. Khandalavala,Karl; 1958, Pahari could hide secret of their trade. Prof M.K Miniature Painting, The men book company pri- Sumahendra brought through the above plates vate limited, Bombay on ready reference of the past and the present 17. Coomarswamy; 1913, Rajput Paint- that merged in his unique painting style. His vi- ing, Vol I, Motilal, Banarsidass, Delhi sual world needs to be re-interpreted and revis- 18. Coomarswamy,A.K; 1927; History of iting many times to understand him as an Art- Indian and Indonesian Art, Edward Goldston, Lon- ist and above all his being good human being. don. REFERENCES 19. Randhawa, M.S; 1963 Kangra Paint- 1. Ramayna ings of the Gita Govinda, published by National s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 042 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Museum, New Delhi 20. Daljeet, Dr. 2014, Ragchitra Deccan 07 Ragmala Paintings,Niyogi Publication, New Delhi Secularism: Concept, Obstacles and 21. Gazetter of Punjab Haryana and Strengthening Facilitators Himachal Pradesh vol.2 22. Archer, W.G; 1952 , Indian Painting Dr. Rajesh Kushwaha from the Punjab Hills, Victoria and Albert Mu- Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Social Work, seum, london Institute of Social Sciences, 23. Goswamy, Dr. B.N; 2015, Masters Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra of Indian Painting, 1100-1650,Niyogibook,New Delhi 24. Ohri,V.C;2002,The Technique of ======***********======Pahari Miniature Painting,Aryan Books Interna- “The holy is wholly secular, but the whole of tional, New Delhi the Secular is not holy” 25. Bhattacharya,Asok;1976,Technique Abstract of Indian Painting, SaraswatiPress,Calcutta At independence in 1947, India was a nation embarking on a new and challenging PERSONAL INTERVIEWS: endeavor of building an economically indepen- 1. Sharma,Vijay;2017,Age 52, Chamba, dent democracy that would treat all its citizens Himachal Pradesh equally. As a part of this enterprise, India made 2. Bannu, Virender;2018,Age 50, a commitment to ‘secularism’, which in the con- Jaipur, Rajasthan text of the two nation theory and the creation 3. Dhiman,Prakash; 2018Age 56, of Pakistan on the basis of religion, acquired Chamba, Himachal Pradesh even more significance. The message was that 4. Late Dhiman,Hansraj;2018 ,Chamba, India would not construct its citizenship and Himachal Pradesh nationality on the basis of religious identity. 5. Ramdev,Ramu;2018, Age 55, Jaipur, Secularism is generally the assertion or belief Rajasthan that certain practices or institutions should ex- 6. Sumahendra, Sandeep; 2018, ist separately from religion or religious belief. Age47, Jaipur, Rajasthan In the extreme, it is an ideology that holds that religion has no place in public life.  In one sense, secularism may assert the freedom of religion, and freedom from the gov- ernment imposition of religion upon the people, within a state that is neutral on matters of be- lief, and gives no state privileges or subsidies to religions. In another sense, it refers to a be- lief that human activities and decisions, espe- cially political ones, should be based on evi- dence and fact rather than religious influence. CONCEPT Ours is a secular society, inscribed in the constitution, based in law and preferred by all s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 043 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 thinking elements, as most conductive to the inhibiting influence on change. Any break with full growth of the individual in the physical, inherited ways of thought, mood or action was mental and social spheres. It is also likely to resisted and charisma often ruled unchallenged. favour a secular outlook, with emotional inte- In a secular society there is a premium on a rug- gration in a multi-religious context. The basis ged ego and individualism. The growth of an tenets of secularism grant every person free- intellectual culture encourages behavior based dom of worship in any form he chooses, but spiri- more on rationalism than ritual. All aspects of tuality beliefs and enquiries are regarded as life are considered in terms of public good pro- matters of personal concern and part of a man’s viding for study mental health and a fuller life conscience. Their existence is not disputed by for all citizens. secularism but their restricted and often of neg- India, the land of bewildering diversity, ligible proportions. is a conglomeration of people, cultures, lan- However, such a society is not bereft of guages and religions. India’s diversity is re- ethical considerations. Indeed, it envisages a flected in the coexistence of sensuality and as- defined code of ethical, morality and social con- ceticism, carelessness and efficiency, gentle- science. Fundamental rights and obligations are ness and violence, in short, India is a kaleido- prescribed, with reference to what is socially scope, you touch it and there is a new combina- useful and promotes the largest good of the larg- tion of shapes and colours. est number. These ideological and emotive over- The American society is looked at in the tones may be said to constitute the ethos of terms of a ‘melting pot’, India, on the other hand, secularism. is not a ‘melting pot’ it is a ‘mosaic’. India is a It is inevitable that secularism should country which is a host to all conceivable reli- adopt a rational, relatively objective and scien- gions and ways of life. India has followed a prin- tific approach towards the study and solution ciple of ‘unity in diversity’. This unity is based of problems, concerning human welfare. It dis- on democracy, federalism, tolerance and secu- courages the exploitation of traditional or tex- lar character of the state. Many societies have tual authority or customs rooted in antiquity, to sought to hide their diversities and refuse to hamper social or economic progress and strives accept their heterogeneity and have paid a high to control emotional issues from clouding inde- price. The post cold war world has seen the dis- pendent, basis thinking. Realizing the fallibility integration of some states which were, though of human reasoning, secularism has little pas- federal in appearance, non-democratic to the sion for absolutes and is shy of dogma of any core. The key to India success as a democracy kind. Stereotype prejudices find no encourage- is the recognition of its diversities. Acceptance ment. The secular outlook is rational and prag- of all religions and different ways of life is the matic with emphasis of positivism and materi- cornerstone of the Indian culture, heritage and alism. Secularism even thought it may not ini- polity. tiate change, could facilitate and sustain it, tra- The idea of secularism provokes wide- ditional culture would yield place to newer needs spread cynicism nowadays. Religion and the with appropriate alterations in the psycho-so- commitment to the sacred are more alive than cial structure. Pari Passu with secular psychol- ever before. Governments are either accused of ogy, modernization has become the imperative fundamentalism at one extreme, or ‘minority’s’ and indisputable order of the day. In the past, (pandering to the sentiments of minorities) at personality has been developed in the traditional the other. There is skepticism about secular pre- mould with behavior patterns that exerted an tensions of governments across the world. But s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 044 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 there is no doubt that secularization as an evo- of Pakistan on the basis of religion, acquired lutionary process has come a long way so that even more significance. The message was that the dominant principles which govern society India would not construct its citizenship and are increasingly humanitarian and rational. New nationality on the basis of religious identity. findings in science and technology are used for Secularism is generally the assertion or belief everyday well being, and increasingly the citi- that certain practices or institutions should ex- zen has freedom of expression in the arts and ist separately from religion or religious belief. faith, freedom from authoritarian relationships, In the extreme, it is an ideology that holds that freedom of choice of representatives in gover- religion has no place in public life. nance, and in general, freedom of choice of rep- In one sense, secularism may assert the resentatives in governance, and in general, free- freedom of religion, and freedom from the gov- dom to make life choices. ernment imposition of religion upon the people, The post-modern celebration of many within a state that is neutral on matters of be- faiths, traditions and cultures is only possible lief, and gives no state privileges or subsidies in a secular society. But these celebrations also to religions. In another sense, it refers to a be- create conflict between communities and be- lief that human activities and decisions, espe- tween the individual and the community. Revo- cially political ones, should be based on evi- lution in communication technology disseminate dence and fact rather than religious influence. religious values, with conflicting notions of The country of the United States was founded morality, faster than the new values which pull on the principle of separation of the Church and towards a secular society. The ancient sacred the State. What was the founding principle of symbols are deeply embedded in society and secular democratic India? Nehru says: are, of course, easier to recall than the newly We talk about a secular India emergent ideals of secularism. …some people think Multiculturalism and minority’s (a word It means opposed to religion. That obvi- which seems peculiar to India and is not there ously is not correct. What it means is that it is a in the dictionary) are humane impulses. How- State which honors all faiths equally and gives ever, the contexts in which they become divi- them equal opportunities: India has a long his- sive and create intolerance between communi- tory of religious tolerance... in a country like In- ties need to be examined, especially since the dia, which has many faiths and religions, no real dark side of these humane impulses is the poli- nationalism can be built up except on the basis tics of vote banks. There are many man made of secularity. obstacles to secularist ideals, and much that the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary governments can learn from across national defines secularism as, “indifference to or re- borders from mistakes/success in dealing with jection or exclusion of religion and religious con- diversities. However, “the politics of recogni- siderations”. tion” of different has its own momentum. A review of Jeffrey Stout’s “Democracy At independence in 1947, India was a and Tradition” interestingly expresses his opin- nation embarking on a new and challenging ion thus: “A secular democracy recognizes that endeavor of building an economically indepen- people differ in their religious commitments; dent democracy that would treat all its citizens secularism, on the other hand, requires them to equally. As a part of this enterprise, India made pretend that they don’t have those commit- a commitment to ‘secularism’, which in the con- ments”. (www.religion-online.org). text of the two nation theory and the creation Secularism and Indian constitution s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 045 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 During the drafting of the Indian Consti- massacre of equally innocent Muslims in tit-for- tution, despite the reluctance of the Constitu- tat killings that undermined yet further the am- ent Assembly to incorporate the word ‘Secular’, ity under which these religious communities had and despite the fact that the word ‘Secular’ was lived earlier in Gujarat State in an atmosphere formally inserted in the Preamble to the Consti- of secularism. Apart from these, the unspeak- tution of India by the 42nd Amendment of 1976 able atrocities of 1984 against the Sikhs in Delhi to the Constitution of India, still a survey of the after the assassination of Prime Minister Indira provisions of the Indian Constitution suggest Gandhi; and an occasional slaying of prosely- that India as a state is separate from religion tizing Christian missionaries clearly presents a and would guarantee religious freedoms to the grim picture of “Indian Secularism”, moreover, citizens of all faith, while not discriminating the intrusion of religious passions and caste against any citizen on the basis of religion. Thus, loyalties into Indian politics casts serious doubts the Indian Constitution guarantees both indi- over the claim of India to be a secular and theo- vidual and collective freedom of religion through cratic state. the Articles 25-28 enshrined in the Part III of This is also highlighted from the chang- the Constitution which deals with Fundamental ing trends of the decisions given by the Hon’ble rights. Article 15 and 16 also guarantees non Supreme Court of India, which is regarded as discrimination on the ground of religion. The the guardian of constitutionalism in India. The Indian Constitution through its preamble, fun- Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in Sardar damental rights and directive principles has cre- Taheruddin Syedna Saheb V. State of Bombay, ated a secular state based on the principle of AIR 1962, SC 853, 871 for the first time explained equality and non-discrimination. With the ad- the concept of secularism wherein Ayyangar, J., vancement of Indian Constitutional philosophy explained: of social and economic democracy, secularism “Articles 25 and 26 embody the principle has been held to be one of the ‘Basic Structures’ of religious toleration that has been the char- of Indian Constitution. Thus, the nature of pol- acteristic feature of Indian civilization from the ity promised in the preamble is incapable of al- start of history. The instances and periods when teration even in the exercise of the power to this feature was absent being merely tempo- amend the Constitution under article 368. rary aberrations. Besides, they serve to empha- Religion is a matter of faith. Though the size the secular nature of the Indian democracy critics might not agree but it is indeed a fact which the founding fathers considered to be the that India and its people, though have entered very basis of the Constitution”. the globalised era, but still maintain the deep In Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of religious values at the core. Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 255, the Constitutional The present scenario of ‘Secularism’ in Bench of the Hon’ble Supreme Court reiterated India is indeed a cause of concern. Today, the that secularism was a part of the basic struc- secular character of the Indian democracy is ture of the Constitution. This view crystallized considered to be under threat. The razing of the in the landmark case of S. R. Bommai v. Union Babri Mosque in Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) led to of India (1994) 3 SCC 1. In fact, the Judges in S. riots and killings by Muslims and by Hindus. The R. Bommai’s case went on to say that the con- recent massacres of innocent Hindus in Godhra cept of secularism in the Indian Constitution is (Gujarat), presumably ignited by smoldering in broad agreement with the U.S. Constitution’s Muslim resentments against the Hindutva pro- First Amendment. However, within a year the ponents over Ayodhya, touched off a larger Hon’ble Supreme Court in Ismael Faruqui vs. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 046 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Union of India (1994) 6 SCC 360 started diluting fanaticism probably because of the singling out the active, positive concept of secularism based of one particular religion, despite the fact that on scientific thinking it had advocated in the S. the act was done by a handful of people. This R. Bommai’s case. Subsequently, in the infamous indifferent approach of singling out a religion Ram Janambhoomi case, the Hon’ble Supreme has lead to large scale resentment amongst Court justified its concept of secularism by quot- people of various walks of life. India as a part ing extensively from Indian scriptures Verma, J. of the globalised world has been adversely ef- (as he then was) (speaking for Venkatachaliah, fected by this turmoil. C. J. and Ray, J.) quoted from the Yajur Veda, However, still there is hope, as if we trace Atharva Veda and Rig Veda to justify its con- bits and pieces of Indian history it can be safely cept of secularism: ‘Sarwa Dharma Sambhava’, said that India, despite numerous adversaries i.e., tolerance of all religions. This reasoning has always been able to find a via media for seemed to be odd wherein the Hon’ble Supreme survival by maintaining the same diverse socio- Court was justifying secularism by religious religious culture. India still maintains its secu- scriptures. The Supreme Court seemed to have lar State must not allow itself to be identified rejected the western concept of secularism with any religion, and also must ensure that based on separation of the Church and the State while guaranteeing the freedom of religion for as explained in the earlier verdict of S. R. all, it should not legislate on the basis of any Bommai and went back to equating secularism religion. To sum it up, we should adopt the ap- with tolerance. The Court also noted that the proach encapsulated in the famous hymn of the State has the power to take over any religious father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, that is place including a mosque. Though dissenting, ‘iswar allah tero naam’ (Ishwar and Allah are Bharucha, J., supported the concept of absolute, the two names of the same god). positive and active secularism more in tune with Secularism and Sovereignty: Privileging Man that spelt out in S. R. Bommai. Yet even he ac- and Matter cepted that secularism in India exists because Before exploring the secular worldview of the tolerance of the Hindus who are the ma- as a story about the relationships between hu- jority religion. However, though in some of the manity and nature, citizens and political author- recent judgments the Hon’ble Supreme Court ity, reason and progress, it is first helpful to grasp has again shifted from the confusing interpre- something of its cultural context. Secularism tation of Secularism. But this again highlights began as a historically specific development tied an important issue that the secular character of to the separation of political and religious au- India has in fact received a setback and the is- thority in early modern Europe, and if eventu- sue of Secularism in India today is not simple ally expanded into a comprehensive ontologi- especially in light of the growing religious fun- cal and epistemological worldview. The primary damentalism which owes its revival to the fail- significance of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ure of the government in controlling societal marked the end of the Thirty Years War and is attacks. commonly cited as the birth of the nation-state, Another probable cause for the threat to was that it established a realm of political au- “Secularism” can be attributed to the large scale thority distinct from the ecclesiastical authority religious turmoil at the international level. The of Rome. As such the Treaty represented a criti- after impact of the 9/11 has, as a matter of fact, cal incursion into the medieval fusion of politi- led to the rise of religious fundamentalism across cal and religious authority, and therefore a key the world which has grown itself into religious step in the emergence of a secular worldview. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 047 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Yet, by granting political rulers ‘free exercise of associated conception of nature as given to the Territorial Right, as well as Ecclesiastic’ (Article service of a God-like humanity the Sophists con- LXIV), Westphalia enshrined and fused the po- tention that man is the measure of all things. litical and religious authority of monarchs within Ironically, it appears that Western secularism their own jurisdictions. With the basis of terri- has a religious heritage. Thin the popular imagi- torial exclusivity established, religiously moti- nation of the twentieth century; the scientific vated foreign intervention was delegitimized, but conception of evolution was grafted onto these the modern norm of religious tolerance with in earlier Western motifs, adding to the secular the domestic realm a norm that is generally as- story of modernity the popular belief that hu- sociated with secularism – only gradually took man beings somehow represent the pinnacle of root. The separation of church and state was an biological evolution. Yet only gradually did secu- epochal process that transpired over the course larism become fused with materialism. In its of centuries in Europe, spreading across much early formulations during the transition from me- (but not all) of the planet during the twentieth dievalism to modernity, secularism entailed the century. Yet even where that separation is not differentiation of political and religious author- fully embraced, other key aspects of the secu- ity; not the utter denial of the latter. Indeed, many lar worldview have been accepted. Secularism’s of modernity’s primary architects, including story, because it is so widely embraced, is a fa- Descartes, Newton and Locke, were greatly con- miliar one, but by clearly articulating it we can cerned with upholding the validity of the tran- perhaps become more reflective. It is a story scendental even as they simultaneously pro- about the triumph of human reason over dogma, moted secular values of reason, liberty, and myth, and superstition; about knowledge as progress. Eventually, however, ‘Reason, history, power; about the mastery of nature through sci- the sovereign state the sovereign individual’ ence and technology; about history as a progres- became ‘the great secular substitutes for God’ sive march towards the material liberation of in modern though. Faith in a transcendent Di- humanity; about the individual citizen as the vinity was displaced onto faith in reason and/or source of political authority; and about the sov- faith in the nation state. The organic worldview ereign state as the collective expression of the of the medieval period, which understood hu- ideals of reason, progress and liberty. mans as embedded in a Great Chain of being The fundamental idea of secularism is extending from inanimate matter to God, was that man and not God must be the central focus superseded by a mechanistic worldview which of all development; his earthly freedom, well- saw the universe as a great machine to be dis- being progress and perfection of his body, life covered and exploited by human reason. Accord- and mind and not some heavenly postmortem ing to secular materialism, all levels of reality, salvation of his soul must be the aim of life. all dimensions of experience, could be reduced Although this story had its origins in pre-mod- to matter alone. Thus, the modern West became ern Western history, it did not become global- the first major civilization in human history to ized until the modern era. The secular worldview deny substantial reality to the Great Chain of had some of its early roots in the following being. The pragmatic and ethical implications strands of Western culture the Hebrew espousal of this shift were enormous behavior that was of a transcendent monotheistic God removed taboo for people inhabiting a living and sacred from the cosmos the Judeo Christian notion of Earth did not apply in a universe of inert matter. linear Towards an Integral Perspective on World The medieval story of salvation through faith in Politics time, its teleology of progress, and its Divine grace was displaced by secularism’s story s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 048 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 of salvation through material progress, which ritorial and Towards in Integral Perspective on in turn would be procured by mastering nature World Politics more or less democratic states through the application of reason. As reason associated with modernity. The carving up of overcame superstition, and science was liber- Europe and eventually the entire planet, into a ated from religious dogma, humanity would ful- patchwork of mutually exclusive territorial states fill the Baconian injunction to bind Nature to your is modernity’s political rendering of nature. By service and make her your slave. itself, the Westphalia model of the territorial The quest for truth shifted from knowl- state (or city-state) did not articulate a fully edge of God to knowledge of the physical uni- modern conception of political authority. Rather, verse. Man, rather than God, became the mea- the grand ideals of the Enlightenment – reason, sure of all things; worldly time replaced other- progress, and liberty – eventually found their worldly eternal time. The story of humanity came collective expression in notions of popular sov- to be seen as a march of progress through lin- ereignty and self determination. Secularism’s ear time, towards greater liberty and ever more story of worldly progress finds its political ex- commodious living. The medieval faith in God pression in the modern democratic state, elected was displaced by a secular faith in reason and by prudent and rational individuals From Hobbes empiricism, even to the point that modernity’s onwards the basis of political authority has been relationship to technology resembles a religious explicated in terms of consent of the governed. faith. From the seventeenth century onward, and The material basis of this consent was conceived from left to right across the political spectrum, in terms of a range of goods that the state could Western thought has been characterized by an be expected to provide to the individual, espe- overarching faith in science. The belief in cially property rights, prosperity, and common science’s ability to improve human life is per- defence. Eventually, the bureaucratic state haps the quintessential hallmark of modernity; would become adept at deploying reason on a belief that is reinforced by the material behalf of these secular goals. The radical indi- achievements of industrialization. The nation- vidualism implicit in the secular understanding state played a crucial role in transforming me- of domestic political authority is mirrored in an dieval religious society into a secular one by international system comprised of mutually ex- serving a quasi-religious function. With the clusive sovereign states. The story of secular- emergence of a system of relatively autonomous ism therefore has a crucial political dimension: states, individual identity shifted from serf to the sovereign state is a primary vehicle for the subject and eventually to citizen. Europe’s po- attainment of salvation through material litical revolutionaries and her other new human- progress. ists hoped that through ‘the glory of the state, Under the secular worldview, the ideal- earth might more approximate the perfection of types of the sovereign state and the individual heaven. As the king lost his connection to God, citizen are analogous; they are atomistic, au- the nation itself was imbued with divine status. tonomous acquisitive, materialistic, rational The desacralizaiton of politics was mirrored in sources of their own authority. Given that these the changing meaning of sovereignty. Histori- foundational social and political conceptions cally, the institution of sovereignty originated were part of a larger secular worldview, it is not in medieval Europe as an attribute of god and surprising that they resonated with emerging sci- his Papal delegate. Beginning in the absolutist entific understandings. Thus, the Newtonian im- period, divine authority devolved first to mon- age of particles in motion was the guiding meta- archs and subsequently to the bureaucratic, ter- phor in the secular formulation of possessive s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 049 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 individualism; an image that characterized both that the continual influx of information about the modern citizen and the modern state. The the devastating ecological and human conse- bounded individual, possessing his own person quences of our way of life seems to have little and property, found its collective counterpart in impact. Yet it is becoming increasingly difficult the territorial sovereign state, having jurisdic- to turn a blind eye to the shadow of the old story. tion over citizens and resources within its bor- In particular the emergence of transnational and ders. As John Reggie observes, these political global environmental problems offers a strong expressions ‘mirrored a much broader transfor- challenge to both the single point perspective mation in social epistemology that reached well and the secular worldview in which it is embed- beyond the domains of political and economic ded. Secularism’s core presumptions – its im- life. Indeed, they reflect a specific structure of plicit humanism, the mastery of nature through consciousness associated with the discovery of science and technology, the march of material a single point perspective a development that progress, the single point perspective of indi- was replicated in aesthetics and psychology as vidual citizen and the sovereign state all of these well as in social and political life, reggie cites are called into question by the limits of the Earth. various expressions of the rise of perspectivalism At issue is whether a secular world can survive : the fixed viewpoint of Renaissance art, the its own implications. The dark side of secular growing dominance of the 1-form’ of speech, humanism includes the massive extinction of and the spatial and psychological differentia- non-human species, ruined soils, depleted aqui- tion of private from public spheres. The concept fers; Towards an Integral Perspective on World of sovereignty, therefore, should be situated Politics polluted ecosystems, and global climate within a larger secular worldview as ‘merely the change. A finite planet of six plus billion pos- doctrinal counterpart of the application of single sessive individuals seeking unbounded afflu- point perspective forms to the spatial organiza- ence is simply unsustainable. tion of politics. This logic is increasingly recognized as The model for sovereignty is single point anachronistic in an interdependent world. The perspective of the autonomous individual with dawning recognition of interdependence, mani- authority over himself, in control of his own des- fest in a host of international institutions and tiny, and legitimated by his own rationality. At transnational social movements, suggests that the level of the individual, the single point per- the old story is gradually being displaced. These spective is represented by the insatiable con- developments represent a contagion of re-per- sumer living out the story of secularism: the ception. Yet the full acceptance of interdepen- universe is a collection of objects to be con- dence has yet to permeate our consciousness sumed. Despite the obligatory and largely sym- and inform our lives. Our knowing is out of har- bolic bows to ‘family values’ and other non- mony with our being; hence, most of us pursue material sources of meaning, the dominant story our atomistic lives while paying lip-service to being disseminated globally is that affluence, interdependence. On one level, we see the de- consumption and technological mastery are the structiveness of our behaviour yet we continue primary objectives of human life. Economic to live out the old story because we have not growth is presumed to be good. Jobs are the yet learned and embraced a new one. The single principle basis for individuals relationship to point perspective of modernity appears unten- society, and to this end, the education system able in the face of the emerging planetary eco- is there to assist them. This story of secularism nomic, social and ecological networks. If the is so deeply entrenched in the collective psyche story of secularism is fractured by the global s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 050 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 problematique, it is imperative that we recon- Minorityism may even be a reflection of sider it and move towards a richer, restorative fairly healthy level of infused secularism extant and more comprehensive story. in society today. A National Secular Society Obstacles of Secularism could, therefore, additionally play a strong ad- Obstacles are those, who are restrain the vocacy role by taking on root cause issues, such development of anything. The following points as policies for the integration of second gen- are the obstacles of secularism – eration migrants, issues of gentrification of 1- Problem of Uniform civil code ghettos, and perhaps even lobbying for tax re- 2- Various culture & religion bates and rewarding infrastructure measures for 3- Grave conditions of minorities the evolution of lower and middle class mixed 4- Regionalism neighborhoods. 5- Lack of Tolerance A National Secular Society should not 6- Regional Politics allow membership to professional politicians so Strengthening Facilitators that the Society cannot be hijacked for causes In conclusion, we can say following other than its own. Further, the Society cannot points may be recommended for the strength- be identified as a society of atheists in order ening facilitators for secularism, which are given that it may have the credentials to question below:- dogma and fundamentalism routinely and ag- 1- Uniform Civil Code gressively. 2- Culterization & Sanskritisation Second, a secularity index on the lines 3- Education of the human development index is suggested. 4- Respect to other religions There are now National Integration Awards in 5- Rules & Regulations India. But secularism is not merely about com- Despites of above two ideas are put for- munal harmony and tolerance. Secularism is ward for strengthening the secular society. about the rights of the citizen and humanitarian First a vigorous and active National policies on the basis of reason. A Secularity In- Secular Society on the lines of the one in Great dex with components like diversity in work Britain could enable reflection and awareness places, institutions, rationality in policy formu- of secularism as a value. The National Secular lation (ban on sex education in schools in Society in Britain is an aggressive watch dog on Maharashtra?), authorities which encourage/ issues of secularism both situational and at the cull hate from school texts, shared spaces for policy level. It must be especially noted that the diverse communities in events, in media, in ad- National Secular Society in Britain does not pro- vertisements. If a methodology for formulating mote minorityism. To illustrate, when policies a secularity index could be derived, it could be were floated by some employers in Britain to used for ranking governments at the State and recognize the religious beliefs of employees by National levels, ranking of institutions, adver- allowing festival holidays and prayer breaks, the tisements, media, election manifestos, etc. en- National Secular Society was quick to block the abling competition for secular values. In other move by raising the question as to who will cover words, can be strengthen secular values essen- for the employees who are at prayer and cel- tial for democracy, by throwing secularism to ebrate festivals? market forces? In India if such a secularity in- This, of course, becomes a clinching is- dex were to be applied, perhaps only the sue in a country where there is no disguised un- Bollywood industry would rank high, perhaps, employment. there is a lesson that can be learnt from that. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 051 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 REFENRECES ture: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revo- 1. Lecture delivered on the topic “Secu- lution. (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1990). larism and Indian Constitution – is the Secular 19. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and Character of Indian Democracy Under Threat” the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by Talcott Par- By Vivek Salathia, Rajiv Gandhi National Uni- sons. (New York: Scribner, 1958). versity of Law, Panjab, India. 20. Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gen- 2. Lecture delivered on August 22, 2007 der and Science. (New Haven, CT: Yale Univer- on the topic of “Is Secularism a Fairytale?” By sity Press, 1985), 36. Ratna Naidu at the University of Hyderabad, 21. Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden under the Distinguished Lecture Series. Agenda of Modernity. 3. http://www.religion-online.org 22. David F., Noble, The Religion of Tech- 4. Indian Constitution, Article 15, 16. nology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of In- 5. Indian Constitution, Article 25, 28. vention. (New York: Knopf, 1997). 6. Indian Constitution, Article 368. 23. Yaron Ezrahi, The Descent of Icarus: 7. Sardar Tehruddin Syedna Saheb Vs Science and the Transformation of Contempporary State of Bombay, AIR 1962, SC 853, 871. Democrary. (Cambridge, M.A. : Harvard Univer- 8. Keshwanand Bharati Vs State of Kerala sity Press, 1990). (1973) 4, SCC, 225. 24. Anderson, Imagined Communities. 9. S. R. Bommai Vs Union of India (1994) 25. Ibid, 416. 3 SCC, 1. 26. Edmund Morgan, Inventing the 10. Gupta, G. P. and Srinivasan, Sri People: The rise of Popular sovereignty in En- Aurobindo on Democracy and Secularism. gland and America (New York: Norton, 1988). (Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, 2000), 27. Karen Litfin, ‘Environment, Wealth, 15. and Authority: Global Climate Change and 11. Herbert Schneidau, Sacred Discon- Emerging Modes of Legitimation’, International tent: The Bible and Western Tradition. (Berke- Studies Review, (2000): 129. ley: University of California Press, 1977). 28. C. B. MacPherson, The Political 12. Lynn White. ‘The Historic Roots of Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Our Ecologic Crisis’ Daedalus 1967: 1203-1207. Locke, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962). 13. Daniel A. Kealey, Revisioning Envi- 29. On the close relationship between ronmental Ethics. (Albany: State University of the emergence of private property and state sov- New York Press, 1990), 14. ereignty, see Friedrich Kratochwil, Of Systems, 14. R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: In- Boundaries and Territoriality: An Inquiry in the ternational Relations as Political Theory, (Cam- Formation of the State System’, World Politics bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 20. 39, No. 1 (1986): 27.52. 15. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The 30. John Gerard Ruggie, ‘Territoriality Hidden Agenda of Modernity. (New York: Free and beyond: problematizing modernity in inter- Press, 1990). national relations’, International Organization 16. Benedict Anderson. Imagined Com- 47, No. 1 (1993) : 158. munities, (London: Verso, 1983). 31. Ibid, 159. 17. Ken Wilber, The Marriage of Sense  and Soul: Integrating Science and Religion. (New York: Broadway Books, 1998), 13. 18. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Na- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 052 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 as to examine the interrelated components of 08 environment system. Environmental ethics has much to contribute to the solution of global en- ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, ISSUES vironmental problems and raise awareness about environmental problems. Human have a AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS duty to act as benign stewards of the earth. What we need a new set of ethics for Dr. Ramdas B. Madale the environmental the answer includes three Associate Professor and Research Guide, factors : Dept. of Geography, 1) New effects on nature S.V. College, Mukramabad, Dist Nanded Because our modern technological civi- lization affects nature the ethical consequence ======***********======of these new actions ABSTRACT 2) New knowledge about nature Ethics is one branch of philosophy. Eth- Modern science demonstrated how we ics seeks to define fundamentally what right and have changed and are changing our environment what is wrong, regardless of cultural differences in way not previously understood, thus raising for e.g. most cultures have a reverence for life new ethical issues. For e.g. until the past de- and feel that all individuals have a right to live. cade, few people believed that human activi- It is considered unethical to deprive and indi- ties could be changing earths global environ- vidual of life. In the 1970s, philosophers began ment. to formulate a new field called environmental Now however, scientist believe that ethics, a study concerned with the value of the burning fossil fuels and clearing forests have physical and biological environment. The focus changed the amount of carbon dioxide in the of this field of study contrast with traditional atmosphere and hat this may change our cli- ethical studies, which had to do with the rela- mate. Hence we have emphasized a global per- tionship among people. Only few aspects of the spective in Rio Summit June 3 to 14, 1992 and academic subject are introduce in this chapter. Kyoto Protocol Dec. 1 to 10, 1997 in Kyoto city In recent years, the study of environment ethics of Japan, 1997. The concrete steps has taken in has grown into a large and complex field. There this conference. This new perspective raise new are practical are moral reasons for placing a moral issue. value on the environment. There are four cat- 3) Expanding moral concerns egories of justification, utilitarian, ecological, Some people argue that animals, trees aesthetic and moral. and even rocks have moral and legal rights and Introduction that it is a natural extension of civilization to Environment ethics is a critical study of being including the environmental ethics. These the normative issues and principles relevant to expanded concerns lead to a need for a new the relationship between human and nature ethic. world. It are to respond to those problems suc- The main concern is that to which inher- cessfully, our environmental ethic must express ent value can be ascribed to things that are not itself in broder and more fundamental ways. We human, including animals, vegetation and even have to recognize that each of us is individually land. responsible for the quality of the environment The integrated efforts are to be put so we live in and that our personal actions affect s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 053 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 environmental quality, for better or worse. The to avail a clean and natural environment when recognition of individual responsibility must then their time comes? lead to real changes in individual behavior. In 7) Do the facts of environmental science other words, our environmental ethic must be- have moral implications? gin to express itself not only in national laws, 8) Are human beings mentally and psy- but also in subtle but profound changes in the chologically capable of caring for future gen- ways we all live our daily lives. erations and nature? Importance of Environmental Ethics Possible solutions for issues It makes as aware of indiscriminate and Five different approaches are there for destructive human activities. Inculcate moral managing environmental issues. values toward nature and learn to respect vari- 1) Managing environmental regulations. ous life forms through environmental ethics. This includes investing in environment protec- Concerned with issues of responsible personal tion and forcing other firms to make similar in- conduct with respect of natural landscape, re- vestments. sources, species and non human organism con- 2) Investing in environment friendly pro- duct with respect to person is of course, the di- cesses or products. rect concern of modern philosophy. 3) Investing in environment performance Issues of Environmental Ethics and Possible improvement, without increasing costs. Solutions 4) Combining all the three methods men- The issues of environmental ethics are tioned above to change the basis for competi- momentous, live and forced; that is to say, these tion and redefine the market so that both the issues involve moral choice of enormous impor- firm and the environment can benefit. tance that human can make. Human’s moral re- 5) Looking at environmental issues from sponsibility to nature and to the future is of un- a risk management perspective. This involves precedented significance and urgency, and it is putting in play system and process to prevent a responsibility that cannot be escaped. One of or minimize the possibilities of accidents and the most serious problems with the environmen- dealing with them effectively when they occur. tal movement today is that its moral position is Conclusion badly articulated and defended. In a way of conclusion it can be said that Environmental ethics includes issues as : we believe that we are practical people. We also 1) If only people ‘matter’ here why care believe that to live a practical life without an nature ‘for itself’. ethical vision to guide us, is to live a life or moral 2) When landscapes or species and wil- impoverishment. It most of the developed and derness areas what, of value to mankind if they developing countries the decisions that govern are destroyed. both environmental quality and economic de- 3) Do human beings have a need for velopment originate from a common important nature that implies an obligation to preserve it? point i.e. ‘the system of production’. With this What is the evidence for this? linkage it becomes possible to define ethical 4) What we have taken from environ- norms and conduct which harmoniously foster ment, will future generations can ‘miss’ it? both environmental quality and economic de- 5) What are the ultimate grounds of an velopment. What we need is not so much a new affirmation to protect the environment? Are they environmental ethic but a new environmental rational irrational? ethics i.e. an outlook, which is as fully appre- 6) Does future generation have a ‘right’ ciative of the natural world as, is consistent with s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 054 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 our need to survive in it, and which registers horror at any activity which causes the need- 09 less or unnecessary destruction of non-human nature. This will therefore serve as a guide to Kamala Markandaya’s The Coffer sustainable development and a responsibility to Dams: A protest against exploitation prevent environmental pollution. Because we of the tribals and onslaught of think that we are not bond to solve all the prob- lems in the world; out duty is only to avoid cre- modern technological advancement ating problems. We must not be responsible for environ- Dr. Narendra T. Mane ment to others; we must not harm others; if we Departmet of English, harm, we must repair the damage. This is called J. D. Patil Sangludkar Mahavidyalaya, the ethics of responsibility. Daryapur, Dist.Amravati(MS) Decisions and actions by individuals faced with ethical choices collectively determine ======***********======the hopes and quality of live for everyone. As Abstract: ecological knowledge and awareness begin to Kamala Markandaya’s The Coffer Dams catch up with good intentions, people in all walk portrays a clash between the human values of of life will need to live by an environmental India and the technological views of the West. ethic. Markandaya though shifted to England and settled there; she did not hesitate to present References the exploiting attitude of the West. At the same 1) Boyce, R.R. 1970, ‘The Base of Eco- time she seems to protest against racially in- nomic Geography’, Hold Pinehart and Winston, duced superiority complex of the British and New York. denounces the use of different yardstick in deal- 2) Chavan A., Farooqui M., Sayyed Iliyas, ing with the people of different races. After in- 2004, ‘Fundamental of Environment Science’, dependence, Indian was passing through a fer- Renuka Prakashan, Aurangabad ment of change and it might have felt the need 3) Peshwe S.Reddy R., Babare M. 2004, for the country to go in for industrial and scien- Manjusha Publication, Naldurg tific development to overcome economic back- 4) Savindra Singh, 1991, Prayag Pustak wardness. However, while looking for develop- Bhawan, Allahabad ment, it is supposed that human beings must 5) Kaushik A., Kaushik E.P., 2004, Per- be treated on humanity level and not racially. spectives in Environmental Studies, New Age Markandaya must have observed this disparity International Publishers, New Delhi. that made her expose the corrosion of human 6) Ingle S.T., At.al. 2013, ‘Environmental values under the stringent pressure of modern- Studies’, Prashant Publication, Jalgaon ization and technological progress. She returns 7) Dhoke S.V. & Other, 2004, Prashant to the theme of racial tension by bringing a Publication, Pune group of British and Indian technocrats together  to build a dam. We can see here various inci- dents that upset the traditional moorings of the tribal, change of values and new modes of liv- ing, which are carefully built in the plot. Keywords: denounce, yardstick, technocrats, s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 055 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 disparity. advancement. We see this confrontation in the Objective of the Study- Kamala Markandaya form of a clash between the human values of is one of the most outstanding Indian-English India and the technological views of the West. women novelists. Being herself a living ex- Markandaya though shifted to England and ample, she has constantly been preoccupied by settled there; she did not hesitate to present the East-West conflict of modes and convictions. the exploiting attitude of the West. At the same So, she has competently dwelt upon this clash time she seems to protest against racially in- between the Eastern and Western values in most duced superiority complex of the British and of her novels in different contexts and with vary- denounces the use of different yardstick in deal- ing flavour. However, the purpose of this re- ing with the people of different races. search paper is to study a protest reflected The Coffer Dams: A perspective on the pro- against an exploitation of the tribals and on- test reflected in it. slaught of modern technological advancement The novel revolves round a dam under in the novel ‘The Coffer Dams’. construction by a British Engineering firm. It Methodology- To achieve the purpose of the deals with the problems and challenges con- study, a systematic review of research litera- fronting the tribal of a small South Indian vil- ture was taken. The novels of Kamala lage near which the British engineers, Howard Markandaya have been studied and critically Clinton and Mackendrick, intended to build a big analyzed. With help of it, we will be able to dam to control and channelize a turbulent South study a protest reflected against an exploita- Indian river in Malnad. river. tion of the tribals and onslaught of modern tech- Several people are employed including nological advancement in the novel ‘The Coffer engineers like Krishnan and local technician and Dams’. labourers. This dam is a “prestige project” for Introduction: the British engineers. With an intention to com- The Coffer Dams is the sixth novel of Ka- plete the project of dam construction as per the mala Markandaya published in 1969. In this contract made with the Government of India, the novel, she has broken a new ground. Here, we British engineering firm under the supervision come across the element of protest against in- of Howard Clinton, a British chief engineer, and justice and exploitation of the tribal community his partner Mackendrick along with their fami- at the hands of British people for whom Indian lies and assistants come to India and occupy tribals are animals and not human beings. They the site near the tribal village forcing the poor are meant for cruel treatment. As we say tribal to shift to some less convenient place. Markandaya’s is the literature of social concern Thus, at initial stage, the project affects the wherein she tries to protest against the social tribal adversely as they are forced to leave the exploitation and inhuman treatment of man to land, which they had long been occupying. When man. Here, she boldly presents how the West- Clinton’s men ask and compel these folk to va- ern industrialization exploited the traditional cate the place for their residence, they move in tribal in a hilly region in post-Colonial India. In the forest without any strong protest. But, it does her very first novel, Nectar in a Sieve, we have not mean that they are not pained by this. Though seen Markandaya protesting against industri- they do not oppose and protest openly, the head alization, which affected and exploited the In- of the tribesmen grudges against encroachment dian rural people and disturbed its peace and of it in the form of modernism. This whole tribal placid rhythm. The Coffer Dams is a protest community is uprooted from their land; they are against the onslaught of modern technological forced to move away by Clinton. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 056 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 This novel seems to be a powerful criti- gins to get set back when stranger with their cism of social and economic exploitation. As in alien culture settle down there. ‘Nectar in a Sieve’, the tannery disturbs the lives The construction of dam stands for mod- of Nathan and his villagers, in the same way ern technology which generates several prob- the dams affected the lives of tribesmen. The lems arising out of exploitation of labourers and river is an integral part of their natural life and commercialization of life. Clinton is a cruel and it is being stopped running. The labourers em- heartless master. He disregards any problems ployed for the construction of the dam are the of workers on the site of the construction. When poor tribals belonging to the adjoining area. informed about the workers’ problems, he re- Bashiam, a skilled technician belonging to the acts roughly: “We could sack the entire coolie tribal community by birth, is a crane operator. labour force overnight and have a queue a mile Despite being an educated technician, he is nick- long by morning if we wanted and they know it. named by Clinton as ‘jungly wallah.’(CD 19). Organized casual labour- it’s almost a contra- According to Clinton these natives are uncivi- diction in Terms.”(CD 51) Helen’s attitude to- lized people, “there are no men.”(CD 21) He dis- wards tribals is surprisingly soft whereas her dains the native Indians whom he does not even husband, Clinton considers them as savage and consider them as human beings. Krishnan, an animals. Clinton considers the tribals as use- Indian engineer and leader of native labourers, less human beings. The masters of the project experiences this racial hatred. When Krishnan apply the age-old policy of English people of expresses his views to Clinton regarding the dif- divide and rule. They create dissention and split ficulties in strictly keeping to the time schedule among the labourers of different grades. of the construction of the dam, he finds that Through regular strike-breaking force, the Brit- Clinton does not pay proper attention to him. ish engineers unscrupulously exploit the work- He says in rage and reacts inwardly that they ers. The poverty-stricken coolies have been ex- are brushed off, hurt and insulted by the Clintons ploited at the hands of the employers, who take because, “they are experts and we are just disadvantage of their poverty. beginning.”(CD 13) Moreover, Millie, the wife Thus, it can be said that the company of a British officer Rawlings, also hates the na- people from England occupy the tribal land and tive tribals. She arrogantly remarks: “Never trust live luxuriously seducing them by low wages, the blacks. That’s my motto, and I stick to it.”(CD bribe and temporary jobs. It seems that all this 33) This shows the interest of the novelist to irritates Markandaya. We see her protesting expose the prejudiced attitudes of the West. It through Helen, who disapproves this exploita- is really disgusting for her. This shows that tion and injustice done to the poor and working Markandaya protests against racially induced people. With the help of the tribal labourers superiority complex of the Britishers, which gen- Clinton intends to complete the construction of erates inferiority complex on the other side. dam before the arrival of the monsoon. But God The construction of the dam caused the wills it otherwise. As the process of construc- adverse effects on the ecological system of the tion nears its completion, the two accidents jungle. It changes the very face of the jungle occur. According to A. V. Krishna Rao and and also spoils its natural beauty. It disturbs the Madhavi Menon, “The two main crisis of the peaceful atmosphere of the hilly region with its novel are the two accidents. The first is the death harsh noise and pollution. The jungle habitation of Bailey and Wilkins, and work has to be sus- begins to be crowded with town houses, which pended to give them a “decent Christian burial”; come up steadily. The culture of the tribals be- in the second, forty- two men fall into the river s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 057 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 and two of the dead bodies cannot be recov- he should have taken upon himself the respon- ered because a boulder has jammed them.”(92) sibility of the blast that claims the lives of two When in an accident the two British, Baille and tribal labourers. On the contrary, he is unmoved Wilkins, died, the work was suspended to give by the tragedy. The treatment that he meets out them ‘‘a decent Christian burial.” (CD 117). to the dead tribals transcends all limits of cru- Mackendrick takes initiative. The graves for the elty. He used the tribal labourers as a tool to two are dug out. Their dead bodies are encased complete the project of dam construction. But, in teakwood coffins. Mackendrick opens the when it comes to the disposing of their dead bible and begins to read, “The Lord giveth’ he bodies, he shows his anti-labourer and anti- read, ‘The lord hath taken away…‘Ashes to tribal attitude by proposing that, “There is no ashes, dust to dust.”(CD 123) It may be any re- need to shift the boulders. Their bodies can be ligion; the dead body must be reverenced, so incorporated. Into the structure.”(CD 172) This that spirit would be free. Thus, we can see reaction again shows his cruel nature towards Clinton has taken care of the dead bodies of the Indian workers. He has nothing to do with English workers. the lives of the Indian people. Mackendrick and This sympathy of Clinton dries up with others debate about the possibilities of recov- the native tribals when they are caught in an- ery. But Clinton, instead of expressing sympa- other accident. In that accident forty-two men thy for the dead, urges the technicians and other fall into the river and two of the dead bodies workers to continue work and try to complete it cannot be recovered because a boulder has in time. Helen, his wife, strongly opposes this jammed them. As the news of this blast and its idea and cruel attitude of her husband, Clinton. fatal consequences spreads all around like fire She accuses him of being inhuman. But Clinton in the jungle, tribals in hundreds gather at the remains silent and indifferent. He thinks that site of the blast and feel a great shock when the natives are animals and they are used to they see the dead bodies of their poor fellows. suffering and death. To him, their death is an The tribals realize that it is the fatal gift from accident, a small incident. Her respect for the the negligent and cruel Englishmen. They get tribesmen shows her humanitarian outlook. Her angry and declare ‘no work’ motion- “No work, disapproval shows her protest against indiffer- until the bodies of our dead are returned to us. ent attitude of Clinton towards the native tribes- So that the rites may be correctly performed, men. and their souls depart in peace.”(CD 182) Their Markandaya makes an attempt to high- no work strike stands for their protest. The poor light through Clinton that how human beings are tribesmen ask for the dead bodies only and not converted into inhuman and spiritless mecha- any compensation for the dead. Their intention nisms in the age of modern science and tech- behind this is to offer rites to the dead so that nology. Clinton seems to be the most appropri- the dead soul could depart in peace. This belief ate example of the Western pragmatist with no of them must be taken into consideration. Along place for humanistic concerns in professional with these tribesmen, Krishnan, the spokesman work. He uses the tribal labourers as mere tool of the Indian band of workers, also joins them to achieve the success of completion of dam and protests against the approach of the Brit- project. Helen opposes her husband’s proposal ish engineer towards the dead. to dispose of the dead bodies of tribals without Clinton is expected to have sympathetic rites and rituals as per tribal culture. She also attitude towards the tribal labourers who work strongly defends tribals’ belief that spirit is not under his supervision. On humanitarian ground freed if its dead body is not cremated with ritu- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 058 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 als. Clinton is left with no choice except to al- cal arrogance is symbolic of the hatred of the low the evacuation of dead bodies. Christians towards the non-Whites. Helen flares Knowing well that the operation of the up at Clinton’s indifference to human feelings defective machine may endanger the life of the as: “Don’t human beings matter anything to operator Clinton asks Bashiam to operate the you?”(CD 107) machine. Whether Bashiam will survive the op- He is a war-savaged person, who finds eration or not is not the matter of his concern. satisfaction in building structures rather than What worries him is the completion of the human relationships. His vision of the dam project as early as possible and not the plight blinds him to the hapless peasantry to which of tribals. When Bashiam goes to lift the boul- Helen, his wife, is irresistibly drawn. Being half der, he is asked by the cunning Clinton, who the age of her husband, Helen has a good power knows that the lugs of the crane are faulty, “Do of communication, which he lacks. He consid- you wish to go on?” out of a sense of duty, ers the tribesmen as “savage” and “sods”. On Bashiam said, “I wish to go on.”(CD 195) the contrary, Helen considers them as human Bashiam operates the machine and by God’s beings. Clinton and Helen have widely different grace succeeds to lift the dead bodies. The risk temperaments. He insists on order, efficiency taken by him shows his obligation to his people and perfection at the cost of human relation- as well as to Clinton. In the process he is in- ship. Helen represents those healthy forces, jured due to the collapse of the jib of the ma- which are active in the present world to develop chine on him. Because of the injury being of healthy human relations. Clinton does not have serious nature and lack of the facility of treat- interest in good human relationship with Indian ment his body gets disfigured with the result natives. Thus, it can be rightly said that Clinton’s that he is doomed to lead the remaining part of work dehumanizes him so much that neither the his life as a physically challenged person. This rattling cottages nor the death of people in shows that it is Clinton’s revengeful step of ad- blasts affect him. vising Bashiam to drive defective crane Clinton does not keep any humanistic re- Thus, it can be said that Clinton shows lations with the dark-skinned tribesmen while a merciless efficiency, which is the essential fea- Helen visits numerous settlements along the ture of industrialization. V. D. Katamble rightly river and gets on well with the tribesmen. remarks: “To Clinton, the dam is the living em- Helen’s heart is deeply moved for the tribesmen bodiment of the man’s indomitable will, it is to who are uprooted for this. Clinton’s imposition be saved, no matter what the price! For him, of mass fines on the tribesmen is diametrically therefore, the dam has a priority over personal opposed to Helen’s helping them with food to Emotions.”(58) This event shows that whatever ward off starvation death. Her belief in the harm- the progress may be through technology, the hu- lessness of green snakes infuriates Clinton for man values should be the basis of technologi- whom it is sympathetic of her total faith in what cal progress, regardless of the diversity in cul- the tribesmen tell. This again shows that Helen tural matrices. A. V. Krishna Rao and Madhavi does not like Clinton’s apathy and inhuman ap- Menon remark: “The cynical arrogance with proach towards the tribesmen. It shows her pro- which Clinton at first refuses to accommodate test and rebel against the Westerns who under- the Indian sentiments about the accident vic- estimate human values. R. K. Srivastava remarks: tims is indicative of the racial prejudice. “Helen’s opposition to Clinton’s plan of shifting Markandaya projects Clinton’s point of view the tribesmen from their settlements and her through his own consciousness.”(92) This cyni- concern over the bits of broken pottery shows s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 059 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 her growing rebellion against Clinton and her imposition of new values- commercialism, ma- increasing attachment with the tribesmen and terial comfort and alienation from tradition. It women with whom she identifies herself.”(16) is also viewed that the modern industrial Clinton wants to exercise his control progress brought the loss of the traditional value over her as he does over his men. To show his of stable continuity and harmony. Markandaya supremacy and satiate his sexual desire, seems to express her dissent at the disposses- Markandaya says, “he had raped his wife, or as sion of the villagers and farmers from their nearly as made no difference”(CD 130) This act means of income and their contented peaceful of raping her in order to assert his manhood life and their exploitation in the factories and severs the delicate threads of relationship be- industrial areas, which forced them to move tween the husband and wife. The emotional there. She must be protesting not only at their cleavage between Helen and Clinton remains exploitation but compelling them to accept a unbridged until the arrival of the monsoon, oblit- new set of unstable commercial values contrary erating racial and other man-made institutional to the traditional certitudes of cultural stability differences between the natives, the Indians and and of human relationship. the British. Helen flares up at Clinton’s indiffer- This does not mean that Markandaya is ence to human feelings: “Don’t human beings against material progress, but she affirms that, matter anything to you? Do they have to be a in the process of change, human values should special kind of flesh before they do?”(CD 107) not be lost. Her fictional concern seems to be This reflects her anger and protest against corroborated by the real life situation of the Clinton’s attitude towards the human beings, tribals today. It is the reality we find in connec- whose life is meaningless before the material tion to the tribals that the rhythm of tribal life is progress. disturbed. Today also we can see, in the pro- We see that Markandaya focuses on the cess of change, much of the natural habitat has thought processes of Clinton and Helen. Helen’s been destroyed and their traditional source of search for true freedom involves the initial re- living, the forest depleted beyond recovery. The bellion against social codes of behavior. The encroachment by the new modern values in the author also focuses on Helen’s quest basically life of native tribals takes them to vices of mod- against the background of the changing eco- ern civilization that is trafficking of liquor, drugs nomic and industrial milieu in India. Clinton’s and sex- is itself a tragedy. This is also the con- belief is: “The country’s affecting her, he told cern of Markandaya in ‘The Coffer Dams’. himself, it’s getting on her nerves…”(CD 108) In the end, we can say that Markandaya Helen’s search for her identity achieves mean- favours the industrial and technological ing against this particular backdrop. She misun- progress in the interest of nation’s progress, but derstands her freedom and takes refuge in the she defies this progress at the cost of existence illicit relationship with Bashiam, which proves and substance of human values and sensibili- transient. But through contact with Bashiam, ties that constitute the soul of material progress. with the headman, with the tribals, Helen learns She is of the view that in the race of material- that peace lies within oneself. She also comes ism, we cannot keep away the values attached to know that before the attainment of peace to human life, irrespective of caste, colour and there is both conflict and struggle. creed and this is Markandaya’s concern in ‘The Thus, ‘The Coffer Dams’ brings forth the Coffer Dams’. We should end with the opinion major issues encountered in the process of in- of Lakshmi Kumari Sharma, who says: “The dustrialization. The rise of a dam stands for the novel as a whole is a deeply disturbing protest s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 060 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 against the onslaught of modern technological ruthlessness against the simplicity and human- 10 ity of an earlier order of life.” (29) Libraries during Work Cited Markandaya, Kamala. The Coffer Dams. a pandemic situation Rpt. New Delhi : Penguin Books India, 2008. (Used abbreviation as CD in Parenthesis). Dr. Jayant S. Meshram Rao A.V. Krishna. & Menon, Madhavi. Librarian, Kamala Markandaya - A Critical Study of Her Uttamchand Bagdiya Arts and Commerce Novels 1954-1982. (New Delhi : B.R.Publishing College, Risod, Dist- Washim Corp.,1995. V. D. Katamble, “Kamala Markandaya’s ======***********======The Coffer Dams: An Apology For Techno-Indus- Abstract trialization of Rural India. Literary Criterion 1 & A library is the best resource to save 2. Jan-Dec.1985. people from rumours and misinformation in a Srivastava, R. K. “Symbolic Triumvirate pandemic. With physical libraries being shut, in A Handful of Rice.” Six Indian Novelists in En- librarians are active in providing online infor- glish. Ed. R. K Srivastava. Amritsar : Guru Nanak mation services to the general public. Many li- Deb University Press, 1987. braries are conducting information literacy Sharma, Lakshmi Kumari. The Position of programmes alerting people about COVID-19. Woman in Kamala Markandaya’s Novels. New It is suggested that during the locked down pe- Delhi : Prestige Books, 2001. riod, people can do leisure reading and writing. Moreover, through directed reading, biblio-  therapy can be provided as healing adjuvant in medicine and psychiatry in the solution of per- sonal problems. Reader advisory services can be availed from the librarians via electronic media which may help in relieving the agony due to the pandemic and the lockdown situa- tion. Keywords COVID-19, pandemic libraries, Dis- infecting circulating books, Social Distancing and Delivery Services Introduction Libraries around the world of all sorts have been working hard to provide access to collections and services remotely, often invest- ing time and effort in updating websites and computer systems in order to deal with demand. There have also been major efforts to boost access to eBooks, for example by increasing the number of eBooks that people can borrow at any given time. Clearly not all users are already fa- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 061 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 miliar with digital tools. Traditional efforts by and promoting media literacy faced with poten- libraries to produce collections of books and ma- tial misinformation online terials on topical issues have continued, with a A number of sets of guidance suggest strong focus on dealing with stress and worry, offering clear ways of returning potentially con- and promoting positive mental health, Others taminated books, through book drops, dedicated are putting existing activities online and invent- returns desks, or even baskets around the li- ing new ones. Some public libraries have also brary for returning material for consultation worked to develop new possibilities to be in only.Meanwhile, for staff, basic hygiene mea- contact with librarians remotely. Similarly in sures, such as washing hands thoroughly with academic libraries, there are efforts to provide soap and water, avoiding touching the face, with remote access, for example through an online a number of countries also recommending masks article request servicelike others, are making and gloves, at least where these do not harm use of email to provide access to resources and materials. respond to questions from students as well as Social Distancing and Delivery Services through a messaging service. Rabindra Sadhan Given that close physical contact ap- Girls’ College, Assam, India, is doing the same, pears to be the primary means of catching the but through WhatsApp groups, given that these virus, a core response has been ‘social distanc- can work better on phones. In many countries, ing’ – keeping a safe distance between individu- libraries’ offer of free Wifi to users is a key part als in order to reduce the risks of the virus pass- of their offer. ing from one person to another. Coughing, sneez- Managing different approaches to restrictions ing, and even talking tends to mean that poten- Libraries in different parts of the world tially contagious droplets are emitted into the are facing very different situations, from broadly air. maintaining a full service to complete closure. Available resources Drawing on experience around the world, librar- Clearly the possibility to use resources ies and librarians are finding themselves in one online depends a lot on the terms under which of a number of situations. they are accessed. Fortunately, a lot of publish- Business (more or less) as usual: ers and vendors have taken helpful initiatives. In some countries, cases of the virus In the academic field, many have provided open have been limited and governments have not access to materials related to COVID-19. Oth- taken any specific measures. Nonetheless, nor- ers have facilitated access by making it easier mal recommendations around good hygiene to log-in and access materials from outside of apply. In this situation, libraries are, for example: official networks. · Ensuring access to soap and warm wa- Preparing for re-opening: ter In a number of countries, there are al- · Ensuring they have a supply of hand ready steps towards lifting restrictions, at least sanitizer partially, with libraries potentially part of this. · observance surfaces clean, including Timings remains uncertain, and clearly safety toys and library computers should be a priority. In this situation, libraries · Ensuring that staff and users are en- are: couraged to take time to recover if they are feel- This to happen safely, and making nec- ing ill, rather than coming in to work. essary changes to library policies. Carrying out · Providing pages with useful links to re- a risk assessment, focused both on library ac- liable information for users on their websites tivities and the wider situation, can be a key part s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 062 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 of this. made a way for these academics to learn more · Setting limits on numbers of people us- towards pandemics, and the way to maintain ing the library at any one time, and establishing their universities and services with proper care how to enforce these (for example through ad- from such pandemics and similar encounters. vanced booking, ticketing, or using other means There are several main functions taking place of counting numbers of users), as well as pre- in libraries that require special attention during venting situations where people may gather a pandemic situation, such as; circulation, pro- closely together, for example using one-way cessing and handling of library materials, refer- systems, limiting furniture, keeping reading ence services, acquisition, usage of library com- rooms closed, or continuing to postpone pro- puter labs, auditoriums and mini lecture the- gramming, and keeping toilets closed atres. In every stage of theseactivities, library · Implementing regular cleaning pro- staff must interact with the patrons as well as cesses (including through short closures of the library materials and outside personal. There- library), especially focused on surfaces where fore, the present study attempts to provide a the virus appears to be able to last for longest better understanding of the COVID-19, its mode (plastics, metals other than copper), or at least of transformation, and the measure to take into intensifying clearning account when reopening the libraries and ser- · Developing click-and-collect or drive- vices after such a devastating communicable through services in order to allow access to disease. With a proper understanding of the books without human contact pandemic, academic librarians can perform well · Developing protocols for how to re- in library re-opening time and similar pandemic spond if someone with symptoms is identified conditions in the future and provide a better in the library post-pandemic experience for patrons in the li- · Ensuring that staff have the equipment brary reopening. and training necessary to stay safe, including Disinfecting circulating books: consideration of screens if necessary, limiting There is a high chance of getting contact as far as possible and enabling work acontaminated material to the library circulat- from home for as long as possible, and provide ing counter under a prevailing pandemic situa- regular updates tion. Thus, the disinfection of library materials · Making clear when it is impossible to shall be suggested. The American Library Asso- open safely, and otherwise ensuring that those ciation (2020b) suggests several methods to taking decisions understand the nature of library disinfect the returning library books. According spaces, including through a gradual approach to them, the library staff working in the circula- to resuming services only when each one is safe tion counters should wear protective gloves. The · Continuing to promote online services returning items can be packed or bagged and and resources in order to limit numbers looking kept in isolation for 24-48 hours. However, the to visit the library American Library Association suggests keeping · Communicate clearly about all any new circulating books for 72 hours in quarantine rules to library users, both online and onsite, (American Library Association, 2020b). Applica- and provide regular updates tion of an Ultra Violate (UV) light is also a pos- · Ensuring that plans are in place for a sible method. But there is also a possibility of potential return to lock-down in case of new deteriorating the paperbased library materials peaks in infection rates due to the light. So, the method shall be apply- The recent COVID-19 pandemic has ing accordingly with the rareness, brittleness s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 063 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 and the deterioration possibility of the mate- rules, regulations rial. Liquid disinfections are not recommended · Avoid sharing of stationary/ equip- to apply on paper-based materials (American ments Library Association, 2020b. · Virtual library platform for library ori- Suggestions for academic library reopening entation, training, e-resources to be shared phase: Conclusion The patrons need to be reminded about Library staff and all the stakeholders those safety precautions all the time while uti- (people who involve in affected) shall have a lizing the library resources physically. Follow- general understanding of the pandemic, its ing are such suggestions that can simply causes, pathogenicity, symptoms, and preven- adopted at the basic level at any library. Formu- tive measures. Controlling the spread of the lating library policies to conduct routine activi- pandemic must be taken place from personal ties such as circulation, computer use, other level prevention and control. As a supplement equipment use is essential in this setup. All and to emphasize the preventive information to these policies shall include pandemic preven- the physical visitors is highly recommended in tive measures such as disinfecting, quarantine, the reopen season of the academic library. All etc. The library should develop a policy to disin- circulating materials and the staff involved with fect different places, surfaces, other materials the circulation shall be disinfected and or quar- and personals in the library will be so mushing antine accordingly. Apart from that, library staff helpful in the postpandemic reopening of the while moving with other official activities shall library. All the meetings and other official gath- stick to the safety guidelines mentioned in the erings of the library shall be conducted safely text (and updated related body, such as WHO, according to a well-established policy. Ministry of Health, CDC, etc.). A dedicated per- India: both the federal and state library asso- son should be appointed among the senior staff ciations have been active offering online train- of the library for the overall monitoring and as- ing both related to COVID-19 and wider profes- sessment of the pandemic prevention in the li- sional development, with the Karnataka state brary. He/ she can lead all the safety protocols, association offering an ongoing series. The Na- policies, getting touch with the latest updates tional Librarians’ Day on 12 August provided an about the pandemic, disinfection practices in opportunity for further reflection about the fu- the library. Formulating a pandemic prevention ture of the field, for example through webinars team in the library is also important. However, organised by the Federation of Health Science every citizen must keep their workplace healthy Library Associations. and clean to favour a better service to the pub- Post Covid: Guidelines lic. Integrated pandemic prevention practices · Using disposable masks and gloves can lead the academic library to provide a de- · Sanitizing hands lightful reopening experience for all its stake- · Maintaining 2 m distance holders. · Hand sanitizer dispenser at the Library entrance References · Closure of collaborative activities, 1. Christine, M. (2019). Library and in- maker spaces formation science and sustainable development: · Promote/ organize online events a structured literature review. Journal of Docu- · Quarantine library resources mentation, 75(6), 1356–1369. · Display boards about new guidelines, 2. Eberhart, G. (2010). The Librarian’s s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 064 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Book of Lists. Chicago: American Library Association.Epidemiology unit Ministry of 11 Health. (2020). Corona All Updates. Retrieved July 15, 2020 DIGITAL LIBRARIES: AN OVERVIEW 3. Gollakner, R., & Capua, I. (2020). Is COVID-19 the first pandemic that evolves into Miss Kalpana L. Murade a panzootic? Veterinaria Italiana, 56(1), 7–8. Librarian, 4. Healthcare, I. (2020). What’s the dif- Late. Pundalikrao Gawali arts & science ference between a pandemic, an epidemic, en- Mahavidyalaya, Shirpur (Jain), Tq. Malegaon, demic, and an outbreak Dist Washim 5. IFLA. (2020). COVID-19 and the Glo- bal Library Field. 6. Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Vaishya, R., ======***********======Bahl, S., Suman, R., & Vaish, A. (2020). Industry Abstract: 4.0 technologies and their applications in fight- During the past recent years, there has ing COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic been tremendous development reaming the con- Syndrome, 14(4), 419–422. cept of digital libraries-a knowledge base that 7. Kelly, H. (2011). The classical defini- can be stored and retrieved through on-line net- tion of a pandemic is not elusive. Bulletin of the works. Digital libraries are the most complex World Health Organization, 89(7), 540–541. form of information systems that support digi- 8. Li, H., Liu, S.-M., Yu, X.-H., Tang, S.-L., tal document preservation, distributed database & Tang, C.-K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 management, hypertext, filtering, information (COVID-19): current status and future perspec- retrieval and selective dissemination of infor- tives. International Journal of Antimicrobial mation. This has really overcome geographical Agent. barrier offering wide range of academic, re- 9. Nice, L. B. (1912). THE DISINFECTION search and cultural resources with multimedia OF BOOKS. Bulletin of the Medical Library As- effects which can be accessed around the world sociation, 1(4), 61–66. over the distributed networks. Digital libraries promise new societal  benefits, especially for e-learning in digital or mobile times, starting with the elimination of the time and space constraints of traditional bricks-and-mortar libraries. The library and in- formation professionals are required to acquire such knowledge and skills as the library is one of the highly IT influenced service profession. The paper examines the concept of Digital li- brary, the technologies that has enabled its emergence & architecture of digital library sys- tem and also introducethe function, advantage and disadvantage. Introduction: With the advancement of science and technology, country has witnessed an unprec- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 065 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 edented growth of information resulting in in- braries are minimizing the storage space and formation explosion and the information being also decreasing maintenance and resource dis- generated in different formats has further cre- tribution cost and manpower. The association ated havoc in providing cost-effective informa- for Research Libraries pointed out that digital tion services to the user community. As a re- library can serve as a network of links to other sult, libraries have been constantly facing the digital libraries. problems of space, escalation in cost of books A branch is a branch and must have cer- & journals, budget shrinkage, inability to pro- tain properties, whether it is physical or virtual. vide multiple copies and most important is re- A digital branch is a branch library, delivered trieval efficiency of user being endangered for digitally, on the Web. It offers much more than want of information. The urge to overcome a traditional library website in many ways, be- these problems has called for adoption of tech- cause a digital branch has real staff, a real build- nology in libraries. These technologies includes ing, a real collection, and real community hap- · CD-ROMs and Digital Video Disk Read pening on and around it. Only Memory ( DVDROMs) Library and information centers are pro- · Networking of Computers viding numerous types of information resources · Image/Text compression and services. Information content and services · Multimedia technology are changing with the passage of time. The glo- · Powerful processors bal network internet has brought forth new di- The powerful technology has enabled mension to libraries of modern digital world. In Library/Information Centers to create multime- order to keep pace with the cyberspace librar- dia information databases which provides easy ians are to be furnished libraries with latest retrieval & access with personal computer con- version of sophisticated technology. In this new nected to the network. This has led to the con- library digital networking and communication in- cept of “Digital Library”. In digital libraries, the frastructure provides a global platform over question of loss of documents is overruled while which the people and organization devise strat- the searching of information is effective and egies, interact, communicate, collaborate and efficient due to global indexing & search en- search for information. This platform includes, gines. a vast array of digitalizable products that is da- Meaning /Definition of Digital Libraries: tabases, news and information, books, maga- Digital library is an electronic or virtual zines, TV and radio programming, movies, elec- library where information (online or offline) is tronic games, musical CDs and software which selected, acquired, processed and organized in are delivered over the digital infrastructure any- digital form. One can access the digital library time, anywhere in the world. resources online or offline. Digital Library is a Functions of digital library: collection of information which is both digitized The rapid development of the internet and organized and can be searched for keywords, in the 1990s and its embrace by the library and accessed anywhere in the world, copied with- information community enabled the concept of out error, is service-oriented meeting the time the digital libraries (DLs), whose function can and location needs of users and takes up very be defined as the collection, storage and pro- little physical space (hardware only). With in- cessing of vast information and knowledge into creasing population and industrialization in city a systemic project through digitalization and the area there is always space problem to all edu- internet, while providing convenient and highly cational institutions and libraries. As digital li- efficient retrieval and inquiry services. To this s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 066 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 effect, at a minimum, the core services expected of a traditional library. A traditional library must of a Digital Library System include: a repository spend large sums of money paying for staff, book service for storing and managing digital objects; maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digi- a search service to facilitate information dis- tal libraries do away with these fees. Digital li- covery; and a user interface through which end brary has certain characteristics, which make users interact with the digital objects. The in- them different from traditional library. It has ex- troduction of the DL has raised library modern- pansive and accurate system of searching with ization to a new level with over time. large volumes of text, image and audio-video Digital libraries promise new societal resources. Digital libraries do not need physi- benefits, starting with the elimination of the cal space to build collection and it can be ac- time and space constraints of traditional bricks- cessed from anywhere, any time. The user can and-mortar libraries. Unlike libraries that occupy get his/ her information on his own computer buildings accessible only to those who walk screen by using the Internet. Actually it is a net- through their doors, digital libraries reside on work of multimedia system, which provides fin- inter-networked data storage and computing gertip access. systems that can be accessed by people located The following are some of the major ad- anywhere. At their full potential digital libraries vantages of digital libraries will enable any citizen to access a considerable No physical boundary- The user of a digital proportion of all human knowledge from any lo- library need not to go to the library physically; cation. From an access vantage the Internet pro- people from all over the world can gain access vides a preview of the possibilities. to the same information, as long as an Internet The role of a Digital Library is essentially connection is available. to collect, manag, preserve and make accessible Round the clockavailability-People can gain digital objects. The following are some of the access to the information at any time, night or function of digital library: day. (1) To provide friendly interface to us- Multipleaccesses- The same resources can be ers. used at the same time by a number of users. (2) To avail network facilities. Structured approach- Digital libraries provide (3) To support library functions. access to much richer content in a more struc- (4) To enhance advanced search, access tured manner, i.e. we can easily move from the and retrieval of information. catalog to the particular book then to a particu- (5) To improve the library operations. lar chapter and so on. (6) To enable one to perform searches Informationretrieval- The user is able to use that is not practical manually. any search term (word, phrase, title, name, sub- (7) To protect owners of information. ject) to search the entire collection. Digital li- (8) To preserve unique collection through braries can provide very user friendly interfaces, digitization. giving clickable access to its resources. Advantages of digital library: Preservation and conservation- Another im- Traditional libraries are limited by stor- portant issue is preservation - keeping digital age space; digital libraries have the potential information available in perpetuity. In the pres- to store much more information, simply because ervation of digital materials, the real issue is digital information requires very little physical technical obsolescence. Technical obsolescence space to contain it. As such, the cost of main- in the digital age is like the deterioration of pa- taining a digital library is much lower than that per in the paper age. Libraries in the pre-digital s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 067 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 era had to worry about climate control and the tized versions of scholarly articles and books de-acidification of books, but the preservation through single interface. of digital information will mean constantly com- (6) Search optimization, simultaneous ing up with new technical solutions. searches of the Internet make possible, prepar- Space -Whereas traditional libraries are limited ing commercial databases and library collec- by storage space, digital libraries have the po- tions. tential to store much more information, simply (7) The user can peruse them instant. because digital information requires very little (8) Cross references to other documents. physical space to contain them. When a library (9) Making short the chain from author has no space for extension digitization is the to user. only solution. (10) Save preparation/ conservation Networking- A particular digital library can pro- cost, space and money. vide a link to any other resources of other digi- (11) Digital technology affords multiple, tal libraries very easily; thus a seamlessly inte- simultaneous user from a single original which grated resource sharing can be achieved. are not possible for materials stored in any other Cost- In theory, the cost of maintaining a digital forms. library is lower than that of a traditional library. (12) Full text search. A traditional library must spend large sums of Disadvantages of digital library: money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, New technology has brought many ad- and additional books. Although digital libraries vantages for digital library, but simultaneously do away with these fees, it has since been it also has certain disadvantages as: found that digital libraries can be no less ex- (1) Costly affair. pensive in their own way to operate. Digital li- (2) Technology obsolescence (Hardware braries can and do incur large costs for the con- & Software). version of print materials into digital format, for (3) Storage media relate. the technical skills of staff to maintain them, (4) Dominance of data creators and pub- and for the costs of maintaining online access lishers. (i.e. servers, bandwidth costs, etc.). Also, the (5) Trained manpower. information in a digital library must often be (6) User education and training. “migrated” every few years to the latest digital (7) Security against hacking & sabotage. media. This process can incur very large costs Conclusion: in hardware and skilled personnel. Information technology has changed the And Chore and Salwe also highlighted the ad- world and has become one important tool for vantages of digital library as: retrieving information now a days. Library col- (1) Preserve the valuable documents, lections are not only limited to printed docu- rare and special collections of libraries, archives ments but also electronic resources increases and museums. by their use and therefore it is important to de- (2) Protected information source. velop digital library. People realized the impor- (3) Facility for the downloading and tance of digital libraries no matter what their printing. feelings towards them were before. Innovative (4) Provide faster access to the holding information knowledge collection, storage, pro- of libraries worldwide through automated bet- cess, transfer methodologies made possible by ter catalogues. digital libraries will promote scientific research (5) Help to locate both physical and digi- and development, facilitate distant-learning en- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 068 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 vironment, and bring significant influence on the national economy 12 References: THE THEMATIC STUDY OF 1. Dhamdhere, Sangeeta N “Digital Li- brary Services and Practices: an online survey” V.S.NAIPAUL’S MIGUEL STREET International Journal of Library Science; Volume 06; Issue No. 2;Year 2012. Smt. Sonal Sudhakar Patil 2. David Lee King Building the Digital Department of English, Branch: Guidelines for Transforming Your Vinayakrao Patil College, Vaijapur LibraryWebsite. Library Technology Reports; 2009; 45(6): 5-9. ======***********======3. Kavita Ajay Jadhav. Digital library: Abstract: Present paper has drought the the- today’s need- a review. International matic study of V.S. Naipaul’s Miguel Street. The Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2011; paper depicts a dark space and tragedy in Miguel 1(11):17-19 Street throughout the characters and their dia- 4. Sun, Jie. Development and Character- logues. Naipaul is legendary for his sad-given- istic of Digital Library as a Library Branch. Inter- tonic moment in his novels. The paper addition- national Conference on Future Computer Sup- ally provides examples and explanations behind ported Education, IERI Procedia 2 (2012 ) 12 – the tragedy of the novel and what the charac- 17 ters suffer from: misunderstanding, poverty, or 5. Hanadashisha Warr, P. Hangsing, losing humanity that no a lot of communication Open source digital library software: a litera- works out. Miguel Street could be a place wher- ture review. Proceedings of the National Semi- ever all the tragic moments happen within the nar on “Preservation and Conservation of Infor- novel. Every section of the story ends with dis- mation Resources in Knowledge Society: Issues, appointment and disappointment. Challenges and Trends” held on March 3-4, Keywords: Tragic moment, Tragic Novel, Trinidad 2009, at Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, society Pages 238-258. Edited by Th. Madhuri Devi and Introduction Ch. Ibohal Singh. Miguel Street (1959) is one of Naipaul’s 6. Chore, N.V. and Salwe, S.M. Library outstanding novels and is a semi-autobiographi- Sources and Service In Digital Environment. Pro- cal novel set in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The lo- ceeding of state level seminar on role of Infor- cations in the novel are of crucial importance mation technology in library, Karad (8-9 April Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul deliberately chose 2010). these two islands which were under British rule  until 1962 when they achieved independence. The novel consists of seventeen sections, and each deals with a different story, with a new title. The novel focuses on the main characters such as Hat, Popo, and the narrator, and their personal lives on Miguel Street. The story is about diversity of life, death, marriage and work on Miguel Street, and conveys a sense of comic- tragedy to the readers. It is told through the eyes s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 069 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 of a young child narrator. Naipaul succinctly cre- acter. The novel seems to be dominated the male ates a realistic picture of these characters in characters and female characters stay eclipsed the frame of colonization. Barnouw comments, within the narrative. However, the female char- “Critical readings of Naipaul’s work have gen- acters are delineate as robust characters, gen- erally been divided into two groups: a strongly- erally operating partners or generally reduced focused post-colonialist critique of his indebt- to be the victim of their husbands’ beatings. edness to western cultural values that does not B.Wordsworth reminds regarding the good au- deal with the textual complexity, and literary thor Wordsworth happiness to British Romantic studies of his fictional and non-fictional texts Era and therefore the woman, B.Wordsworth that do not deal with representational complex- loves, will realize parallel to William ity, the text’s connectedness to social and po- Wordsworth’s relation with Annette Vallon. litical realities”. Hat, another main character, is not any Discussion completely different. although he’s thought to Naipaul’s Miguel Street has divergent be a thinker within the novel as a result of he characters like Humphrey DeForest Bogart, Popo, has given words and/or quotes for each occa- W. George, Elias, Man-man, Eddoes, Wordsworth, sion, notwithstanding he still finishes up in jail Nathaniel, Toni, Mrs. Hereira, Uncle Bhakcu, which upsets the reader and also the teller, who Bolo, Edward and Hat etc. bear their strange says, “When Hat visited jail, a part of American habits within the Port of European country, the state had died” (214). All in all, there are plenty capital of island and island, wherever Naipaul of tragic stories woven into the novel however spent his childhood. It brings forth and highlight they’re treated as nothing over “just another however totally different characters within the week-end tragedy, one among many” (116), just novel Miguel Street board street; some days like the drowning of Laura’s female offspring, often they generally quarrel with each other and Lorna. Hope and vitality are lost within the novel sometime they sit and drink along and kind a within which all characters try and break loose distinct world of their own, called Miguel Street. that bitter reality aiming at finding a replace- These characters don’t seem to be from busi- ment approach of life anyplace except Miguel ness category, they solely pay their time within Street; for Naipaul it’s Trinidad in an exceed- the trivial activities and in minor comes of their ingly grief-stricken manner wherever he has lives. Despite hailing from heterogeneous back- given his own voice within the following: You grounds, they live along. The novel is ready in see, is simply what I will tell you, Trinidad indi- an exceedingly street named Miguel Street in viduals don’t apprehend smart factor. Down at Western Port of European country. The novel the bottom it has Americans solicitation Ameri- (sometimes thought-about as a short-story col- can state to sing. They apprehend what’s what. lection) has been studied by a keenly observant The opposite day, operating and singing at the precocious and amiable college boy; Vidiadhar bottom, the commissioned military officer come Naipaul World Health Organization lives as a back up and tell American state I had a pleas- boy in exceedingly multi-cultural Indo- ant voice. He was solicitation American state Trinidadian surroundings and depicts the myriad to travel to the States (189). lives of offbeat inhabitants of island. Totally dif- Bolo, another character within the novel, ferent stories are studied significantly that spe- states that he doesn’t wish to stay in Trinidad, cialize in the most character of that story. The thus Trinidad becomes a nightmare for the indi- novel includes seventeen chapters every nar- viduals there. In a way, there area unit two rating a distinct story bearing on different char- means that of escape. Initial is death that hap- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 070 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 pens to most of the characters when being quite antagonism is additionally mirrored in others of depressed on Miguel Street. Second, departure Naipaul’s masterpieces, specifically in a very town may be another means that of escaping House for adult male. Biswas (1961), during that is tough for all except the talker United which antagonism becomes a major theme Nations agency leaves Miguel Street perma- within the novel. The characters area unit di- nently. When realizing nothing will amendment vided into 2 groups: adult male. Biswas, as well the case there, “Disappointed as a result of as his family, and therefore the community. / thought I had been away, destined to be gone The entire plan of the novel is to indicate the permanently, everything was happening even as antagonism between him, Mr. Biswas, and there- before, with nothing to point my absence” (222). fore the community that he rejects. Mr. Biswas’ So, the talker takes the choice to go away town seclusion is detected throughout the story and as he has perpetually been reminded by his in his want to be far away from the surface mother, “You obtaining too wild during this world. place. I feel is time you leave” (215). Mr. Biswas faces heaps of psychologi- Although the comic tone serves here cal problems as well as questioning himself re- during this statement, Hedi (1992) explains, it garding manhood and his sturdy rejection of sharpens “the cruelty of the daddy and divulges community that geared toward finding his own the resignation of the profaned and their sub- personal life, aloof from any people: “Such mission to the paternal power.” The mother and method is essentially amid violence, for antago- therefore the kids area unit dutifully enduring nism feeds on violence. Violence is delineated the things that area unit various and undue. as a basic part that characterizes the inhabita- What’s quite terrible for the society in and of tion between completely different teams in itself is that the lack of any “glimmer of hope Trinidad. Violence is each physical and verbal,” and sparkle of optimism” as Naipaul attracts Hedi argues. What is more, beating and bully- them compactly within the novel. Hedi (1992) ing area unit different ways that of treating in- additional elaborates that the cycle of the beat- dividuals, particularly by the narrator’s mother, ing is as follows: husbands beat wives like Tony World Health Organization loves everybody and and Mrs Hereira; wives beat husbands as an appears to be loved reciprocally. the globe example, Laura and Nathaniel; a father beats around him (narrator) is encircled by a severe his son within the case of George and Elias; and treatment, that brings a tragedy for the story eventually, men beat men together will see the until the end; so, it’s associate impulse in oblig- road fellows reaction against Tony: “Antagonism ing the child– narrator—to leave town for the and violence area unit overwhelming in Miguel aim of finding one thing that creates a amend- Street. The antagonistic relationship between ment in his life “[...] she beat Pine Tree State the inhabitants of the road stripped their lives rather badly, and that I ran out of the house from its good-time facet. They’re people fight- swearing that I would never come. I visited B. ing for his or her recognition of their standing Wordsworth’s house I was so angry, my nose within the street.” (49). Hedi (1992) powerfully was bleeding’’ (59-60). This is often a reaction believes that a vivid example is that the talker to his mother’s harsh and harmful words that United Nations agency has antagonists like invariably makes a black mark on the event of George, “he was spoken communication ‘Horse- the temperament of the narrator: “my mother face!’ generally he same, ‘Like it solely have mistreated Pine Tree State, saying, ‘you know, horse-face individuals living during this place” you too quick for a touch boy’(109). It’s note- (28-9). On the running discussion, this kind of worthy that every of the characters find justifi- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 071 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 cation of their own action. {those World Health who} survive Miguel Street—”but we tend to Organization those that people who} beat be- who lived there saw our street as a world, wher- lieve that a decent education may be attained ever everyone was quite totally different from from beating and people who area unit crushed everyone else. Man-man was mad; St. George don’t have a right to complain jointly will re- was stupid; massive Food was a bully; Hat was solve in Miguel Street, that provides several associate adventurer; Popo was a thinker, and samples of aggression and beating, either ver- Morgan was our comedian” (79). Naipaul is in- bal or physical, that create the novel a lot of ventive in providing tragic and dark stories; he tragic within the eyes of the reader. Naipaul has even brings up another story within the novel bestowed varied social phenomena, and beat- that shows an ideal image of unhappiness like ing is one in all the aspects that for Naipaul is in Wordswoth’s a part of the book. to “emphasize the absence of order even in Listen and that i can tell you a story. matters of beating” (Hedi, 54). Ironically, this is Once upon a time a boy and a woman met one often delineated within the scene once Nathaniel another and that they fell infatuated. They loved wills his best to indicate however one controls one another most they got married. They were a lady. To prove his ability, he leaves the house each poets. He loved words. She loved grass and and shouting when a fight with Laura: “Just been flowers and trees. They lived merrily in a very beating some sense into that woman” and he single area, and so in some unspecified time in has to cowl his crushed eye. Day by day, Laura the future the woman author aforesaid to the beats him publicly and chases him: “Irony is a boy author, “We ar aiming to have another au- permanent perspective in Naipaul’s writing how- thor within the family.” however this author was ever, it takes a tragic and tragic facet once it ne’er born, as a result of the woman died, and involves managing a society wherever values also the young author died together with her, area unit up-side-down and wherever chaos is inside her. And also the girl’s husband was ter- that the rule” (55). ribly unhappy, and he aforesaid he would ne’er The same method and beating happens bit a factor within the girl’s garden. So the gar- once more in a very House for adult male. den remained, and grew high and wild. (61) Biswas, wherever youngsters suffer tons from Conclusion mistreatment and beatings, as Hedi states, Naipaul has creatively created a tragic “beating looks to be a process and a mandatory novel to point out the readers the wholly dark item for the education of the children” (55). atmosphere of Trinidad and its folks through his Naipaul brings up tons of dissatisfactory terms unhappy stories, tone, terms and aggressive vio- like “sad, scary, dark, mad, death, etc.” to air a lence among the characters. Miguel Street is tragic image within the whole novel that affects that the places wherever hope and optimism the tone of the story to be told. As an example, area unit quite lost, that makes all the charac- within the story of MAN-MAN, the teller tells ters thwarted and leads them to turn. Hedi “everybody in Miguel Street that MAN-MAN was (1992) concludes: Naipaul’s final aim is to place mad, so they left him. however I’m not there- stress on the awkwardness of his characters fore positive currently that he was mad, and that departure them roaming amid the ruins of their i will think about many folks a lot of madder inefficient actions. Naipaul sees during this vio- than MAN-MAN was ever. He didn’t look mad.” lence associate degree stillborn enterprise, a what is more, the same negative terms square symptom of weakness and vulnerability. The measure applied to the characters—those UN varied aspects of violence as they’re drawn in agency people that folks that those that those Naipaul’s fiction have an effect on man in his s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 072 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 own existence, threatening him with extinction. (61) 13

References Digital Transformation of Education 1. Arora, Jyoti (2014). Panoramic View during COVID 19 and its Impact on of Characters in Naipaul’s Miguel Street. Re- search Scholar an International Refereed e-Jour- Students of Gramin Bharat with nal of Literary Explorations, Vol. 2 Issue II, Special Reference to Nagpur District Page.773-777. 2. Hedi, Ben. Abbes. (1992). A Variation Dr. Ranjana Sahu of the Theme of Violence and Antagonism in V. Assistant Professor, S. Naipaul’s fiction. Caribbean Studies: 49-61 G.S. College of Commerce and Economics, 3. Huggan, Graham, Tiffin, Helen. (2010). Nagpur Postcolonial Ecocriticisim. New York: Routledge. 4. Mukherjee, Pablo. (2007). Doomed to ======***********======Smallness: Violence, V.S Naipaul, and The Glo- Abstract: bal South, 209-226 The end of this decade and the begin- 5. Zanyar, K.A. & Noor, Rohimmi (2012). ning of new decade is witnessing COVID-19 The Tragedy of V.S. Naipaul’s Miguel Street. In- pandemic. After one year of COVID-19, now ev- ternational Journal of Applied Linguistics & En- eryone, everywhere is trying to cope with this glish Literature. Vol. 1 No. 3, Pages. 63-67. difficult situation and trying to come back to normalcy. This pandemic situation has brought  about transformation in all walks of life and has affected all the sectors of economy. One such sector which saw an unprecedented transfor- mation is education which has affected almost all the households of the country. Education is the most empowering tool to transform the lives of people. In India, digital education is a complementary way mostly used in private schools and colleges to make the learning process interesting resulting in active and more involvement of students.Switching over from chalk to click, from pen-paper to screen was very easy for students of urban areas but poor students of rural areas in the process of adapting to technology faced multiple problems both at individual level and collectively. This year the situation in rural India due to COVID-19 has worsened and the chance of young generation to get infected is equally likely. In this scenario, it is certain that just like last year, this year too virtual ways of teaching learn- ing will be adopted to mitigate the risk of get- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 073 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ting infected and to contain the spread of jobs during COVID-19 and have migrated from COVID-19. It is therefore necessary to study cities to villages.Drop-out rates increased, re- and understand about the success of digital trenchment of teachers, problem in getting new transformation in teaching, learning and evalu- admissions, change of schools, non-payment of ation of students especially in rural areas so that fees are various other important problems in the corrective measures can be taken during this field of education. year till the time COVID 19 and subsequent Students of rural areas are not as tech- lockdowns sustain. nologically equipped as the students of urban This paper is an attempt to critically ex- areas. The financial background of rural areas’ amine the impact of online education opted as students is not good as compare to the students a means to minimize the adverse effect of this of urban areas. The Government opted for online deadly disease while also minimizing the aca- education in schools and colleges to contain the demic loss to some extent as traditional ways spread of covid-19 pandemic as it is clear from of imparting education are not possible. This the table given below that rural internet users paper aims to examine online education facili- surpassed urban internet users in 2019. But ties available to the students of Gramin Bharat online education in Gramin Bharathas not and problems of poor internet connectivity for proven better solution than the offline educa- getting online education. tion because of various problems attached with Keywords: Digital transformation, online edu- the online education. The problems of online cation, rural areas, students, technology, teach- education are more in the rural areas than the ing, learning and evaluation. urban areas, doing business and other things Introduction: digitally and getting education every day through Education is the most powerful weapon digital means is altogether different. to change our present situation and prepare our- Distribution of urban and rural internet us- selves for future. But if any obstacles or hurdle ers in India 2019 by age group come in way of education, it can change the entire life of students. Online education meth- ods lookvery easy and comfortable for students and teachers but after in-depth study it was found that it involved different problems to the different group of people involved in it. There are various problems faced by the teachers, stu- dents and parents due to online education. In urban areas the problems of online education are quite less as compared to the far-off places in rural areas. Similarly, problems of online edu- cation are lesser to the rich and middle-class families as compared to the poor families. Cost Source: Statista 2021 of online education in terms of taking xerox, Research Methodology: purchasing of mobile/smart phones and sub- Descriptive research design has been scription plans for internet is also high and poor used for this research which is based on both rural families cannot afford it for all their chil- primary and secondary data. Primary data has dren. Giving separate mobile phones was also been collected from 100 respondents from ru- not easy for these poor families who have lost ral areas of Nagpur district which include stu- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 074 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dents, teachers, head masters and parents tures due to disturbance in their small houses. through telephonic interviews. Mr. Mangesh Uploading of assignments, unit tests, answer Date has helped in the collection of primary data. sheets for preliminary examinations and final Sample include students from divergent eco- examinations was really difficult owing to slow nomic background and different classes belong- internet connection.Increased use of mobiles ing to different age groups. was a real cause of concern for many parents Objectives of study: as it led to various health issues, stress, anxi- The following are the main objectives of this ety, and mental illness among students. study: There was a problem of providing food 1. To study the problems faced by rural to the students as Mid-Day Meal Programme students in getting online education and sug- could not be operated. Role of Government in gesting measures to resolve them. providing the facilities in rural areas is also very 2. To know about the facilities available crucial in the success of digital learning.E-vidya with students in villagesfor online education. channel and e-portal for online education has 3. To study the measures adopted by been provided by the government. Government Government to provide for online education in is trying to provide online education facilities Gramin Bharat. for the students such as providing computers, Hypothesis of study: laptops or smartphones to the Gram panchayat The study is based on the following hypothesis: school for attending online classes and installed 1. Online education is useful to keep stu- free Wi-Fi facilities for the students in rural ar- dents continue their study amidst Covid-19 pan- eas. But, looking at the number of students these demic? facilities are not enough. Due to shortage of fa- 2. Good facilities for online education cilities students are not getting proper educa- are not available with students in Gramin tion and knowledge of their subjects. This dis- Bharat? ruption might cause serious effect on their edu- 3. The cost of online education is high cation and overall development ultimate aim of as compared to the traditionalmethod of impart- National Education Policy 2020. ing education for rural students? Online education is purely depending on Problems withOnline Education in Gramin the available internet connectivity available. Bharat: Generally, rural areas always have the problem There are indeed benefits in adopting of internet connectivity due to this the students this new set up of digital education but there cannot attend the online classes conducted by are several issues related to it particularly in their teachers. During the class time problem Gramin Bharat where even examination results of breaking of voice and blurring of videos arise could not be available as there was no facility which lead to less concentration and difficul- for speedy internet. Some of the problems are ties in getting subject knowledge properly. Stu- whether the students are prepared for this new dents of rural areas with poor financial condi- set up, do they have all online means to estab- tions cannot afford buying any device which lish uninterrupted connectivity to gain under- helps online education. Similarly, paying certain standing of concepts, whether teachers are fixed amount on recharge is also expensive. equipped with the technological knowledge, Computers, laptops, smart phones, there may be lack of personal attention, learn- internet connectivity, online teaching learning ing of practical subjects was found difficult and applications such as Zoom, Google Meet, students faced lack of concentration while lec- Microsoft Teams, Google Classroom, Cisco s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 075 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Webex etc. are required. By using this students their family to take the benefits of online edu- and teachers can join the class and share the cation provided by their school teacher. Very few study material and knowledge. Consumption of students belonging to rich families have laptop much of data pack in one day, heating up of for attending online classes. mobile, no electricity for charging the phone, Que. No. 2 Do you think online education leads small screen of mobiles, lesser storage capac- to better learning than traditional way of ity for keeping online shared pdfs, documents impartingknowledge in schools and colleges? and videos for future reference wereother prob- Option s Respo nse ( %) lems faced during digital transformation of edu- Yes 12 cation. No 88 There was lack of personal attention to students and actual assessment of students learning as they have to keep their videos off to save more data consumption. Mere listening to the teachers voices also resulted in lesser learn- ing by students. Online assessment of assign- ments and students work on screen was a big problem on the part of teachers. Sharing of study material to students and learning without books, or papers in physical form was really difficult for students. Interpretation: The students of rural areas of Data analysis and its interpretation: Nagpur district are of the opinion that online The data so collected from 100 respondents is education is not resulting in better learning. The analyzed here as under: main reason of this is unavailability of IT equip- Que. No. 1 Which tools of online education do ment/devices and toolsfor online education. you use? Various obstacles due to poor internet connec-

Options Response (%) tion also resulted in poor learning as students Smartphone 29 are unable to attend online lectures or class on Laptop 07 regular basis which make it difficult to under- Free Educational Channel in TV 64 stand the ongoing topic or lesson. A student had to spend Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 6,000 per year for get- ting online education for getting data pack. Stu- dents have come back to villages due to lockdowns and closing of hostels, room on rent (PG) and mess in cities.The students who are in standard 10th, 12th, final year of graduation and post-graduation with or without placements were in dilemma and found it difficult to achieve the learning outcomes through virtual mode of Interpretation: Large number of students of education. While the other students were com- rural areas of Nagpur district use free educa- paratively in less stress due to this digital trans- tional channel run by the Government of formation of education. Maharashtra. Apart from this mode of online Que. No. 3 Which major problems did you face education some students have smart phones in at the time of online education? s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 076 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Options Response (%) vide facilities of online education to all students Power cut-off 28 especially to the students of rural areas. Gov- Poor Internet Connectivity 20 ernment provided free internet connection to the Lack of Resources 52 students for online study. Government estab- lished the Wi-Fi system at centrally located area of village and asked students to use this facility for online study. Some students confirmed that they got smart phones and laptop for online education through school. Most of the students are happy because of visit of their school teacher to their home or at particular location and teachers used to show online lectures on his or her smart phones. Que. No. 5 Which education system do you like Interpretation: The students who are getting most? online education are facing various problems O pt ion s No. of Respondents during their study. Those students who use TV O nlin e 08 channel for their study faced power cut prob- O ff-lin e 92 lem. Because of power cut they are unable to attend the lectures. Some students use smartphones and laptop for their online educa- tion have faced the problem of poor internet connectivity and they could not charge their devices due to no electricity. In families with more than one child, only one TV or smart phone is available for study which also caused prob- lems in learning. Que. No. 4Did you avail any benefit/facility pro- vided by the Government for online education? Interpretation: During the Covid-19 pandemic,

B enefit Resp onse (%) students have to learn through online mode Free Internet 17 because schools were closed. Initially students Free Sm art Phon es an d La pt ops 05 were very happy and excited about online edu- Home Visit b y Teachers 78 cation. But after some days, students realized that online education is not proper mode for learning. Most of the students are of the opin- ion that they enjoyed learning through off-line mode of education only. Only few students who have all facilities at their home for online edu- cation are enjoying online lectures and they feel such education should be continued. Conclusion: Looking at the constraints of imparting Interpretation: During Covid-19 pandemic it digital education in terms of availability of was challenging task for the Government to pro- equipment, devices, internet connectivity with s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 077 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 good speed, tools and techniques; nobody in 2. The government must ensure quality India was thinking about the online education while imparting online education, it should not till March 2020 but this unprecedented pandemic result in mere promotion to the next class.Focus has changed the way of living, working and on achieving learning outcomes and skill devel- learning. Only 5-10% of students in urban area opment is must for overall development. Assess- faced problems in adapting to this new setup of ment mechanism should be development to digital learning while 85 to 90 % of students and ensure better learning. teachers in rural areas have found digital edu- 3. The government must make provision cation a challenging and difficult task as there for smartphones and laptops for the students is lack of basic IT infrastructure required for the at concessional rate for study purpose for af- success of online learning. fordable e-learning. By this, shortage of good Switching over to online mode of educa- teachers in villages may be overcome. tion is not a choice but it is a necessity amidst 4. TRAI should regulate the internet ser- Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown vice providers to ensure better connectivity in when all educational institutions, schools and low cost in rural areas. colleges were closed.Motive and intention be- 5. Increasing the frequency of lecture hind online education was good, peer to peer through free educational channel and co-relat- learning for students and teachers both could ing it to the teaching and assessment done by be seen as a benefit during this digital teachers in villages may result in increased in- transformationbut it failed to achieve its volvement and greater learning levels among objectivesin rural areas.Online education turns rural students. out to be a good mode of learning for those who 6. The environment at home may not be have all resources and facilities are available good in this scenario, students should be given for it but not for those who are deprived of these flexibility for submission of assignment, unit facilities particularly in rural areas. test, answer sheets for examination to minimize Online education will continue for this the stress during any kind of online assessment. year as the country is facing new wave/strain 7. Provision of a platform/portal wherein of COVID 19. In the month of March and April the donors and other people who wish to offer last year, virtual mode seems exciting and in- any kind of help/ support for digital transforma- teresting for the students because almost en- tion of education in rural areas is necessary. tire syllabus was completed in the school or Peer to peer learning may result in achievement college. But the new session was very challeng- of learning outcomes to a great extent. ing and full of stress for students because the Acknowledgement: teachers are teaching the new syllabus of new My sincere thanks are due to ICSSR/IM- class and due to various problems students could PRESS for the sanction of project entitled “A not get proper learning. Students have fear in Study of Innovative Measures for Sustainable the mind that this mode of getting online edu- Agriculture and Rural Development in India cation is a big hurdle in their learning and their (With special reference to Nagpur Division)” overall development too. under the domain of Agriculture and Rural De- Suggestions: velopment and sub domain: New Developments 1. Equitable access to IT infrastructure in Rural Economy with proposal reference num- in rural areas for successfulimplementation of ber: P2322. This research is carried as a part of online teaching, learning and evaluation is nec- the project sanctioned by ICSSR/IMPRESS. I essary to ensure learning for all. hereby declare that no part of this research is s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 078 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 published in any form earlier. 14 References: · Sachdeva J. K., “Business Research Comparative study of Educational Methodology, Himalaya Publishing House, 2011. · National Education Policy 2020, GOI, Philosophy of Certain Philosophers Ministry of Human Resource Development. · https://www.indiatoday.in/education- Rakeshkumar G. Shripateliya today/featurephilia/story/covid-19-impact-4- Ph.D. Scholar, P G Department of Education, major-challenges-faced-by-students-of-rural- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar india-1709294-2020-08-10 Nagar · https://www.statista.com/statistics/ 1115242/india-share-of-urban-and-rural- Dr. Kamalnayan B. Parmar internet-users-by-age-group/ Guided, Associate Professor, · https://www.oecd.org/education/the- Shree R. P. Anada College of Education Borsad impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-edu- cation-at-a-glance-2020.pdf ======***********======Introduction:  Digital technology has made its place in education in the 21st century. So how can India’s nineteenth and twentieth century education thinkers be used in the current teaching of edu- cation? That is the question. The nineteenth cen- tury was unique in the history of Indian educa- tion. Wherein the ‘minutes’ of Macaulay (1835) laid the foundation for new learning and English education became a place in Indian education. So that radical changes in education ensued. I in the 20th century technology established its place in education. In addition, new technology made progress in education and in the present time new technological education system came into being. In it the most brilliant Indian philoso- phers, who are the transmitters of our culture, made great efforts to develop new culture. Gandhi(1964) says, “Man is not mere intellect, not body or soul. Humanity is involved in the development of all three”. Education is associated with the devel- opment of the body, heart and intellect. “My life is my message” was one of the poignant thinkers of India’s greatest educationist. Shri Arvind Ghosh, who embraced the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 079 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Indian Advaita (Invisible) Vedanta and Yoga phi- Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the losophy, was an academic philosopher who be- curriculum. came obsessed with the physical body; but his 5. Comparative study of the views of duties are so strong, that his character has been Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the present for many centuries. He has talked about method of teaching and learning and examina- the full development of the human mind, body tion. and soul by integrating education with the spiri- 6. Comparative study of the views of tual. Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the Those who through their process of criti- school. cism have changed the whole element of 7. Comparative study of the views of thought. J.Krishnamurti says, “I am nothing, I Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the have no home or shelter, I do not have to discipline. teach you anything, you have no pre-prepa- Questions Research ration to understand the truth.” 1. What is the views of Gandhiji, Shri Need of the Research: Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the form of edu- Education is a tool by which humans can cation? fully develop themselves. But the present edu- 2. What is the views of Gandhiji, Shri cation has become mere information minister, Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the ob- so the education of the three educators was jectives of education? thought to be extremely useful, valuable and ex- 3. What is the opinion of Gandhiji, Shri traordinary in order to make Indian education Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the grand, divine, well-organized, and to make hu- teacher student? man being a complete human being and to over- 4. What is the views of Gandhiji, Shri come the shortcomings of the present educa- Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the cur- tion. Furthermore, the ideas of these thinkers riculum? need to change the personality of the current 5. What is the opinion of Gandhiji, Shri trainees. If the ideas of such thinkers emerge in Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the teach- the personalities of the trainees, then in their ing-learning and examination system? teaching work, changing their own personality 6. What is the views Gandhiji, Shri Arvind can make the teaching process effective as well and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the school sys- as valuable and make the children whole. With tem? this objective in mind, the researcher consid- 7. What is the views Gandhiji, Shri Arvind ered farming in the field presented. and J. Krishnamurthy regarding the discipline Research objectives of the study: system? 1. Comparative study of the views of Research design: Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the In qualitative research, devices such as nature of education. interviews, metaphors, dialogues, correspon- 2. Comparative study of the views of dence, narratives, note-books are selected for Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on the data collection. The researcher created a table objectives of education. in the form of a notebook to note the units to be 3. Comparative study of the views of obtained from the literature under study. These Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J. Krishnamurthy on tables were based on expert opinion. Opinions teacher-student relations. obtained from the table prove its validity. The 4. Comparative study of the views of points included in the table were as follows: s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 080 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 1. Achieved contextual conceptual unit be the goal of education. While according to J. 2. Classification of conceptual units ac- Krishnamurti and Shri Arvind, mental formation cording to objectives should also be the purpose of education. 3. Contextual expansion of conceptual Gandhiji is going to add more goals that units education should be aimed at human self-reli- 4. Conceptual other information ance, education for liberation, holistic develop- 5. Expert opinions for conceptual units ment, development of values, bringing out the Method: Content analysis method whole human being, social construction of the Population and sampling of the study: individual, building continuity of conduct and Population: thought in the individual. In the present study, Gandhiji, Shri Arvind According to Shri Arvind, other goals and J.Krishnamurthy’s original written and trans- should be physical development, mental devel- lated published books as the population of the opment, development of knowledge, develop- present study. ment of ability to establish continuity, develop- Sample: ment of connection with life should also be the In the study research will choose, objectives of education. Gandhiji, Shri Arvind and J.Krishnamurthy’s trans- According to J. Krishnamurti, other goals lated education related. of education include independent, natural and Data analysis procedure: uninterrupted happy development of students, In qualitative research, theories are dis- freedom from fear, education for complete hu- covered from the information itself. While in man creation, holistic life, education for purpose- numerical research, information is analyzed and ful life, scientific approach, development of re- interpreted on the basis of theories or numero- ligious tendencies, development of secularism, logical application. development of internal discipline etc. Both techniques were used in the pre- 2. Teacher-student comparison sented research. The study performed an induc- According to Gandhiji, the relationship tive analysis of the information available to ana- between teacher and student should be friendly. lyze and interpret the information. That is, the The student should imitate the teacher and the subject was categorized into different sections teacher should give proper guidance to the stu- by placing it in a thought unit of pedagogy. The dent. information was classified according to the opin- According to Shri Arvind, a teacher is ion of the visiting scholars after the first pri- only a guide, a pathfinder and a guide. In the mary division. A clear graph of this classifica- teaching process the student is at the center tion was then prepared with a critical context. and the teacher is secondary. Interpretations were extracted from the content According to Krishnamurti, the relation- and reference books were relied upon to deter- ship between teacher and student should be mine the validity of the interpretations. After warm. There should be a humane and loving re- analyzing the information, conclusions were lationship between the two. drawn. 3. Comparison in terms of course Result &Findings of the study: All three philosophers suggest the inclu- 1. Comparison in terms of the objectives of sion of arts such as painting, music, sculpture education etc. in the curriculum. According to the three thinkers, cultural According to Gandhiji and Shri Arvind, formation, character and self-realization should the curriculum should include social sciences, s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 081 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 social studies, English, mother tongue, math- Gandhiji and Shri Arvind state that the ematics as well as physical education. written method is the best for the examination. According to Krishnamurti and Shri Shri Arvind also considers oral method Arvind, history, languages and mathematics sub- suitable for examination. jects should be in the syllabus. Krishnamurti who believes that the ex- According to Gandhiji, the curriculum amination of a child will be done by nature i.e. should be according to the needs of the society. suggests the examination method by nature. In which basic sciences can be included in the 5. Comparisons in terms of discipline curriculum such as agriculture, weaving, carpen- According to all three, it is necessary for try etc. As well as the curriculum should include the child to follow self-discipline. community life, arts, Hindi. Gandhiji and Shri Arvind told that a child According to Shri Arvind, the curriculum has self-controlled discipline. should have spiritual and moral values. In addi- In addition, Gandhiji also recommends tion to the above subjects, the syllabus should social and voluntary discipline. include subjects of French, Physics, Chemistry, Shri Arvind insists that the child should Biology, Botany, Geology, Indian and Western be effective, through the practice of yoga as well Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Religious and as moral discipline. Ethical Education. 6. Comparisons in school context According to Krishnamurti, the curricu- All three schools are considered to be lum should have subjects that develop curiosity the center of spiritual development. and observation. In addition, active education Gandhiji considers the school as a sanc- such as travel, tourism, trekking, boating, horse tum sanctorum, a laboratory of socialism, a riding, social service should also be included in tapobhumi for the mental, physical and moral the curriculum. development of the students. 4. Comparisons in terms of study-teaching According to Shri Arvind, the school is and examination method the center for developing the child’s physical as All three have similar views on the well as sense of cosmopolitanism. method of self-study. According to Krishnamurti, the school is According to Gandhiji and Shri Arvind, an important institution for developing imagi- the method of teaching can include education nation, mutual love, understanding, obedience, through mother tongue, education through self- fearlessness and self-regulation. experience. 7. Comparisons in terms of the nature of edu- According to Gandhiji and J. cation Krishnamurti, teaching method through action According to Gandhiji, education is the and creative activity is suitable for teaching. overall development of the individual and soci- For Gandhiji only, the method of educa- ety. It combines idealism, purposeism, natural- tion can include education through reading and ism and realism. It should be in the interest of drawing, through means of production, through all, full development of Baka, reduction of un- contract. employment, as well as teaching the child to Shri Arvind considers gradual method as practice and control in a social environment. the best method of teaching in which after gain- Shri Arvind believes that education is the ing expertise in one subject, another subject is starting point of development. Which shapes the taught. They also incorporate teaching methods human mind and soul, develops character and through mutual assistance. culture, the physical, mental of the child. There s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 082 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 should be education that develops the emo- tant for personality management and develop- tional, moral and spiritual, develops the inher- ment for good human. ent power of the person, makes a person a com- If the ideas of such thinkers have a good plete human being, trains the senses as well as effect on the person, then good reformers as instills a sense of human welfare. well as useful teachers of the country can be Krishnamurti states that education is the produced. process of understanding life, living life. It is education that frees a person from bondage, References: teaches eternal values, as well as awakens his curiosity. Discussion. In the research examined the effect of the educational ideas of various philosophers on the personality of B.Ed. student teachers. Educational ideas of the philosophers included in the B.Ed. curriculum were taken here as a basis for examined by the researcher. Which were divided into different components then the objectives were determined. The academic ideas of the philosophers were compared for the realization of the objectives and an opinion was formed in this regard. As well as the views of the trainees were obtained in the context of the educational ideas of the thinkers. Implications of the Study. The ideas of academic thinkers was im- portant in present education. Mutual ideas of philosophers have been Chaudhary, H. (Ed.) (1960). The Integral found to be similar in some components such Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo. George Allen as examination method. Unwin, London. The ideas of philosophers were in the Clarke, R.B. (1977). The Beyond of J. context of various educational components Krishnamurti.Chetana Publishers, Mumbai. which is need in education way. Datta, D.M. (1953). The Philosophy of Their theory is very use full for future Mahatma Gandhi.University of Wisconsin student teachers for education improvement. Press, Madison. Conclusion. Krishnamurti, J. (1974).Krishnamurti on In addition to the educational ideas of Education. Orient Longman Publication, New various philosophers, the B.Ed. curriculum Delhi should also have real life experiences. Sri Aurobindo International Centre of The ideas of academic thinkers make a Education (1992). A New Education for a new good and much needed contribution in prepar- consciousness (1st ed.). Pondicherry. ing teachers with good, honest, moral, spiritual, social qualities.  Educational Philosophers ideas is impor- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 083 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 stone, incorporation of regional styles, and con- 15 struction of forts near river banks. There are many things (elements) migrated in Sikh Archi- Tracing influences of Persian- tecture from Mughal Art and Architecture like Domes, Pillars, Arches etc. Major influences of Mughal Architecture in Punjab Mughal Architecture on Patiala Architecture will be the focus of the Paper. Mr.Atinderpal Singh Keywords: Art, Architecture, Sikh Architecture, Assistant Professor, Hindu Architecture, Muslim Architecture, Is- S. Sobha Singh Department of Fine Arts, lamic-Persian Architecture, Greek-Roman Archi- Punjabi University, Patiala tecture, Colonial Architecture. Introduction: ======***********======Art is the Expression of Self.Any kind of Abstract: Skillful creation can be called as Art, which is The history of the human race, architec- so close to Craft also. In initial stage it is known ture, the mother of all arts has given shrines for as Craft or Shipla. When any Art form is sold religion, homes for the living and monuments than is becomes craft. In Western Culture Art for the dead to the society. Patiala, A city of word derived from the Latin word ‘Aras’ means Punjab is known for its Royalty, shown in its Ar- to Produce or Make. From Ancient times in Ro- chitecture. Sikh Architecture is dominated here man Art known as Craft. Indian word Kala de- mainly in Gurdwaras, Forts & Palaces con- rived from the Sanskrit word ‘Ar’ which means structed under Baba Ala Singh to Maharaja to Produce or Inspire (Same as Aras mean) men- Yadavindra Singh. Sikh Architecture represents tioned in Rigveda. Art is closely linked to our the evolution of Local, Hindu, Mughal-Persian, Society. Art does not only the reflexion of Soci- Roman and Colonial Architectural Styles. We are ety but Art reflects the Society. Both are linked going to trace the influences of Persian-Mughal closely as the both sides of a coin. In this way Architecture on Patiala Architecture and mainly Art is closely linked with Human beings. So,Every Aim to review Islamic Religious and Secular ar- Man is an Artist. Art begins from the birth of a chitectural styles from Delhi Sultanate up to the person and the entire life continues to flow like Mughal Emperor, Akbar in this Paper. During the a shadowMan can express his inner self through Delhi Sultanate period, Four schools of archi- Paintings, Music, Sculptures, Architecture etc. tecture popularly emerged. First, the Indian or There are 64 types of Arts mentioned by Hindu style, free from Muslim influences, sec- Bharatmuni in Natyasastra and Vatsayana in ond, the Provincial style which was a blend of Kamasutra. Architectural Art is having an impor- Hindu-Muslim style and the third, the Delhi tant place in these. School of Art which was a mixture of Hindu- Architecture, with all its varying phases and Muslim styles and the last one was the Deccan complex developments, must have had a simple Style. During the Delhi Sultanate period, the ar- origin in the primitive efforts of mankind to pro- chitecture took a new direction. The prominent vide protection against inclement weather, wild features of the architecture of Mughal period beasts, and human enemies. The development were extensive use of ideal synthesis of Hindu of architecture represents the evolution or and Muslim art and architectural traditions, con- growth due to the six influences-geographical, struction of vastly improved domes, arches and geological, climatic, religious, social and histori- portals, use of marble, extensive use of red sand- cal from the earliest times to the present day. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 084 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Throughout the history of the human race, ar- first composition Rig Veda mentioned the Six chitecture, the mother of all arts, has supplied types of Residential architecture. After 326 BC, shrines for religion, homes for the living and the arrival Alexander, Greek architecture influ- monuments for the dead. Architecture word enced Indian architecture. Indian Art and Archi- came from the Latin word ‘Architectura’ (which tecture is closely linked with Society and Reli- was traced from Greek word ‘Architectav’, ‘Archi’ gion. In India the role of Religion is so impor- means main person and ‘Tectav’ stands for Cre- tant in the field of Architecture. Indian Dynas- ator. The word showed us its meaning- A promi- ties and Architecture going hand to hand from nent person who Create the Art of Building) the Ancient times.In Mauryan Dynasty, Seluyks (Coppleston 1963). In English the word ‘Archi- and Magasthenes came to India and they sug- tecture’ is popularized. ‘BhawanNirman Kala’ is gested the golden decoration of 570 towers and the translation of English word ‘Architecture’. 64 gates (also mentioned in ‘Indica’) (Tadgell There are three steps followed in creation of 1990). The domination of Buddhism seemed in Architecture- Planning, Designing and Mauryan to Kushanas. For fresh research from Construction.Basically Architecture is the Sci- time to time most authorities on the architec- ence of Buildings from government to personal ture, Indian and European have stressed differ- level ent aspects of Indian architecture like religious, The first writing on Architecture is ‘De mystical, secular, and cultural etc. The Greek Architectura’ wrote by ‘Vitruvius’. It is focusing influence on the Indian art, manifesting itself in on three principle qualities of Architecture like the form Gandhara School of Art, moved on from Durability, Utility and Beauty. (Leland 1993)In Taxila to Mathura and Sarnath (Luniya 1978). A our country, many Texts are the base of Archi- large number of Buddhist architectural buildings, tecture like Vastu-Sastra,Matsya Purana, Agni Vihars, Chaityas and Stupas were constructed Purana, Vishnu Purana, Shipa-Sastra, Mansara, in this age. Such kind of buildings have been Shilpa-Ratan, Vishvakarma Shilpa, Vishvakarma discovered at Jaulian, Charsadda, Mohra, Vastu-Sastra, Samgrahna Sutradhar, Roop Mardadu, Rajgir, Nalanda and other ancient sites Mandana etc.(Tadgell 1990) In these texts, near Pushkalavati (Luniya 1978). In addition to IndianArchitecture is defined as the link be- the religious architecture, secular architecture tween the art & Architecture. J.A. Simpson and was in practice. It includes construction of forts, E. S. C Weiner define architecture in the Oxford palaces and lying out of gardens, cities etc. English Dictionary that ‘the art of science of Fahien and Hiuen-Tsang, Chinese pilgrims have building or constructing edifies of any kind for referred to the extensive towns and urban life human use (Simpson & Weiner 1991). Architec- of the period (Coppleston 1963). Towns were ture is divided into civil, ecclesiastical, naval, laid out with roads, and squares. Usually, rest- military, which deal respectively with houses and houses, shrines, Vihars and Chaityas were other buildings of ordinary utility, churches, and erected near the entrance to the towns.In the fortification. But architecture is sometimes re- domain of arts, the Gupta period reached a high garded as fine art.Much has been written about level of excellence in ancient times. Normally Indian architecture, sculpture and other fine arts. the Art belongs to Hindus. The Gupta art marks Indian Architecture, from the Pre-Historic era, the zenith in a perfectly norm cycle of artistic can see in the cave architecture like Bhim-Betka, evolution. Techniques of art were perfected, Jogimara. But the best example of Ancient In- definite types were evolved and ideals of beauty dian architecture is the Mohenjodaro’s Great were formulated with precision in the Gupta Age Bath of Indus Valley Civilization. Then Aryan’s in Deogarh,Bhimki Chauri Temples. Then the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 085 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 other local dynasties work fabulous in prayer (Sahai 2004). Islamic architecture came architecture.Chalukyas done atAihole,Badami into India through the Arab merchants and trad- and Pattadkal are totally religious mannered. ers at Malabar Coast, constructed Cheraman Durga Temple Aihole and Veerupaksha Temples Perumal Jama Masjid at Malabar East which is belong to Hinduism, Badami Caves has some probably the first masjid in Indiaand Muhammad Jain Subjects also. Pallava Dynasty contributes bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir of Sindh in 711 the Series of Rathasand Shore Templeat A.D. (Habibullah 1976).During this period, three Mahabalipuram and Kailash Temple at schools of architecture popularly emerged. First, Kanchipuram. They belongs to Hinduism espe- the Indian or Hindu style free from Muslim in- cially Somskanda. Ellora and Elephanta Caves fluences, second the Provincial style which was are the best architecture of Rashtrakuttas, a blend of Hindu-Muslim style and the Delhi Sexual representation of the Sculptures of School of art which was a mixture of Hindu- Khajuraho temples are one of the best piece of Muslim styles. In the Delhi Sultanate period ar- art and architecture of Chandelas, Chola’s con- chitecture took a new direction. Several types tribution not onlybelongs to the metal sculptures, of coloured stones like red, light black, white but also the Brihadeshwara Temple shown the and yellow marbles were used. To make build- development of the Architecture and Religion ings strong a very good quality of stone was (Hinduism) in Cholas (Tadgell 1990). So, Archi- used. The Sultans of Delhi wanted to construct tecture is seemed everywhere any period in our on the pattern of Iran and Central Asian build- country. From the Western Region of India the ings for this purpose they had to employ Indian area of Rajasthan, there are seemed the Rajput Hindu craftsman who had their own ideas about or Hindu styled architecture. At the same time the form and method of construction. The Mus- Mughal Architecture is at its best till the En- lim architects designed the buildings according glish People came to India. So, Religion is the to the requirements of their religious ideas. The ex-factor in our country to develop Art & Archi- use of Quranicayats on the walls served two tecture. purposes i.e. religious as well as decorative. When Islam reached Hindustan, the pre- Four Islamic sacred architectural struc- vailing architectural style was trabeate system tures like Masjid, Tomb(Maqbara), Minaret having Three Fragments i.e. Pillars, Lintel and (minar) and Madarasa (school of Islamic edu- Corbel Dome for the construction of temple. Is- cation) were popular in the Sultanate period. lamic architect introduced a new system known These early constructions are briefly mentioned as arcuate system means depend ending on the here. The masjid is earliest and sacred archi- arch, which was the identification of Islam tecture of Islam. The Arabic word which is fre- (Arnold 1997). They brought to Indian subconti- quently used in Quran is masjid means Place of nent by Arab merchants’ trade establishments Prostration. Masjid doesn’t require any special in the early seventh century. The trade was dimension of size, but in the masjid worshipper through the Silk Route in the North and Ocean should face towards Qaaba(Sahai 2004). The passages in the South, The Islamic architecture, Maqbara(tomb) is an word derived from the spanning land between Spain and India, the word Qabr, which means grave. Maqbara is a Steppes and Arabia is remarkable for its homog- building consisting of grave and covered with a enous character. The single thread of monothe- structure having dome, minarets etc. In Islamic istic belief and brotherhood required the people architecture the origin ofmaqbara was not a fun- of different lands bound each other to form some damental architecture but however it is basic architectural forms where they meet for recognised as a sacred architecture and plays s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 086 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 an important role. Manara is also an Arabic word master Muhammad Ghori in 1205 A.D. After that, for minaret and is a symbol of hope. In Islamic Sultanate of Delhi was ruled by the Khaljis, architecture, the minar is a raised structure Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodhis. mostly attached with masjid or other religious On the whole, during the Delhi Sultan- buildings (Peterson 1996).Madarsa is defined ate, architecture in India may divided into five in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, as ‘a place of phases corresponding to the five Muslim dynas- education for Muslim religious leaders and ties which prevailed from twelfth to the sixteenth scholars’. In Dictionary of Islamic architecture, centuries. These are, first Slave 1191-1246, sec- Andrew Petersen wrote ‘building, which func- ond Khalji 1290-1320, third Tughlaq 1320-1413, tions as a teaching institution primarily about fourth Sayyid 1414-1444 and fifth Lodhi 1451- Islamic science’. Traditionally, it was a place of 1557. In some these dynasties there were one religious learning, which contains teaching of ruler who started the work and another ruler Quranic verses, Hadith and other religious mat- completed (Brown 1942). For example, ters. Now literally Madarasa means a place of Qutubuddin Aibek started work on QutubMinar education, directly to school. Madarsa was and Iltutmish completed it. Khalji Sultan Alauddin closely associated with a Masjid. The essential built the Alai Darwaza, a wonderful specimen elements of the Islamic architectural style are of Indian and Islamic architecture. Intricate the Arch, Dome, Pillars, Vault and the Minar decoration and fine patterns mark this monu- admittedly taken incorporated in square, octago- ment. Tughlaq architecture is marked by the city nal or rectangular layout (Peterson 1996).Cal- of Tughlaqabad, founded by Ghiyasuddin ligraphy is considered the most important arts Tughlaq. The city of Jahanpna and the Adilabad because of its role in recording the world of God fort built by MuhammadbinTughlaq and Firoz in the Quran and is closely linked to geometry. Shah Tughlaq built Ferozabad. The Sayyids and In Arabic, it is referred to as ‘the geometry of Lodhisonly built mausoleums and tombs.Sher line’ (Rani 1991).Arches, Domes, Pillars, Vaults, Shah Suri during his brief rule built monuments, Minars, Calligraphy, Arabasque Motives are gardens, minars, educational institutions, sarais having the Major influences on Sikh Architec- and the PuranaQila in Delhi being the foremost ture (Arshi 1986). of them. Sher Shah’s architectural style is a beau- The palaces built by the Sultans of Delhi tiful blend of Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, Muslim and have a few typical features which are not seen Iranian schools. He was the pioneer of the har- elsewhere. In the field of architecture, the an- monious art school in India (Basu 2014). cient and historic character of the buildings of India has no Islamic buildings of impor- Delhi changed after the end of Rajput rule in tance prior to the work at Old Delhi at the be- 1192 A.D. (Rani 1991).The most visible change ginning of the thirteenth century. From the thir- by the Turks was the introduction of a new ar- teenth century onwards we have ample remains chitectural style which reflected the religious of Muslim architecture in all its provinces, the and social needs of the adherents of Islam (ASI tradition of Islamic buildings persisted up to 1664). Indo-Islamic architecture is a living proof modern times. The Mamluk buildings illustrate of the synthesis and fusion of what was best in the gradual working of all the process. The first the building traditions of two contrasting cul- building erected by the Muslims on Indian soil tures, it the Islamic and the Indian (Desai was significantly enough, a Masjid, whose 1982).The first Muslim ruling dynasty was the lighted and wide spaces sharply contrast the slave dynasty of Delhi Sultanate, which was dark narrow and mysterious temple. The con- founded by Qutubuddin Aibek on behalf of his gregational masjid at Delhi named, purposefully, s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 087 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 as the Quwat-ul-Islam (might of Islam), was to full Islam. So the architecture of palaces and commenced by QutubuddinAibek in 1195 within forts has different features unlike the Masjid, two years of its conquest (Carr 1876). A more Maqbara, Minar and Madarasa, but these were deliberately Islamic structure and marking, a novel with several architectural and decorative further stage in the evolution of Indo-Islamic elements that can be easily seen in the Islamic architecture. Like the QutbMinar another spe- architectural monuments at Delhi, Agra and cifically Islamic idea given architectural form for FatehpurSikri during Mughal times (Catherine the first in India, was the mausoleum, Iltutmish 1992). The last sultan of Lodhi dynasty was de- built over the remains of his eldest son and feated by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur. He Crown Prince, Nasiruddin Mahmud, who died in founded a new dynasty known as the Mughal 1229. The Tomb of Iltumish is famous for dynasty. Trabeate System, Props, Pillar used in it, Situ- Babur a descendent of the Iranian house ated in an isolated spot, a few miles from Delhi, of Timur, defeated the last ruler of the Lodhi locally known as Sultan Garhi. The continued dynasty in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 A. application of the Islamic structural and deco- D, about 90 kilometres north-west of Delhi. rative features and the growing independence Babur and his successors were known as from the native building technique must have Mughals. The word Mughal is derived from the been facilitated, at least in Delhi. Ghiyasuddin word ‘Mongol’ in Persian language. Mongol is Muhammad Balban and his eldest son Prince the plural of mughal, which means ‘A man of Muhammad built after sometime in 1286 in the great power’ Mongols ruledsignificant lands area known in those days as DarulAman during the thirteenth century (Catherine 1992). (Habibullah 1976).Other buildings of the Sultan- Early Mughals spoke the Chaghtai language and ate period, erected in the provincial cities more manifested the Mongol traditions. Timur was or less follow the same lines of development. related to the Chaghtai military elite. Abu Sayed Tomb of Ghiyasuddin if famous for its Battred was the Seventh successor of Timurid Dynasty, Walls, which are Slide at 25 degree approxi- who was the father of Babur. Babur means Ti- mately. Lodhi Dynasty’s Tombs also seen at ger was born on 14 February 1483 A.D. in Sirhind, Samana, Malerkotla in Malwa region of Farghana (Robinson 2007). Mughal rule made a Punjab (ASI 2007). substantial impact on the cultural, political, so- All the four examples are typical reli- cial, literary, and art development of India. Babur gious architectural and decorative pattern is in his short four year reign built a few palaces followed by Islamic impact. Palaces and forts and masjid in Agra, FatehpurSikri, Dholpur, were also the part of Islamic architecture in Sul- Gwalior, Panipat, Sambhal and Koul (Robinson tanate period, but these were influenced by pro- 2007). He had a mind to invite from vincial features, mostly were captured from dif- Constantinople a pupil of Sinan, the famous Al- ferent dynasties especially in Bengal(Adina banian architect, to assist him in his building Mosque, Sona Mosque, DakhilDarwaza), Gujarat projects. Humayun led a very stormy life, he (Rauza of ahmed shah khattri, Jami Masjid, found some time for the construction of build- Mosque of Qutub-ud-din), Deccan (Jami Masjid, ings. Out of some buildings built by Humayun, ShahzadiKaRauza, Madrassaof Mahmud Gawan, there is a masjid at Fatehabad in Hissar district Char Minar, Bibi-Ki-Masjid, Ibrahim Rauza, of Haryana decorated with Persian style. On the GolGumbaz.),Kashmir (Jami Masjid, Nishant whole, Humayun’s contribution to architecture Bagh, Mosque of Shah Hamdan), Jaunpur (Atala is negligible. The Mughals ruled a land domi- Masjid, LalDarwaza) etc. which did not belong nated by non-Muslims, largely Hindus, unlike the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 088 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 contemporary and powerful Islamic rulers -the the art of building (Syed 2005).The Agra fort is Safavids of Iran and Ottomans of Turkey. Over regarded as one of the important and impreg- their three hundred year rule, Mughal attitude nable forts of India. The characteristic feature towards indigenous religions, traditions were of this fort is its two gateways, which is an ex- tolerated and they incorporated in their patron- traordinary structure reached by a wooden draw- age the arts, literature and architecture. Mughal bridge. This shows that it was not only a fort for architecture is the product of innovative genius residential purpose but sufficed as a complete that borrowed from Indian, Timurid and even military base as well. AbulFazl states that more European sources. The Mughal rulers considered than 500 stone buildings were constructed in themselves the rightful heirs of the Iranian, the Agra forts interior.All the great Mughals like Timurid tradition, which was superior to Indo- Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb lived Islamic culture. Following a long-standing Ira- here and ruled all over the country. The other nian tradition, the Garden, symbolic of paradise, important surviving buildings are, tomb of Akbar was developed by Timurids and subsequently at Sikandra, tomb of ItimadudDaullah, tomb of by the Mughals. The type of Jama Masjid or a MariyamZamani, TajMahal, tomb of Sadiq Khan, large congregational masjid developed under Jama Masjid and tomb of Salawat Khan etc. Now the imperial Mughals derives from Timurid a day’s these buildings are accessible to the masjids (Syed 2005).The state of uncertainty in visiters and are maintained by the Archaeologi- the days of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur and cal Survey of India, New Delhi. Akbar loved build- Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun was not ings, like a cultured Prince, he possessed a favourable for any outstanding contribution to unique taste for architecture. AbulFazl writes in the development of art and culture. Jalaluddin Ain-i-Akbari, ‘His Majesty plans splendid edi- Muhammad Akbar’s victory in the second battle fices, and dresses the work of his mind and art of Panipat in 1556 A.D planted the Mughal do- in the garment of stone and clay (Fazl, Abul; Ain- minion firmly on the Indian soil (Syed 2005). He i-Akbari). was the first of the Mughal emperors to be born The most ambitious and magnificent of in India and he sincerely, considered himself to Akbar’s architectural undertakings is the new be an Indian. The classical age of architecture capital city that he built on the ridge at Sikri, 26 begun during the reign of Akbar, he built a num- miles west of Agra. This city was subsequently ber of buildings in India. The monuments of Agra named Fatehpur (city of Victory) after Akbar’s and victory city of FatehpurSikri were a few of conquest of Gujarat in 1572 A.D. The Emperor his remarkable achievements. laid the foundations of a hill near Sikri in honour The traditional capital of north Indian of Sheikh SalimChisti, who foretold the birth of Islamic rulers, Delhi, served as Akbar’s capital a son to Akbar who would survive the Emperor until 1565 A.D, when he commenced his mas- (Syed 2005). Akbar shifted the seat of Govern- sive Agra Fort. At Agra, Akbar erected Royal resi- ment and Court from Agra to FatehpurSikri in dence as Agra Fort which was completed in eight 1572 A.D. not only emotionally but naturally for years (1565-1573A.D). It was built under the su- political reasons to control Rajputs power. perintendence of Muhammad Qasim Khan, the FatehpurSikri was the first planned city of the Overseer of the buildings and ships. One of Mughals. The prominent buildings are Jama Akbar’s earliest buildings, the Delhi Gate, also Masjid, tomb of Sheikh SalimChisti, KhasMahal, known as the Hathi Pol, stands on the western Shahi Bazar, Mina Bazar, PanchMahal, Buland side, its noble conception, at once fresh and vir- Darwaza, Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas. The ile, indicates the inauguration of a new era in monuments of FatehpurSikri may be divided into s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 089 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 two classes, one religious and other secular Patronage to Art and Architecture. As the em- (Syed 2005). The religious buildings, because pire weakened, the nawabs of Murshidabad, of the needs of ritualistic conventions, were dif- Awadh, and Hyderabad established their own ferently treated and conform to the general successor states, while Jat, Sikh, Maratha and shape and design of the monuments of this or- other Hindu rulers asserted their independence. der. The secular monuments, such as palaces, The architecture sponsored by the rulers of these office buildings, sarais, pavilions, etc. are ex- new domains is heavily dependent on the emplify various designs and shapes. Mughal style. The results are often highly cre- The buildings of Akbar are mainly tra- ative in provincial expressions, reflecting these beated in their construction. There is also a pre- houses political, secular and religious affilia- dominance of indigenous designs, motifs and tions (Catherine 1992).Sikh Architecture domi- practices. In his buildings we have a noble and nated in different parts of northern region of our forceful architectural style, built up on the tra- country especially in Punjab. ditions of the soil, a truly national art movement In the last century traditional architec- with immense possibilities under able and in- ture received many shocks, and suffered many telligent patronage (Syed 2005).Mughal archi- changes. In spite of it all, the Architecture still tecture is wonderful and Indo-Persian School of continues to reflect the thought of the day, the art and Akbar under the helm of Mughal archi- needs and aspirations of the people and remains tecture achieving a fine mix of Indian and Per- an index of the social forces at work, as shown sian styles.The prominent feature of the archi- in the construction of museums, elementary tecture of Akbar’s period were extensive use of schools, hospitals, public libraries, colleges, ideal synthesis of Hindu and Muslim art tradi- universities, picture and art galleries and other tions, construction of vastly improved domes, scientific and benevolent institutions in the Area arches and portals, use of marble, extensive use of Punjab. In 1858 Britishers established their of red sandstone, incorporation of regional rule and controlled the country till the Indepen- styles, and construction of forts near river banks. dence of India in 1947. Jahangir did not take so much interest in archi- In Europe, According to Vasari, ‘Architec- tecture as his father did. He was more inter- ture deal with Beauty only’’ in his book ‘Living ested in painting than in constructing buildings. in the Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Shah Jahan was one of the greatest of the build- Architects’(Coppleston 1963). Modrern Architect ers among the Mughals. The noteworthy fea- John Ruskin mentioned his view ‘Art which so tures of the buildings of Shah Jahan were sensi- disposes and adorns the edifices raised by tive delicate floral designs and sparing use of men…. That the sight of them contributes to his Hindu motifs. After the death of Shah Jahan, mental health, power and pleasure’’ (Ruskin Mughal architecture began to decline. He Con- 1849). For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overrid- structed the Ideals of Mughal Architecture like ing significance. His work goes on to state that TajMahal Agra, Red Fort Delhi etc. (Brown 1942). a building is not truly a work of architecture Aurangzeb died in 1707, but the Mughal Empire unless it is in some way “adorned”. For Ruskin, endured, at least officially, for another 150 years. a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional It lasted until British exiled and imprisoned the building needed string courses or rustication, last Mughal ruler after the uprising in 1857-58. at the very least. On the difference between the Sikh Religion was also got in power at that time ideals of architecture and mere construction, the in Punjab under Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji and renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh hada great wrote: “You employ stone, wood, and concrete, s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 090 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 and with these materials you build houses and Style of Architecture, That had a great influence palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. on Sikh Architectural Style. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. References: That is Architecture” (Corbusier 1923). He was Arnold, Sir Thomas.(1997).The Islamic the regular member of Bauhaus Movement Art and Architecture, New Delhi, Goodword founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, along with Books. another important members like LudwingMies Archaeological Survey of India. Van Der Rohe, Alvar Aalto, Frank L. Wright, (1964).Archaeological Remains Movements and Moholy Nagy. He also designed the Architec- Museums, part II, New Delhi. ture of Union Territory and the Capital of Punjab Arshi, P.S. (1986).Sikh Architecture, New &Harayana, Chandigarh. Le Corbusier’s contem- Delhi,Intellectual Publishing House. porary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said “Archi- Catherine,B. Asher. (1992).London, The tecture starts when you carefully put two bricks New Cambridge History of India. together. There it begins”(Rohe 1970). The no- Banerjee, S.N.History of Patiala Geogra- table 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis phy, (Neither date Nor place mentioned) Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to ar- Basu, Arnab. (2014).History of India, chitectural design: “Form follows function” New Delhi. (Morrison 1998). He mentioned the word Func- Bharatmuni.Natyasastra tion, Aesthetic, Psychology in place of Brown, Percy. (1942).Indian Architecture quality.These are the Modern Views on Archi- (Islamic Period), Bombay,D.B.Taraporevala Sons tecture over the entire world. So paper is not and Co.Private Limited. focusing on such modern views or concepts. Campo, Juan E. (2009).Encyclopaedia of In Conclusion, the Scholar has done his field Islam, New York. work at the different parts of Punjab. There are Census Report of Patiala State. (1931). three parts of Punjab remained after the divi- Punjab State Archives, Patiala sion of our Country- Malwa, Majha and Duaba. Chaman, Saroj. (2009).SaundriyaSastra, Royal city Patiala stands in the middle of Malwa Punjabi University, Patiala. region (Arshi 1986). Baba Ala Singh is the Coppleston, Trewin. (1963).World Archi- founder of the city in 1764, when the construc- tecture, London, The Hamlyn Publishing Group tion of Quila Mubarak held under him (Srivastava Limited, pp. 13-47. 1990). Many more Palaces were constructed Cunningham, J. D.Archaeological Survey after him till Maharaja Yadavindra Singh. On of India, report, X these Palaces, there are many influences like Daneshvari, Abbas &Nath, R.(1985). His- Hindu (Rajasthan), Mughal-Persian, Roman- tory of Mughal Architecture-Vol. II, New Delhi, Greek, British Colonial Styles of Architectures. pp. 38-48. But the Mughal Style of Architecture influenced Desai, Z. A. (1982).Indian Architecture a lot especially on Quilas. Gumbad or Dome is through Ages, New Delhi, pp. 82. the direct migration on Sikh Architecture. Pillars Fazl, Abul.Ain-i-Akbari, vol. II. and Arches are seen in many varieties, mostly Fletcher, Banister.(2001).Encyclopaedia under the influences of Mughal Architecture. of World Art and Architecture, New Delhi, pp. Arabasque Technique of motives and Calligra- 298-354. phy were directly influenced from Persian Ar- Gibson, A.B. (1969).Muse and Thinker, chitecture. So in the Context, Tracing the Mughal London, C.A watts & Co. Ltd, pp. 144. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 091 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Golombek, Lisa. From Tamerlane to the Sahai, Surindera. (2004).Indian Architec- TajMahal.pp. 26. ture, Islamic Period, 1192-1857, New Delhi, Goswamy, B.N.(1999).Painters at the Sikh Prakash Books, 23-29. Court, Delhi, Aryan Books International, pp. 79. Singh, Fauja. (1967).Patiala and its His- Gupta, Hari Ram. (1982).The History of torical Surroundings, Punjabi University, Patiala, the Sikhs, Delhi, MunshirmManoharlalPvt. Ltd, Publication Bureau, pp. 13-19. pp. 34-87. Srivastava; P.R.(1990). Art and Archae- Habibullah, A. B. M.(1976).The Founda- ology of Punjab,Delhi, SundeepPrakashan, pp. tion of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, Central 2-12. Books Depot, pp. 43-45. Srivastava, S.P. (2003). Art and cultural Historical Buildings of Patiala at a Glance Heritage of Patiala, Delhi, SundeepPrakashan, (Vol-I)(2004). Director-Museum & Art Gallery, pp. 17-19. Punjabi University, Patiala, pp. 2-45. Carr,Stephen.(1876).Archaeology and Imperial Gazetteer of India. Punjab. Monumental Remains of Delhi,Delhi, Aryan Simpson, J.A.& Weiner,E. S. C.(1991).The Books International, pp. 43-46. Oxford English Dictionary, New York, USA, pp. Syed, M. H. (2005). History of the Glori- 41. ous Mughal Empire, Delhi, Anmol Publications Luniya, B. N. (1978).Life and Culture in Pvt. Ltd, pp. 73-75. Ancient India, Agra, Laxmi Narayan Agarwal, pp. Tadgell, Christopher.(1990).The History 77. of Architecture in India, Architecture Design & Parihar, Subash.(2009).Architectural Technology Press, pp. 284-310. Heritage of a Sikh State, Faridkot, New Delhi, Vatsayana.Kamasutra. Aryan Books International, pp. 23-87. Peterson, Andrew. (1996). London, Dic-  tionary of Islamic Architecture, pp. 135-184. Government of Punjab.(1909). Phulkian States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha 1904. Prasad, Ishwari.(1965).A Short History of Muslim Rule in India, Delhi, Surjeet Publications, pp. 98-122. Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Prin- cipal Monuments and sites in Chandigarh circle (2007). New Delhi. Rani, Abha. (1991).Tughlaq Architecture of Delhi, Varanasi, BharatiPrakashan, pp. 83-85. Rizvi, A.(2019). The Wonder that was India, Picador India, pp. 39-43. Robinson, Francis. (2007).The Mughal Emperors: And Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia, 1206-1925, London, Thames & Hudson, pp. 64-68. Roth, Leland M. (1993).Understanding Architecture,USA. HarperCollins Publishing, pp. 89-142. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 092 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 thinking skills”. However, there are currently very 16 limited, unequivocally compelling data to support this belief. A Study of the Impact of ICT on Key: ICT, Social Study Learner’s, Learner’s Saharsa District 9th Grader Social Learning Performance. Introduction Study Learner’s Performance ICT stands for information & communications technology is an umbrella term Nitu kumari Singh that includes any communication device, M. Ed. Scholar, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, CTE, Saharsa computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various ======***********======services & applicate with them such as video Abstract: conferencing and distance learning. “ICT are ICT stands for information & often spoken of a particular context such as ICTs communications technology is an umbrella term in education, health care, or libraries” (Margaret that includes any communication device, Rouse, September, 2005). “ICT (information and encompassing radio, television, cell phones, communications technology or technologies) is computer and network hardware, satellite an umbrella term that includes any systems and so on, as well as the various communication device or application, services & applicate with them such as video encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, conferencing and distance learning. “ICT are computer and network hardware and software, often spoken of a particular context such as ICTs satellite systems and so on, as well as the in education, health care, or libraries” (Margaret various services and applications associated Rouse, September, 2005). “ICT (information and with them, such as videoconferencing and communications technology or technologies) is distance learning”. ICT (information and an umbrella term that includes any communication communications technology - or technologies) device or application, encompassing: radio, is an umbrella term that includes any television, cellular phones, computer and communication device or application, network hardware and software, satellite encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, systems and so on, as well as the various computer and network hardware and software, services and applications associated with them, satellite systems and so on, as well as the such as videoconferencing and distance various services and applications associated learning”. “There is widespread belief that ICTs with them, such as videoconferencing and can empower Social Study teachers and learners distance learning. “ICTs are often spoken of in also, to transform teaching and learning a particular context, such as ICTs in education, processes from being highly teacher-dominated health care, or libraries” (Abe & Adu, 2007). to student-centered, and that this ICT stands for information & transformation will be result in increased communication technologies. ICT refers to learning gains for students, creating and technologies that provide access to information allowing for opportunities for learners to through communications. It is similar to develop their creativity, problem-solving information technology (IT). “But primarily abilities, informational reasoning skills, focuses on communication technologies. This communication skills, and other higher-order includes the internet, wireless network, cell s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 093 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 phones & other communications medium”. In the because information and communication past few decades information & communication technologies are a factor which affects the social technologies have provided to society with vast affairs and influence the economic sector also. array of a new communication capabilities. The present study was be exposed the root “People can communicate in real time with cause of Social Study Learner’s academic failure others in different countries using technologies in access to information. My research was to such as instant messaging, voice over IP and know unknown hindrances which playing a role video conferencing, social networking websites of hero in the failure of students access to like face book allow users from all over the world information. to remain in contact and communicate on a So to know the impact of ICT on Social regular basis”. Modern information Study Learner’s researcher formulating the communication technologies have created a following objective. global village in which people communicate with Objective others across the world as if they were living 1) To explore the ways how Social Study next door. “For this reason ICT is often studied Learner’s access to information. in the context of how modern communication 2) Explore the problem faced by Social technologies affected society” (tech factor, Study Learner’s in getting information. January 04, 2010). Types of ICT’s Used in Social Study Learner’s: Concerns over educational relevance and ICTs stand for information and quality coexist with the imperative of expanding communication technologies and are defined, educational opportunities to those made most for the purposes of this primer, as a diverse set vulnerable by globalization developing countries of technological tools and resources used to in general; low-income groups, girls and women, communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and low-skilled workers in particular. “Global and manage information. “These technologies changes also put pressure on all groups to include computers, the Internet, broadcasting constantly acquire and apply new skills”. The technologies (radio and television), and International Labor Organization defines the telephony”. In recent years there has been a requirements for education and training in the groundswell of interest in how computers and new global economy simply as “basic education the Internet can best be harnessed to improve for all”, core work skills for all and “lifelong the efficiency and effectiveness of education at learning for all”. Information and communication all levels and in both formal and non-formal technologies (ICTs) which include radio and settings. But ICTs are more than just these television, as well as newer digital technologies technologies; older technologies such as the such as computers and the Internet have been telephone, radio and television, although now touted as potentially powerful enabling tools for given less attention, have a longer and richer educational change and reform of Social Study history as instructional tools in Social Study Learner’s also. “When used appropriately, Learner’s also. For instance, radio and television different ICTs are said to help expand access to have for over plus forty years been used for education, strengthen the relevance of open and distance learning, although print education to the increasingly digital workplace, remains the cheapest, most accessible and and raise educational quality by, among others, therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in helping make teaching and learning into an both developed and developing countries. “The engaging, active process connected to real life”. use of computers and the Internet and other The present work is most significant one digital tools like e-learning, blinded learning etc s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 094 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 is still in its infancy in developing countries. loosely defined”. Impact of ICT’s on Learning 5. There is an important tension between “There is widespread belief that ICTs traditional versus ‘new’ pedagogies and can empower Social Study teachers and learners standardized testing Traditional, transmission- also, to transform teaching and learning type pedagogies are seen as more effective in processes from being highly teacher-dominated preparation for standardized testing, which to student-centered, and that this transformation tends to measure the results of such teaching will be result in increased learning gains for practices, than are more ‘constructivist’ students, creating and allowing for opportunities pedagogical styles. for learners to develop their creativity, problem- The Impacts of ICT’s on Social Study Learner’s solving abilities, informational reasoning skills, Performance communication skills, and other higher-order The purpose of the present paper is to thinking skills”. However, there are currently very examine the relationship between the use of limited, unequivocally compelling data to information and communication technologies support this belief. (ICT) and Social Study Learner’s performance in Impact of ICT’s on Achievement 9th grade (secondary education). This research The positive impact of ICT use in paper aims to summarize the main endings of education has not been proven. “In general, and the literature and to give two complementary despite thousands of impact studies, the impact explanations. “The 1st explanation focuses on of ICT use on Social Study Learner’s achievement the indirect effects of ICT on standard remains difficult to measure and open to much explanatory factors. Since a Social Study reasonable debate”. Learner’s performance is mainly explained by a 2. Positive impact more likely when Social Study Learner’s characteristics, linked to pedagogy. “It is believed that specific educational environment and teachers’ uses of ICT can have positive effects on Social characteristics, ICT may have an impact on Study Learner’s achievement also when ICTs are these determinants and consequently the used appropriately to complement a teacher’s outcome of education”. The differences existing pedagogical philosophies”. observed in Social Study Learner’s performance 3. ‘Computer Aided Instruction’ has been are thus more related to the differentiated impact seen to slightly “improve student performance of ICT on standard explanatory factors. on multiple choice, standardized testing in some Research Methodology areas Computer Aided (Assisted) Instruction This research follow survey research, (CAI)”, which refers generally to student self- population of this research was all secondary study or tutorials on PCs, has been shown to schools Social Study Learner’s and sample was slightly improve student test scores on some selected through simple random sampling reading and math skills, although whether such methods so sample was 30 Social Study Social improvement correlates to real improvement in Study Learner’s of secondary Social Study student learning is debatable. Learner’s of Nauhatta Block district of Saharsa. 4. Need for clear goals ICTs are seen to For data collection there were questionnaire was be less effective (ineffective) when the goals formulated. for their use are not clear. “While such a Data analysis and finding statement would appear to be self-evident, the The frequencies of the respondents specific goals for ICT use in education are, in regarding the question that: do you have a practice, are often only very broadly or rather computer at your Home? From the respondents s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 095 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 70% have replied yes while 30% of the Reference respondents have no computers at their homes. Adedapo, A. (2007). Designing a MIS for The frequencies of the respondents regarding effective secondary school administration in the question that: if you have computer then is Nigeriain special education on information there any facility of internet available? From the communications technology (ICT IKEJE 138-143). respondents 80% have replied yes while 20% of Abe, T. O. & Adu, E.T. (2007). Impact of the respondents have no internet facility. The Information and Communication Technology frequencies of the respondents regarding the (ICT) on TeacherEducation in Ikere, Journal of question that: you also used cell phone for Education, Ikere-Ekiti, vol. 5, pp. 169-175. internet in routine? From the respondents 90% Aribamikan, C. A. (2007). The Relevance have replied yes while 10% of the respondents of Information and Communication Technology have no internet at their cell phones. The in the Teaching of Physical Education and Sports frequencies of the respondents regarding the in Special Edition on ICT, IKEJE, pp. 93-98. question that: how much time you have used Asiabeka IP (2010). Access and use of internet for your educational purposes? From the information and communications technology respondents 75% have replied yes while 25% of (ICT) for administrative purposes by principals the respondents have no because they have of Government Secondary Schools in Nigeria. The never used the books for getting information. researcher 2 (1): 43:50 Conclusion Faloye, J.O., & Oparah, O. B. (2007). In Nauhatta block of Saharsa district, Relevance of Information and Communication many of Social Study Learner’s consider ICT tools Technology (ICT) in Education in Ikere, Journal very helpful in that it helps them to do of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, vol. 9, No.1, pp. 37-42. assignments teachers see that ICT enables Mohammad, S. S., Babawero, S., Lokman, Social Study Learner’s with special needs or M., Yahaya, B. (2011). Applicability of difficulties. It also helps to reduce the social information and communications technologies disparities between students, since they work (ICTS) inthe administration of technical and in teams in order to achieve a given task. Social vocational education and training(TVET) is a Study Learner’ also assume responsibilities knowledge-based society academic.15. when they use ICT to organize their work through Boyd, H. W., Westfall, R., & Stasch, S. F. digital portfolios or projects. In addition, the (1977). Marketing research: Text and cases. 4th study showed that ICT has significant impact ed. Richard D.Irwin, Inc. on Learner’ and learning processes. ICT also help Social Study Learner’s to work in teams and  share ideas related to the curriculum. There is also evidence that broadband and interactive whiteboards play a central role in fostering Learner’s communication and increasing collaboration between educators. work in teams and share ideas related to the curriculum. There is also evidence that broadband and interactive whiteboards play a central role in fostering Learner’ communication and increasing collaboration between teachers.

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 096 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 be seen between malnutrition with birth order. 17 The study here tries to analyze the impact of a mother’s education and childbirth order on the Impact of Child’s birth order and nutritional condition of a child in the state of Bihar in India. mother’s education on Keywords: Malnutrition, Childbirth order, ma- Malnutrition: An analysis of NFHS ternal health, NFHS Report of Bihar INTRODUCTION The first 1,000 days are considered to Tanwi Sinha be crucial in any child’s life, i.e., from concep- Ph.D. Research Scholar, tion to the child’s second birthday – and even Department of Economics, beyond in many cases. Particularly during this Patna University, Bihar, India time, at least one in every three children is not getting the nutrition they need to grow well. If Saroj Sinha we look into the global data of 2019, almost 5.2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, million children died under 5years of age basi- Patna University, Bihar, India cally from preventable and treatable causes such as congenital anomalies, pneumonia, preterm birth complications, diarrhea, and ma- ======***********======laria which could be easily prevented or could ABSTRACT be treated with immunization, safe food, ad- Malnutrition is a major issue for any de- equate nutrition, and water and quality care pro- veloping nation. It leads to an individual’s poor vided by the trained health workers when health condition, deterioration, slower growth needed. A Joint child malnutrition estimates process, and also income loss. On a larger scale, (JME) by UNICEF/ WHO/ WB data which is an- in the long run, it results in the loss of the nually estimated and released for child stunt- country’s economic productivity due to the lack ing, overweight, underweight, wasting and se- of a proper and potential workforce. Even the vere wasting, reveals that in 2019 globally, stunt- cost of malnutrition and investment contributes ing affected 144 million of children under 5years to a significant share of any nation’s GDP. Thus of age i.e., 21.3% and in the same year wasting it becomes evident for a country to study the made almost 47 million children in the same age patterns, trends, and different factors working bracket suffer i.e. 6.9%. Whereas the estimates as a cause-and-effect with malnutrition. It is put forward that 38.3 million children under 5 seen that maternal health, education, family’s or 5.6% are overweight all around the world. income, birth order, and spacing of childbirth According to the joint study by ASSOCHAM (The also play a crucial role in malnutrition among Associated Chambers of Commerce and Indus- children. As we know, even before a child is born, try of India) and EY (Ernst & Young), India is he/she stays in the mother’s womb for 9 months, home to the largest number of malnourished so all the more maternal health and other ma- children in the world. Facts revealed in Nov 2017 ternal conditions have a direct correlation with reported that close to 40% of Indian children the child and their future life. Different studies were undernourished in the year 2015. The have been done reflecting an inverse correla- study states that although over the decade tion between a mother’s education and a child’s (2005-15), there has been an overall reduction malnutrition, whereas a direct relationship can in the infant mortality rate and under-five mor- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 097 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 tality rate in India, yet the country is housing mothers who finished education upto XII stan- about 50 percent of undernourished children of dards their 31.8% children received diverse the world. Almost 37% of Indian children under meals. It was found that the children with moth- five years of age are underweight, whereas 39% ers having zero schooling got minimum accept- are stunted (low height-for-age), 21% are able diets, and for whose mothers finished wasted (low weight-for-height), and 8% are se- schooling, it was 9.6%. It was even seen that in verely acutely malnourished. The prevalence of the iron-rich category, 7.2% of children consumed underweight children was higher in rural India iron rich food, whereas 10.3% children in the at 38% compared to urban India, which is 29%. latter category. Even the consumption of dairy Different studies advocate that several factors products, eggs and other fruits and vegetables are significantly associated with malnutrition among children aged two to four also consider- among children below five years of age, like ably increased with mothers’ education and gender, breastfeeding practices, home environ- household economic/ wealth status. The CNSS ment, hygiene, household economic condition, data also explains the impact of education on vaccination, age group, birth spacing, mother’s stunting, wasting, and low weight of children. nutritional status, parent’s education, birth Stunting among children aged up to 4years was weight, birth order, etc. Here we have tried to 19.3% whose mothers received no schooling, understand and analyze the relationship be- whereas it was nearly three times less, i.e., 5.9% tween two such factors- Mother’s education and among children whose mother studied till XII child’s birth order. class. Also, 4.3% of educated mother’s children Mother’s education and Child malnutrition were wasted as compared to 5.7% of the moth- Children whose mothers have little or no ers without schooling. 44.1% of children up to education tend to have a lower nutritional sta- 4years of age were anemic with mothers who tus than do children of more-educated mothers, never went to school, and it was 34.6% for moth- even after controlling potentially confounding ers who completed their schooling. The study demographic and socioeconomic variables. The by Olatidoye et al. also reported that a mother’s age of the child, birth order, and household eco- education seemed to be playing a protective role nomic status all have independent effects on against a child’s malnutrition. It showed that nutritional status. Considering the powerful im- children’s weight-for-age was statistically sig- pact of maternal education on child nutrition, nificantly associated with mother’s literacy sta- women’s education and literacy programs could tus. 2 Sufiyan et al. study shows how the chil- play an essential role in improving the nutri- dren of mothers having education above primary tional status of children. 1 The Comprehensive level were found to have a lesser prevalence of National Nutrition Survey (CNNS), a national stunting. It was also found that the mother’s lit- study of almost 1.2 lakh children done by the eracy level was significantly associated with Health and Family Welfare Ministry between Height for Age of children. 3 2016 and 2018 on the nutritional levels of chil- Birth Order and Child malnutrition dren, shows that with higher levels of school- The paper by Jayachandran et al. com- ing among mothers, children received better pared the child height-for-age in India and Af- diets. It shows a direct correlation between a rica in order to understand India’s high rate of mother’s education and the children’s well-be- stunting. It brought into light that one of the ing. The data from CNNS data shows that only reasons for India’s height disadvantage emerges 11.4% of children of mothers with no schooling with second-born children and increases with received variety or say diverse up to, whereas birth order. Next, in India, investments in suc- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 098 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 cessive pregnancies and higher birth order chil- Table 1 shows the incidence of malnu- dren decline faster. With the help of study, it trition in children of Bihar with the order of their was also referred that son-biased fertility stop- birth. In case of wasting, the pattern shows that ping rules are an essential factor linking eldest for the 1st order child, the level of malnutrition son preference and the observed birth order gra- is 6.5% (below -3SD) and 25.7% (below -2SD), dient in child height. 4 and for 2-3 order child and 4-5 ordered children, The study done by Mosfequr Rahman for the wasting increases where in this case the the Bangladeshi population finds that after con- child whose order is 6 and more it has dropped. trolling for other theoretically relevant variables, For Stunting and underweight in both (below - higher birth order has a strong connection with 2SD and -3SD), the level of malnutrition shows child malnutrition. It suggests that a mother a direct relationship with the child’s birth order. having fewer children is a determining factor Table No. 2: Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: weight-for-height (Wasting), height-for-age (Stunting) and for child nutrition. It leads to healthy future gen- weight-for-age (underweight), by background characteristics (mother's education), Bihar, 2005-06 Background Wasting Stunting Underweight No.of erations and also reduces child mortality in Characteristics Children 5 Bangladesh. Sulloway’s paper also advocates Mother’s Below Below - Below Below - Below Below education -3SD 2SD -3SD 2SD -3SD -2SD that the intra-household allocation of food and No education 9.9 29.7 34.2 61.5 29.6 62.2 1,505 <5 years complete 4.6 21.4 28.0 47.1 21.1 44.0 129 resources decreases with an increasing num- 5-9 years 5.6 23.2 20.4 51.2 13.2 51.7 346 complete 6 ber of births in the household. Other possible 10 or more years 3.4 19.2 7.1 26.6 4.1 26.0 196 complete explanation for this association between child malnutrition and birth order according to Source: NFHS 3, International Institute of Popu- Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey lation Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai 2011 done by the National Institute of Popula- Table 2 shows that in Bihar, underweight tion Research and Training/Mitra and Associ- children below -3SD was 29.6%, and below -2SD ates could be that higher-order births are more it was 62.2% when mothers had no education. likely to be unwanted, which results in less care Whereas when we see the data of educated and attention from parents: antenatal and post- mothers (10 or more years), the underweight natal care. Also with the higher birth order, child children are just 4.1% in below -3SD and 26.0% checkup decreases. in below -2SD. Other categories also show the METHOD same trend. So, here we can say increasing the A study of National Family Health Sur- mother’s education decreases malnutrition, vey (NFHS) Report 3 (2005-06) and NFHS Report whether it is wasting, stunting, or underweight 4 (2015-16) for the state of Bihar, is done to (below -3SD and below-2 SD). analyze and understand the impact of the back- ground characteristics chosen, i.e., mother’s education and the order of birth of a child. NFHS 3 (2005-06)

Table No. 1: Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: weight-for-height (Wasting), height-for-age (Stunting) and weight- for-age (underweight), by background characteristics (birth order), Bihar, 2005-06 Background Wasting Stunting Underweight No. of Characteristics Children Birth Order Below Below Below Below Below Below -3SD -2SD -3SD -2SD -3SD -2SD 1 6.5 25.7 20.4 47.1 18.2 47.9 497 2-3 7.5 27.9 28.7 56.7 22.6 55.6 821 4-5 11.6 28.8 31.9 58.2 28.3 58.1 502 6+ 8.6 26.5 39.3 63.4 30.6 67.7 340

Source: NFHS 3, International Institute of Popu- lation Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai Fig. 1: Prevalence of malnutrition among chil- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 099 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dren below 5 years of age at state level on level. The same is the case with wasting (be- the basis of mother’s education, NFHS-3 low -3SD and -2 SD), the level has been declin- (2005-06) ing, but when the mother’s education was in the Figure 1 shows according to NFHS-3 re- category of less than 5 years complete, it was port the level of malnutrition under wasting, lowest. stunting and underweight (below -2SD and -3SD) based on mother’s educational standard. As al- ready discussed, we could see the inverse rela- tionship between mother’s education and mal- nutrition. NFHS 4 (2015-16)

Table No. 3: Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: weight-for-height (Wasting), height-for-age (Stunting), and weight-for-age (underweight), by background characteristics (birth order), Bihar, 2015-16 Background Wasting Stunting Underweight No.of Characteristics Children Birth Order Below Below Below Below Below Below -3SD -2SD -3SD -2SD -3SD -2SD 1 6.6 20.2 19.6 45.0 12.6 40.7 6,192 2-3 6.8 20.6 22.7 47.7 14.7 43.4 10,390 4-5 7.5 21.8 26.2 52.3 18.2 47.6 3,991 6+ 8.0 23.5 32.0 57.4 22.0 52.2 1,459 Fig. 2: Prevalence of malnutrition among chil- Source: NFHS 4, International Institute of Popu- dren below 5 years of age at state level on lation Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai the basis of mother’s education, NFHS-4 Table 3 explains that wasting for below (2015-16) -3SD and below -2SD for a first-order child it was Figure 2 explains with the help of NFHS- 6.6 and 20.2 respectively, whereas for a child 4 report that increase in mothers education, mal- who is sixth or above in the order of birth, wast- nutrition decreases. ing below -3SD is 8.0% and 23.5% for below - Analysis of malnutrition- wasting, stunt- 2SD. Stunting below -3SD and -2SD for 1st, 2-3, ing and underweight due to one of the contrib- 4-5, and 6+ order of child is constantly rising. uting factors, i.e. birth order of a child. Similar is the case with underweight too. Thus, NFHS-4 report easily shows malnutrition-wast- ing, stunting, and underweight has increased for below -3SD and below -2SD with the order of children.

Table No. 4: Percentage of children under five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: weight-for-height (Wasting), height-for-age (Stunting), and weight-for-age (underweight), by background characteristics (mother’s education), Bihar, 2015-16 Background Wasting Stunting Underweight No.of Characteristics Children Mother’s Below Below - Below Below Below Below - education -3SD 2SD -3SD -2SD -3SD 2SD No education 7.6 22.2 28.3 54.8 18.8 49.8 12,718 <5 years complete 4.5 17.4 22.1 50.0 12.8 41.9 1,464 5-9 years 6.6 20.6 18.0 43.9 11.9 40.1 4,458 complete 10-11 years 5.6 18.6 13.6 34.7 9.0 32.7 1,578 Fig.3: Prevalence of wasting (below -3SD and complete 12 or more years 6.7 18.3 10.1 27.7 7.0 26.6 2,110 -2SD) as a result of birth order, NFHS-3 and complete NFHS-4 Source: NFHS 4, International Institute of Popu- Figure 3 shows that below -3SD and - lation Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai 2SD in NFHS-3 there consistent growth with the Table 4 depicts that the study shows that order of child except in 4-5 order we could see wasting and underweight (below -3SD and -2SD) a sharp increase in the level of malnutrition and decreases with increased mothers’ educational then again consistent patter as previous. NFHS- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0100 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 4 data has although shown a more consistent picture that with the increasing number of child- increase in wasting with the order of child’s birth. birth, some underlying factors lead to less con- centration by the family on a child’s nutritional level, or we can say the child inherently, i.e., during the 9months in the womb might not have received the much-needed nourishment which shows the long-lasting impact on them. There can be other factors too which might affect. Ul- timately, what we can see is the malnutrition increase with the higher order of the child. It is also evident from the analysis that the more educated will be a mother, the less will be mal- nutrition in the child. There can be many rea- Fig.4: Prevalence of stunting (below -3SD and sons for it as they are more aware of the impor- -2SD) as a result of birth order, NFHS-3 and tance and impact of proper nutrition, they even NFHS-4 know the food nutritional values. Also, they can Figure 4 explains a constant growth in better take care of the child and assist them in stunting with succeeding child birth order in their developmental days. Therefore, the gov- below -3SD and -2SD during both NFHS-3 and ernment should do such specialized studies on NFHS-4 data collection duration. a hyper-local level to know the reasons and fac- tors responsible for a child’s malnutrition. Simi- larly, relevant plans and specialized programs can be devised to monitor and study the progress made with its help. If a developing country like India focuses more on these various causes of the issue, it would be much easier to cope with the leading cause, and in due course, other so- cial problems will also be improving.

REFERENCES 1. Mishra VK, Retherford RD. Women’s Fig.5: Prevalence of underweight (below -3SD education can improve child nutrition in India. and -2SD) as a result of birth order, NFHS-3 Natl Fam Health Surv Bull. 2000 Feb;(15):1-4. and NFHS-4 PMID: 12295805. Figure 5 shows that in NFHS-3 and NFHS- 2. Olatidoye OP, Adebusoye SM, Adekola 4 the percentage of underweight children (be- AG, Jatto WO (2011) Effect of maternal employ- low -3SD and -2SD) have noticeably been in- ment on nutritional status of pre-school children creasing with the increasing order of the child from low income households area of Oyo state. in which he/she was born. Electron J Environ Agr Food Chem 10: 2574-2580. Discussions and Conclusion 3. Sufiyan MB, Bashir SS, Umar AA (2012) The study was an analysis of how the Effect of maternal literacy on nutritional status two factors contribute to the malnutrition con- of under 5 years of age in the Babban-Dodo com- dition in the state of Bihar. The review of NFHS- munity Zaria city, Northwest Nigeria. Ann Nige- 3 and NFHS-4 for the state has shown a clear rian Med 6:61-64. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0101 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 4. Jayachandran Seema, Pande Rohini. 2017. Why Are Indian Children So Short? The Role 18 of Birth Order and Son Preference, American Eco- nomic Review 2017, 107(9): 2600–2629 Effect of Parental Vocational Sta- 5.Rahman, Mosfequr. (2016). Associa- tion between order of birth and chronic malnu- tus to Fulfillment of Needs and trition of children: A study of nationally repre- Family Adjustment of Mentally sentative Bangladeshi sample. Cadernos de Retarded Children Saúde Pública. 32. 10.1590/0102-311X00011215. 6.Sulloway FJ. Born to rebel: birth order, Dr. Tarannum family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: HOD- Home Science, Pantheon Books; 1996 Government Nehru P.G. College Dongargarh, 7. UNICEF (2019). The State of the District- (C.G.) World’s Children 2019. Children, Food and Nu- trition: Growing well in a changing world. UNICEF, New York. ======***********======8. United Nations Children’s Fund Abstract -: The present study aimed find out (UNICEF), World Health Organization, Interna- the effect of working and non working parental tional Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- vocational status to family adjustment and ment/The World Bank. Levels and trends in child needs among mental retarded children. Sample malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2020 Edition was collected from different areas of of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Chhattisgarh state of India consisting of 300 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. samples with their parents, special schools, and 9.Singh Abhishek, (March 2nd 2020). children’s care givers. In this study 165 working Childhood Malnutrition in India, Perspective of and 135 non working samples included to ex- Recent Advances in Acute Diarrhea, Sujit K. amine the relationship between parental voca- Bhattacharya, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/ tions for family adjustment and needs among intechopen.89701. mentally retarded children. Family adjustment 10. Gupta R, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee questionnaire, general mental ability test, cop- SG. A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Various Ma- ing behavior scale, and SPSS were used for sta- ternal Factors on the Nutritional Status of Un- tistical analysis. der-Five 02 Children. Indian J Nutri. 2016;3 Introduction (2):149. We as individual, we are different in 11. National Institute of Population Re- many ways we may look or act different than search and Training, Mitra and Associates, ICF even our best friends. We all learn differently International. Bangladesh Demographic and some people learn things quickly while others Health Survey 2011. Dhaka: National Institute just need more time. It is important to remem- of Population Research and Training/Mitra and ber that our difference doesn’t make us weird. Associates/Calverton: ICF International; 2013 They just make us individual just like all kids; 12. Chandra Jagriti. 2019. Education for mentally retarded children need to develop their mothers directly linked to better nutrition for chil- skills to the best of their ability. They need to dren: survey, The Hindu, New Delhi, October 13, go to school, they need to play. The greatest 2019 impetus of my research on mental retardation has come from practical and societal concerns. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0102 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Mental Retardation of mental retardation. If chances for learning Mental retardation is a universal prob- are provided to mentally retardate according to lem .When a baby born with mental retarded in IQs in suitable and favorable atmosphere, the family, then the parents has to take specific re- children are expected to gain the learning abil- sponsibility. It is a very difficult to accept that ity for daily life. there child is mentally retarded. CAUSES Mental retardation is a condition diag- Doctors can identify only specific causes nosed before age 18 that includes below – av- of mental retardation in about a third of mild erage general intellectual function, and a lack cases and two thirds of moderate to profound of the skills necessary for daily living mental cases. There are three main specific causes retardation affects about 1-3% of the popula- given below-: tion there are many causes of mental retarda- 1. Prenatal Causes(before birth) -: There are tion but doctor find a specific reason in only 25% so many things can happen in period of devel- of cases. oping infant during the prenatal period, that is DEFINITION OF MENTAL RETARDATION the period of nine months priors to birth the pre- “Mental retardation is a disability fea- natal causes are germen measles one of the tures of significant limitation both is intellec- more serious things that may happen during tual functioning and in adaptive behavior as pregnancy that may have definite effect upon expressed in conceptual, social, and practical the infant development and particularly upon his adaptive skills. This disability originates before brain, organic toxins, inadequate oxygen, nutri- age eighteen”. tional problems, infections, circulatory failure, Mental retardation is a stage of devel- hypertensions, taking drug and alcohols in preg- opmental problems, beginning in early childhood nancy period etc. period, result in significant limitation of intel- 2. Perinatal Causes (at birth)-: There are some lect, or cognition and poor adaptation to the things can happen in the time of birth perinatal demands of life living. causes are batter understood than prenatal Mental Retardation and its Concept causes and prevention are applied. The perina- Mental retardation is a intellectual func- tal causes are prematurity, problem during de- tioning disability that first appears in children livery, anoxia, insufficient oxygen (hypoxia) at under the age of eighteen. it is defined as an the time of birth. intellectual functioning level [ as measured by 3. Postnatal causes (after birth)-: There are standard tests for intelligence quotient] that is many things that might postnatal causes of well below average and significant limitations mental retardation brain infection (such as men- in daily living skills. ingitis and encephalitis ), severe emotional ne- Table 1.1 Levels of Mental Retardation glect or abuse, severe head injury, malnutrition

Class IQ of the child, brain tumors, and their treatments, Profound mental retardation Below 20 toxins (eg. Lead and mercury) called lead poi- Severe mental Retardation 20-34 Moderate mental retardation 35-49 soning, encephalitis, meningitis (bacteria Mild mental retardation 50-69 causes), demyelinating disease, leucodystrophies, Borderline intellectual functioning 70-84 convulsive disorder, glandular dysfunctions, Table 1.1 clarify the of levels of retarda- brain injury(Trauma), cranial anomalies, micro- tion on the basis of functions and Intelligence cephaly, neurofibromatosis, interactional neo- Quotient of mentally retarded children. It is seen plasm (associated with gross brain disease). in researches that, which level of IQ shows type Down syndrome associated with chromosomal s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0103 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 abnormality 1. The parental vocational status would SYMPTOM emerge as predictor of fulfillment of needs Continues infant like behavior, de- among mental retarded children. creased learning ability, failure to meet the in- 2. The parental vocational status would tellectual development, inability to meet the emerge as predictor of family adjustment among educational demands, and lack of curiosity. mental retarded children. NEEDS OF CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDA- METHODOLOGY TION SAMPLE ACCORDING TO PARENTAL VO- Every family has their own basic needs. CATION ON FULFILMENT OF NEEDS that need depends on same sources and for Table no.1.2 identifying that sources family member help to G ROUP No . % attain basic needs like, love, affection care. Af- W orking 165 55 N on – Wo rking 135 45 fection is the foundation of life and family is the root. Other than these needs there are some This table indicates clearly that were conventional needs like physical safety, accom- working 165 and joint family 145 are present in modation, food and shelter. the study to examine the relationship between Mentally retarded children are different parental vocation and fulfillment of need among from normal children but they are some similar mentally retarded children. from them or therefore have all of the basic SAMPLE ACCORDING TO PARENTAL VO- needs of their normally children. One of the first CATION ON FAMILY ADJUSTMENT primary needs of the mentally retarded children Table no.1.3 is communication, acceptance, freedom to grow GROUP No . % and develop, needs of sibling, attention, W orki ng 165 55 N on – Wo rk ing 135 45 acknowledgement of the feeling without guilt. Review of Literature This table indicates clearly that were According to Manish Gohel, Sidhhyartha working 165 and nonworking 135 are present in Mukherjee & S.K. Chodhary (2011) studied that the study to examine the relationship between psychological impact on the parents of mentally parental vocation and family adjustment among retarded children. A cross sectional study of 100 mental retarded children. parents of mentally retarded children was done. Measures The result shows that the parents have enor- Group test of general mental ability (Jalota,) mous emotional problem and suffer from men- In this study level of mental retardation was tal worries because of having mentally retarded measured by group test of general mental abil- child. Family intervention program needs to be ity (Jalota, ). This tool generated the level of I.Q focused on early building and strengthening the and the mental age of the respondents. The tool natural support systems for the parents. has 100 questions and the difficulty level of the Objectives items is low. It is basically a speed test that 1. To examine the relationship between checks the intelligence in terms of quick cogni- parental vocational status and fulfillment of tion and mental ability. Total time of 25 min- needs among mental retarded children. utes is given to the respondents to solve the 2. To examine the relationship between questions. The number of correct responses parental vocational status and family adjust- generated the total score which was further ment among mental retarded children. checked in the table given in the manual and Hypotheses I.Q was found out. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0104 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Coping Behavior Scale on fulfilment of Need and Family Adjustment In this study, fulfillment of need was Graph measured by coping behavior scale (National Handicap Institute Secundrabad). 15-Item Family Adjustment Questionnaire Family adjustment scale was measured by self developed 15- item family adjustment questionnaire. Responses are obtained on a 5- point like scale ranging from 1 to 5, it °d Æs produced Minimum 15 and maximum 75 score. In the present sample the internal con- sistency (á) was .739 for 15-item family adjust- ment questionnaire. Demographic Data sheet In this study, parental education, type of Conclusion family, gender and parental vocational status In Present study arrives at the sound were recorded in demographic data sheet. judgment that there is sufficient empirical and Statistical analyses procedure statistical information indicating of the predi- All 300 cases were included for data cal- cation effect of parental vocational status and culation. Multiple regression models were used level of mental retardation on fulfilment of need to examine the predicting effect of different pre- and family adjustment. Present research dem- dictor on criterion. SPSS version 22.0 was used onstrates thorough understanding of family ad- for prediction analyses. justment and needs of mentally retarded chil- RESULT ACCORDING TO THE PREDICTING EF- dren. FECT OF PARENTAL VOCATION ON FULFILMENT OF NEEDS AND FAMILY ADJUSTMENT Table Reference no.1.4 1. AgarwaAdesh & Pandey Anubhuti,

Group No. Need Family adjustment “psychological studies” vol-43, 1998, pgno-1- Working 165 -.217** -.261** 2. Nonworking 135 2. Airaksinen, E.M. Matilinen, R. **p<0.01 Mononen, T., Mustonen, K. Partanen, J.,Jokela, This table indicates clearly that were V., & Halonen, P. (2000). Apopulation-based working parent 165 and nonworking parent 135 study on epilepsy in mentally retarded children. was negatively associated with fulfilment of Epilepsia. 41, need (-.217,p<0.01). this shows that increasing 3. Akerstedt, T. (1987). Electroence parental vocational status of mentally retarded phalography. Clinical Neurophysiology, 39. children reported high fulfilment of need and 4. Akerstedt, T. (1990). Phychological and family adjustment was negatively associated psychophysiological effects of shift work. Scan- with family adjustment(-.261, p<0.01) this dinavian journal of work, Enviromental and shows that increasing parental vocational sta- Health, 16 (1). tus of mentally retarded children reported less 5. Annaz, D., Hill, C.M., Ashworth, A., family adjustment. Holley, S., & Karmiloff-Smith, M. (2011). A. Char- Graph for the predicting effect of Parental Vo- acterization of sleep problems in children with cation Williams syndrome, Research in Developmen- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0105 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 tal Disability, 32(1). 6. Aschoff, J. (1981) Handbook of Behav- 19 ioral Neurobiology. Plenum Press, New York. 7. Baker, B.L., Balcher, J., Carnic, K.A., & A Review on Effect of the Weather Edelbrock, C.(2002). Behaviourproblems and Conditions on Sports Performance parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with or without development delays. Sandip Thorat American Journal of mental retardation. Sports Officer, 8. Barron, J.L., & Sandman, C.A. (1984). College of Agricultural Engineering and Self-injurious behavior and stereotypy in an in- Technology stitutionalized mentally retarded population. Dr.B.S.Konkam Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5(4), 499-511. 9. Batshaw, M.L. & Perret, Y.M. “Children ======***********======with disabilities : A medical primer” (3rd ed.). ABSTRACT Baltimore: Paul H. Bookers Publishing co. International competition inevitably pre- 10. Benjamin, (1977) “International En- sents logistical challenges for sports. Histori- cyclopedia of psychoanalysis and Neurology” cal climatic data suggest many sportsman ex- Esculapius Hewyorsk. perience significant heat stress or climatic im- 11. Bijou, S.W. (1968). A functional analy- pact on their performance. Sportsman has to face sis of retarded development. In N.R. Ellis (ed), major challenges to health and performance. International review of research in mental re- This review provides a the relevant literature tardation. New York: Academic Press. describing the performance of sports person in 12. Crnic, K., Hoffman,C., Edelbrock, C., hot, humid or changing climate conditions. Lit- Gaze, C. (2004).understanding the emergence erature commonly describes experimental work, of behavior problems in young children with with a primary focus on adaptive responses. Ad- developmental delays. Infant and young children, ditionally, opportunities for sophisticated inter- 17(3), 223-235. ventions may not be possible in the constrained 13. Cuskelly, M., & Dadda, M. (1992). Be- environment. This review therefore takes knowl- havioral problems in children with Down’s syn- edge gained from healthy experimental work, drome and their siblings. Journal of child psy- interprets it and provides direction on how chology and Psychiatry, coaches can optimize their trainees against cli- 14. Day, R.M., Rea, J.A., Schussler, N.G., matic changes. Larsen, S.E., & Johnson, W.L. (1988). A function- Introduction ally based approach to the treatment of self- Many international and national injurious behavior. Behavior modification, 12, eventgames have drawn attention to a number 565-589. of environmental influences on sports perfor- 15. Dekker, M.C., Koot, H.M., Vander mance. During the time of the summer it is usu- Ende, J., & Verhulst F. C.(2002)Emotional and be- ally hot and/or humid. On the other hand, the havior problems in children and adolescent with winter invariably call for protection against the or without intellectual disability, Journal of child cold. It is the purpose of this section to describe psychology and psychiatry. the physiological responses to a number of en- vironmental conditions and to offer consider- ations that could be given during the perfor- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0106 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 mance of sporting activities. {1} sweating*. The goal of the regular practice in any Material and Methods: game is to maintain the physical performance This section discuss with the various pa- level required for more challenging occupational rameters of weather conditions that directly or requirements standards. In sports, total prac- indirectly effects on the the sports man perfor- tice load, nutrition and recovery are typically mance. planned in an individual way in order to opti- Effect of temperature: mize the adaptations and minimize training-re- It appears that an internal temperature, lated injuries and climatic effect. All sportsmen particularly that of the higher upper-nerve cen- receives the same practice schedule and nutri- ters, close to 40°C is also the origin of early ex- tional intake, they experience the varying physi- haustion, as confirmed by the results of cal stress in same climatic changes and other electroencephalography. Hence, when it comes conditions in their sports carrier. to exercise training it needs to take external The analysis of the fitness involved in temperature into account. Sportsman are mostly the physically demanding tasks that are carried affected by the environment-related effects on out by player during the practice and competi- muscle performance, therefore forced to per- tion will be based upon the standard of fitness form high training volumes in order to withstand abilities and fitness programs, which are mainly the demands of the respective physical chal- focused on aerobic endurance which directly lenges in different climates {4}.In the power affect due to climatic changes. On the other events such as sprinting, many athletes from hand, it was concluded that fitness programs temperate countries spend April and May in for urban operations should focus on muscle warmer climates before the summer season.The strength of the upper and lower body and high warmer weather allows for more effective use levels of power, suggesting that an obstacle of muscles, and therefore more effective train- polygon (i.e., training method based on series ing can be achieved.In low temperature condi- of obstacles; uphill running, throwing grenades, tions or in Cold weather, by contrast, can put shooting, lifting and carrying and running, to athletes’ bodies at risk of injury, as cold muscles cross it against time) could be used to develop are more susceptible to strains.Hence, training the required stamina and strength against any in a cold environment should increase endur- climatic change. Numerous factors, such as age, ance and tolerance to training load over time. genetics, diet, social and psychological vari- However, for high-intensity exercises, such as ables, and fitness level, have been reported to jumping, sprinting or lifting weights, it has clearly influence endurance capacity due to variation been established that the warmer a muscle is, in atmospheric temperature and wind veloc- the more it is able to produce force in a very ity.{2-3} However, changes in physical perfor- short period of time. The optimal muscle force mance under a range of weather conditions are is temperature-dependent and achieved in a still poorly discussed. range of 12–17°C, but less dependent between In hot ecologicalzone, the challenge of 17°C and 22°C {5}. In addition, humidity, wind maintaining heat balance is much greater. The and radiant heat represent other determinants physiological changes during exercise in a hot of environmental conditions that may affect atmosphere include an boost in skin blood flow, muscle performance, which in turn should be higher heart rate to prop up metabolism, vasodi- taken into consideration when training or carry- lation in skin blood vessels to dissipate the heat ing out any special tasks. from the skin and activation of sweat glands and Table1. Recommended temperatures for s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0107 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 various indoor sports for community sports halls lem rain brings is discomfort. Performing at your

Sport Temperature ( 0C) Sport Temperature ( 0C) best in the pouring rain is very difficult. How- Archery 13-16 Ju do 13-16 Badminton 13-1 6 N etball 13-16 ever a related is a drop in temperature, which Indoor tennis 7 tournament Rowing tank 13-16 13 otherwise Shootin g 13-16 can be quite sudden when the rain arrives {7}. Basketball 10-13 Squash 10-13 This sudden temperature drop can be a real Boxin g 13-16 Indoor bowls 16-1 9 problem for athletes, especially if they have fin- * National Playing Fields Association (1971) ished their warm up.Things are a bit different Effect of wind: for the throwing and jumping events. These are The sportsman performance are not di- held on hard concrete surfaces which do not rectly affected by wind, because all the players drain well, creating a risk of athletes slipping. It in athletics tend to have to compete in the same means these events are sometimes rained off conditions. Times, distances and heights, how- while the track events go ahead. It’s probably a ever, can be hugely influenced by the strength moot point as to which set of athletes are hap- of the wind. The sprinting, jumping and throw- piest when this happens. ing events must comply to an International Ath- OUTDOOR SPORTS: letics Federation maximum wind speed of two The interaction between weather and meters per second for performances to be con- outdoor sport is more complicated to consider sidered legal for record purposes. If the wind the ‘geo-climate’ in which more meteorological speed is higher than 2m/s at any time, distance variables are concerned and which cannot con- or height achieved will not be ratified as a trol by human beings. Not only are temperature record. However, long distance events are ex- and humidity important, but also wind velocity, empted from this rule as the runners go around visibility, precipitation, sunshine and the state a circular track which equalizes the benefits and of the ground. Different sports are tolerant to problems of the wind. The timing of the season different ranges of each of the meteorological means that athletes rarely compete in full scale variables. Based on this the effect of weather gales-the tricky wind conditions they are most on outdoor sports has been categorizeinto three likely to encounter are unpredictable breezy con- sections: (1) Specialized weather sports : These ditions {6}. sports require certain weather conditions in or- A blast of wind at the wrong time can der to take place at all, and include sailing, glid- reduce a gleaming performance from world ing, and ski-ing requiring, respectively, wind record to world best status. Of course, even velocity, thermals and snow. In general individual though competitions take place in all weather, participants are competing against nature as great performances rarely take place in vary bad well as against each other, and indeed nature conditions. Humid temperatures with possibly may be sufficiently challenging to provide the a light breeze are best for muscle performance only competition. The specific weather require- in the running events, whereas discus throwers ments for these sports are fairly well docu- like a strong steady headwind coming in at a mented. (2) Weather Interference Sports: Sports slight angle, something the hurdlers would hate. within this category are ideally suited to Effect of Rain ‘weather less’ days, for instance the weather Athletics competitions are now held on should be warm, dry, bright but overcast, with all-weather surfaces so it is rare for a meeting little or no wind, excellent visibility, not too hu- to be completely rained off, unless drainage sys- mid and with a firm ground surface, in fact, con- tems are overwhelmed by a torrential downpour. ditions in which most of the sports in the first For many track competitors the biggest prob- category could not take place! Many of the s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0108 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 weather interference sports are played on ies, 15, 171-183. grasssuch as lawn tennis, soccer, rugby, hockey 5. Kaufman, W. C. (1982). Cold weather and bowls. Apart from lawn tennis these are comfort or heat conservation. The Physician and team games which require a large playing area Sportsmedicine, 10, 70-75. and hence usually take place outdoors. (3) 6. Keatinge, W. R., & Sloan, R. E. (1972). Weather Advantage Sports : Weather advantage Effect of swimming in cold water on body tem- - unequal interference,a qualifying golf tourna- peratures in children. Journal of Physiology, ment serves as an example of this. Thus play- 226, 55-56. ers who started out on a fine clear morning 7. Nadel, E. R., Holmer, I., Bergh, U., would have a clear advantage over players strug- Astrand, P-O., &Stolzijk, J. A. (1974). Energy ex- gling to make par in a strong wind and pouring changes of swimming man. Journal of Applied rain later in the day. The Amateur Athletic As- Physiology, 36, 465-471. sociation (1976) requires that for records, in- 8. Pyke, F. S., & Hahn, A. G. (1981). Body formation on the wind conditions must be avail- temperature regulation in summer football. able for all events up to 200 m and for the long Sports Coach, 4 (3), 41-3. jump and triple jump {8-9}. 9. Pugh, L. G., &Edholm, O. G. (1955). CONCLUSION: The physiology of channel swimmers. Lancet, This paper has attempted to classify the 2, 761-768. many inter-relations between weather and sport.  Its subjective nature is due principally to the lack of research that has been undertaken in the whole field of the geography of sport. The pos- sibilities for further research are considerable and by increasing the weather awareness of sport management not only could performances be improved, but also significant financial sav- ings could be made.

References 1. Burton, A. C., &Edholm, O. G. (1969). Man in a Cold Environment. New York, NY: Hafner. 2. Costill, D. L. (1979). A Scientific Ap- proach to Distance Running. Los Altos, CA: Track and Field News. 3. Costill, D. L., Kammer, W. F., & Fisher, A. (1970). Fluid ingestion during distance run- ning. Archives of Environmental Health, 21, 520-525. 4. Dawson, B., &Pyke, F. S. (1988). I: Re- sponses to wearing sweat clothing during exer- cise in cool conditions. II: Training in sweat clothing in cool conditions to improve heat tol- erance. Journal of Human Movement Stud- s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0109 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Aghmæ¶ OrdZ OJV hmoVm. ˶m‘wio X{bV g‘mO gVV 20 Xþ…ImMm h§~aS>m ’$moS>V hmoVm. Ag§»¶ Owby‘, A˶mMma ghZ H$aV hmoVm. ˶mÀ¶m Mohè¶mda qMVoMo H$mio T>J gVV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Mo {damO‘mZ Pmbobo hmoVo. gm‘m{OH$ {dMma 14 E{àb hm {Xdg COmS>bm. nmIam§Mr {H$b{~bmQ> CS>mbr hmoVr. gw¶m©Zo gwÜXm Amnbr ‘mZ C§Mmdbr hmoVr. 14 àm.S>m°. M§ÐgoZ gmdimam‘ Amdmao E{àb hm ˶m ‘hm‘mZdmMm nmdZ{XZ. EH$m ‘hm‘mZdmMm, ‘amR>r {d^mJ à‘wI, ¶wJàdV©H$ ‘hm‘mZdmMm, ¶m XoemVrb X{bV, {n{S>V, emofrV H$bm d {dkmZ ‘hm{dÚmb¶, Mm¡gmim, Vm. {O. ~rS> ~hþOZm§Mm CÜXma H$aUmè¶m {XnñV§^mMm OÝ‘{Xdg. gw¶m©bm ======***********======N>oXÿZ VoOñdr kmZ aËVmMm, H«$m§Vrgy¶m©Mm OÝ‘ {Xdg. Á¶mà‘mUo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo {eënH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ g‘wÐ {H$Zmar nS>boë¶m qenë¶m‘ܶo ‘m¡ë¶dmZ {ham gmnS>mdm Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Zr ^maVmÀ¶m C^maUr‘ܶo ’$ma ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ Vgm ew^« à^mVmÀ¶mdoir ‘ܶàXoemVrb ‘hÿ ¶m JmdmV S>m°. {Xbo Amho. g‘mOgwYmaH$, boIH$, nÌH$ma d Aï>n¡bw ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm 14 E{àb 1891 amoOr OÝ‘ ì¶p³V‘ÎdmÀ¶m AmYmao S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr hOmamo Pmbm. ˶m§À¶m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd am‘Or d AmB©Mo Zmd {^‘mB© dfm©nmgyZ MmbV Amboë¶m qhXÿ g‘mO ì¶dñWo{dê$ÜX aUqeJ hmoVo. ~m~mgmho~m§À¶m AmB© AmOmamZo ‘¥Ë¶y nmdë¶m‘wio ’§w$H$bo. Añn¥í¶ g‘gmOmMm ñdm{^‘mZ OmJ¥V H$ê$Z ˶mg ~m~mgmho~m§À¶m ~mböX¶mda H$R>moa d Imobda AmKmV Pmbo. Aݶm¶m{dê$ÜX bT>ʶmg gÁO Ho$bo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho ˶mdoir ˶m§Mo d¶ Ad¿¶m nmM dfm©Mo hmoVo. ˶mdoir ˶m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmVrb EH$ ¶wJ àdV©H$ ZoVo åhUyZ AmYma XoʶmMo H$m‘ ˶m§À¶m Am˶m ‘ram~mB© ¶m§Zr Ho$bo. AmoiIbo OmVmV. ˶m§Zr X{bV g‘mO CÜXmamÀ¶m H$m¶m©g d{S>b am‘OtZm gVV dmQ>V Ago H$s, Amnbr ‘wbo Mm§Jë¶m ñdV…bm dmhÿZ KoVbo. 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xfreku O;oLFkkiu] tyn xrhus miyC/k o iqjoBk laLFkkgh viokn ukgh- fdacwguk vktdky v’kk ;kcjkscj laLFksP;k fofo/k ?kVdkrhy la?kVu o lgdk;Z ckg~;L=ksrph vko’;drk Hkklq ykxyh vkgs- xzaFkky;s lk/kr vlrkuk laLFksP;k eq[; mfn”Vka’kh laca/khr o ekfgrh ra=Kku laLFkke/;s ckg~;L=ksrpk iqkY;kl R;kpk ifj.kke O;oLFkkiukyk lq/nk Hkksxkok deZpkÚ;kauk izf’kf{kr gks.;kph la/kh vlrs- ykxrks- 6- ik;Hkwr lqfo/kk miyC/k u djrk lq/nk 4- lsok iqjo.kkÚ;k laLFksoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kpk dk;Z ikj ikMw ‘kdrs- /kksdk laHkorks- 7- pkaxY;k lsok lqfo/kk fnyh tkr 5- ufou lsok ns.kkÚ;koj laiw.kZ fo’okl vlY;keqGs laLFksps iz’kklu pkaxY;k izdkjs pkyrkr- Vkd.ka] dBh.k tkra- 8- varxZr lk/kukoj deh voyacwu jgkos 6- ckg~;L=ksrkeqGs d/khd/kh dkeke/;s ck/kk ykxrs- mRiUu gksrs- ckg~;L=ksrkeqGs O;oLFkkiukrhy rksVs 7- rkRdkG dlj jn~n >kY;kl loZ iz’kklu ckg~;L=ksr O;oLFkkiukeqGs dkgh ykHk vlys dksyeMw u;s Eg.kwu ;ksX; fu;kstukph vko’;drk rjh ns[khy dkgh rksVsgh laHkorkr- rs iqkys vkgs- ckg~;L=ksrkP;k ek/;ekrwu xzaFky;hu lsok 7- lqj{kk vkf.k tksf[ke O;oLFkkiukpk fopkj izHkkohi.ks nsrk ;sÅ ‘kdrkr- xzaFkky;krhy djkok- ckg~;L=ksrkP;k ek/;ekrwu nq¸;e izrhph dkes d:u 8- VsaMj i/nrhus fuoM djkoh- ?ksÅu izeq[k lsok ns.;koj xzaFkky;krhy deZpkjh 9- lsok ns.kkÚ;kp dkS’kY; riklko- y{k dsafnzr d: ‘kdrkr- xzaFkky;ke/;s ckg~;L=ksrkP;k 10- lsok ns.kkjk iw.kZ {kerkf/kf”Br vlkok- ek/;ekrwu cqd ikdhV cuo.ks] xzaFkky;kph LoPNrk 11- lsok ns.kkÚ;kph O;olk; txrke/;s jk[k.ks] ufou MsVkcsl r;kj dj.ks] vkf.k xazFkky;krhy Li/kkZ {kerk vkgs dk\ ufou ra=Kkukpk deZpkÚ;kauk izf’k{k.k nsÅu R;kaP;k 12- lsok ns.kkÚ;kpk letqnrnkji.kk] {kerk Kkukpk Hkj Vkd.ks bR;knh dkes d:u ?ksÅ ‘kdrkr- vkf.k R;kph ekfgrh lsok O;olk;kfo”k;h lgHkkx- R;keqGs xzaFkky;koj vkfFkZd Hkkj deh gksrks- o vkfFkZd ufou ra=Kkukpk ifj.kke cpr gksrs- R;keqGs ufou deZpkÚ;kph Hkjrh dj.;kph dksyhu LVhy ;kaP;k ers v|ki vusd vko’;drk jkgr ukgh- xzaFkky;kph vkfFkZd cpr laLFkkuke/;s Hkqrdkyhu fdaok tqU;k :kyk vkgs- ikjaikfjd okpu lkfgR;kyk lanHkZ lsok com. ns.ks yksi ikor vkgs- MhthVy xzaFkky;s gh ladYiuk 4- http://www.librarymgmtsvc.com :< gksr vkgs- xzaFkiky vkf.k Kkuh lsod ikjaikfjd 5- cqok] th-,- ¼2007½- ckg~;L=ksr izfdz;se/;s d/khgh ikjaikjhd i/nrhyk ik;can ?kkywu O;oLFkkiu- Kkuxaxks=h] ;-p-e-eq-fo] ukf’kd- ,sfrgklhd cny d: ‘kdrkr- eLVu vkf.k cksul 6- Sarkar, D. (2006). Lessons in six sigma. ;kauh 1997 yk vla n’kZfoya dh ekfgrh New Delhi : Response Books. ra=Kkuke/;s Hkkxhnkjh ok³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtMr 28 AmË‘H$WZo hr EH$m {d{eï> àd¥ÎmrVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmcr Amho. ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§Mr gwê$dmV ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§Mo "Cnam' ¶m cú‘U ‘mZo (1980) ¶m§À¶m AmË‘H$WZmZo Pmcr. ¶m AmË‘H$WZmZo ^Q>³¶m, {d‘w³V O‘mVrÀ¶m àíZm§da àH$me ‘amR>r gm{h˶mVrc ¶moJXmZ nS>cm. ^Q>³¶m§Mo àíZ gm‘m{OH$ MM}Mm {df¶ Pmcm. "Cnam', "CMë¶m', "H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa', "J~mi', "Am^amZ', "{~amS>', lr. amOHw$‘ma ~~Z eocma "MmoaQ>m', "amZ^¡ar', "~oaS>', "nmaܶmM§ {OU§', "CXB©', g§emYoZH$Vm©, E‘.E.~r.ES>.E‘.’$sc, "Am§XH$moi' Aer ‘hÎdmMr ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrMr B§Xmnya, {O. nwUo AmË‘H$WZo ¶oVmV. 1980 Z§Va "Cnam' Amco. ˶mZ§Va cú‘U Jm¶H$dmS> S>m°. ‘hmXod n§T>arZmW dmiw§O ¶m§Mo "CMë¶m' ho AmË‘H$WZo à{gÕ Pmco. ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H,$ àmMm¶©, AmË‘H$WZm~amo~a AZoH$ AmË‘H$WZo ¶oD$ cmJcr. "Cnam' H$cm ‘hm{dÚmc¶, {^JdU, Vm. B§Xmnya, {O. nwUo ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmV H¡$H$mS>r OmVrMm {~Z{^H$mar åhUOo V¥Vr¶ loUrVë¶m OmVrMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. H¡$H$mS>r ho CH$[aS>çmda ======***********======OJUmao, ¶m§Zm Kao ZmhrV H$maU Am{W©H$ ñW¡¶© Zmhr. gm‘m{OH$ àñVmdZm : à{Vð>m Va amhmoM, gm‘mOH$ ñWmZhr Zmhr. CîQ>çm, ^rH$ ‘amR>r gm{h˶ {dídmV "AmË‘H$WZ' hm c{cV ‘mJyZ AmUcoë¶m AÞmda, ’$moH$ {dHy$Z {‘iUmè¶m JÚmMm EH$ dmL²>‘¶ àH$ma ‘mZcm OmVmo. ‘amR>r gm{h˶mV XrS>X‘S>rda, ~è¶mMXm Cnmer nmoQ>r amhþZM JwOamU H$aUmar "AmË‘H$WZ' ¶m gm{h˶ àH$mamcm ñdV§Í¶ Ago ñWmZ Amho. hr ‘mUg§, JmT>d§ Am{U JmT>dmda ~gVrc EdT>rM VrZ Mma "AmË‘H$WZ' ¶m dmL²>‘¶ àH$mamH$S>o dmMH$m§Mm H$c A{YH$ ’w$Q>H$s ^m§S>r hr ˶m§Mr {‘iH$V. añ˶mdaÀ¶m H$S>ocm amhV Amho. H$maU ¶mVyZ EH$mM 춳VrMo Am{U ˶mÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo gmao Am¶wî¶ H$mT>Umar hr A{ZHo$V ‘§S>ir, Iù¶mda {‘ioc ¶oUmè¶m ˶mÀ¶m g‘mOmMo {MÌ gmH$macoco AgVo. ˶m‘wio Vo ¿¶m¶M§. Q>monë¶m {‘ioc ˶m ^mdmV {dH$m¶À¶m. O‘oc AmË‘H$WZH$ma d ˶mMm g‘mO H$gm OrdZg§Kf© H$aVmo ho {VWo ‘mamMm YmoH$m nËH$ê$Z d JmdmÀ¶m ~m§YmdaMo ’$moH$ OmUyZ KoʶmmMr ‘Zmcm AmoT> cmJVo. g‘mOmVrc doJdoJù¶m Mmoam¶Mo Am{U ¶mdaM H$emMmhr ^adgm Z YaVm OJVm KQ>H$m§‘Yrc OmVr, Y‘m©Vrc gm‘mݶ ì¶{³VnmgyZ Vo Agm‘mݶ ¶oB©c EdT>§ ‘wH$mQ>çmZo OJUmar hr ‘mUgo. ¶m§À¶m OrdZmMo, ì¶{³Vn¶ªV hr AmË‘H$WZo ‘mZdr OrdZmMr AZoH$ éno CcKSy>Z Mmcr[aVrMo, na§namMo Xe©Z Cnam‘YyZ cú‘U ‘mZo H$ê$Z XmIdVmV. XoVmV. ‘amR>r gm{h˶ {dídmV 1960 Z§Va X{cV AmË‘H$WZo "CMë¶m' ho cú‘U Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§Mo AmË‘H$WZ Amcr. ¶m X{cV AmË‘H$WZm§Mr àoaUm KoD$Z 1980 Z§Va gZ 1987 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmco. ¶m AmË‘H$WZmV cú‘U ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§Mr gwê$dmV Pmcr. Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§À¶m dmQ>çmcm {dXmaH$ OrdZ Amco Amho. ˶m‘wio X{cV AmË‘H$WZm§à‘mUo ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrÀ¶m ˶m§À¶m "nmWê$Q>' g‘mOmcm ^yH$ {‘Q>{dʶmgmR>r C§XamgmaIo AmË‘H$WZm§Mm gm‘mdoe ‘amR>r AmË‘H$WZ dmL²>‘¶mV hmoVmo. àmUr {eH$ma H$ê$Z Imdo cmJVmV. ˶mVyZM Mmoè¶m H$aUo, ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZmVyZ àm‘w»¶mZo ˶m nmo{cgm§Mm ‘ma, OmVdmë¶m§Mo eÌwËd, g‘mOmÀ¶m ^¶mZH$ OmVr O‘mVrMo g‘mOOrdZ, OrdZ g§Kf©, ˶m‘ܶo AgUmar g‘ñ¶m ¶m AmË‘H$WZmV {M{ÌV Pmë¶m AmhoV. JwÝhoJmar, Xm[aÐç, ~oamoOJmar, AkmZ, g‘mOì¶dñWoZo ^Q>³¶m "J~mi' (1983) ho XmXmgmho~ ‘moao ¶m§Mo AmË‘H$WZ {d‘w³V O‘mVtda XrK©H$mi Ho$coco Aݶm¶ Am{U ¶m Hw$a‘wS>o Omoer ¶m OmVrMo ^Q>Ho$ OrdZ {M{ÌV H$aVo. ¶m g‘mOmVrc Agcocr "OmVn§Mm¶V' hr KmVH$ àWm B˶mXrMo AmË‘H$WZmV Hw$a‘wS>o Omoer ¶m O‘mVrMo OrdZ ˶m§Mo Xþ:I, s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0131 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 doXZm, Xm[aÐç, ^Q>H§$Vr Am{U emofUmMo {MÌU H$aʶmV g‘mOì¶dñWoer {Ma’$mS> H$aUmao AmË‘H$WZ Amho. à{VHy$c Amco Amho. ì¶dñWoV OÝ‘OmV JwÝhoJmarMm {e³H$m ~gcoë¶m nmaYr Jwcm~ dmK‘moS>o ¶m§À¶m "amZ^¡ar' ¶m AmË‘H$WZmVyZ OmVrV coIH$mMm OÝ‘ Pmcm Amho. {H$gZ MìhmU ho d¡Xÿ g‘mOmMo OrdZ Xe©Z KS>Vo. 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H$moëhmQ>r g‘mOmVrc {ó¶m§Mm {dQ>mi Zmhr nU XoUmao Amho. ¶m OmVr O‘mVrÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§‘YyZ J«m‘rU d nwê$fm§Zm ‘mÌ g‘mO Xÿa gmaVmo. H$moëhmQ>r g‘mOmVrc ‘wctZm ehar ^mJm§Vrc OrdZ JmdHw$gm~mhoarc OrdZ, amZmdZmVrc ZmMm¶cm gmoS>VmV. ¶m g‘mOmV ‘wcrÀ¶m OÝ‘mZ§Va AmZ§X OrdZ, ‘miamZmdarc nmcm§‘Yrc OrdZ 춳V Pmco Amho. 춳V Ho$cm OmVmo. ¶m AmË‘H$WZmV {H$emoa H$mio ¶m§Zr WmoS>³¶mV ‘amR>r gm{h˶mcm g‘¥Õ H$aUmao hr ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V OmVn§Mm¶VrMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho. H$moëhmQ>çm§Mr OmV n§Mm¶V O‘mVrMr AmË‘H$WZo ~Xc˶m ¶wJm§Mm Moham A{YH$ ñnï> OoOwar, ‘T>r Am{U gmoZmarÀ¶m OÌoV ^aVo. g‘mOmVrc JwÝømMm H$aUmar R>acr AmhoV. hr AmË‘H$WZo ‘amR>r dmL²>‘¶mZ ‘mocmMr {ZdmS>m n§MmH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmVmo. ^a KmcyZ g‘VogmR>r cT>m C^maVmZm {XgVmV. ¶m "{~amS>' ho AemoH$ ndma ¶m§Mo AmË‘H$WZ Amnco AmË‘H$WZmVyZ AmË‘H$WZH$am§Mo OrdZ ˶m§Mm g‘mO ì¶Wm, doJionU {gÕ Ho$aVo. "{~amS>' ¶m AemoH$ ndma ¶m§À¶m doXZm, Xþ:I, AkmZ, A§YlÕm, JwÝhoJmar nmíd©^y‘r, OmVn§Mm¶V AmË‘H$WZmV "~ocXma' g‘mOmMm Xm§{^H$nUm åhUOo ˶m ¶m§Mr g‘mOmcm AmoiI hmoVo. ¶m OmVrO‘mVrÀ¶m g‘mOmMo OJUo, àWm, na§nam, ZmVog§~§Y, A§YlÕm, MmcrarVr, AmË‘H$WZm§VyZ OmVn§Mm¶V ¶m A{Zï> àWoMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. ¶m {dH$ma, dmgZm ¶m gJù¶m OrdZ Om{Udm àJQ> Pmë¶m OmVr O‘mVrda JwÝhoJmarMm {e³H$m ~gë¶m‘wio ˶m§Mo OrdZ AmhoV. ho AmË‘H$WZ ~ocXma ¶m g‘mOmMo Agco Var g§nyU© ^yH$, Cnmg‘ma, Xm[aÐç, ~oamoOJma ¶m àíZm§Zr doT>coco Amho. ^Q>³¶m O‘mVtMr ì¶Wm ¶mV {M{ÌV Pmcocr Amho. {ZîH$f© : "CXB©' ¶m àH$me MìhmU ¶m§À¶m AmË‘H$WZmV 1) gZ 1980 Z§Va ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrÀ¶m Cno{jV nmaYr g‘mO OrdZmMm OrdZ AmcoI à‘w»¶mZo àJQ> AmË‘H$WZ àdmhmZo ‘amR>r gm{h˶ {dídmV ‘mocmMr ^a Pmcm Amho. CXB© åhUOo AÞ Ymݶmcm cmJcocr H$sS> Q>mH$cr Amho. qH$dm dmidr, ê$T>r, na§nam, àWm, AkmZ, JwÝhoJmarMm {e³H$m 2) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrMm AmË‘H$WZH$m§a ñdV: ¶mMr Amnë¶m O‘mVrcm cmJcocr dmidr coIH$mZo ñdV:À¶m 춳V hmoVmo. na§Vw ˶mnojm OmñV Vmo Amncm g‘mO {M{ÌV OrdZ AZw^dmVyZ à^mdrnUo ‘m§S>cr Amho. JwÝhoJmarÀ¶m H$aVmo. {e³³¶m‘wio nmaYr g‘mOmMm {dH$mg Pmcm Zmhr. nmaYr 3) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrMr AmË‘H$WZo Mmoa, O‘mVrV OÝ‘coco coIH$ àH$me MìhmU {dX^m©Vrc JwÝhoJmar OrdZmMr nmíd©^y‘r gm§JyZ ¶m OmVr O‘mVtÀ¶m A{dH${gV J«m‘rU ^mJmVrc Agë¶m‘wio ˶m§Mo Xþ:I, doXZm, newVwë¶ OrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>{dVmV. Xm[aÐç A{YH$ JS>X {M{ÌV Pmco Amho. 4) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVrÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZmV "Am§XH$moi' ho {H$gZ MìhmU ¶m§Mo AmË‘H$WZ "OmVn§Mm¶V' ¶m A{Zð> àWoMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0132 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 5) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtda JwÝhoJmarMm {e³H$m ~gë¶m‘wio ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§VyZ ^yH$, Cnmg‘ma, Xm[aÐç, 28 ~oamoOJmarMm àíZ Vrd«nUo g‘moa Amcm Amho. 6) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZmV orZekukps nkgd lanHkZ % Amcoë¶m doJdoJù¶m ~mocrVrc eãX g§nXo‘wio ‘amR>r ^mfm ^rqEgh dks.kR;k ekxkZoj\* g‘¥Õ Pmcr Amho. 7) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtMr AmË‘H$WZo ˶m OmVr izk-MkW- fouksn ukenso baxGs O‘mVtÀ¶m ‘mUgm§Mr OrdZe¡cr ˶m§Mm g‘mO ˶m§À¶m ì¶Wm, x-fHk- eqjkjdk dyk okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] ‘ksxkao] doXZm g‘OyZ KoʶmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Am{U àñWm{nV g‘mOmcm ft- cqyMk.kk gm‘m{OH$ Am{U dmL²>‘¶rZ XñVEodO R>amdm EdT>çm ‘m¡{cH$VrMr Pmcr AmhoV. 8) ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§‘wio ======***********======^Q>³¶m {d‘w³Vm§À¶m dmL²>‘¶ Midircm ~i {‘imco Amho. ^dfork* gh ekuoh laosnukaph vfHkO;Drh ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³Vm§À¶m dmL²>‘¶mV ¶m AmË‘H$WZm‘wio ‘m¡{cH$ vlrs- vls cr Amho. vlyks rjh] rh dks.kR;k voLFkkauk ?ksÅu izlo 9) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m H«$m§VrH$mar osnuk nsrs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks ,d vH;kld ;k ukR;kus {dMmam§Mr àoaUm Oer X{cV AmË‘H$WZm§À¶m ‘wimer Amho. vxR;kps vl.ks Eg.kts] dforsph ifjHkk”kk let.ks VrM àoaUm ^Q>³¶m {d‘w³V O‘mVtÀ¶m AmË‘H$WZm§À¶m ‘wimer gks;- dfoph dfork gh R;k&R;k dkGkps viR; Amho. à˶oH$ AmË‘H$WZH$mamMr 춳VrJV coIZàoaUm doJir vlrs vls EgVys rj rs ckGcks/k okVw u;s- dkj.k gh Agcr Var ˶m§À¶mda S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m frP;k voLFkkarj.kkP;k izdVhdj.kkph lqfid tehup {dMmam§Mm à^md {XgyZ ¶oVmo. vlrs- ;kp tfeuhe/;s rs&rs loZ mxo.kkj vlrs- g§X^©J«W : mxor vlrs] T;kph Hkkdhra doh tks[kr vlrks- 1) ^mcM§Ð ’$S>Ho$, X{cV gm{h˶ doXZm Am{U vkf.k Eg.kwup rj rks osxGk vlrks brjkais{kk- lkekftd {dÐmoh, lr{dÚm àH$meZ àW‘ Amd¥Îmr 1977 Ik;kZoj.k gs O;kid vkgs- ;k O;kidrsP;k ifj?kkryk 2) S>m°. aqdÐ Ho$Xma, S>m°. Jmonmi T>moco, X{cV ,d vYilk Hkkx Eg.kts ek.kwl vkgs- ;k vYi’kk AmË‘H$WZo : qMVZ Am{U MMm©, AWd© npãcHo$eZ, Ywio, Hkkxkoj tjh dfork ;sÅu Fkkacyh rjh] R;kpk foLrkj àW‘md¥Îmr 2013, n¥. 59 dj.;kph rkdrgh rh Bsors- dkj.k gk ek.kwlp 3) MìhmU àH$me "CXB©' J«§Wmcr àH$meZ nwUo, frP;k fopkj pdzkph xrh fuf’pr dj.kkjk vlrks- àW‘md¥Îmr 2010, n¥. 5 R;keqGs doh R;ke/;s xqarr tkrks- rks R;kP;k 4) MìhmU {H$gZ, "Am§XH$moi' J«§Wmcr àH$meZ, vfHkO;Drhpk ,d Hkkx gksrks- R;kP;k loZ ‘w§~B©, àW‘md¥Îmr 2015, n¥. 8 vl.;k&ul.;kP;k ‘kD;rkapk rks lk{khnkj gksrks- 5) ndma AemoH$, "{~amS>' ‘Zmo{dH$mg àH$meZ rks Lo’kh cksyrk&cksyrk dsOgk oS;fDrd dks”kkrwu nwUo, àW‘md¥Îmr 2001, n¥. 2 lkekftdhdj.kkP;k izfdz;sr lgHkkxh gksrs gs R;kykgh dGr ukgh- ijarq R;kps O;Dr gks.ks gs ekuoh leqgkyk  R;kP;k vfLrRokph tk.kho d:u ns.kkjs vlrs gs egRokps- ;k lexzrsps vkdyu vkiY;k fopkj izfrHksP;k vaxkus MkW- jkenkl baxGs ;kauh vkiY;k s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0133 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ^rqEgh dks.kR;k ekxkZoj\*7.891 ;k (IIJIF)ifgY;k dkO;laxzgkP;k Hkdkl >kys Hkkjrkps [ksMs* i`- 24 :ikus lkfgR; fo’oke/;s ekaMys vkgs- R;kaP;k ;k fdaok dfork okpdkaP;k vkdyu d{kk vk.k[kh foLrkjhr ^ns’k fodkl ;kstuk dj.;kps lkeF;Z Bsorkr gs fo’ks”k- ^rqEgh dks.kR;k ‘ksrdÚ;kph xzke nSuk ekxkZoj\* gk dkO;laxzg ,dfolkO;k ‘krdkP;k foKkukP;k ikoykoj macjBÓkkoj nLrd nsrks- ;k dfork laxzgke/;s ,dw.k paxGoknh ukps eSuk-* i`- 59 iapkoUu dfork vkgsr- ;k dforkaps egRokps oSf’k”VÓk ^Jfed nkrk* fdacgquk ^vkeph ekrh vkeph gs dh] R;k fo”k;kP;k osxGsi.kkyk tirkr- ,[kknk ek.kls* gh dfork vlsy] nksUghgh ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k fo”k; gk iqUgk ,d uO;k dforspk psgjk ?ksÅu ;sr nSU;koLFkspk fopkj djrkr- gs [kjs vkgs dh] gk vlyk rjh] R;kph Bso.k osxGh vkgs gs foljrk fo”k; lkrR;kus rqdksckaP;k dky[kaMkiklwu ;sr ukgh- ;kph tk.kho ;k dkO;laxzgkP;k lekteukyk fopkjizo`Rr djhr vkysyk vkgs d/kh eq[ki‘”Bkyk ikgrkp{k.kh gksrsjaxkP;k dqapY;ke/kwu fulxkZP;k ekjkeqGs rj d/kh ekuofufeZr ‘kks”k.k rs vkiY;k’kh laokn lk/krs uOonksRrjh dky[kaM gk O;qOgkjkeqGs- R;kr HkjMY;k xsyk ek= rks ‘ksrdjhp- vusdk;kZus egRRoiw.kZ vkgs- ;k dky[kaMkus ;kphp [kar doh ;k dforse/;s O;Dr djrks vkgs- ek.klkek.klkrhy varj tls deh dsys] rlsp R;kP;k Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s vusd vuqRrjhr iz’ukauk Hkkofo’oke/;s vrho v’kh iksdGhgh fuekZ.k dsyh rksaMs QqVrhy vls okVys gksrs ijarq rs {k.k vktikosrksgh vkgs- gh iksdGh ex ukrsca/kkph vlsy] vFkZoRrsph vuqHko;kl vkys ukgh- gk ,dizdkjs ;k lekt vlsy] lkaLd`frd vFkok lkekftd ifjek.kkph vlsy- O;oLFkspk ijkHko vkgs- bFkY;k LokFkZdsafnzr eukso`Rrhpk ,d vH;kld ;k ukR;kus vki.k dqBY;k iksdGh’kh “kakysyk vkgs- gk tks vfoHkkZo vkgs R;kus izfr”Bk ikoysY;kauh ‘ksrdÚ;kps LokFkkZP;k vaxkus ‘ksrdÚ;kauk [kÚ;k vFkkZus fopkj djk;yk ,d tkxk dsoG ‘kks”k.k dsys dh] R;kaP;k O;Fkk osnukauk txkP;k mHkh dsyh- ijarq frP;k toGikl ‘ksrdÚ;kph fdrh leksj ekaMwu nkn ekfxryh dh] B.kdkowu lkafxrys- eqya iksgpyhr gk lq/nk fopkj dj.;klkj[kk iz’u gk [kjsrj ,d u lqVysyk loky vkgs- ijarq vls vkgs- iz’u ekaMwu tj vkiY;k ;kruk deh gks.;kps vlys rjh] rks lkfgR;krwu vkti;Zar vO;kgr ;sr uko ?ks.kkj ulrhy rj] vkiY;kyk dqBsrjh vkiY;k jkfgyk vkgs- ;k vaxkus ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k tx.;k&ej.;kpk Hkwfedsyk rkÅu&lqyk[kwu ?ksrya ikfgts- vkiY;k fopkj doh jkenkl baxGs djhr ukghr rj] R;kaps Hkwfedsyk riklrk vkya ikfgts- gk iz’u doh bFks Hkkofo’o gs ek>s vkgs gk ftOgkGk R;kaph dfork mifLFkr djrks- ‘ksrdjh gk txkpk iksf’kank vkgs- gs O;Dr djhr vkysyh vkgs- gs ts vkiysi.k R;kaP;k rj vkgsp ijarq rks ,d lk{kkr ek.kwl vkgs dforsrwu vki.kkl ikgk;yk feGrs rs vLly vkiY;klkj[kk- R;kpk lalkj vkgs- R;kpk xksrkoGk uSlfxZd vkgs- ^vkeph ekrh vkeph ek.kls* gh vkgs- dfork R;kps cksyds :Ik vkgs- R;kP;k dkgh xjtk vkgsr- tckcnkÚ;k ^pyk ckiqP;k [ksMÓkkdMs vkgsr- R;kauk ,d tckcnkj izeq[k Eg.kwu R;kyk vfgalsps eqds lkiGs iw.kZ djk;ps vkgs- gs bFkY;k ‘kkluO;oLFksyk let.k vkRegR;sph ckc dks.kh uk jMs xjtspa vkgs- dsoG erkalkBh R;kapk xoxok d:u] s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0134 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 jktk Eg.kwu R;kph vogsyuk7.891 (IIJIF)Fkkaco.ks xjtsps vkgsgh tkrs dfork gh lHkksorkykoj Hkk”; djrs- o kysyk vkgs- lkekftd fnokG[kksjh rjh] gh dfork dsoG ,dp&,d fo”k; mRdVrsus Fkkacok;ph vlsy rj] izR;sdkus Lor%P;k izfr”BsP;k fopkjrs] rj vls Eg.kk;yk oko feGr ukgh- frps [kksVÓkk dYiukae/kwu ckgsj iM.ks xjtsps vkgs- bFks fo’o vQkV vkgs- R;kph izfprh uOonksRrjh dq.khgh Lor%yk Fkksj vkf.k ygku let.;kph dforse/;s vki.kkl t’kh ;srs] vxnh r’khp doh vko’;drk ukgh- vki.k lkjs ,dkp okVsps izoklh jkenkl baxGs ;kaP;k dforsrwugh ;srs gs fo’ks”k- rs vkgksr- ;kph tk.kho xkMxsckckauh lkrR;kus vkiY;k vkiY;k ^[kjk vkacsMdjoknh dks.k* ;k dforse/;s dhrZukP;k ek/;ekrwu d:u fnysyh vkgs- ek.kwl Eg.krkr dh] cnyyk ikfgts vls Eg.k.;kis{kk R;kus MksGli.kkus ^^f’kdk] la?kfVr Ogk] djk la?k”kZ A** vkiyk lHkksorky /kqaMkGyk ikfgts rsOgkp okLrokpk cnyyk lekt eukr g”kZ [kjk vuqHko rks ?ksÅ ‘kdsy- rsOgkp rks [kjk ek.kwl vUo;kFkZ fu?krks dk uok\ gksÅ ‘kdsy- gh Fkksj f’kdo.k dfoph dfork nsr Lor%lkBh f’kdyks] LokFkkZiksVh fodyks s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0135 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 vkyks ,d= tkrhps nksu]7.891 vkilkr(IIJIF) HkkaMw ykxyks-* vkgs- ;kpk tcjnLr euLrki dohyk vkgs- vki.k gk vareqZ[k dj.kkjk iz’u usgehlkBh fparukpk dqBsrjh ^,dla?k lekt* gk fopkj djrk >kyks jkfgysyk vkgs- ckcklkgsckauk vfHkizsr vl.kkjk ek.kwl ikfgts gh orZekukph vko’;drk doh fo’kn djhr vkt vki.kkl nk[kork ;srks dk\ [kjs rj iz’ukusp tkrks- ;k dforsph lq:okr doh djrks- ;k lektkrhy ;k dkO;laxzgkrhy brj dforkapk fopkj vU;k;kP;k pdzkr lkiMysyk ek.kwl vU;k;eqDr djhr vlrkauk vusd Toyar iz’ukauk doh mHkk >kyk ikfgts- ‘kks”k.keqDr >kyk ikfgts o Lor%P;k djrks- R;ke/;s lektokn] lkaLd`frd iM>M] vkfFkZd ifydMpa tx R;kP;k vkLFkspk fo”k; >kyk ikfgts- fooapuk] ifjorZukph nLrd] lq/kkj.kkokn] csdkjh] ;k LoIukpa vkt dk; >kya\ gk iz’u doh fopkjrks jktdh; LokFkZyksyqirk] Ik;kZoj.kkP;k lkSan;kZpk ekuoh dohph fufj{k.kkph lw{eo`Rrh R;kaP;k izR;sd eukoj meV.kkjk Blk] /;s;okn] fujk’kk] fi<Ókkapk dforsxf.kd vk.k[kh rhoz gksr tkrs- R;kaps lektHkku la?k”kZ ;kapk lekos’k djkok ykxrks- ‘ksoVh dkgh pkSQsj vkgs- R;kaph dfork gh R;kaph Lor%ph vkgs vksGhae/;s doh O;Dr gksrks- frP;ke/;s vuqdj.kkP;k vaxkus QsjQkj rs djhr ^iqsi ?ksr xsyks-* ;sÅu iksgprkr] rsOgk R;kauk vkf.k R;kaP;k dohph dfork gh d’kh xrheku] iksDr ek/;ekrwu vki.kklgh dkgh iz’u iMrkr- T;kaps vkf.k le`/n gksr xsyh R;kps cksyds :Ik gÓkk vksGh mRrj vki.kkal ,d lkekftd ?kVd Eg.kwu |kosp Bjrkr- gs uOonksRrjh dky[kaMkps ,d osxGsi.k ykxrs- lkekftd lkSan;kZpk ewyL=ksr vl.kkjk vkgs- brj dohalkj[ks R;kp&R;k fo”k;koj rs cksV u vkn’kZokn dkyckgÓk gksrks; dh dk;\ ;kP;k laosnuk Bsork uorspk /;kl R;kaP;klkBh egRokpk Bjrks dfoyk gksr tkrkr o R;k ‘kCn:Ik ?ksrkr- rs vkiY;k vkf.k rsp R;kapa lkeF;Zgh Bjrs- ^vkn’kZ* ;k dforsOnkjs] ^yksd’kkghyk lRrsus yqVys]  /keZ /kqD;kus jk”Vªh;Rop >kdys bfrgkl nsbZy vkn’kZ nk[kys] egkiq:”kkaph n`”Vh djsy Hkys-* vxnh rqdksckaiklwu rs ckcklkgsckaP;k lafo/kkuki;Zarpk ,d lyx dky[kaM mHkk dj.;kr doh ;’kLoh gksrkr- vki.k dks.kR;k ns’kkr] lektkr jkgrks\ R;kp dk T;k ns’kkyk] lektkyk T;k egkekuokauh larkauh lkekftd ckaf/kydhP;k ek/;ekrwu ,dlw=kr vkso.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- R;kaP;k vkn’kZ thoukP;k laLdkjkauk vki.k fol:u dsoG {k.kSd paxGoknkP;k uknkr vki.k vMdyks gs vkf.k vls vusd iz’u doh djrks- gs okLro vkgs- ;kyk dq.khgh ukdk: ‘kdr ukgh- ;kph tk.kho O;fDruk gksr ukgh vls ukgh- ijarq vkiY;k dqVqackP;k ifydMpk fopkjp dq.kh djk;yk /ktr ukgh- [kjh vMp.k gh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0136 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) dsys tkrs- R;keqGs y?kq m|ksxkps LFkku gs egÙokps 29 vkgs- y?kq m|ksxkpk fodkl dsY;keqGs ljdkjoj iM.kkjh vkfFkZd tckcnkjh cjhp deh gksbZy- LFkkfud Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFksr y?kq O;oLFkkiu dkS'kY; o lk/ku lkeqxzhpk tkLr mi;ksx d:u oLrw o lsokaps eksBîk çek.kkr mRiknu dj.;kr m|ksxkph Hkwfedk o egRo ;sbZy- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFksr y?kq m|ksxkps LFkku vR;ar egRokps vkgs- uohu o vk/kqfud çk- ç'kkar txfn'k okYnso ra=Kkukpk lrr okij d:u y?kq m|ksx {ks= vkiY;k ts-,e-iVsy dyk] okf.kT; o foKku xzkgdkauk ntsZnkj oLrw o lsokapk iqjoBk djhy] vYi egkfo|ky;] HkaMkjk [kpZ] pkaxyh xq.koÙkk] mPp ra=Kku vkf.k Li/kkZRed fu;kZr ák eq[; ckch y{kkr ?ksowu rlsp y?kqm|ksx ======***********======{ks=kps lao/kZu d:u ns'kkP;k fodklkr gkrHkkj yko.ks çLrkouk%& xjtsps vkgs- R;keqGs njMksbZ mRiUu okkysyk fnlwu ;srks- fQLdy dfe'kuP;k ers %& vkS|ksfxd fodklkeqGs jk"Vªkapk fodkl dj.ks lks;hps T;k m|ksxkr etqjkaph fdaok dkexkjkaph la[;k gksrs- Eg.kwu Hkkjrkus ƒ‹‹ƒ e/;s jk"Vªkapk vkfFkZd fodkl ƒå rs ‡å i;aZr vlrs v'kk m|ksxkauk y?kq m|ksx vls lk/k.;klkBh mnkjhdj.k] tkxfrfddj.k] [kktxhdj.k Eg.krkr- gh uhrh voyacoyh vkgs- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; fodklkyk T;k m|ksxkaph xqaro.kwd ƒ djksM #i;ki;aZr pkyuk feGkyh vkgs- R;kr y?kq m|ksxkauk ikfgts dj.;kr ;srs v'kk loZ m|ksxkapk lekos'k gk y?kq R;k çek.kkr çxrh dsysyh fnlwu ;sr ukgh- y?kq m|ksxkr gksrs- ¼bafM;k „å剽„ m|ksxkpk j~gkl gksow ykxyk vkgs- vls Eg.kk;yk la'kks/ku ç'u %& dkghp gjdr ukgh- 1½ Lo;ajkstxkj fuekZ.k d:u csdkjh o nfjæh y?kq m|ksxkauk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkspk d.kk deh dj.ks- ekuyk tkrks- y?kq m|ksxkeqGs yksdkauk jkstxkj 2½ ns'kkrhy lk/kulkeqxzhpk iqjsiwj okij dj.ks- miyC/k gksrks- R;keqGs csdkjh o nkfjæ deh gksowu 3½ ns'kkrhy vkfFkZd fodklkyk gkrHkkj jk"VªkP;k fodklkyk pkyuk feGrs- y?kq m|ksx gs yko.ks- lkeU;rk 'kgjh fdaok v/kZ'kgjh Hkkxkr fuekZ.k gksr la'kks/ku i)rh%& vlY;keqGs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdkauk jkstxkjhP;k çLrqr 'kks/kfuca/k f}rh; lkeqxzhoj vk/kkfjr la/kh miyC/k gksrkr- R;keqGs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksdkaps vkgs- rF; ladyuklkBh fo"k;ka'kh lcaf/kr fofo/k thoueku mapkors - Hkkjrkr cgqla[; yksd gs xzkeh.k lanHkZxzaFk] Øfed iqLrds çdkf'kr o vçHkkf'kr lkfgR;] Hkkxkr jkgrkr- toGtoG ˆ‰% yksd gs xzkeh.k orZekui=s o fu;rdkfyds bR;knh ek/;ekapk vk/kkj Hkkxkr jkgrkr R;keqGs R;kaP;k jkstxkjhpk ç'u lqVrks- ?ks.;kr vkyk- y?kqm|ksxkP;k mRiknukr fofo/krk vkgs- miHkksX; oLrw] y?kq m|ksxkps egRo %& v/kZiDo eky] ygku ;a=s] gR;kjs o votkjs] eksBîkk ;kstuk vk;ksxkP;k ers] çkIrh o jkg.khekukpk ;a=kps lqVs Hkkx bZR;knh y?kq m|ksxkdMwu mRiknu ntkZ okkys rj R;kr 4½ ekyd o etwj ;kaP;kr lyks[;kps lca/k R;kauk jkstxkj miyC/k gksbZy- vk/kqfud 'ksrhph çLFkkfir gks.;kl enr gksrs %& y?kq m|ksxkr ladYiuk vfLrRokr ;sbZy R;keqGs dkgh yksd'ksrhoj] dkexkjkaph la[;k e;kZfnr vlY;kus] dkexkj o dkgh yksd m|ksxkr dke d:u ldy mRiUukr ekyd ;kapk çR;{kkr laidZ gksowu R;kaP;krhy erHksn ok< djrhy o R;keqGs ns'kkps jk"Vªh; mRiUu okkY;kl R;kauk dkGkph xjt vkgs- rjp ns'k gk fodflr gksÅ xkokP;k toGp dke feGsy- R;keqGs rs 'kgjkr 'kdsy- dsafær O;oLFkk udks rj fodsafær O;oLFkk ;s.kkj ukghr Eg.kwu LFkykarj.kkpk ç'u lqVsy- ikfgts vkgs- R;keqGs lxG~;kauk la/kh miyC/k gksrhy- 10½ deh mRiknu [kpZ %& ƒ‹‹‹ e/;s Hkkjrh; R;kaP;krhy fofo/k dkS'kY; nk[ko.;kph lxG~;kauk y?kqm|ksx fodklkus dsysY;k vH;klkr vls fnlwu la/kh miyC/k gksbZy- ;srs fd] ,dw.k vkS|ksfxd mRiknukiSdh y?kqm|ksxkuh „å% mRiknu dsys rj R;ke/kwu …‡ rs †å% ,o<îkk lanHkZ %& jksTxkjhP;k la/kh miyC/k >kY;k o R;klkBh Qä ‰ 1½ Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL= & M‚- es/kk dkusVdj rs ƒ‡% ,o<îkk HkkaMoykph xjt Hkklrs- ¼jktxksiky Jh lkbZukFk çdk'ku] ukxiwj „å冽 ƒ… y?kq m|ksxke/;s lk/;k o lksI;k ra=Kkukpk 2½ Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL= & M‚- lq/kkdj 'kkL=h okij dsyk tkrks R;keqGs mRiknu ifjO;; [kpZ deh o M‚- çdk'k nsºyhoky fo'o çdk'ku vkf.k forjd] ;srks- Je deh njkr miyC/k gksrks- rlsp dPpk ukxiwj eky gk toGiklp miyC/k vlrks- R;keqGs mRiknu 3½ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl o [kpZ deh ;srks- i;kZoj.kkRed vFkZ'kkL= &&M‚- th- ,u- >kejs 11½ HkkaMoy fufeZrh %& y?kq m|ksxkeqGs xzkeh.k fiiaGkiqjs vaM daiuh ifCy'k"kZ] ukxiwj rlsp fue'kgjh Hkkxkrhy ekuoh lalk/kukpk okij 4½ orZekui=s %& yksder] uoHkkjr] ns'kksUurh miyC/k d:u tkLrhr tkLr O;ähauk jkstxkj 5½ Rao R.V. Cottage and small scale in- miyC/k gksr vlrs- R;keqGs R;kaP;k mRiUukr Hkj dustries and planned Economy, New Delhi, 1967 iMrs R;kapk thoueku mapkors cpr vkf.k xqaro.kwdhl 6½ m|kstdrk fodkl ladYiuk vkf.k R;kapk pkyuk feGrs- HkkaMoy fufeZrh gksrs- o ns'kkP;k O;ogkj & M‚- çHkkdj ns'keq[k fiiaGkiqjs vaM daiuh fodklkyk pkyuk feGrs- ifCy'k"kZ] ukxiwj fu"d"kZ %& 7½ https://www.majhapaper.com Hkkjr gk ns'k —f"kç/kku ns'k vkgs- —"kh gk 8½ https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkspk d.kk vkgs- —"kh'kh fuxMhr m|ksx gs rkyqdkP;k Lrjkoj fuekZ.k dj.ks dkGkph  xjt vkgs- R;keqGs —"kh ojhy Hkj deh gksbZy- xzkeh.k o 'kgjh csdkjh deh gksbZy- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy yksd gs eksBîk çek.kkr LFkykarfjr gks.kkj ukghr- R;kauk toGiklp jkstxkj fuekZ.k gksbZy- R;keqGs 'kgjh csdkjh deh gks.;kl enr gksbZy- o xzkeh.k csdkjh lq)k deh gksbZy- 'ksrhoj vk/kkfjr m|ksx fuekZ.k dsY;kus 'ksrhpk fodkl dj.ks lks;hps gksbZy- 'ksrhrwu mRikfnr ekykyk ;ksX; ekscnyk feGsy- 'ksrdjh le`)h gksbZy- vkf.k ns'kkpk jk"Vªh; mRiUukr ok< gksbZy- ns'kkr 'kkarrk çLFkkfir gks.;kl enr gksbZy- y?kq m|ksxkP;k ek/;ekrwu mRikfnr eky gk eksBîkk m|ksxkauk feGsy- R;keqGs eksBîkk m|ksxkph s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0139 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) 1½ ijdh; çR;{k xqaro.kwdhph ladYiuk 30 vH;kl.ks- 2½ Hkkjrkrhy ,dw.k ijdh; çR;{k Hkkjrkrhy ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwdhps v/;;u dj.ks- 3½ Hkkjrkrhy ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwdhph xqaro.kwd izo`Ùkh % ,d n`f”V{ksi ns’kfugk; izo`Ùkh vH;kl.ks 4½ Hkkjrkrhy ijdh; çR;{k xqaro.kqdhph MkW- mn; ek#rh yks[kaMs {ks=fugk; izo`Ùkh vH;kl.ks- lgk- izk/;kid] okf.kT; foHkkx] la’kks/kukph x`fgrs (Assumptions of the Re- dyk o okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] lkrkjk search) % 1½ Hkkjrkrhy ijdh; çR;{k xqaro.kwd okkysyk vkgs- rlsp ts ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kqdhph ladYiuk (Con- ns’k ekxklysys vkgsr rs HkkaMoykP;k derjrseqGs cept of FDI )% vkgsr- R;k ns’kkaps ekxklysi.k ?kkyfo.;klkBh ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwd gh fons’kkrhy HkkaMoykph xjt vkgs- HkkaMoykph xjt gh fons’kh xqaro.kwdnkjkus izR;{k mRiknu dk;kZr dsysyh izR;{k lgk¸; fdaok fons’kh xqaro.kwdh}kjs iw.kZ gksr vlrs- xqaro.kwd vlrs- ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwdhyk For- fons’kh xqaro.kwdhps nksu çdkj iMrkr- ,d ijdh; eign Direct Investment (FDI) vls Eg.krkr- ijdh; çR;{k xqaro.kwd vkf.k nqljk ijdh; vçR;{k izR;{k xqaro.kqdhph ladYiuk let.;klkBh xqari.kwd- ;kiSdh ijdh; çR;{k xqaro.kwd Foreign vkiY;kyk dkgh O;k[;k ikg.ks xjtsps vkgs- Direct Investment (FDI) gk nh?kZdkyhu HkkaMoyh ßijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwd Eg.kts ijdh;kauh izdkj vkgs- ;k xqaro.kwdheqGs ns’kkP;k mRiknukr o ,[kkn;k ns’kkr izR;{k mRiknuklkBh m|ksx laLFksP;k jkstxkjkr ok< gksÅu ns’kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl gks.;kl mHkkj.khP;k Lo:ikr dsysyh xqaro.kwd gks;-Þ rlsp enr gksrs- R;keqGs fodlu’khy ns’k ,QMhvk; ßtsOgk fodflr ns’kkrhy eksB;k o cgqjk”Vªh; daiU;k vkdf”kZr d:u ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru djr vlrkr- fodlu’khy vkf.k vfodflr ns’kkrhy daiU;kaps Hkkjrklkj[;k fodlu’khy ns’kkyk fodflr Hkkx HkkaMoy [kjsnh d:u O;oLFkkiukpk rkck gks.;klkBh HkkaMoykph vR;ar xjt vkgs- gs egRo feGforkr fdaok uO;kus daiuh lq: d:u nh?kZdkyhu vksG[kwu izLrqr ‘kks/k fuca/kklkBh ^Hkkjrkrhy ijdh; HkkaMoyh xqaro.kwd djrkr R;k xqaoo.kwdhyk ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwd izo`Ùkh % ,d n`f”V{ksi* ;k fo”k;kph izR;{k xqaro.kwd vls Eg.krkr-Þ IMF Defined FDI fuoM dsyh vkgs- as; “ investment that is made to acquire A lasting la’kks/kukph mn~fn”Vs (Objectives of Research)% interest in an enterprise operating in an economy s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0140 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 other than that the investor. Investors purpose being to have an effective voice in the manage- ment of the enterprise.” FkksMD;kr] ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwd Eg.kts ns’kkr uohu mn;ksx lq# dj.;klkBh fons’kkrwu vkysyh xqaro.kwd gks;- Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ,dw.k izo‘Ùkh % Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ,dw.k izo‘Ùkh rDrk Øekad 1 e/;s n’kZoysyh vkgs- rDrk Øekad 1 Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ,dw.k izo‘Ùkh ¼vkdMsokjh fefy;u MkWyj½

,dw.k e/khy okf”kZd ,dw.k e/khy ‘ksdMk vuq- Ø o”kZ ,dw.k FDI FDI FDI ok<@?kV ok<@?kV 1 2014&15 24748 & & 2 2015&16 36068 ¼L=ksr% ½ Vhi % dalkrhy vkdMs - 11320.0 -45.74 www.rbi.org.in 3 2016&17 36317 - 249.0 -0.69 4 2017&18 37366 ,dw.k ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwdh’kh izfr’kr - 1049.0 -2.89 5 2018&19 38744 -1378.0 -3.69 izek.k n’kZforkr- rDrk Øekad 2 e/;s ns’kfugk; gks.kkjh ijdh; ¼L=ksr% www.rbi.org.in½ rDrk Øekad 1 e/;s Hkkjrkrhy 2014&15 izR;{k xqaro.kqdhph izo`Ùkh n’kZfoysyh vkgs- rs 2018&19 ;k o”kkZrhy ,dw.k ijdh; izR;{k rDR;ko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh] lu 2014-15 e/;s Hkkjrkr ,dw.k 24748 fefy;u MkWyj ,okysyh vlwu lokZf/kd xqaro.kwd 23-7 rs 2018&19 ;k dkyko/khr Hkkjrke/;s lokZf/kd VDds ekWjhl ;k ns’kkus dsysyh vkgs- rj lokZr deh ,QMhvk; 2018&19 ;k o”kkZr >kyh vlwu lokZr xqaro.kwd 0-2 VDds vkbly¡M ;k ns’kkus dsysyh deh xqaro.kwd 2014&15 ;k o”kkZr >kyh- rlsp vkgs- b-l- 2015-16 e/;s ,dw.k FDI 36068 vH;kl dkyko/khr ijdh; izR;{k xqaro.kwd okkyh vlwu 36068 fefy;u MkWyj ,okyh vlY;kps lokZr vf/kd 35-9 ekWjhl ;k ns’kkus rj lokZr deh 0-2 VDds vkbZly¡M ;k ns’kkus dssysyh vkgs- fnlwu ;srs- rlsp 2016-17 e/;s 0-69 VDds] b-l- 2018-19 ;k o”kkZr ,dw.k FDI 38744 2017-18 e/;s 2-88 VDds] 2018-19 e/;s 3- fefy;u MkWyj ,okyh vlwu lokZf/kd 37- 68 VDds ok< >kyh vlY;kps fun’kZukl ;srs- 7% flaxkiwj ;k ns’kkus rj lokZr deh 0-7% Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ns’kfugk; izo`Ùkh % fLo>jy¡M ;k ns’kkus dsysyh vkgs- fo’ks”krk vH;kl dkyko/khr ns’kkr ekWfj’kl ;k ns’kkph lokZf/kd Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ns’kfugk; izo`Ùkh rDrk FDI Øekad 2 e/;s n’kZoysyh vkgs- vlwu R;k ikBksikB flaxkiwj ;k ns’kkpk Øekad ykxr rDrk Øekad vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- 2 Hkkjrkrhy {ks=fugk; ph izo`Ùkh % Hkkjrkrhy FDI ph ,dw.k izo`Ùkh FDI ¼vkdMsokjh fefy;u MkWyj½ Hkkjrkrhy {ks=fugk; FDI ph izo`Ùkh rDrk Øekad 3 e/;s n’kZoysyh vkgs-

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P. (2009), “Indian xqaro.kwd nG.koG.k {ks=kr >kyh vlwu lokZr deh Economy” APH Publication Corporations, New xqaro.kwd [kk.kdke {ks=kr >kyh vlY;kps fnlrs- Delhi. lu 2018&19 e/;s lokZf/kd xqaro.kwd mRiknu 2) Datta Ashvini and other (2019), “In- {ks=kr >kyh vlwu lokZr deh xqaro.kwd [kk.kdke dian Economy” S. Chand Publication, New Delhi. 3) Govt. of India (2019), “Economic Survey {ks=kr >kyh vlY;kps fun’kZukl ;srs- of India 2019-20. fu”d”kZ (Conclusion)% 4) Mithani D.M. (2017), International Eco- 1½ b-l- 2014&15 rs 2018&19 ;k nomics” Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 5) www.rbi.orj.in s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0142 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ¸üŒŸÖÝÖ™ü, †®Öã¾ÖÓ׿ÖÛú ÝÖãÞÖ¬Ö´ÖÔ ‡. •Öß¾Ö¿ÖÖáÖßµÖ ‘Ö™üÛú †³µÖÖÃÖ»Öê •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ. 31 µÖÖ׿־ÖÖµÖ »ÖÖêÛúÃÖÓܵÖÖ ¸ü“Ö®ÖêŸÖ ÃÖÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú ¾Ö †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ¾Öî׿Ö™ü¶ÖÓ“ÖÖÆüß †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖê. µÖÖŸÖ ×¿ÖõÖÞÖ ÃÖÖõÖ¸üŸÖÖ, ×¾Ö¾ÖÖÆü×ã֟Öß, ¬Ö´ÖÔ, ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ´Ö¸üÖšü¾ÖÖ›ü¶ÖŸÖᯙ »ÖÖêÛúÃÖÓܵÖꓵÖÖ Ø»ÖÝÖÝÖãÞÖÖê¢Ö¸ü ‡. “ÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ¾Öê¿Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖê ŸÖ¸ü †ÖÙ£ÖÛú ¾Öî׿Ö™ü¶ÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ÛúÖ´Ö Ûú¸üÞÖÖ¸üß ¾Ö ÛúÖ´Ö ®Ö Ûú¸üÞÖÖ¸üß »ÖÖêÛúÃÖÓܵÖÖ ¾µÖ¾ÖÃÖÖµÖÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¾ÖÝÖáÛú¸üÞÖ ‡. †³µÖÖÃÖ ¾Öî׿Ö™ü¶ÖÓ“ÖÖ ³ÖÖîÝÖÖê×»ÖÛú †³µÖÖÃÖ Ûêú»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖê. Ø»ÖÝÖÝÖãÞÖÖê¢Ö¸ü µÖÖ ‘Ö™üÛúÖÃÖ »ÖÖêÛúÃÖÓܵÖÖ ³ÖæÝÖÖê»ÖÖŸÖ ´ÖÆü¢¾ÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏÖ.›üÖò. ÃÖã¬ÖÖÛú¸ü ×¾Ö÷ü»Ö¸üÖ¾Ö ¾Ö®Ö¾Öê ãÖÖ®Ö †ÖÆêü. 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s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0147 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 esy&feyki ij cy nsrk7.891 gSA (IIJIF)‘kklu ds Lrj ij ;g Lojkt ls esjk vfHkçk; Hkkjr ljdkj ls gS tks ns’k lPps yksdra= dk i;kZ; gSA xk¡/kh dk ^Lojkt* fu/kZu dh o;Ld tula[;k ds cgqer ls dk;e dh xbZ dk Lojkt gS] tks nhu&nqf[k;ksa ds m)kj ds fy, gksA o;Ldksa esa L=h&iq#”k] ;gk¡ tUesa ;k ckgj ls çsfjr djrk gSA ;g vkRe&la;e] xzke&jkT; o vk;s lHkh yksx lfEefyr gksaxs] ftUgksaus jkT; dh lRrk ds fodsUæhdj.k ij cy nsrk gSA xk¡/khth us lsok esa Jenku fd;k gS rFkk ernkrk ds :Ik esa Lojkt dks ,d ifo= oSfnd ‘kCn ekuk gSA3 ;g vius uke dk iathdj.k djok;k gSA lPpk Lojkt ,d ,slk ‘kCn gS ftldk vFkZ& ^vkRe la;e* vkSj eqB~Bh Hkj yksxksa }kjk lRrk&çkfIr ls ugha vk,xk] ^vkRekuq’kklu* gSA Lojkt fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa cuh jkT; cfYd lRrk dk nq#i;ksx fd, tkus ij] mldk O;oLFkk esa vkRe&fu/kkZj.k dk fo’ks”k wB ,oa fgald lk/kuksa dk nqfu;k dh vafre fLFkfr] Ñ”.k vorkj] jke vorkj vkJ; ysdj dHkh LFkkfir ugha fd;k tk ldrkA10 vkfn ls lacaf/kr ç’u FksA13 jktpaæ us bu ç’uksa dk xk¡/khth ds vuqlkj lPpk Lojkt ogh gS tks gekjh foLrkj iwoZd mRrj fn;kA xk¡/khth bu mRrjksa ls vkUrfjd ‘kfDr ij fuHkZj gksA tks cM+h ls cM+h larq”V gq, rFkk thouiU;Zr jktpaæth ds n’kZu ls dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djus dh rkdr j[krk gksA dqN viuk iFk vkyksfdr fd;kA yksxksa us dgk fd Hkkjrh; Lojkt cgqla[;d fgUnqvksa if’peh n’kZu dk Hkh xk¡/khth ij xEHkhj dk gksxkA bldk mRrj nsrs gq,] xk¡/khth us dgk Fkk& çHkko iM+kA fy;ks VkyLVk; dh iqLrd ^OgkV bt esjs Lojkt dk vFkZ gS lc yksxksa dk jkT;] U;k; dk vkVZ* us xk¡/khth dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;kA VkyLVk; jkT;A Lojkt dk vFkZ gS& vkRek dk jkT;A mlds dk ekuuk gS fd& euq”; tc vius vUreZu~ dh fy, vkfRed vkSj uSfrd Lora=rk dk gksuk furkUr vkokt lqurk gS rc og bZ’oj ds vf/kd fudV t:jh gSA os dgrs gSa fd vkfRed vkSj UkSfrd igq¡p tkrk gSA vURkeZu~ ls tks vkokt+ vkrh gS og Lora=rk lR; vkSj vfgalk tSls ln~xq.kksa ds vH;kl lR; vkSj vfgalk dh vkokt+ gksrh gSA xk¡/khth vius s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0149 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ^fgUn Lojkt* uked xzaFk7.891 esa ^pj[ks*(IIJIF) dh ckr djrs gaS] lR;%& D;ksafd og Hkh ,d çdkj dh dyk gSA pj[ks ls lR; dk vkxzg xk¡/khth ds n’kZu dk cht O;fDr ‘kkjhfjd Je dk egRo lh[krk gSA pj[kk ea= gSA vUr%dj.k dh vkokt+ gh lR; gSA lR; ds Lons’kh rFkk ubZ rduhfd dks lekt ds lkeus j[krk ek;us rHkh gSa tc lR; lkdkj :Ik esa ft;k tk,A gSA14 fy;ks VkyLVk; ^ysVj Vw , fgUnw* esa mifuos’kokn vkRekuqHkwfr lR; ds lk{kkRdkj dk nwljk :Ik gSA dh LFkkiuk esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkh nks”kh dgrs gaSA os xk¡/khth us bZ’oj dks lR; ds le:Ik crk;kA mUgksaus dgrs gaS fd& vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dks xqyke ugha dgk fd& lR; gh bZ’oj gSA Lojkt çkfIr ds fy, cuk;k] cfYd [kqn Hkkjrh; viuh ukle>h ls vaxzstksa ;k lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, gesa ,d ek= lR; ds xqyke cusA xk¡/khth ij tkWu vkfLVu dk Hkh ij fVds jguk pkfg,A17 çHkko iM+kA , tkW; Qsjsoj ,.M bV~l çkbt fn vfgalk%& ekdsZV ,oa vuVw fnl ykWLV uked xzaFkksa dks i<+dj xk¡/khth ds vuqlkj vfgalk ds fcuk lR; dk xk¡/khth us ;g fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd vkS|ksfxdj.k us vkxzg vlaHko gSA os dgrs gSa fd lR; dk jkLrk xjhc vkneh dh lq[k lqfo/kk,¡ Nhu yh gaSA mijksDr ftruk lh/kk gS mruk gh ladqfpr Hkh gSA lR;kxzg ds iqLrdksa dks i<+dj xk¡/khth us lh[kk fd& lHkh dh fcuk Lojkt ykuk vlaHko gSA vfgalk ‘kkjhfjd vkSj HkykbZ esa gh ns’k dh HkykbZ gS] xjhc&vehj nksuksa ds ekufld vuq’kklu dh ,slh voLFkk gS tks çR;sd dke dh dher leku egRo j[krh gS rFkk lknk ekuo dks >d>ksj nsrh gSA ;g ‘k=q dk ân; ifjorZu thou gh lPpk thou gSA15 fgUn Lojkt esa xk¡/khth djus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA os dgrs gaS fd fgalk fy[krs gaS fd & Lojkt ykus dh ‘kq#vkr xk¡oksa esa :Ikh [kkbZ dks ikVus esa vfgalk :ih iqy dk egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj ykdj gh dh tk ldrh gSA xk¡/khth ekurs gaS ;ksxnku gSA18 fd ml Lojkt dk dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gS tks xk¡oksa esa UkSfrd fu;ekssa dh loksZPPkrk%& jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh n’kk esa dksbZ lq/kkj u yk xk¡/khth ;g ekurs gSa fd& vkRe’kqf)] çse] ldsA os Lohdkj djrs gSa fd Hkkjr dh cgqr vf/kd lsok] lkgl vkSj vuq’kklu ij gh lR;kxzg fVdk tula[;k xk¡oksa esa clrh gS vkSj Ñf”k ij fuHkZj djrh gqvk gSA lk/kuksa dh ifo=rk uSfrd fu;eksa dh loksZPPkrk gSA xk¡o ds ;s yksx gh vkfFkZd fodkl dh dqath ij vk/kkfjr gSA ge uSfrd lekt dh lajpuk vuSfrd gSaA16 xk¡/khth ij CykmaV ds i=ksa dk Hkh çHkko iM+kA fl)karksa dh cqfu;kn ij ugha dj ldrsA lR;kxzg ^, U;w ØwlsM* uked i= laxzg esa CykmaV lknxh rFkk ,d ,slk thou iFk gS tks çse vkSj ifo=rk ds dyk ij çdk’k Mkyrs gSaA CykmaV dh ekU;rk gS fd fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA uSfrd fu;eksa dks viukus dk gLrdyk vkSj Ñf”k ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, vko’;d ;g eryc ugha gaS fd ge vU;k;] vR;kpkj dks m|e gaS ufd e’khusaA blls çHkkfor gksdj xk¡/khth us lgu djrs tk;asA cfYd buls cpus ds fy, tks Hkh [kknh ds fy, viuk /keZ;q) ‘kq: dj fn;kA lk/ku pquas os uSfrd ekin.Mksa dks iwjk djus okys gksus eSDlukMZw dh iqLrd ^dUosa’kuy ykbt vkWQ pkfg,] ?k`.kk] fgalk] }s”k dks c<+kok nsus okys ughaA flfoykbts’ku* ,oa ^isjkMkWDlsl* ls xk¡/khth vR;ar bZ’oj esa J)k%& çHkkfor gq,A bl iqLrd esa eSDlukMwZ us vk/kqfud xk¡/khth lnk bl ckr ij cy nsrs Fks fd lH;rk dh vkykspuk dh gS rFkk vk/kqfud dyk] lR;kxzgh dh bZ’oj esa vikj J)k gksuh pkfg,A lkfgR;] /keZ] uhfr] jktuhfr] vFkZO;oLFkk esa mUgsa lR;kxzgh dk bZ’oj ds vykok vkSj dgha fBdkuk fujk’kk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA vejhdh fopkjd gsujh ugha gks ldrkA tks O;fDr viuk fBdkuk dgha vkSj MsfoM Fkksjks ls Hkh xk¡/kh çHkkfor FksA gsujh dh ekU;rk <¡w<+rk gS og lPpk lR;kxzgh ugha gks ldrkA lR;kxzgh Fkh fd& jktuhfrd n`f”V ls dksbZ Hkh QSlyk vUrjkZRek ds fy, nks çdkj ds ozrksa dk ikyu vko’;d ekuk dh vkokt+ ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, ufd cgqer ds x;k gS& igys ozr esa lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] vifjxzg vk/kkj ijA xk¡/khth ds Lojkt esa Hkh vkRefu.kZ; ,oa vkSj czãp;Z vkrs gaS vkSj nwljs ozr esa lkekftd o vkRekuq’kklu çeq[krk ls fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA /kkfeZd le&ekufldrk] thfodk&Je] Lons’kh] xk¡/khth ds Lojkt çkfIr ds lk/ku%& fuMjrk ,oa fouezrk vkrs gaSA

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0150 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 Lons’kh%& 2021) xk¡/khth dh ekU;rk gS fd lPps lR;kxzgh 3- esjs liuksa dk Hkkjr] ,e- ds- xk¡/kh] i`- dks mUgha oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, tks vius 07] uothou çdk’ku] vgenkckn] 1960 ns’k esa cuh gksA os ges’kk ;g dgrs Fks fd O;fDRk dks 4- Hind Swaraj, 1909 avaitable at; https:// viuk thfodksiktZu vius Je cy ls djuk pkfg,A www.mkgandhi.urg/articles/swaraj.htm (last vis- xk¡/khth us esupsLVj dh mRiknu i)fr dh vkykspuk ited on: March 30, 2021) djrs gq, cM+s e’khuhÑr m|ksx&feyksa dk fojks/k 5- B.S.R. Anjaneyulu, “Gandhi’s ‘Hind fd;k vkSj Hkkjr ds fglkc ls viuk oSdfYid Swaraj’ The Swadeshi way” Volume 64 No. ½ (Jan- Lons’kh ekWMy fodflr djus gsrq çsfjr fd;kA mUgksaus June, 2003), P.36 y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dks iquxZfBr dj xzke&vFkZO;oLFkk 6- lqjthr dkSj tkWyh] xk¡/kh ,d v/;;u] dks iquthZfor djus vkSj xk¡o dks vkRe fuHkZj cukus i`-328] ubZ fnYyh] dkUlsIV ifCyf’kax gkÅl] 2007 ij cy fn;kA19 7- esjs liuksa dk Hkkjr] ,e- ds- xk¡/kh] i`- fu”d”kZ%& 08] uothou çdk’ku] vgenkckn] 1960 fu”d”kZ ;g gS fd xk¡/khth dh fojkV fparu 8- vfuYk nRr feJ] xk¡/kh ,d v/;;u] i`- /kkjk ls vlg;ksx vkSj lR;kxzg dk tks çLQqVu gqvk 174] ubZ fnYyh] MkfyZax fdaMjLys bafM;k] çk-fy-] og mudh vfgald Økafr rFkk fgalk ghu ;q) dk 2012 ewrZ:Ik FkkA mudh n`f”V esa vfgalk og veks?k vlz 9- lqjthr dkSj tkWyh] xk¡/kh ,d v/;;u] Fkk] ftlls yM+k x;k ;q) dHkh Hkh gkjk ugha tk i`-339] dkalSIV ifCyflax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh] 2007 ldrk FkkA l’kL= foæksg ls dgha vf/kd ‘kfDr’kkyh 10- lqjthr dkSj tkWyh] xk¡/kh ,d vfgald foæksg gksrk gSA blh vkLFkk ,oa fo’okl ds v/;;u] i`-339] dkalSIV ifCyflax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] lkFk mUgksaus vaxzsth lkezkT; ds f[kykQ vfgalkRed 2007 vkUnksyu NsM+k rFkk ml egklaxzke esa thr gkfly 11- lqjthr dkSj tkWyh] xk¡/kh ,d v/;;u] dhA mudk fo’okl Fkk fd vfgalk uSfrdrk ij i`-339] dkalSIV ifCyflax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh] 2007 vkfJr gS] vr% lR; gh lnk fot;h gksxkA bl 12- fgUn Lojkt] egkRek xk¡/kh] i`-33] çdkj lalkj ds lkeus mUgksaus vfgalk ds :Ik esa 1909 mTToy] egku vkSj uSfrd iFk dk fuekZ.k fd;k] 13- ‘Swaraj’, The Gandhi way, Ashook ftl ij pydj Hkkjr esa Hkkoh ^Lojkt* dh LFkkiuk Wankhede, urban Agenda, www.urbanupdate.in dh tk ldhA xk¡/khth mu leLRk ekU;rkvksa] 14- fgUn Lojkt] ,e- ds- xk¡/kh] i`-74] /kkj.kkvksa vkSj n`f”Vdks.kksa ds çfrokn gSa] ftudk uothou çdk’ku] vgenkckn] 1949 vk/kkj HkkSfrdokn gSA os çrhd gSa mu leLRk Hkkoksa ds 15- fgUn Lojkt] ,e- ds- xk¡/kh] i`-74] tks euq”; dks i’kqrk dh vksj ugha] cfYd nsoRo dh uothou çdk’ku] vgenkckn] 1949 vksj c<+us dk lkeF;Z nsrs gSaA bl vfgald iFk dks çnf’kZr djds os dYiuk djrs gSa ,d ,sls Yk{; rd 16- fgUn Lojkt] ,e- ds- xk¡/kh] i`-74] igqapus dh tgka vfgalk ds vk/kkj ij gh euq”; dk uothou çdk’ku] vgenkckn] 1949 thou] mldk lekt] mldk jk”Vª vkSj lewps txr~ 17- vfuy nŸk feJ] xk¡/kh ,d v/;;u] dh lqUnjre~ jpuk dh tk ldsA i`-138] dkalSIV ifCyf’kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 2007 lanHkZ&xzaFk 18- lqjthr dkSj tkSyh] xk¡/kh ,d 1- Britannica, Indian History and Nation- v/;;u] i`-138] dkalSIV ifCyflax gkÅl] ubZ alist Movement. fnYyh] 2007 2- M.P.Mathai,“What Swaraj Meant to 19- B.S.R. Anjaneyulu, “Gandhi’s ‘Hind Gandhi” avaitable at; https://www.mkgandhi.urg/ Swaraj’ The Swadeshi way” Volume 64 No. ½ (Jan- articles/swaraj.htm (last visited on: March 30, June, 2003), P.36 s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0151 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) laiw.kZ ;FkkFkZ dks lesV dj mlds vPNs&cqjs igyqvksa 34 dh ppkZ vo’; djrk gSA /kwfey us jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa O;kIr Hkz”Vkpkj] vkrad] Hk;] vR;kpkj /kwfey dh ^iVdFkk* esa fpf=r jktuhfr :ih jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk vly psgjk fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA orZeku esa ‘kklu ra= bruk [kjkc gks vfu’kk pqdk gS fd O;oLFkk esa O;kIr izo`fÙk ns’k dks iru ds lgk;d izk/;kfidk] xrZ esa /kdsy jgh gSaA jktusrk lÙkk izkfIr vkSj viuh ,e-Mh-;w-&lh-ih-,-,l-] xq:xzke dqlhZ dh lqj{kk esa brus O;Lr gksrs gSa fd ewy y{; dks foLe`r dj cSBrs gSaA turk ds fodkl ls mudk dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA O;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i ls ======***********======pykus ds fy, fofHkUu vksgnksa ij dk;Zjr yksx dfooj lqnkek ikaMs; /kwfey }kjk jfpr fdruh bZekunkjh ls dk;Z djrs gSa\ viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa ^iVdFkk* jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh okLrfodrk dks dks fdruh c[kwch fuHkkrs gSa\ fdruk le; vius mtkxj djrh lqfo[;kr yach dfork gSA blesa dk;Z ds izfr lefiZr djrs gSa\ iVdFkk esa orZeku /kwfey us O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa vkSj fopkjksa ls mRiUu O;oLFkk dk Li”V fp= vafdr djrs gq, /kwfey dgrs fujk’kk] ?kqVu dks dfork ds ek/;e ls lkekftd Lrj gSa & ij mBkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds eSaus vfgalk dks i’pkr~ izR;sd O;fDr dh rjg dfo dks Hkh ,d lÙkk:<+ ‘kCn dk xyk dkVrs gq, ns[kk ldkjkRed ifjorZu dh cgqr mEehn Fkh ysfdu eSaus bZekunkjh dks viuh pksj tscsa Hkjrs gq, ns[kk muds lkjs lius pdukpwj gks x,A tc jktusrkvksa ds eSaus foosd dks >wBs oknksa] O;FkZ Hkk”k.kksa] dHkh iwjh u gks ldus okyh pkiywlksa ds ryos pkVrs gq, ns[kk - - -A2 yach&pkSM+h ;kstukvksa us turk dks fujk’k dj fn;kA /kwfey us iVdFkk esa ‘kkafr] euq”;rk] ou ,slh Ny&diV ,oa ik[kaM ;qDr nksxyh O;oLFkk egksRlo] vkLFkk] vktknh] dkuwu] iap’khy] rVLFkrk] dks vke vkneh >sy jgk FkkA turU=] Lora=rk vkfn ‘kCnksa ds ek/;e ls ledkyhu jkT; esa dk;Z dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds Hkkjr dk okLrfod :i izLrqr fd;k gSA tgk¡ izR;sd fy,] ‘kkafr ,oa O;oLFkk dk;e djus ds fy, euq”; vkktknh dk vFkZ [kkstus dk iz;kl dj jgk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ os uhfr;k¡ ftUgsa jkT; esa ykxw fd;k gS& tkrk gS] jktuhfr dgk tkrk gSA izkphu dky esa tc eSa lksprk jgk] fo’o esa jktra= dk izHkqRo Fkk] rc jkT; dh lqj{kk vkSj ?kwerk jgk & o ;Fkksfpr ‘kklu&lapkyu ds fy, jktk }kjk viukbZ eSa [kks;h gqbZ vktknh dk vFkZ syrk izgkj fd;k gSA gSA /kwfey }kjk fy[kh xbZ iVdFkk vk|ksikar jktuhfr jktuhfr esa usrkvksa }kjk vius fgrksa dh j{kk dks vfHkO;Dr djus okyh yach dfork gS ftlesa ds fy, /keZ dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA pqukoksa ds laiw.kZ Hkkjro”kZ esa O;kIr lkft’k vkSj uQ+jr :ih le; izpkj ds fy, usrkvksa }kjk ns’k ds vg~e eqn~nksa udkjkRed Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;fDr nh xbZ gS & tSls & /keZ vkSj lkaiznkf;drk dks iksf”kr ,oa iYyfor ;g esjk ns’k gS- - - fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bUgha ds vk/kkj ij vDlj mUgsa ;g esjk ns’k gS- - - oksV ,df=r djds lÙkk esa ik¡o tekrs ns[kk x;k gSA fgeky; ls ysdj fgan egklkxj rd QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfr dk iz;ksx usrkvkas QSyk gqvk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr esa dksbZ fdlh dk lxk tyh gqbZ feV~Vh dk <+sj gS ugha gksrk & ;g dM+ok lp lHkh fj’rs&ukrkas ls tgka gj rhljh tqcku dk eryc & Åij gSA ^iVdFkk* dk ,d va’k nsf[k, & uQjr gSA mudh l[r idM+ ds uhps lkft’k gSA Hkw[k ls ejk gqvk vkneh va/ksj gSA6 bl ekSle dk /kwfey ,d tkx:d psruk laiUu O;fDr FksA lcls fnypLi foKkiu gS vkSj xk; os vke pqukoksa esa gksus okyh jktuhfr ,oa mlds lcls lVhd ukjk gS foLr`r izHkkoksa ls ifjfpr FksA blfy, tkurs Fks fd os [ksrksa esa Hkw[k vkSj “kgjksa esa ;fn O;oLFkk esa cnyko ykuk gS rks igys jktuhfr vQokgksa ds iqfyans Qsadrs gSa esa ifjorZu vko’;d gSA /kwfey ckj&ckj jktuhfr ns’k vkSj /keZ vkSj uSfrdrk dh ,oa laln ls blfy, Vdjkrs gSa fd mudh le> esa nqgkbZ nsdj bl Hkw[k ,oa xjhch dk ewy dkj.k rRdkyhu dqN yksxksa dh lqfo/kk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gh FkhA7 lekt esa vf/kdrj nwljksa dh gk; ij lsadrs gSaA5 O;fDr O;oLFkk esa cnyko pkgrs gSa vkSj bl ifjorZu et+gc dh vkM+ esa ladh.kZ ekufldrk okys ds fy, NViVkgV muds O;ogkj esa Li”V >ydrh yksx vius ewykn’kksZa dks Hkwydj ns’k dks iru dh gSA iVdFkk dk ,d va’k nsf[k, & rjQ ys tkrs gSaA lkaiznkf;d fopkj/kkjk ls xzLr eSa ns[krk jgk & O;fDr ekuork dks fljs ls [k+kfjt dj nsrk gSA ns[krk jgk & lkaiznkf;drk ds dkj.k loZ= uQjr] dVqRkk O;kIr gks gj rjQ Åc Fkh jgh gSA ns’k dh vktknh ds brus o”kksZa ds ckn Hkh la’k; Fkk lkaiznkf;drk ds uke ij gksus okys naxs :dus dk uQjr Fkh uke ugha ys jgsA /keZ vkSj tkfr ds uke ij mBus exj gj vkneh viuh t:jrksa ds vkxs okyh yiVksa us iwjs ns’k dks ?ksj j[kk gSA vkt vko’;drk vlgk; mlesa gS] ns’k ds izR;sd oxZ }kjk ladh.kZ ekufldrk dks lkjh phtksa dks u;s fljs ls cnyus dh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0153 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 cSpsuh Fkh] jks”k Fkk] mldh ihB esa Nqjk Hkksad nsrk gSSA10 ysfdu mldk xqLlk Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr~ tulkekU; dks ,d rF;ghu feJ.k Fkk % ljdkj vkSj lÙkk:<+ usrkvksa ls ns’k esa ldkjkRed vkx vkSj vkalw vkSj gk; dkA8 cnyko ykus dh dkQh mEehn FkhA iqfyl us vius /kwfey us Åijh rkSj ij lkQ&lqFkjh fn[kus neu ,oa vkrad ls lekt esa viuh rkdr ds cy okyh jktuhfr ds vkarfjd Ny&diV] /kks[ks dks ij O;oLFkk dk;e djus dk iz;kl fd;kA pgq¡ vksj O;Dr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA os ckj&ckj gksus ywV&[klksV] ekj&/kkM+] fgalk O;kIr Fkh vkSj vke okys pqukoksa dks fujFkZd ekurs gq, muds izfr fonzksg vkneh ijs’kku FkkA dqlhZ dh /kM+&idM+] vf/kdkjksa vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd fofHkUu ds pkcqd esa lkekU;&tu filrk jgk] yqVrk jgkA jktuhfrd ny Lo;a dks lÙkk esa ykus ds fy, ukSdj’kkgh esa dqlhZ ij cSBs gq, O;fDr oSls gh Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk dks csodwQ cukrs gSa] mudh >iVrs gSa tSls cktA11 Hkkoukvksa ls f[kyokM+ djrs gSaA ns’k] jk”Vªh;rk] Lora=rk] Hkz”Vkpkj dk vFkZ gksrk gS & vuSfrd vkSj yksdra=] ‘kkafr] euq”;rk vkfn cM+s&cM+s ‘kCnksa dk Hkz”V vkpj.kA blesa O;fDr vius futh LokFkZ ds iz;ksx usrkvksa }kjk tulkekU; dks cgdkus ds fy, fy, lÙkk&’kfDr dk nq:i;ksx djrs gq, uSfrd] ;Fkkle; fd;k tkrk jgkA rRdkyhu iru’khy lkekftd] iz’kklfud ;k oS/kkfud ekunaMksa dk mYya?ku jktuhfr vkSj nqHkkZoukiw.kZ bjknksa ls xzLr usrkvksa ij djrk gSA HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] fj’or[kksjh] i{kikr] dVk{k djrs gq, os dgrs gSa & xcu] v;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dh ’kkldh; inksa ij fu;qfDr] er o”kkZ ds bl nknqj&’kksj esa dkyk cktkjh bR;kfn Hkz”Vkpkj ds fofo/k :i gSaA bl eSaus ns[kk gj rjQ esa futh ykHk ds fy, lkoZtfud in dk nq:i;ksx jax fcjaxs >.Ms Qgjk jgs gSa fd;k tkrk gSA ftl lekt ;k jk”Vª esa Hkz”Vkpkj :ih fxjfxV dh rjg jax cnyrs gq, nhed yx tkrk gS og mldh tM+ksa dks iw.kZr% xqV ls xqV Vdjk jgs gSaA9 [kks[kyk djds mlds Hkfo”; dks va/kdkje; cuk oLrqr% vktknh dsoy ,d Nykok ek= gS nsrk gSA Hkz”Vkpkj dk izHkko fdlh O;fDr fo’ks”k ij tgk¡ dgus dks rks yksdra=kRed ‘kklu O;oLFkk gS u iM+dj laiw.kZ ns’k ij iM+rk gSA vr% jk”Vª dh ijarq bZekunkjh ls dke djus okys yksxksa dh vkokt mUufr ,oa fodkl ds fy, Hkz”Vkpkj dk mUewyu dks ;gk¡ nck fn;k tkrk gS ;k lqudj] vulquk dj vko’;d gSA fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ loZ= Hkz”V] LokFkhZ vkSj voljoknh ^iVdFkk* esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj vke yksxksa dk jkt O;kIr gSA ‘kklu O;oLFkk esa yksdra= vkneh ds ;FkkFkZ dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA mudh dfork ds LFkku ij neu ,oa vkrad dk ekgkSy ns[kus dks esa turk] laln] tura=] Hkk”kk] dfork vkfn ‘kCnksa feyrk gSA dfo;ksa us ;qx esa O;kIr fn[kkos ,oa ik[kaM dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx gqvk gS ftlds ek/;e ls mldh ds ihNs fNis /kks[ks] QjSc] >wB dks mtkxj fd;k gSA jktuhfrd&lkekftd psruk mtkxj gksrh gSA turk izR;{k :i ls ‘kqHkfpard cudj ?kweus okys yksx dk] turk ds fy, ,oa turk ds }kjk ‘kklu dh ekSdk feyrs gh viuk LokFkZ lk/kus ds fy, ihB ij vo/kkj.kk lnk ls izpfyr jgh gS ijarq dsoy lS)kafrd okj djrs gSaA /kwfey dgrs gSa & :i esa O;ogkfjd :i esa ughaA yksdra=] lektokn lgkuqHkwfr vkSj I;kj ,oa fodkl laca/kh ukjs lnSo ls turk dks yqHkkus ds vc ,slk Nykok gS ftlds tfj;s fy, gh fn, tkrs jgs gSaA vktknh ds i’pkr~ ,d vkneh nwljs dks] vdsys & Hkkjrh; turk us usrkvksa ls tks vk’kk,¡ yxk j[kh Fkh va/ksjs esa ys tkrk gS vkSj os iwjh ugha gqbZ D;ksafd os viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa ls eq¡g s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0154 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 eksM+dj dsoy lÙkk vkSj dqlhZ gfFk;kus esa yxs jgsA ,d ‘keZukd nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA14 turk ds m)kj ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ curh jgh ysfdu ;g dfork ledkyhu Hkkjrh; ifjos’k vkSj Qkbyksa esa gh fleV dj jg xbZ] O;ogkfjd :i esa thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks izLrqr djrh gSA blesa vke ykxw u gks ikbZA ljdkjh vQlj] iw¡thifr oxZ lHkh turk ds nq%[k&nnZ dks ok.kh nh xbZ gSA ;gk¡ vius LokFkZ fl) djus esa yxs jgs vkSj O;oLFkk ds bZekunkjh ls dke djus okyksa dks ,slk iqjLdkj fn;k bl dqpØ esa filrk jgk ns’k dk vke vknehA tkrk gS fd mUgsa vius fd, ij iNrkuk iM+rk gS\ /kwfey dgrs gSa & ;fn dksbZ lR; opu cksy nsrk gS rks mldk Qy njvly] vius ;gka turU= Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA /kwfey ds vuqlkj] ;g tks ,d ,slk rek’kk gS ‘kklu&O;oLFkk gS] ;g iw.kZr% feykoVh gS & ftldh tku vius ;gka laln & enkjh dh Hkk”kk gSA12 rsyh dh og ?kkuh gS /kwfey us vke vkneh dks viuh dfork dk ftlesa vk/kk rsy gS dsUnzfcanq cuk;k gS tks rRdkyhu le; dh jktuhfr vkSj vk/kk ikuh gS o vFkZuhfr dh nksgjh ekj >sy jgk gSA ml vke vkSj ;fn ;g lp ugha gS vkneh dks U;k; fnykus ds fy,] mldk lkFk nsus ds rks ogka ,d bZekunkj vkneh dks fy, /kwfey us vius dkO; ds ek/;e ls MVdj viuh bZekunkjh dk fojks/k izdV fd;k gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds fy, eyky D;ksa gS\ Hkkjrokfl;ksa }kjk vFkd iz;Ru fd;k x;k] rRi’pkr~ ftlus lR; dg fn;k gS vktknh Hkh feyh] ftls ik dj lHkh [kq’k gq,A mldk cqjk gky D;ksa gS\15 ysfdu bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa /kwfey loky mBkrs gSa fd ns’k esa O;kIr bl jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd bl vktknh us vkf[kj vke vkneh dks D;k fn;k\ vO;oLFkk ds izfr dfo fonzksg izdV djrs gSaA iVdFkk mu ds vuqlkj] gekjs ns’k esa turk ek= ,d ‘kCn gS esa euq”; ekStwnk] viax vkSj vikfgt gkyr ds fy, ftldk dksbZ otwn ugha gS & ftEesnkj lektkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds izfr [kqys fonzksg ;g esjk ns’k gS dk ,syku gSA orZeku nckoksa] vUrfoZjks/kksa vkSj vkSj ;g esjs ns’k dh turk gS dq:irkvksa o bUlkuh fj’rksa dks foÑr djus ds fy, turk D;k gS\ /kwfey O;oLFkk dks gh mÙkjnk;h Bgjkrs gSaA O;oLFkk ,d ‘kCn- - -flQ+Z ,d ‘kCn gS dh /kqjh neu vkSj vU;k; ij fVdh gSA bl ds dkys dqgjk vkSj dhpM+ vkSj dkap ls vkSj HkksaMs :i ds izfr vlarks’k vkSj pqukSrh rFkk cuk gqvk- - -A13 fonzksg ds Loj iVdFkk esa fc[kjs iM+s gSaA16 /kwfey dh yach dfork iVdFkk Lora= Hkkjr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa tura= ds izfrfuf/k dh vk’kk&fujk’kk] mRFkku] iru] vkLFkk&vukLFkk :i esa laln dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;gh laln dk thrk&tkxrk nLrkost gSA bl esa jktuSfrd laiw.kZ ns’k dh fopkj/kkjk dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk foMacukvksa o folaxfr;ksa ds izfr dfo dk vkØks’k ,d l’kDr ek/;e gSA blds }kjk lekt ds izR;sd nz”VO; gSA rRdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa ds izfr fonzksg izdV oxZ dk m)kj djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rkfd djrss gq, /kwfey dgrs gSa fd & ns’k mUufr ds ekxZ ij c<+ ldsA ijarq D;k okLro esa xksnke vukt ls Hkj iM+s Fks vkSj yksx ;gh lPpkbZ gS\ ;k blds ihNs fNik gqvk dVq lR; Hkw[kksa ej jgs Fks dqN vksj gh gS\ gdhdr ;g gS fd gekjs ;gk¡ tks eSaus eglwl fd;k fd eSa oDr ds laln :ih O;oLFkk gS o mldk okLrfod Lo:i s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0155 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 D;k gS & 7.891(IIJIF) oksV ,df=r djus ds fy, usrkvksa ds psgjs ij eq>s dgk x;k fd laln vko’;drk ls vf/kd izlUurk dks fpf=r djrs gq, ns’k dh /kM+du dks /kwfey dgrs gSa & izfrfcafcr djus okyk niZ.k gS gk¡] ;g lgh gS fd bu fnuksa turk dks turk ds fopkjksa dk eU=h tc iztk ds lkeus vkrk gS uSfrd leiZ.k gS rks igys ls ysfdu D;k ;g lp gS\17 dqN T;knk eqLdjkrk gS vf/kdrj jktusrkvksa dh dFkuh vkSj djuh u;s&u;s okns djrk gSA19 esa tehu&vkleku dk Q+dZ gksrk gSA pquko iwoZ dfo }kjk rRdkyhu lekt esa Qu QSyk turk dks vkdf”kZr djus ds fy, tks muds lqugjs pqdh vla[; cqjkbZ;ksa :ih jksxksa ds ;FkkFkZ fp= dkO; ok;ns gksrs gSaA vxys pqukoksa dh ?kks”k.kk gksus ds ckn ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA iVdFkk esa dfo gh mUgsa vius fd, iwoZ ok;ns ;kn vkrs gSa vkSj lÙkk dgrs gSa fd bl lekt esa ukuk izdkj ds yksx gSa tks izkfIr dh dksf’k’k esa os iqu% Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk dks vius O;ogkj ls vusdksa cqjkbZ;ksa dks lekt esa QSykrs cgdkus esa yx tkrs gSaA usrkvksa dks /ku] lEeku] gSaA lekt esa O;kIr ;s dfe;k¡ ns’k ds fodkl esa izfr”Bk dh Hkw[k gksrh gS ftldh pkg esa oks dqN Hkh ck/kd fl) gks jgh gSaA /kwfey ds ‘kCnksa esa & dj xqtjus dks rS;kj gksrs gSaA ;s csbZeku vkSj Hkz”V xwaxs gSa yksx ns’k ds iru dk dkj.k curs gSaA cgjs gSa /kwfey viuh dfork iVdFkk esa Lohdkj mFkys gSa] xgjs gSa djrs gSa fd tura=] yksdra=] vktknh] ‘kkafr] Lora=rk] fxjrs gq, yksx gSa euq”;rk bR;kfn ek= ‘kCn gS ftudk iz;ksx usrkvksa vdM+rs gq, yksx gSa }kjk vke turk dks cgdkus ds fy, pqukoksa ds Hkkxrs gq, yksx gSa le; ij fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl lkjh izfØ;k ds idM+rs gq, yksx gSa nkSjku vke pquko laiUu gks tkrs gSaA jktuhfr esa xjt ;g fd gj rjg ds yksx gSa iz;qDr bl Hkz”V gdhdr dks c;ku djrs gq, /kwfey ,d&nwljs ls uQjr djrs gq, os dgrs gSa & bl ckr ij lger gSa fd bl ns’k esa turU=] R;kx] LorU=rk - - - vla[; jksx gSaA20 laLÑfr] ‘kkfUr] euq”;rk - - - Lora=rk i’pkr~ vU;k;] vR;kpkj] naxs] ;s lkjs ‘kCn Fks ‘kks”k.k] /kkfeZd fo}s”k vkfn cqjkbZ;ksa ds dkj.k lekt lqugjs okns Fks ,oa jktuhfr iru dh rjQ vxzlj gks xbZA ,sls eas [kq’kQge bjkns FksA18 dfo /kwfey vuqHko djrs gSa fd orZeku esa ,d usrkvksa dh fQrjr ij O;aX; djrs gq, dfo euq”; nwljs euq”; dh u rks Hkkoukvksa dks le> ik dgrs gSa fd ;s volj feyrs gh fxjfxV dh rjg jax jgk gS vkSj u gh euq”;rk ds xq.kksa dk eku j[k ik cny ysrs gSaA ckgjh rkSj ij Hkys gh cxqys dh rjg jgk gSA izR;sd euq”; dsoy vkSj dsoy viuk futh lQsn oL=/kkjh gksa ijarq eu mudk dkfyek;qDr gh LokFkZ ns[k jgk gSA viuh vk/kkjHkwr vko’;drkvksa gksrk gSA pquko ds le; ;s [kqn dks turk dk dks Hkh iwjk u dj ldus okyk xjhc oxZ bu ;kstukvksa fgrS”kh] ‘kqHkfpard crkrs gSa ijarq pquko thrus ds ds ykHk ls oafpr jg tkrk gSSA ckn iyV dj ns[krs Hkh ughaA ,sls erych yksxksa us vkfFkZd :i ls detksj O;fDr;kssa dks lekt gh ns’k dks daxky cuk fn;k gSA pqukoksa ds le; ij ds laiUu oxZ }kjk cgqr rqPN le>k tkrk gS tcfd s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0156 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 gdhdr ;s gS fd xjhcksa7.891 dh(IIJIF) esgur dk Qy gh ldkjkRed ifjorZuksa dh bPNk tkfgj dh xbZA bl vehj Hkksxrs gSaA vkfFkZd :i ls le`) O;fDr tks le; vke vkneh dks tkx:d djrs gq, yksdra= lk/ku&laiUu thou th jgk gS] og xjhc O;fDr dks dh egÙkk dks loksZifj LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ^iVdFkk* gs; utjksa ls ns[krk gSA izR;sd Hkw[kk O;fDr mlds ds ek/;e lss dfo us lekt dks lgh fn’kk&funsZ’k fy, fdlh ‘keZukd xkyh ls de ugha gSA /kwfey dh nsus dk iz;kl dj lekt o jk”Vª dks fodflr djuk yach dfork ^iVdFkk* dk ,d va’k nsf[k, & pkgk gSA fu”d”kZr% ;g dfork ^^cqfu;knh rkSj ij ftlds ikl Fkkyh gS dsoy O;oLFkk ls ugha tw>rh] O;oLFkk dh vekuoh; gj Hkw[kk vkneh ifjfLFkfr ls ¼Hkh½ tw>rh gSA mldh vkdzkedrk esa mlds fy, lcls HkÌh tgk¡Wa ,d vkSj ykpkjh gS] ogha nwljh vksj Hkfo”; ds xkyh gSA21 fnxUr rd xwWa¡t mitkus okyh Vadkj Hkh gSA**23 ,d vke vkneh thou esa tc lPpkbZ vkSj Footnotes: bZekunkjh ds jkLrs ij pyus dk iz;kl djrk gS rks 1 vuwipUn diwj] jktuhfr foKku ds fl)kar] i`- 6 foijhr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mls mlds thou ds lp ls 2 jkepUnz vxzoky] jktuhfr ‘kkL= ds fl)kar] i`- 4 bÙksQ+kd djkrh gSa fd ,d vke vkneh ds fy, bl 3 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 281 ekxZ ij pyuk fdruk tfVy gSA thou ds dVq lR; 4 izse ukjk;.k VaMu] fujkyk % O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo] ls lk{kkRdkj gksus ij gh mls le> vkrk gS fd i`- 290 lekt lq/kkj] O;oLFkk esa cnyko] vius mlwyksa&fl)karksa 5 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,a ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 284 ij MVs jguk ;s lc phtsa xkS.k gSaA tks lokZf/kd 6 ujsUnz eksgu] yach dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 279 egÙoiw.kZ gS oks ;s fd vkfFkZd :i ls detksj ,d 7 uhye flag] /kwfey dh dfork esa fojks/k vkSj la?k”kZ] i`- 27 Hkw[ks vkneh ds thou dh lcls cM+h gdhdr 8 ujsUnz eksgu] yach dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 284&285 ^jksVh* gS tks thou thus ds fy, ,d vk/kkjHkwr 9 /kwfey] laln ls lM+d rd ¼dkO; laxzg½] i`- 129 vko’;drk gSA dfo dgrs gSa &^^lquks! 10 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 283 vkt eSa rqEgsa lR; crykrk gw¡ 11 deys’oj izlkn] fgUnh esa yEch dfork % vo/ ftlds vkxs gj lPpkbZ kkj.kk] Lo:i vkSj ewY;kadu] i`- 301 NksVh gSA bl nqfu;k esa 12 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 280 Hkw[ks vkneh dk lcls cM+k rdZ 13 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 279 jksVh gSA**22 14 /kwfey] laln ls lM+d rd] i`- 110&111 /kwfey dk jktuhfrd fojks/k dsoy ml ‘kklu 15 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 299 ra= dk fojks/k gS ftlesa yksdra= ds uke ij yksdra= 16 ;q)ohj /kou] ledkyhu yach dfork dh igpku] dh gR;k dh xbZA mudk ;g fojks/k o la?k”kZ muds i`- 50 ekxZ esa vkus okyh leLr :dkoVksa dks usLrkukcwn 17 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,a ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 299 djus dks rRij gSA ewyr% ;g uofuekZ.k ds fy, 18 ujsUnz eksgu] yach dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 277 ,d bZeknkj iz;kl gSA 19 ujsUnz eksgu] yach dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 296&297 dg ldrs gSa fd ^iVdFkk* esa jktuhfr dks 20 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,¡ ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 291 dsUnz esa j[kk x;k gSA dfo;ksa }kjk ‘kklu ra= ds 21 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,a ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 280&281 ;FkkFkZ dks izR;{k :i ls ;k ijks{k ¼O;aX;½ :i esa 22 ujsUnz eksgu] yEch dfork,a] ¼iVdFkk½] i`- 287 mtkxj djrs gq, xyr uhfr;ksa dk MVdj fojks/k 23 fo/kkfuokl feJ] dy lquuk eq>s ¼/kwfey½] izLrkouk fd;k x;k rFkk O;oLFkk dks csgrj djus ds fy,  s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0157 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ``•Ö߸üÖê ÆæÓü...áÖß ÆæÓü / ¯Ö¸ü ú¸ü Ã֍úŸÖß ÆÓüæ 35 ¾ÖÖê ÃÖ²Ö / •ÖÖê †ÃÖ´³Ö¾Ö Æîü ´Ö¸ü Ã֍úŸÖß ÆÓüæ ´Öï / ˆ­Öêú ×»ÖµÖê `Æü¾ÖÖ ÃÖß ²Öê“Öî­Ö µÖã¾ÖןֵÖÖÓ` ´Öë áÖß “ÖêŸÖ­ÖÖ •ÖÖê »ÖµÖ êú ×»ÖµÖê ´Ö¸üŸÖê Æïü /ˆšüÖ Ã֍úŸÖß ÆæÓü ˆ­Æëü / •ÖÖê ­Öêú פü»Ö ¸üÖŸÖê Æïü…``3 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okn esa Hkh dHkh ugha ns[kh xbZA fQj Hkh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0160 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 fganh dh xty fodkl 7.891ij xketu(IIJIF) gS mldh otg vkxs ugha c<+ ldh Fkh& gS fd fganh esa okdbZ vPNh xtysa fy[kh tk jgh gSa- nwj ls vk, Fks lkdh lqu ds eS[kkus dks ge xty dk Lo:i vkSj rduhd dks le>us dh cl rjlrs gh pys vQlksl iSekus dks ge6 dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA mlds eqgkojs vkSj fetkt & uthj vdcjkcknh dks eglwl fd;k tk jgk gSA dqN yksx fganh xty ;g vyx ckr gS fd ml le; Hkh QSt dk eryc fganh 'kCnksa dh xty le> jgs gSaA bl vgen QSt vkSj ba'kk tSls 'kk;j vius xtyksa dks iwokZxzg ds dkj.k muds ,d 'ksj Hkh vPNh ugha cu tu leL;kvksa dh rjQ tksM+ pqds FksA jgs gSaA bl lPpkbZ ls Hkh badkj ugha gS fd nq";ar dh ;g tks egar cSBs gSa jk/kk ds dqaM ij xtysa fganh xty dh Hkk"kk dks le>us ds fy, vorkj cuds cSBs gSa ifj;ksa ds >qaM ij7 dkQh gSA nq";ar viuh vkØkedrk esa Hkh vius &ba'kk xtyksa dk ygtk ugha cnyrsA Hkokuh çlkn feJ us rqEgkjh ;kn ds tc t[e Hkjus yxrs gSa fy[kk gS fd nq";ar csykSl pksV djus okyk vkneh fdlh cgkus rqEgsa ;kn djus yxrs gSa8 FkkA1 vly esa nq";ar xty esa blfy, vk, fd QSt vgen QSt mUgsa eglwl gqvk fd xty ds ek/;e ls og vius fganh esa xty [kqljks] dchj] Hkkjrsanq] fujkyk] vki dks csgrj ldrs Fks] blfy, mu ij tc Hkh çgkj gqvk f=ykspu mUgksaus nksgjh rkdr yxk dj fQj ls dgk-- ysfdu ;g xty tSls gh fganh ds ledkyhu ,d ckj Åij x;k tc ls xty dkjksa rd igqaph mUgksaus viuh fQØ cny yh vkSj T;knk otu mBkrk gwa4 mUgsa yxk nqfu;k flQZ L=h ls xIisa yM+kus dk uke ugha ,slk ugha gS fd mudk ;g :i bdkbd gS cfYd bl tekus esa eksgCcr ds flok vkSj Hkh xe xty esa vk x;k Fkk] og viuh dforkvksa esa Hkh gSaA fganh dh çxfroknh lkfgR; dh rjg xty bl cspkSuh dk btgkj dj pqds Fks vkSj ,slh reke jkstejkZ dh t:jrksa vkSj tuleL;kvksa rd igqaph] leL;kvksa ds lkeus etcwrh ds lkFk [kM+s Fks-- tgka vkuk blds igys eqefdu u gks ldk FkkA fganh vc esjs dksey O;fäRo dks xty dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;gh gS fd mlus igkM+ksa us dM+k dj fn;k gS5 lekt dks viuk o.kZ~; fo"k; cuk;k] vkSj mlls tkfgj gS nq";ar dh 'kk;jh ml nkSj dh iyk;u dj 'kk;jh ugha dh- dqN 'ksj ns[kus ;ksX; 'kk;jh ls vyx Fkh tks lkdh] iSekuk] eS[kkuk ds gSa& s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0161 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 le; us tc Hkh va/ksjksa 7.891ls nksLrh(IIJIF) dh gS iyV dj fQj ugha vk ik,axs ge tyk ds viuk gh ?kj geus jks'kuh dh gS og ns[ks rks gesa vktkn djds uhjt ijohu 'kkfdj vjs nksLr ftanxh ls uk bruk fujk'k gks vius gksus dk ge bl rjg irk nsrs Fks >wBh Hkh gS unh rks le> jkLrk gqvk jk[k eqëh esa mBkrs Fks mM+k nsrs Fks lw;Z Hkkuq xqIr jkgr bankSjh eq>dks ns[kk rks 'kSrku fpYyk mBk dksbZ fdlh dh rjQ gS dksbZ fdlh dh rjQ vkneh vkneh cki js vkneh dgka gS 'kgj esa vc dksbZ vkneh dh rjQ funk Qktyh fujadkj nso lsod ,sls gh cnys gq, gkykr dk o.kZu fganh ;g gedks upkrk gS b'kkjksa ij jkr fnu xty vkjaHk ls djrh vkbZ gSA xkao lekt vkSj ns'k ;kjksa gekjk isV enkjh dh rjg gS dh tSlh Hkh fLFkfr;ka gks fganh xty mls iwjh rkdr dqaoj cspSu ds lkFk mBkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekt ds gj xty egy ls fudydj xkao rd xbZ- rcds dks yxrk gS fd fganh xty esa mlh dh ckr mlesa fdlkuksa dh fQØ vkSj nqfu;knkjh vkbZ O;oLFkk mBkbZ xbZ gSA mldh viuh laosnuk Hkh bl xty ds çfr jks"k mRiUu gqvk ns[ksa dqN 'ksj-- ds lkFk tqM+ tkrh gSA dqN 'ksj ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA fnu fudyrs gh jkr ds lius ;s Fkdh HksM+sa dgka rd tk,axh nky jksVh esa Mwc tkrs gSa xkao dh lM+dsa vHkh Hkh xeZ gS Hkokuh 'kadj vfu#) flUgk etwjh dks x;k gksjh 'kgj esa mMh iqj[kksa dh oks ixM+h gok esa [kkunkuh Hkh mlh dh ckV /kfu;k tksgrh gS Fkk [kkyh isV igys gh xbZ [ksrh fdlkuh Hkh jkepj.k jkx fou; feJ lksprk gwa eSa fd vPNs oks tekus Fks cgqr jgtuksa dh cLrh esa usfd;k¡ ugha feyrh xkao dh pkSiky ij tc ukp xkus Fks cgqr I;kj vkSj 'kjkQr dh cksfy;ka ugha feyrh e/kqjs'k fodkl pk; fcLdqV ls ugha djrs fcnk ,d tjk lh nqfu;k ?kj dh xkao esa gS estckuh vkt Hkh ysfdu phtsa nqfu;k Hkj dh M‚ Hkkouk foKku ozr fganh xty ds bl fparu dk çHkko mnwZ ;s dSlk nkSj gS tknwxjh dk enkjh dks tewjs csprs gSa 'kk;jh esa Hkh fn[kykbZ iM+h vkSj og 'ksj tks 'kjkc tghj dqjS'kh vkSj 'kckc dks viuk fo"k; cuk jgs Fks og Hkh ge ns[krs gSa fd fgUnh xty tc jkt?kjkus turk dh t:jrksa vkSj jkstejkZ dh rdyhQksa ls tqM+ dks NksM+dj vius xjhc[kkus dh rjQ ykSVrh gS] rks xbZ mldk vlj nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dh xtyksa ij Hkh gksrk ftanxh rw dc ryd nj&nj fQjk,xh gesa gS] vkSj oks xtysa Hkh vc b'd eq'd ds pDdj esa VwVk QwVk gh lgh ?kj ckj gksuk pkfg, flQZ ugha iM+rh] cfYd gkykr ds eqrkfcd viusvki equOoj jkuk dks us ;ksX; gSA ,d losZ{k.k fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd ck/kk gh bldh vgfe;r dks n’kkZrh gSA mnkgj.k 51 izfr’kr yksx lks’ky usVofdZax lkbZV ij fgUnh esa Lo:i] ge jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] lkaLd`frd ckrphr djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa 43 djksM+ yksxksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vklkuh ls viuk ysrs gSa] vkRelkr cksypky dh Hkk”kk gSA Hkkjr ds vykok ns’kksa esa dj ysrs gS vkSj blds dbZ mnkgj.k izR;{k gS pkgs fgUnh Hkk”kk cksyh tkrh gSA igukok gks ;k [kkuiku ;k u`R; xhr laxhrA lkekftd oS’ohdj.k ds nkSj esa fgUnh dks l’kä cukus i;kZoj.k esa lc ns[k ldrs gSaA ijUrq Hkk”kk dh tc ds fy, nwljh Hkk”kkvksa ds lkFk blds vuqokn dh ckr vkrh gS rks nks vk;ke lkeus vkrs gS fd ,d Hkwfedk Hkk”kk dh lEiUurk vkSj le`f) esa lgk;d rks dksbZ lkekU; Hkk”kk gks ;k nwljk ge lHkh Hkk”kkvksa gksrh gSA blds fy, fgUnh dks tuHkk”kk ds Lo:i ds dks lh[ksA tks lkekU;r% vlaHko lk dk;Z gSA D;ksafd fudV tkuk gksxkA oS’ohdj.k ds ckn gq, vkilh dksbZ Hkh Hkk”kk lh[kus ds fy, de ls de N% ekg foLrkj ls fgUnh esa Hkkjrh; Hkk”kkvksa ds ‘kCn gh ugha vkSj vf/kdre pkj&ik¡p lky yxsaxsA ,sls esa lans’kksa vk,] cfYd bldk QSyko varjkZ”Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku dSls gksxkA oS’ohdj.k dh vizokfl;ksa vkSj fonsf’k;ksa dh cksyh esa ns[kk tk izfØ;k esa fdlh ,d Hkk”kk] laLd`fr vkSj igpku dk ldrk gSA ekWjh’kl] fQth] lwjhuke] teSdk] Vkscsxks nwljh Hkk”kkvksa] laLd`fr;ksa ,oa igpku ij vkf/kiR; vkSj xq;kuk vkfn ns’kksa esa djhc 50 Qhln yksx LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA ekuork ds le{k lcls fgUnh dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fgUnh ds lSdM+ksa ‘kCn cM+h pqukSrh okLro esa ;g gS fd oSf’od Lrj ekWjh’kl dh fØ;ksy esa gSA vesfjdk] dukM+k tSls vf/kdka’k ckSf)d dk;Z ,d gh Hkk”kk esa fd, tk jgs ns’kksa esa vizokfl;ksa dh cM+h vkcknh dqN vyx og gS ^vaxzsth*A izdkj dh fgUnh cksyrs gSA blds vykok E;kaekj] tSls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gS fd phuh Hkk”kk ;wds] nf{k.k vÝhdk] lmnh vjc esa Hkh fgUnh cksyh ^eankfju* fo’o esa lcls T;knk cksyh tkus okyh tkrh gSaA ftl rjg fgUnh ls vaxzsth dh rjQ Hkk”kk gSA vkSj rhljk LFkku fgUnh dk gS] vkSj ogha laØe.k dh /kkjk cg jgh gS] mlh rjg Hkkjrh; vaxzsth v?kksf”kr :i ls varjkZ”Vªh; Hkk”kk dk :i Hkk”kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa ls ,d /kkjk fgUnh dh rjQ Hkh ys jgh gSA ijUrq rF; ;g gS fd phuh Hkk”kk esa ‘kCn vk jgh gSA ftldk ifj.kke gS fgUnh dk loZekU; gksrs gS vkSj mudh ,d fuf’pr vkd`fr gksrh gSA tks :i ls ns’k dh izeq[k lEidZ Hkk”kk cuk tkukA ;kn djuk cgqr eqf’dy gS tcfd vaxzstksa esa o.kZ fo’o eas izpkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd phu vkSj ‘kCn vkSj mudh fgTts vFkkZr~ Lisfyax Hkh ;kn dh enkfju lcls vf/kd cksys tkus okyh Hkk”kk gSA djuk iM+rh gS D;ksafd vaxzsth esa cksyk dqN tkrk gS ysfdu fgUnh us bldks dkQh ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA ;g vkSj fy[kk dqN tkrk gS tSls & ukWyst] fueksfu;k] tkudkjh eSaxywj ¼dukZVd½ ds MkW- t;arh izlkn lkbdksykWthA ;gha fgUnh dh ckr djsa rks mlesa o.kZ uksfV;ky dh ‘kks/k fjiksVZ esa lkeus vkbZ gSA fo’o vkSj ‘kCn dk Kku gksus ds i’pkr~ tSls cksyrs gS oSlk esa fgUnh dh izpkj&izlkn ds fy, dk;Z dj jgs gh fy[krs gS ;g fgUnh Hkk”kk dh lcls cM+h fo’ks”krk Xokfy;j ds vkpk;Z jktsUnzukFk esgjks=k us Hkh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0164 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 viuh fo’oO;kih xzaFk J`¡[kyk7.891(IIJIF) ds izFke [k.M esa bls egRoiw.kZ gSA tc iwjk fo’o ,d xk¡o gS rks lHkh lgh Bgjk;k gSA phu dh orZeku tual[;k 1360 izdkj ls lEidZ esa vk,¡xs] mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d fefy;u gSA ogk¡ dh 70 Qhln vkcknh gh eankfju phuh HkkbZ tkikuh efgyk ls ‘kknh djsa ;k ,d cksyrh gSA vFkkZr~ fd phu esa eankfju cksyus okys Hkkjrh; phuh yM+dh ls fookg djsa rks nks O;fDr 950 fefy;u yksx gSA o 150 fefy;u nwljs ns’kksa tc ,d nwljs rd vius fopkj ;k laokn gh u esa gSA phuh tkuus okyksa dh la[;k esa 50 fefy;u igq¡pk ik,a rks tqM+saxs dSls \ vFkkZr~ Hkk”kk dh egÙkk rks o`f) gqbZA b/kj] 2012 esa fgUnh tkuus okyksa dh gS pkgs O;kikj gks] O;olk; gks lkekftd] jktuSfrd] la[;k 1200 fefy;u FkhA 2015 esa c<+dj 1300 vkfFkZd :i esa jk”Vª dh ns’k dk fodkl] mUufr ;k fefy;u gks xbZ gSA eankfju ls 200 fefy;u T;knk izxfr ;k fo’o ‘kkafr dk eqík gh D;ksa uk gksA lHkh yksx fgUnh tkurs gSaA fo’o tula[;k esa dqy 18- esa Hkk”kk gh egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr 5 izfr’kr yksx fgUnh tkurs gSA ikfdLrku ds 163] rks Hkk”kk ls gh gkrh gSA vFkkZr~ iwjs fo’o dh ,d ckaXykns’k ds 59 usiky esa 25 fefy;u yksx fgUnh lkekU; Hkk”kk gksxh rks gh oS’ohdj.k dh tkurs gSA nwljs ns’kksa esa 28 fefy;u yksx fgUnh vo/kkj.kk lgh ek;uksa esa lQy gksxhA bl gsrq tkurs gSA lEidZ Hkk”kk dk ljy gksuk vfrvko’;d gS ;g gS rqyukRed fLFkfr & ‘kks/k fjiksVZ fo’o vkSj ;g fo’ks”krk fgUnh Hkk”kk esa gSA esa fgUnh Hkk”kh] phuh Hkk”kh ¼fgUnh dh c<+r½ ¼vk¡dM+s fefy;u esa½ lanHkZ lwph %

o"kZ fgUnh Hkk"kh phuh Hkk"kh fgUnh dh c<+r 1- MkW- ,l-lh-tSu & O;olkf;d okrkoj.k] 1997 800 730 70 2005 1022 900 122 dSyk’k iqLrd lnu] Hkksiky] i`-Ø- 24 2007 1023 920 103 2009 1100 967 133 2012 1200 1050 150 2- MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh & fgUnh Hkk”kk] 2015 1300 1100 200 fdrkc egy] bykgkckn] i`-Ø- 84 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 3- fxfjjkt fd’kksj & ,d tuHkk”kk dh yxHkx 122 Hkk”kk,¡ gS ftuesa 22 Hkk”kk,¡ Hkkjrh; =klnh] jk/kkd`“.k izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] nfj;kxat lafo/kku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa lwphc) gSA blds 4- jkefoykl ‘kekZ & Hkk”kk vkSj lekt] ckotwn fgUnh dk ^lEidZ Hkk”kk* ds :i esa izlkj jktdey izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh iVuk] i`-Ø- 67 gks jgk gSA o”kZ 2021 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns’k ds 5- MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh ,oa dey flag & 45 djksM+ yksx vkSj fons’k ds djhc 10 djksM+ yksx lEidZ Hkk”kk fgUnh] izHkkr izdk’ku] fnYyh i`-Ø- 41 fgUnh le>rs gS] cksyrs gSaA 6- baVjusV ls izkIr v|ru vk¡dM+s vkSj vaxzsth ds 19 Qhln okf”kZd ds eqdkcys fjiksVZ rFkk ys[kA Hkkjrh; Hkk”kkvksa dh lkexzh 90 Qhln dh j¶rkj ls  c<+ jgh gSA ifCyd ySaXost losZ vkWQ bafM;k ds rktk losZ{k.k ds vk¡dM+s crkrs gS fd ßo`f) dh ekStwnk j¶rkj ls fgUnh 50 lky esa vaxzstksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA ;g lHkh fgUnh dh Hkk”kk;h lkekF;Z] le`f)] fofo/krk] foLrkj] thorark] oSKkfudrk vkfn ds dkj.k gS vkSj blesa oS’ohdj.k dk tcjnLr ;ksxnku gSÞA oS’ohdj.k dh ckr gS rks Hkk”kk vR;f/kd s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0165 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dk Js; ljkstuh uk;Mw dks gSaA ,uh cslsUV o vU; 38 efgykvksa ds lkFk feydj Hkkjrh; efgyk la?k dj LFkkiuk dhA dLrqjck xka/kh th dh R;kx vkSj riL;k Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa efgykvksa lHkh efgykvksa ds fy, izsj.kk L=ksr jghA Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds }kjk tc lHkh cMs+ usrkvksa dks tsy esa dh Hkwfedk Mky fn;k x;k Fkk] rc v:.kk vklQ vyh us t;izdk’k ukjk;.k vkSj jke euksgj yksfg;k th ds MkW- fu[kr [kku lkFk feydj bl vkanksyu dks ‘kfDr iznku djus dh lgk;d iz/;kid] jktuhfr foKku] fy, Hkwfexr vkanksyu pyk;kA lafo/kku fuekZ.k lHkk esa ljksftuh uk;Mw] jktk Hkkst ‘kkldh; egkfo|ky; daVxh] Jhefr galk esgrk vkSj Jherh nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k izeq[k ftyk ckyk?kkV] e-iz- efgyk lnL; Fkh ijarq budh la[;k 5 izfr’kr ls Hkh de Fkh] iM+kslh ns’kks vkSj fo’o ds vU; ns’kksa ds ======***********======lkFk Hkkjr dh izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa esa efgyk Hkkxhnkjh izLrkouk & dh rqyuk dh tk;s rks fLFkfr fujk’kktud gh gSA Hkkjr ,d fodkl’khy ns’k gSA fo’o esa ikfdLrku esa efgyk izfrfuf/kRo 17 izfr’kr] ckaXykns’k tula[;k dh n`f”V ls ;g nwljs ucaj ij gSaA Hkkjr dk esa 19 izfr’kr vkSj usiky esa 33 izfr’kr gS] ijarq Hkkjr esa 2008 esa efgyk izfrfuf/kRo 10 izfr’kr lafo/kku fo’o dk lcls cM+k ,oa fyf[kr lafo/kku Hkh ugh FkhA 13oha yksdlHkk esa 49 efgyk lnL; gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns’k esa iq:”kksa dh Fkh ijarq 14oha yksdlHkk esa ;g la[;k ?kVdj 45 jg la[;k 62-37 djksM+ vkSj efgykvksa dh 58-64 xbZA jkT;lHkk esa 25 efgyk,W FkhA 15oha yksdlHkk djksM+ gSaA Lora=rk ds iwoZ ls ysdj orZeku rd ge esa 556 efgykvksa us pquko yM+k rFkk muesa ls dsoy efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gS rks vkt Hkh og 59 efgyk,W gh yksdlHkk esa igqWphA 16oha yksdlHkk iwjh rjg l’kDr ugha gks ik;h gSaA efgykvksa ds esa ;g la[;k cko fn;k fd efgyk 7.891vkj{k.k(IIJIF) esa vkj{k.k ds Hkhrj jkT;lHkk ds fy, fuokZfpr efgykvksa dh vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dks viukrs gq, 33 izfr”kr la[;k vkj{k.k esa fiNMs oxksZ vkSj eqfLye efgykvksa ds fy;s fuf’pr izfr’kr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dks o"kZ dqy LFkku efgykv ksa dh la[ ;k 1952 219 16 viuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA rHkh vkj{k.k dk ykHk lekt 1957 237 18 1962 238 18 ds lHkh oxksZ dh efgykvksa rd igqapsxkA 1967 240 20 jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh de Hkkxhnkjh 1971 243 17 1977 244 25 jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh de Hkkxhnkjh dk 1980 244 24 lcls cM+k dkj.k fir` lRrkRed lekt gS ?ksjyw 1984 244 28 1989 245 38 dkj.kksa ls Hkh efgyk,a jktuhfr esa izos’k ugha ysrhA 1991 223 20 1996 223 19 lkFk gh jktuhfr ds izfr :fp u gksuk] vf’k{kk] 1998 245 22 lkaLd`frd izfrca/k o :f<+okfnrk] lkekftd vkfFkZd 1999 245 24 2004 245 25 fLFkfr Bhd u gksuk] jktuhfrd ikVhZ;ksa dh mnklhurk 2009 245 22 bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls efgyk,a iq:”kksa dh HkkWfr lfØ; 2014 245 29 Hkwfedk ugha fuHkk ikrhA 2018 245 25 yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa efgykvksa dh ernkrk ds :i esa Hkkxhnkjh fu”d”kZ& pquko dk o"kZ dqy ernku dk izfr'kr efgykvksa dk ernku izfr'kr 1951 64-16 & Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk 1957 62-73 38-8 iwoZ dh vis{kk orZeku esa cgqr dqN lq/kkj gqvk gSaA 1962 55-42 46-6 1967 61-33 55-5 jktuhfrd ,oa lkoZtfud {ks= esa efgykvksa dh 1971 55-29 49-1 1977 60-49 54-9 lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh cgqr vko”;d gSA efgykvksa esa 1980 56-92 51-2 1984&85 64-01 59-2 jktuhfrd tkx:drk ds fy, efgykvksa dks f’kf{kr 1989 61-95 57-2 1991&92 55-88 50-5 djuk t:jh gSA ,d ,slk okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk 1996 57-94 53-4 1998 61-97 57-7 gksxk ftlds vraxZr lHkh jktuhfrd ny Hkkjh la[;k 1999 59-99 55-6 esa efgykvksa dks mEehnokj cuk,A ftlls u dsoy 2004 57-98 53-6 2009 58-19 55-8 efgykvksa dk jktuhfrd l’kfDrdj.k gksxkA cfYd 2014 66-04 65-83 og Lo;a vius jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx Hkh yksdlHkk esa fuokZfpr efgykvksa dh la[;k dj ik;saxhA lanHkZ xzaFk & o"kZ efgyk lkaln dqy LFkku 1952 22 499 1- MkW- ch-,y-QfM+;k] MkW- dqynhi QfM+;k 1957 27 500 ¼2015½ Hkkjrh; ‘kklu ,oa jktuhfr lkfgR; Hkou 1962 34 503 1967 31 523 ifCyds’ku] vkxjkA 1971 22 521 1977 19 544 2- MkW- iq[kjkt tSu] MkW-ch-,y-QfM+;k 1980 28 544 ¼2006½ Hkkjrh; ‘kklu ,oa jktuhfr lkfgR; Hkou 1984 44 544 1989 27 517 ifCyds’ku] vkxjkA 1991 39 544 1996 39 543 3- flag lhek ¼2010½ iapk;rh jkt vkSj 1998 43 543 efgyk l’kfDrdj.k fo|k fogkj ubZ fnYyhA 1999 49 543 2004 45 543 4- fNYyj] eatqyrk ¼2010½ Hkkjrh; ukjh 2009 59 543 2014 61 543 vtqZu ifCyf’kax gkÅl ubZ fnYyhA 2018 78 543 s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0167 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) ;qokvksa dk eu cnyrk tk jgk gSA vk/kqfud vuqi;ksxh xfrfof/k;ksa fjoktksa dks viuk thou ‘kSyh eku jgs 39 gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa gekjh laL—fr dh eku&e;kZnk >kj[k.M ds vkfnoklh; thou /khjs ls feVrh tk,xhA yEcs vjls ls mjk¡o laL—fr o Hkk”kk esa ‘kSyh esa vk/kqfudrk dk lekos’k ifjorZu gks jgs gSaA vk/kqfudrk dk izHkko dqMq[k Hkk”kk ij >ydrh gS D;ksafd ;qok ih<+h dqMq[k Hkk”kk iz;ksx dhfrZ feat ugha djrs mUgsa yTtk eglwl gksrh gSA viuh Hkk”kk ’kks/kkFkhZ] tutkrh; ,oa {ks=h; Hkk”kk foHkkx] dh egkurk dks udkjrs gSa vkSj vU; Hkk”kk iz;ksx dj jk¡ph fo’ofo|ky;] jk¡ph mjk¡o laL—fr dks u”Vrk dh vksj ys jgs gSaA gekjs ======***********======vUnj dh vkfnokfl;r Hkh /kwfey gks jgh gSA >kj[k.M esa vusd vkfnoklh fuokl djrs vkfFkZd fØ;kdyki esa —f”k dk;Z dh izeq[krk gSaA budh viuh Hkk”kk laL—fr gS] tks bUgsa vU; gS blesa ijEikfjd vkStkjksa dk egRo ?kV x;k gSA leqnk;ksa ls vyx djrh gSA budk ifjos’k nwljksa ls fcYdqy ugh ads cjkcj fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA [ksr esa vyx jgk gSA mjk¡o lekt dh fLFkfr] fn’kk] lksp tqrkbZ&cksvkbZ dh ikjEikfjd izFkk vc ?kVrh tk jgh bl ckr dk ladsr nsrh gS fd ge viuh ewy gSA D;ksafd oSKkfud rduhd }kjk de le; esa laL—fr ,oa ekU;rkvksa dk frjLdkj dj vius dks tqrkbZ ls ysdj felkbZ rd ds lHkh dk;Z dqN gh vk/kqfud cukus dh gksM+ esa ‘kkfey fd;s gSaA vkt ds ?k.Vks esa lEiUu gks tkrs gSaA ,d izdkj ls ;g le; lanHkZ esa ns[kk tk, rks ;qokvksa esa foykflrk iwoZd dh cpr gS] Jfed HkÙkk dh cpr gSA ijUrq nwljh thou;kiu djus dh izo`fr fn[krh gS] tks vk/kqfud vksj ikjEikfjd lg;ksx] enkbZr izFkk dh Hkkouk oSKkfud ;qx esa xyr ugha gSA QS’ku] lkSna;Z izfr;ksfxrk] izHkkfor gksrh utj vk jgh gSA gekjs vkfnoklh /ku ds fy, rLdjh] vijkf/kd xfrfof/k] u’kk[kksjh leqnk;ksa esa ,dtqVrk dk n`’; bUgh dk;ksZa esa >ydrk o vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa budh lafyIrrk vke:i ls gSA xjhc gks ;k vehj lHkh ds fy, dk;Z cjkcj ns[kh tk jgh gSA ;g izR;{k :i ls if’peh thou gksrk gSA iqj[kk usx vuqlkj [ksr rS;kj djds iwtk ‘kSyh ds izfr >qdko ls tqM+k gSA if’peh laL—fr ds vpZuk] xhr&xkuk rFkk gy cSy ls tqrkbZ djrs gq, izHkko ls mjk¡o laL—fr yqIr gksrh utj vk jgh gS] xhr xkuk lc dqN /khjs&/khjs Hkqyk, tk jgs gSaA [ksrksa tks LoLF; lekt esa ,d ck/kk ,oa xaHkhj leL;k esa tSfod [kkn ds cnys jklk;fud [kkn iz;ksx ls lkfcr gks ldrh gSA vU; leqnk;ksa ds cgdkos esa tho&tUrq u”V gks jgs gSA Hkwfe@feÍh dh moZjk vkdj viuh laL—fr dks /kwfey dj jgs gSA buds ‘kfDr {kh.k gks jgh gSA mit esa ikSf”Vdrk Hkh lekIr ihNs ,d gh dkj.k gS & vk/kqfudrk ,oa bldk gksrh izrhr gks jgh gSA va/kk/kqU/k vuqdj.kA bl ;qx esa ijEijkxr uke ls cnyrs ifjos’k ¼vk/kqfudrk½ ds dkj.k xksanyh vatku gksrs tk jgs gSaA iwoZtksa dh fojklr ls eksg dh [ksrh vkt misf{kr gSA gk¡ bldh dher u ughaA HkkSfrd {kf.kd lq[k dh pkgr esa viuh feyrh gks ij blls [kkl rjg ds idoku curs gS laL—fr dks frjLdkj djrs tk jgs vkSj pdkpkSa/k dh vkSj ikSf”Vd Hkh gSA tc ls jklk;fud [kkn dk oLrqvksa dks viuk jgs gSaA iz;ksx ‘kq: gqvk gS —”kd vf/kd mit vkSj iSlk ikus vkt ds ifjos’k esa ;qokvksa esa foykflrk dh ykylk esa [ksrksa dh moZjk ‘kfDr dh tku ys jgk iwoZd thou&;kiu djus dh iz—fr >ydrh gSA gSA [ksrksa ds tho&tUrq u”V gks jgsA vkfnokfl;ksa ds vkfnoklh iqj[kksa us vius thou dks izse vkSj fuMjrk vkfFkZd fØ;k ds rgr ijEijkxr vkgkj & eNyh] ls lhapk FkkA viuh Hkk”kk dh egkurk dks ih<+h nj dsdM+k] ?kksa?kk tSls izksVhu ;qDr thoksa dh fueeZ gR;k ih<+h ijkslk] laL—fr dh igpku dks u;h ih<+h rd gks jgh gSA ;s lHkh —f”k dk;Z vof/k esa cM+s gh yk;hA ysfdu vkt QS’ku dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds }kjk Lokfn”V O;atu ds rkSj ij xzg.k fd;s tkrs gSaA s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0168 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 vktdy VkaM [ksr gks ;k7.891 nksu(IIJIF) [ksr cSy gy uX.; fy, ne yxk nsrkA viuh okgokgh ywVkus gsrq gSA vc vk/kqfud midj.kksa dk mi;ksx gksus yxk gSA egaxh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djus dk iz;kl djrkA lHkh blls le; dh cpr gksrh gSA Jfed ewY; cpr rjg ds vk/kqfud lalk/kuksa dks tqVkus esa Øe ijEijkxr gksrh gS] ,d fnu esa vf/kd dk;Z gksrh gSA ;s lHkh ikfjokfjd kdj tkx:drk QSykus dk dk;Z oÙkZeku ;qx esa ;qok ih<+h gks ;k lkekU; iz;kl dkjxj fl) gks ldrh gS lkFk gh ijEikjxr O;fDr dh thou ‘kSyhA lHkh /ku vtZu dh ykylk jhfr fof/k dks cpk;s j[kus dh fn’kk lkdkj lkfcr ds lkFk lcls vkxs fudyus dh tÌkstgn esa gks ldrh gSA izfrLi/kkZ dh fLFkfr ns[kh tk jgh gSA LokHkkfod :i ge vkfnokfl;ksa dks lkaL—frd ewY; dh ls gj dksbZ vkxs c<+uk pkgrkA viuh bPNkvksa dks igpku dks cjdjkj j[kuh gksxhA vr% vius thruk pkgrk gSA ijUrq ;s bPNk,¡ dHkh dHkkj thou’kSyh] fØ;kdyki dks ldkjkRed :i ls cnyus fn[kkos izdkj dh gksrh gSA ftlesa dksbZ O;fDr pkj dk vFkd iz;kl djsa rkfd gekjh Hkk”kk laL—fr dh ifg;k okgu [kjhnrk gS rks nwljk O;fDr mlls vkxs igpku cuh jgs] thfor jgs vkSj ih<+h nj ih<+h c<+us dh gSfl;r ls vuu&Quu esa xkM+h [kjhnus ds xfreku jgsA s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0169 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) firkJh fdlh pkSikbZ] nksgs dks ;k fdlh Hktu dks 40 xkrs vkSj vkxs dh iafDr;k¡ ;fn foLe`r gks tkrh rks ckyd jk/kk’kj.k dh vksj ns[krs rks vki vkxs dh laxhrK Loñ Jh jk/kk’kj.k dk iafDr;k¡ xkus yxrsA blfy;s ;s dgkor lR; gS fd& O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo gksugkj fcjoku ds gksr phdus ikrAA tSls&tSls ckY;koLFkk ls c<+rs gq, fd’kksjkoLFkk fjadw jk.kk esa tc vki inkiZ.k dj pqds FksArc ‘kqHk le; vkus ‘kks/kkFkhZ] laxhr foHkkx] ij vkius txn~xq# Jh fuEckdkZpk;Z th ls nh{kk izkIr jkTkLFkku fo’ofo|ky;] t;iqj dhA xq: dh d`ik ,oa vk’khokZn ls rkmez vkidks jk/kk’kj.k uke ls gh lEcksf/kr fd;k x;kA jk/kk’kj.kth ======***********======ds ifjokj esa ‘kq#vkfr nkSj ls ghlkfgR; o laxhr dk dgk tkrk gS fd fojys O;fDr;ksa dk thou opZLo jgkA vkids nknk o firk ml dky dh lHkh vius fy, ugha gskrk] oju~ lEiw.kZ thou gh lekt fo/kkvksa dh lkafxfrd dykvksa ds n{k dykdkjFksA ds dY;k.kkFkZ lefiZr gksrk gSA ,d dykdkj ;k mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij lRlax] tkxj.k] jkeyhyk] ukVd egku O;fDr dks lekt dh lsok ds fy,] dyk dh jklyhyk vkfn ds ukephu dykdkj FksA ml dky lk/kuk ds fy, vius futh LokFkksZa ,oa lq[k lqfo/kkvksa dh ;s lc fo/kk,sa gh Fkh tks lekt ds gj oxZ dks bu dk R;kx djuk iM+rk gS] rc dgha tkdj mlds dykvksa ls Kku ,oa euksjatu dh vksj vkdf”kZr dk;Z ,oa dyk,sa fodflr gks ikrh gSa vkSj fQj djrh FkhA1 mldk ykHk lEiw.kZ lekt mBkrk gSA ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ,oa lkaxhfrd f’k{kk dyk lk/kuk ls vkfFkZd ykHk ,oa izfr”Bk Lo- jk/kk’kj.k th us ;wa rks dksbZ mYys[kuh; izkIr djus okys dykdkjksa dh vuojr ijEijk feyrh f’k{kk izkIr ugha dh Fkh vkSj uk gh fdlh ikB’kkyk gS] ijUrq Lo;a ds LokFkksZa dks R;kx] iw.kZ fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls dksbZ fMfxz;k¡ izkIr dh FkhA tSls&tSls ckY;dky ls dyk vkSj laLd`fr ds iqutkZxj.k dks lkaLd`frd ls ;kSoukoLFkk esa igq¡ps rks flQZ vkids nknk o firk vkUnksyu dk :i nsus okys dykdkj fojys gh gksrs ls gh laxhr lh[kk o lquk ,oa mUgha dk vuqlj.k gSa vkSj ,sls fojys dykdkjksa esa ,d Fks Jh jk/kk’kj.k fd;kA jk/kk’kj.k th us vusd fo}kuksa ds lax ls thA jkek;.k] laLd`r o HkfDre; lkfgR; dh tkudkjh ckY;dky,oa ikfjokfjd i`“BHkwfe izkIr dh]ftuesaegar ia- eD[ku th] ia- HkkSjhyky Jh jk/kk’kj.k th dk tUe lu~ 1910 esa th] ia- y{eh ukjk;.k th]nknw iaFk ds lar ctjax t;iqjesa gqvkA vkidk lkSHkkX; jgk fd cpiu ls gh nkl th ckck vkfn eq[;gSAvki esa pkj izdkj ds vkidks lkafxfrd,oa lkfgfR;d ekgkSy feyk mlh Kku :ih xq.k FksA ;fn bls f’k{kk :ih xq.k dgsa rks dk dkj.k jgk fd vki tSls&tSls ckY;koLFkk ls dksbZ vfr’;ksfDr u gksxh &1- iBu] 2- tiu] 3- xqtjrs x, oSls&oSls gh vkidks jkek;.k] xhrk] ekSu] 4- tkx`frA nqxkZlIr’krh] guqekuckgqd vkfn dk Kku] vkids vk/;kfRed ,oa lkaxhfrd fopkj/kkjk firk Jh }kjk gksus yxkA ;g la;ksx gh dgk tk;sxk fd Jh jk/kk’kj.k yxHkx lkr ls vkB o”kZ dh vk;q esa Hkh th ds ifjokj esa laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkxor~ ppkZ vkidks guqeku ckgqd] guqeku pkyhlk o xksiky dk vf/kd izHkko jgkA ;gh dkj.k jgk fd jk/kk’kj.k lgL=uke daBLFk gks x, FksA ;nk dnk vkids th fdlh fo|ky; esa i<+us ugha x, Fks ij s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0170 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 vk/;kfRed oikfjokfjd7.891 ifjos’k(IIJIF) gh bruk lqn`<+ Fkk Hkko foHkksj gks mBrs] HkfDr jl esa [kks tkrs] uSuksa ls fd vkidks fgUnh Hkk”kkdk Kku o`gn :i ls feykA vJqvksa dh vfojy /kkjk izokfgr gksrh jgrhA brus Hkkjrh; euhf”k;ksa us fo’o dh leLr çfØ;kvksa esa xq.kh gksus ds ckotwn vkius dHkh ;s ugha lkspk fd v/;kRe dks [kkstus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA2 esa ,d fl)gLr dykdkj gw¡A jk/kk’kj.k th laxhr dks dyk vo’; ekurs lkfgfR;d fopkj/kkjk Fks ij vk/;kRe ij voyfEcr laxhr dyk dks gh jk/kk’kj.k th ds le; esa f’k{kk dk dsUnz rjthg nsrs FksA dsoy if.Mrksa ds ikl i<+uk gh gqvk djrk Fkk ;k lwj] rqylh] dchj] ehjk] jghe rFkk lgtksckbZ fdUgha&fdUgha cqtqxksZa o fo}kuksa ds ikl mBus cSBus ls us viuh HkfDr lk/kuk dk ek/;e laxhr dks gh tks Kku izkIr gksrk gS ogh f’k{kk thoui;ZUr dke cuk;k vkSj mlh ek/;e ls mUgsa HkfDr lk/kuk ds vkrh FkhA Jh jk/kk’kj.k th us Hkh blh rjg f’k{kk QyLo:i vk/;kfRed Kku izkIr gqvkA xzg.k dh] vkidh fo’ks”k ckr ;g jgh fd tks Hkh vki’kqd lEiznk; ds vkpk;Z Jh i<+rs ;k lqurs mls dHkh Hkwys ughaA bl vk’p;Ztud ljlek/kqjh dk in lqcg&’kke dh la/;k vkjrh esa ckr dks lHkh fon~oku ekurs vkSj dgrs fd jk/kk’kj.k o ftl laxhr ds vk;kstu esa tkrs Fks ogk¡ Hkh bl th vki ij ek¡ ljLorh dh fo’ks”k d`ik gS tks bl in dks vo’; xk;k djrs FksA ftlds cksy bl rjg dk vk’khZokn vkidks feyk gSA ftl izdkj izdkj gSa & vkids ikl laxhrxq.kh vkrs vkSj vkils Lusg djrs esjh cukbZ dNq uk cusxhA mlh izdkj vusd lkfgR; ds fon~oku Hkh vkrsFksA cuh gS ukFk rqEgkjh cukbZAA laLd`r] O;kdj.k ,oa lkfgR; ds fo}oku iafMr t;iqj ds xq.khtu [kkus ds egku xq# ia- vkidks lEeku nsrs Fks vkSj vkidh jpukvksa ,oa eksguyky th dFkd tSls xq#tu Hkh vkidh ljyrk] xk;dh ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA4 lgtrk] laxhr fØ;kRedrk o HkfDr Hkko ls izlUu nknwiaFk ds y{ehukjk;.k nkl th tks fd ml gksdj ;nk&dnk vkids ikl vkrs vkSj laxhr esa le; ds laLd`rkpk;Z vkSj fgUnh ds lkfgR;kpk;Z Fks u‘R; dh HkfDriw.kZ cfUn’kksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrsA vkSj jk/kk’kj.k th ds edku ls dqN gh nwjh ij jgrs ,d vkSj egku dykdkj Jh y{ehukjk;.k th tks FksA ogk¡ ls vki vusd ckj jk/kk’kj.k th ds ikl ia- fxj/kkjh egkjkt ds firkth Fks]vkils vusdksa ckj vkrs vkSj lkfgR; dh cgqr nsj rd ppkZ djrsA feyrs vkSj laxhr dh ppkZ djrsA jkx HkSjo esa bu lc fo/kkvksa dh vksj tc lw{e n`f”V ls vkidh ,d >irky esa fy[kh xbZ jpuk gS] ftlesa fopkj fd;k tk, rks yxrk gS fd Jh jk/kk’kj.k th cksy gSa & esa lkafxfrd] lkfgfR;d o vk/;kfRed rhuksa xq.k f’ko f’ko ‘kadj Hkksys fo’oEHkj ------leku:i ls fo|eku FksAjk/kk’kj.k th us vusd bl jpuk ds fy, u‘R;kpk;Z ia- eksguyky lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dk l‘tu dj mUgsa Lojc) th vkids ikl vk, vkSj bl jpuk dks vius u`R; fd;k ftues uk vkos Hkts ugha HkxokukAA s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0171 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ¼2½ cpiu chr tokuh7.891 chrh(IIJIF) o`) Hk;k vc tkukA jfgeu ,sls izHkqfga rft dk wBs gSaA rHkh rks ¼2½ lUr tuu ds rqe gh lgkjs fy[kk gS fd & xq.k xk,sa tks fl;k j?kqoj dsAA le> eu jke uke gh lkjA ¼3½ nhukukFk n;kyq nkrk >wBs tx ds fj’rs ukrs] >wBkstx O;ogkjAA xq.kxkys eu thou /ku dsAA gekjs osn ‘kkL=ksa esa vk;k gS fd] tc tho ¼4½ jk/kk’kj.k pj.k izHkq dh tk xHkZLFk fLFkfr esa jgrk gS rc og bZ’oj ls fuosnu ikj yxk,¡ Hko lkxj dsAA djrk gS] fd izHkq eq>s bl ;kruk ls eqfDr fnyk Hktu% 3 nhft,A eSa n`<+ ladfYir gksdj ;g fo’okl fnykrk le> eu jke uke gh lkj gw¡ fd lalkj esa tkus ds ckn Hkh eSa vgfuZ’k vkidk >wBs tx ds fj’rs ukrs >wBks tx O;ogkjAA Hktu d:axkA ij] ml le; ds opu dks O;fDr ¼1½ xHkZokl esa dksy fd;k tks yhts rkgh lEgkjA Hkwy tkrk gS blhfy, jk/kk’kj.k th us bl ckr dks tx esa vkdj Hkwy x;k rw gks x;ks fuiV yckjAA bl izdkj vius ‘kCnksa esa cka/kk gS & ¼2½ cM+s Hkkx ekul ru ik;ks ;k er Hkwy xaokjA xHkZokl esa dksy fd;k tks yhts rkfg lEgkjA nsou dks Hkh nqyZHk lks ru fnUgks d#.kkxkjAA tx esa vkdj Hkwy x;k rw gks x;k fuiV yckjAA ¼3½ lrxq# ‘kj.k xgks eu esjs dkgs djks v¡okjA ftl euq”; nsg ds fy, Lo;a nsork Hkh jk/kk’kj.k gj.k ikrd lc djsa rq>s HkoikjAA rjlrs gSa ml nsg dks ikdj Hkh euq”; vius bl O;k[;k % yksd dks o ijyksd dks lq/kkjus dk iz;Ru ugha le> eu jke ------djrkA blls vf/kd izHkq dh d:.kke;h d`ik D;k uhfrdkj dgrs gSa & gks ldrh gS fd gesa vusd xyfr;ksa ds ckn Hkh ;su ‘kqDyhd`rk galk% ‘kqdk’p gfjrhd`rk%A euq”; tUe nsdj eks{k izkfIr dk volj iznku djrs e;wjkf’pf=rk ;su l rs Js;ks fo/kkL;frAA gSaA HkkokFkZ % gekjs fon~okuksa us ekr`&fir` _.k] xq: _.k] ftl izHkq us galks dks lQsn cuk;k vkSj ‘kqd nso _.k o ‘kkL= _.k crk,sa gSaA gkykafd ;g lR; ¼rksrk½ dks gjs jax dk cuk;k rFkk e;wj dks fofHkUu gS fd ge bu _.kksa ls dHkh eqDr ugha gks ldrs jaxksa ls fpf=r fd;k] os leFkZ izHkq gekjs fgrfpUrd gSa dkj.k fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa bu lcds crk,uqlkj vkSj gekjk dY;k.k gh djsaxsA gesa fpUrk fdl ckr dekZfn dj ysus ij Hkh euq”; dks ljy gh jguk dh\ ,d fgUnh dfo us blh Hkko dks cgqr lqUnj fl[kk;k tkrk gSA Hkkxor esa Jh d`“.k vtqZu dks jhfr ls n’kkZ;k gS & ckj&ckj ;gh mins’k nsrs gSa fd lkalkfjd deZ lc vej csfy fcu ewy dh izfrikyr tks rkfgA djus gSa ij Lo;a ds fy, ugha lHkh deksZa dks Hkxoku s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0172 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ds fy, djrs gq, fu”dke7.891 djus(IIJIF) pkfg,A ;g f’k{kk gesa gekjs xq:tu nsrs gSaA blh Hkko dks jk/kk’kj.k th 41 us bu iafDr;ksa esa <+kyk gS & lrxq: ‘kj.k xgks eu esjs dkgs djks v¡okjA turk ds çfrfuf/k dfo /kwfey jk/kk’kj.k gj.k ikrd lc djsa rq>s HkoikjAA bl in dks laxhrK jk/kk’kj.k th us HkfDr M‚- vkse çdk'k lSuh ,oa d:.k jl dh jkx tkSuiqjh ds Lojksa esa fyfic) ¼Mh- fyV~½ ,lksfl,V çksQslj] fganh foHkkx] fd;k gS tks gekjs laxhr o lkfgR; ds cstksM+ esy vkj- ds- ,l- Mh- d‚yst] dSFky] gfj;k.kk dks iw.kZrk iznku djrk gSA Jh jk/kk’kj.k th laxhr ,oa lkfgR; ds vykok lnSo çlUu jgus okys o nwljks dks vius ======***********======fo"k; ços'k% lqnkek ikaMs /kwfey turk ds fouksn Hkko ds dkj.k çlUu j[kus okys O;fäRo ds çfrfuf/k dfo gSaA vke turk ds çfrfuf/k dfo /kuh FksA ,sls nSfnI;eku laxhrK dh thou yhyk /kwfey us dfork ds ek/;e ls lekt esa QSyh galrs&galkrs gh lu 1986 esa lekIr gks xbZA folaxfr;ksa dks mdsjk gSA dfork ds ckjs esa mudk –f"Vdks.k Li"V gSA /kwfey ds fy, dfork dsoy lanHkZ& euksjatu dk lk/ku u gksdj lkekftd folaxfr;ksa dks 1- fnukad 28@5@2018] Jh guqeku ‘kekZ mdjus dk lcls l'kä ek/;e gSA /kwfey ds fy, th ¼okfVdk½ ls lk{kkRdkj ds vk/kkj ijA dfork dk lgh vFkZ 'kCnksa ds chp f?kjk gqvk 2- ‘kekZ M‚ e`R;qat; ¼2008½ laxhr eSuqvy] vkneh gh gSA lqnkek ikaMs dk çtkra= dh Hkwfedk esa i`”B la[;k 54] ,p- th- iqfCyds’kUlA M‚- fo|kfuokl feJ fy[krs gSa dfork dk euq"; 3- fnukad 3@6@2018 ia- fxj/kkjh egkjkt dfork djus okys euq"; ls cM+k gksrk gSA /kwfey dh th ls lk{kkRdkj ds vk/kkj ijA dforkvksa esa dfork ds euq"; dh igpku tgka dgha 4- fnukad 28@5@2018] ia- egs’knÙk feyrh gS ogha esa mudh dfork dk Js"B va'k ikrk ‘kekZ th ¼jkek;.kh½ ls lk{kkRdkj ds vk/kkj ijA gw¡A1 /kwfey us vius iwoZorhZ lexz lkfgR; dk xgu 5- fnukad 5@5@2018] MkW- guqeku lgk; v/;;u fd;k gSA fganh dfork dh fofHkUu th] ouLFkyh okys ls lk{kkRdkj ds vk/kkj ijA ço`fÙk;ksa@vkanksyuksa ls HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr gksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus dfork ls lacaf/kr vius –f"Vdks.k dks  ysdj viuh Mk;jh esa fy[kk gS& Nk;kokn ds dfo 'kCnksa dks rksM+dj j[krs FksA ç;ksxokn ds dfo 'kCnksa dks VVksy dj j[krs FksA ubZ dfork ds dfo 'kCnksa dks xksydj j[krs FksA lu lkB ds ckn dfo 'kCnksa dks [kksy dj j[krs gSaA2 /kwfey us çk;% lHkh dfo;ksa f=ykspu] eqfäcks/k] ukxktqZu] egknsoh vkfn ds ckjs esa [kqydj viuh jk; O;ä dh gSA /kwfey vaxkjh psruk dk dfo gSA /kwfey ds ikl ifjos'k esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa dks ij[kus dh lw{e –f"V gSA /kwfey dfork dh rkdr ls HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr gSaA /kwfey

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0173 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dh utjksa esa dfork dh 7.891,d vyx(IIJIF) fdLe gSA dfork dq:irkvksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA dfo ,slh dsoy 'kCnksa dk peRdkj ugha gSA lPph dfork ogh lkekftd O;oLFkk pkgrk gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkw[kk uk gS tks ifjos'k esa O;kIr i'kqrk ds f[kykQ ph[krh gSA jgs] lc ds ikl jksVh diM+k vkSj edku gksA dfo dks /kwfey ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ,slh dfork ges'kk iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd mudh dfork oxZHksn dks feVkus ckS[kyk, gq, O;fä dk ,dkyki cu tkrh gSA esa lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA dfo lekt ds psgjs dks laln ls lM+d rd laxzg dh igyh dfork esa og dq:i cukus okys "kMîak=dkjh jktusrkvksa vkSj iwathifr;ksa fy[krs gSa exj vc&@vc mls ekywe gS fd dfork@ dh okLrfodrk dks mtkxj dj ,d LoLFk lekt ?ksjko esa @fdlh ckS[kyk, gq, vkneh dk @laf{kIr dk fuekZ.k djus dks vkrqj gSA og ifjorZu ds fy, ,dkyki gS@¼dfork½ foæksg dh fLFkfr esa ;g laf{kIr ftl la?k"kZ@Økafr dks viukus dh jkg ij pyrk gSa ,dkyki gh lkewfgd ,dkyki cu tkrk gS vkSj mlds fy, dfork lcls cM+h gfFk;kj gSA dfork ds dfork laiw.kZrk dks çkIr dj ysrh gSA dfo dk /;s; ek/;e ls og jktuhfrd "kMîka= dk inkZQk'k djrk jgk gS fd dfork ncs&dqpys] etyweksa dh vkokt gSa] lkFk gh dfork dh 'kfä ls 'kks"kdksa dks [kcjnkj cusA dfo dh utjksa esa dfork [kkus&dekus ;k djrk gSaA /kwfey dh ;g Økafr/kehZ psruk ijorhZ iguus dh pht ugha gSA dfo çcq) oxZ ds lkeus dfo;ksa losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk] yhyk/kj txwM+h] ç'u [kM+k djrk gS& dfork esa tkus ls igys@ eSa dqekj fody vkfn dfo;ksa esa ftank gSA og vktknh vkils iwNrk gwa@ tc buls us pksyh cu ldrh gS@ ds ckn dh lkekftd jktuSfrd psruk ds dfo u pksaxk]@rc vki dgks&@ bl llqjh dfork dks@ cudj mHkjrs gSaA /kwfey dk lkspuk gS fd ns'k esa taxy ls taxy rd@ syus okys dfork&@ 'kCnksa dh vnkyr esa @eqtfje ds dV?kjs fdlku etnwj vkSj ukjh lk/kkj.k ik= gS tcfd esa [kM+s csdlwj vkneh dk /gyQukek gSA---- dfork&@ lqfo/kkHkksxh iwathifr vkSj jktusrk [kyuk;d gSA Hkk"kk esa@ vkneh gksus dh reht gSA ¼equkflc dkjZokbZ½ /kwfey dh dforkvksa iVdFkk] tura= ds lw;ksZn; esa] dfork dh egrk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, /kwfey dgrs chl lky ckn] 'kgj esa lw;kZLr] Hkk"kk dh jkr] gSa ,d lgh dfork@igys@,d lkFkZd oäO; gksrh lqnkek ikaMs dk çtkra= ¼nks½ gR;kjs ¼,d½ vkt ds gS@¼laln ls lM+d rd½ blh çdkj mls ekywe gS bUgha foæwi fLFkfr;ksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk gSA /kwfey dk fd 'kCnksa ds ihNs@fdrus psgjs uaxs gks pqds gSaA fo'okl Fkk fd ns'k esa çtkrkaf=d 'kklu ç.kkyh dh ¼dfork½ /kwfey dk dfork dks ysdj viuk fHkUu LFkkiuk ds i'pkr ubZ O;oLFkk tUe ysxh ftlesa –f"Vdks.k] mís'; gSA ledkyhu dfork esa /kwfey 'kwærk;sa lekIr gks tk,axhA eSaus bartkj fd;k& vc dh dfork ds vusd lanHkZ fey tkrs gSaA ;g dksbZ cPpk@ Hkw[kk jgdj Ldwy ugha tk,xk @vc dfork,a crkrh gSa fd /kwfey ds fy, dfork dksbZ Nr ckfj'k esa @ugha Vidsxh@ vc dksbZ vkneh lk/kkj.k u gksdj egRoiw.kZ gSA dfo ds fy, dfork diM+ksa dh ykpkjh esa@viuk uaxk psgjk ugha vuqHko dh mit gS] ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh le> gSA dfo igusxkA¼iVdFkk½ us leLr ifjos'k ij lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa lk/kkj.k tu ds ns'k dh Hkksyh turk dks fo'okl Fkk fd fy, fy[kkA mUgksaus dfork dks ckSf)d dB?kjs ls ne?kksVw fons'kh 'kklu O;oLFkk us ftu vf/kdkjksa ij eqä djds lM+d ds vkneh ds chp [kM+k dj fn;kA dqBkjk?kkr fd;k Fkk vkt ugha rks dy mudh cgkyh fulansg og çtkra= ds lcls cM+s dfo cu dj mHkjsA gksxhA ;s /kjrh]vkleku] lw;Z] xkao][ksr&[kfygku turk ds çfrfuf/k dfo /kwfey us lkekftd gekjs gksaxsA ,d ckj fQj ge [kqyh gok esa lkal ys s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0174 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ldsaxs] ysfdu ns'k dh 7.891turk(IIJIF) dks rc xgjk lnek dks csudkc djrk gS vc gekjs usrk ukSdj'kkgh ds yxk tc mUgksaus ns[kk fd usrk R;kx] ri] riL;k lkFk feydj vke turk dk 'kks"k.k djus esa ekfgj fo'o'kkafr iap'khy tSlh vulqy>h ckrsa dgdj gks x, gSaA ns'k ds ukStokuksa dk Hkfo"; Qkbyksa esa can ns'k dh okLrfod leL;kvksa ls iyk;u dj jgs gSaA dj dkys njktksa esa nQu dj fn;k tkrk gS--A3 Hkkjr dh Hkksyh&Hkkyh turk dks lPpkbZ le>us esa vktknh ds ckn ,dne eksgHkax dh fLFkfr us gesa nsj yxh fd ns'k dk tura= flQZ ,d [ksy rek'kk lkspus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k gSA vktknh ls igys gSA njvly vius ;gka tura=@ ,d ,slk rek'kk vaxzsth 'kklu lÙkk ds v/khu jgrs gq, gekjs gekjh gS@ ftldh tku@ enkjh dh Hkk"kk gSA¼iVdFkk½ ;s vka[kksa ds lkeus tks fujk'kk vkSj volkn dk taxy dSlh 'keZukd fLFkfr gS fd çtkra= esa 'kks"kd vkSj Fkk vktknh ds chl lky ckn fQj mHkjus yxk gSA 'kksf"kr oxZ dks ,d tSlh NwV gSA ;g ,slk tura= gS dfo us jktdey pkS/kjh ds fy, dfork esa ns'k ds ftlesa @ftank jgus ds fy,@ ?kksM+s vkSj ?kkl dks vktknh dh rqyuk ekfld /keZ esa Mwch gqbZ fdlh @,d tSlh NwV gSA¼iVdFkk½1962 esa phu ;q) esa nfjæ ifjokj dh chl lky dh fcfV;k ls dh gS feyh ijkt;]yky cgknqj 'kkL=h th dh vlkef;d vktknh nfjæ ifjokj dh chllkyk fcfV;k@ekfld e`R;q] gekjh fons'k uhfr dh vlQyrk us ns'k dks /keZ esa Mwcs gq, dqaokjsiu dh vkx ls@ va/ks vrhr ,d fofp= eksgHkax dh fLFkfr esa k og jktuhfrd HksfM+;ksa dh xanh tqcku ij ftank jgrk jgs gSaA ns'k esa ifjorZu t:j gqvk gS] ftls ge gSA Hkw[k] xjhch] csdkjh tSlh ewyHkwr leL;kvksa dks ns[k&Hkkai jgs gSA vc egaxkbZ vkleku Nw jgh gS] lqy>kus esa vlQy usrk turk dks Hkk"kk vkSj çkar çR;sd oLrq ds nke c<+ x, gSaA v[kckjksa esa gj jkst ds uke ij ckaVus esa yxs gSaA /kwrZ usrkvksa dks nks eqagk u,&u, 'kh"kZd i<+us dks feyrs gSaA Hkw[k&xjhch]gR;k& fo"k/kj dgdj dfo bu oxksaZ ij xgjk vkØks'k O;ä vkRegR;k] cykRdkj] vigj.k]lkaçnkf;d naxs fd;k gS Hkk"kk vkSj Hkk"kk dh chp dh njkj esa@ mÙkj v[kckjksa dh lqf[kZ;ka gSaA çtkra= esa usrkvksa dh vkSj nf{k.k dh rjQ@ Qu iVdrk gqvk@ ,d nks Vksfi;ka cnyh gSa dqflZ;ka ogha gSA dfo us turk dh eqagk fo"k/kj@ jsax jgk gS@ jksth ds uke ij@ jksVh ds ihM+k dk vadu laln ls lM+d rd dfork esa fd;k uke ij@ txg&txg tgj Qsad jgk gSA¼Hkk"kk dh gSA turk dk 'kk'ku&O;oLFkk ls eksgHkax gks x;k gSA jkr½ M‚- jru dqekj ikaMs dgrs gSa ns'k ds mÙkjh fgLls ns'k dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk dks ns[kdj esa tc vaxzsth gVkvks rFkk nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dfo grçHk gks mBk gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd ns'k cpkvks dk tksj Fkk] ml le; /kwfey dh dfork esa vktknh dsoy mUgha yksxksa ds fy, vkbZ gS tks fdruh iSuh –f"V ls mls ns[krh gS] ek= blh ls dfo 'kks"kd gSa] tks dkykcktkjh ls iSls dekrs gSaA vke ds lgh fparu dk /kjkry fofnr gks tkrk gSA3 dfo turk ds fy, vktknh ds dqN ek;us ugha gSA çtkrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds [kks[kysiu dks mtkxj djrk tura= ds lw;ksZn; esa dfo çtkra= ds vlyh psgjs gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd orZeku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0175 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 us ns'k esa ,slh Hk;kud7.891 fLFkfr;ksa(IIJIF) dks tUe fn;k gS gSaA dgus dk Hkko ;g gS fd lÙkk/kkjh oxZ dh ftlds pyrs vke turk Hkk"kk] /keZ] tkfr vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dh dher Hkw[ks isVksa dks pqdkuh iM+ jgh gSA laçnk; ds ipM+s esa iM+dj vkil es yM+ jgh gSA vfgalk dk jkx vykius okys ns'k esa fgalk] vkxtuh] yksxksa dk usrkvksa ls fo'okl mB x;k gSA çtkra= esa ywVikV] xksyhdkaM lk/kkj.k ckr gks pqdh gSA usrk O;oLFkk us ns'k ds psgjs dks fcxkM+ fn;k gSA ns'k dk viuk mYyw lh/kk djus ds fy, vk, fnu turk dks psgjk O;oLFkk ds niZ.k esa fo—r fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kkvkSj çkarokn ds uke ij yMkrs gSaA dfo dh jk; esa nks"k psgjs dk ugha cfYd niZ.k dk /kwfey us dQZ~;w esa ,d ?kaVs dh NwV 'kh"kZd dfork esa gS vFkkZr dq:irk ns'k dh ugha] O;oLFkk dh gSA çtkra= dh j{kk ds uke ij gksus okyh fgalk dk /kwfey us dfork ds fy, fof'k"V dks pquk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA xksyhdkaM ds ckn flyflysokj ysfdu lkekU; ds fy, dgkA mUgksaus Hkkjr ds fdlku] gR;kjksa dk xk;c gksuk crkrk gS fd usrkvksa ds fy, etnwj] ihfM+r] 'kksf"kr oxZ dh ihM+k dks vfHkO;fä ;g fdruh lkekU; ckr gSA ns'k dh lkekftd nhA ifjos'k dh lexzrk dks lR;rk ds lkFk dguk fLFkfr vkt bruh vO;ofLFkr ,oa tfVy gks xbZ gS mudh vknr esa 'kqekj gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds fd ;gka dQZ~;w ds fcuk 'kklu laHko gh ugha gSA fy, dfork esa mÙksftr gksus ds fy, dqN ugha gSA lÙkklhu 'kkld oxZ }kjk tkfr] /keZ ds uke ij mUgksaus dfork dks 'kkgh fyckl u nsdj dchj dh gR;kvksa dh fpaxkjh lqyxkus dk dke pkanekjh ls Hkkafr lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij mdsjk gSA dgsa xqtjrs gq, dfork esa Hkh gqvk gSA xksyhckjh vkSj fd /kwfey us lPpkbZ ls vka[k uk ewandj ftanxh ds gR;kdkaM ds ckn iM+h gqbZ yk'kksa dks ns[kdj dfo dkys igyqvksa ls gh viuh dfork ds fy, lkexzh dks yxrk gS fd bl ckj rqEgkjs [ksrksa dh Qly dqN tqVk yh gS /kwfey dh dkO; psruk dks O;ä djus [kkl-- dfo ;g ns[k dj nq[kh gks mBrk gS fd ns'k okyh dfork gS eksphjke dfork dk eksphjke Lo;a dh ;qok ih<+h Hkh usrkvksa fiNyXxw cudj /kkfeZd dfo gS] tks oxZ Hksn dks ugha ekurk]tks ;FkkFkZ dh ik[kaMksa dk f'kdkj cu jgh gSA ;qok oxZ Hkh çse] Hkwfe dks Li'kZ djus okyk lekt ds çfr çfrc) gSA d#.kk] mnkjrk vkfn uSfrd ewY;ksa ls fjä gks dfo ns'k dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd lkEçnkf;d mUekn dh tgjhyh gok esa cg x;k gS] fLFkfr dks ns[kdj grçHk gSA og çtkra= esa usrkvksa tks ns'k dh [kq'kgkyh esa ck/kd gSA }kjk turk dh vuns[kh fd, tkus ls {kqC/k gSA og ns'k esa py jgh Hkw[k vkSj csdkjh dh yw ;qok tkurk gS fd /kwrZ usrk vkSj 'kkld oxZ ns'k dh ih<+h dks >qyl xbZ gSA tura= ,d gR;k lanHkZ esa okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa ls /;ku gVkus ds fy, Hkksyh&Hkkyh dfo us tgka 'kkld oxZ dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa dk turk dks iM+kslh ns'kksa dh xjhch dh dgkuh lqukrs inkZQk'k fd;k gS ogha ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd gSa vkSj ns'k dh okLrfod leL;kvksa ls vufHkK cus tura= flQZ ,d Nykok gS] ftldh vkM+ esa gtkjksa jgus ds fy, f'kf{kr&cqf)thoh oxZ ds chp i=dkfjrk ;qokvksa dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k tkrk gSA dfo dh Lora=rk dh dgkuh nkSgjkrs gSaA lqnkek ikaMs dk vkØks'k Hkjs Loj esa iwNrk gS fd ;g dkSu lk çtkra= çtkra= esa dfo [kqyklk djrk gS u dksbZ çtk gS@ u gS& [kwu vkSj FkDds ds ryQrk gqvk@ tc og dksbZ ra= gS@ ;g vkneh ds f[kykQ@ vkneh dk ;qok ftLe@ fxj iM+k jkLrs ds Bhd chpksachp@ ml [kqyk@ "kMîak= gSA ¼lqnkek ikaMs dk çtkra=%nks½ oLrqr% oä tura= fd/kj Fkk @ne rksM+rh gqbZ lkalksa ds@ ns'k dh fLFkfr ;g gS fd etnwj vkSj fdlku oxZ fljgkus ;k isrkus-@ ml oä tura= fd/kj Fkk \A vius [kwu dks ilhuk cuk dj fnu&jkr esgur vkt ns'k esa ,slh fo"ke fLFkfr gS fd vki canwd dh djrs gSa tcfd usrk yksx laln ds xfy;kjksa esa cSBdj uksd ls ;k fQj lanwd dh pksV ls lÙkk ds xfy;kjksa ,s'o;Z] oSHko vkSj foykl dk thou O;rhr djrs rd igqap ldrs gSaA dfo us fugRFks vkneh ls dgk s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0176 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 'kh"kZd dfork esa blh lR;7.891 (IIJIF)dk csckdh ls mn~?kkVu iwathifr vkSj ukSdj'kkg] mudh feyhHkxr ls gh fd;k gSA M‚- peu yky xqIrk us Bhd gh dgk gS turk nqxZr Hkksx jgh gSA /kwfey dh iVdFkk esa &gR;kjs ,d dfork esa /kwfey O;aX;iwoZd dgrs gSa lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk Toyar fd ;s usrk vius nkarks dh rjg gh ns'kh gS vFkkZr bu fp=.k gSA dfo jktusrkvksa vkSj iwathifr;ksa dh pkyksa ds neu ds lk/ku Hkh vius cuk, gq, gSaA ;g usrk ls voxr gSA vkt ns'k dh xjhc turk Hkw[k ls xksyh nkxuk Hkh tkurs gSa vkSj çyksHku nsuk HkhA fcyfcyk jgh gS ogha nwljh vksj ns'k ds xksnkeksa esa budh vkRek f?kls gq, twrksa ds rYyksa dh rjg vUu vVk iM+k gSA ;g lc iwathifr;ksa ds LokFkZ vkSj va/kdkj ds lkjs jkLrksa ls ifjfpr gSaA buds ykyp jktusrkvksa dh pkykdh dh mit gSA O;kikjh yksx vkSj Øwjrk ukprh gS ijarq fQj Hkh ;g eqLdqjkrs jgrs dkykcktkjh ls Hkw[k vkSj xjhch dks c<+krs gSa] ns'k esa gSaA jktuhfrd gR;k,a] Hkw[kejh vkSj laçnkf;d gR;k vdky fdlh fLFkfr mRiUu djrs gSa] ogh xjhc buds fy, vke ckrsa gSaA buds ikl dksbZ fuf'pr vkneh nks twu jksVh ds fy, Hkw[ks isV jgdj O;oLFkk fopkj/kkjk ugha gSA ;g ,d lkFk 'kkafr vkSj vuqHko ds çfr la?k"kZjr gSA dh odkyr djrs ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA5 /kwfey tkurs dgk tk ldrk gS fd dfo us pkSdUuk gksdj gSa fd jktusrk turk ds foosd dks dqan cuk nsrs gSaA laln ls lM+d rd gh ugha cfYd iwathifr ls ysdj cqf)thoh] lkfgR;dkj] i=dkj] iwathifr lc buds jktusrk vkSj vketu rd ds chp dh fo"kerkvksa vuqpj gSaA lc feydj turk ds fparu&euu ij dks mtkxj fd;k gSA vktknh ds ckn Hkz"V&O;oLFkk çgkj djrs gSaA ysfdu tSls gh turk budh vlfy;r us turk dks Hkw[k gh migkj esa nh gSA ns'k dk tku tkrh gS rc ;g neu dk dqpØ pykrs gSaA bl esgurd'k oxZ fdlku vkSj etnwj th&rksM+ ifjJe çdkj /kwfey dh dfork esa ns'k dh fn'kkghu jktuhfr djrk gS fdarq mldk lnifj.kke mUgsa ugha feyrkA dk [kqydj ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gqvk gSA ns'k esa 'kklu okLro esa ns'k dh vktknh dk eryc Hkh ;gh gSA O;oLFkk dh detksfj;ka] çtkra= dh vlQyrk] vkt gekjh 'kklu O;oLFkk iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vktknh dk [kks[kykiu] 'kklu dk neupØ] usrkvksa Øhrnkl gks xbZ gSA vktknh ds o"kksaZ ckn Hkh ns'k dh dk Hkz"Vkpkj] fofHkUu ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dh vlQyrk djksM+ksa fujkfJr turk [kqys vkleku ds uhps lksus dks vkfn ij /kwfey us ys[kuh pykbZ gSA foo'k gSA turk dsoy lqugjs Hkfo"; dk liuk gh milagkj% lkj :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd /kwfey ns[k ldrh gSA dfo nq";ar ds 'kCnksa esa& dh dfork,a ledkyhu dfork dk Toyar nLrkost dgka rks r; Fkk fpjkxk gj ,d ds fy,A gSaA ;s dfork,a thou dh lPpkbZ ds lkFk xgjkbZ ls dgka fpjkx e;Llj ugha 'kgj Hkj ds fy,AA tqM+h gSaA dfo Hkw[k] xjhch] csdkjh rFkk 'kks"k.k tSlh lanHkZ lwph% O;oLFkk ls u dsoy nks pkj gqvk gS cfYd mUgsa 1-lapsruk] flracj] 1981] i`"B& 28 lexzrk ls lesVrk gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd iwathifr 2-M‚- peu yky xqIrk] lqnkek ikaMs /kwfey vkSj jktusrkvksa us feydj ,slk pØO;wg jpk gS dh dfork esa ;FkkFkZ cks/k] i`"B& 29 ftlesa lsa/k yxkuk ukeqefdu gSA dfo le> pqdk gS 3-ogh] i`"B& 23 fd ns'k esa Hkw[k dk dkj.k flQZ çk—frd vkink,a 4-jru dqekj ikaMs] jktdey pkS/kjh] /kwfey vdky ;k c<+rh tula[;k uk gksdj ns'kHkj esa rFkk yhyk/kj txwM+h ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa lkBksÙkjh fganh LokFkhZ jktusrkvksa }kjk iwathifr;ksa ds fgr esa cukbZ dfork] i`"B& 129 xbZ ;kstuk,a gSa ftUgsa fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, pkiywl 5-M‚- peu yky xqIrk] lqnkek ikaMs /kwfey ukSdj'kkg cjkcj ftEesnkj gSa vFkkZr bl çtkrkaf=d dh dfork esa ;FkkFkZ cks/k] i`"B& 107 O;oLFkk esa 'kksf"kr nks ugha cfYd rhu gSa&usrk] s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0177 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 7.891(IIJIF) blh ek¡ dh eerk og fujknj dSls djrs \ 42 muds ukrsnkj] tkfrHkkbZ lc ujkt gks x;s] fojks/kh gks x;s] ij ‘kadj us ogh fd;k tks djus dks dg x;s Fks fo”.kq izHkkdj dk thouh lkfgR; A blfy, vkt ge ‘kadj dh ekr`&Hkfä dks ;kndjrs gSa A ds pfj=&fp=.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku xq: ukud nso th dh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa ij çdk’k Mkyrs gq, mudh thouh esa fo”.kq th us xhrk ‘kekZ fy[kk gS& va/kfo’okl vkSj vfo/kk ds va/kdkj ls #æiqj] mÙkjk[kaM eqä djds ,d vksadkj dh mikluk dk ekxZ lq>k;k Fkk A os ,d lkFk lq/kkjd] nk’kZfud vkSj dkUr –”Vk ======***********======_f”k Fks A mUgksaus x‘gLFk esa jgdj ;ksx lk/kk Fkk A os pfj=&fp=.k %& dfo vkSj laxhrx; Hkh FksA ns’k ds çfr mudh eerk pfj=&fp=.k thouh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkikj Fkh A os tkfr] /keZ] o.kZ vkSj oxZ ls Åij vax gS A thouhdkj dks thouh dks mR—”V cukus ds euq”; ls çse djrs Fks A mudh ;k=k,a bl ckr dk fy, lw{e vUr–Zf”V ds vfrfjä ewY;kadu ,ao çek.k gSa fd os ftrus es/kkoh Fks mrus gh mnkpsÙkk Hkh fo’ys”k.k i)fr dk lgkjk ysuk gksrk gS ftlls —fr Fks A dh oLrq lkis{krk] rVLFkrk vkfn xq.kksa ds lkFk gh fo”.kq th us nsoh vkfgY;kckbZ gksYdj th mu rF;ksa dks mtkxj djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] tks dh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa esa mudh çse dh Hkkouk ij ijh{k.k djrs le; fdUgha dkj.kksa ls NwV tkrs gSa A cy nsrs gq, fy[kk gS] og ek= iRuh vkSj tuuh gh thouhdkj ds fy, vko’;d gS fd og O;k[;k ds ugha Fkha] ek¡ Hkh Fkha vkSj vf/kdkj vkSj drZO; dk LFkku ij fp=.k dks egRo ns A fo”.kq th us bu okLrfod vFkZ og tkurh FkhA e‚ dh Hkkafr lcdks fcanqvks dks iwjh rjg /;ku esa j[kk gS A bl –f”V dks I;kj djrh Fkh A og turk dh ek¡ Fkh A ij[krs gq, fuEu mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa & nsoh Jh fuMj ço`fr ij fo”.kq th us fy[kk ‘kadjkpk;Z th dh pfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa ds gS& mUgksaus ;q) Hkh fd;s] fot; Hkh çkIr dh ijUrq ckjs esa crkrs gq, muds vkRe Kkuh gksus ds fo”k; esa mUgsa ‘kkfyUrk vkSj –<+rk ls Vkyuk Hkh og [kwc fy[kk gS& ckyd us mÙkj fn;k] ugha egkjkt] ;g tkurh FkhA cfYd mudh fo’ks”krk,a FkhA dqVuhfrd ckr gekjs vius Hkhrj gS A bls [kkstus ckgj u tkuk pkrqjh ugha] jktuhfr esa fuiq.krk Hkh ugh] cfYd iM+sxk A vkRefpUru ls ;g ikbZ tk ldrh gS A lgt Li”Vokfnrk ds dkj.k gh os ,slk dj ikrh FkhA /keZ ds çpkjd ds :i esa fo”.kq th us mudh ckgj&Hkhrj ls lgt vkSj Li”V Fkh D;ksafd fo’ks”krk esa fy[kk gS& rdZ esa n’kZu dks tMoknh os ifo= Fkh A ;g ifo=rk mUgksaus vius fy, ugha cuk fn;k Fkk A ‘kadj us lcls yksgk fy;k A oSfnd nwljksa ds fy, thdj çkIr dh Fkh A deky ik’kk th /keZ ds lPps :i dk çpkj fd;k A og lPpk :i dh fo’ks”krkvksa esa muds fuMj Lo:i ij cy nsrs Fkk& v}Sr rRo ;kuh czgk lR; gS] txr~ feF;k gS] gq, fo”.kqth fy[krs gSa] bl tkx`fr ds Åij gksdj ek;k gS A tho czã ls vyx ugha gS] czgk gh gS A dkSu laf/k dks O;kogkfjd :i nsa A ‘kadj dk lewpk thou vuks[kh ?kVukvksa ls Hkjk gqvk fe= jk”Vªksa us ;wuku dks lgk;rk nh A ,d gS] ij eka ds fy, mudk I;kj lcls vuks[kk gS] ckj rks rqdZ gkj Hkh x;s A ysfdu dekyik’kk Mjk lcls e/kqj gS eka ds flok muds dkSu Fkk A e‚ dh ugha] mlus ns’kokfl;ksa ds lkeus ,syku fd;k& t; d`ik ls gh mUgksaus lc dqN ik;k A ;k thou dk cfynkuA s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0178 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dekyik’kk th ds LoHkko7.891 dh(IIJIF) fo’ks”krk ij çdk’k tsy esa jgrk] ,d ckgj] dHkh Qjkj gks tkrs] dHkh Mkyrs gq, fy[krs gSa& og LoHkko ls ‘kkafrfç; gS vkanksyu djus yxrs A mudh laxBu&’kfä vnHkqr ijUrq] viuk vfLrRo [kksdj mls lqyg fç; ugha gSA Fkh A lu~ 1924 esa ljdkj us fdlkuksa ij vkfc;kuk vU; pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa esa fy[kk gS] og ,d ¼ikuh&VSDV½ cs gq, fopkjksa us mlds psgjs esa ,d dh LFkkiuk dh A tylk fd;k vkSj fVdV yxkdj vnHkqr vkd”kZ.k iSnk dj fn;k FkkA LFkku vkSj le; fd;k A ,d vkuk fVdV A :i;s vk, lkr gtkj] ds chp esa Hksn tkuus A okyh mldh cf) cM+h rhoz] vFkkZr~ ,d ,d yk[k ckjg gtkj O;kfä tyls esa ij la;eh Fkh A xfreku gksdj Hkh og mrkoyk ugha vk, A cki js! ljdkj us VSDl c<+k;k gh ughaA A Fkh og turk dk m)kj pkgrk Fkk A mlus çtkra= Hkxrflag th ds lkfgR;d çseh gksus dk irk dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh] fQj Hkh og rkuk’kkg vkSj gesa fuEu iafä;ksa esa pyrk gS& v/;;u Hkxrflag fojksf/k;ksa dks dqpyus okyk Fkk A mlus çtkra= dh dk LoHkko cu x;k Fkk A tc Hkh ns[kksa mlds yEcs LFkkiuk dh Fkh fQj Hkh og rkuk’kkg vkSj fojksf/k;ksa dksV dh tsy esa dksbZ u dksbZ iqLrd j[kh gh jgrh dks dqpyus okyk Fkk A jkT;&dk;ksaZ esa esa A n[ky Fkh A nsus ds dkj.k gh mlus viuh viwoZ lqUnj L=h [kkyh lM+d ij pyrk rks pyrs&pyrs yrhQk gkuwek dks Hkh rykd ns fn;k Fkk A og i<+rk jgk Fkk A f’kooekZ ds ‘kCn Hkh bldk ckthçHkq ns’kik.Ms dh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa leFkZu djrs gSa ] Hkxrflag vkSj lq[knso dks NksM+dj esa mudh ohjrk ij cy fn;k x;k gS A ,d ;q) ds vkSj fdlh us u rks lektokn ij vf/kd i<+k gh Fkk nkSjku ckth çHkq lSfudksa esa mRlkg Hkjrs gq, dgrs gSa] vkSj u euu gh fd;k Fkk A ¼budk½ Kku Hkh gekjh f’kokth ds lSfudksa ds gkFk esa Hkokuh dh ryokj gS rqyuk esa vf/kd gh Fkk A oSls lektokn ds gj igyw A os dHkh ugha gkj ugha ldrsA mudh gkj dk dks iwjs rkSj ij Hkh ugha le> ik, Fks A ;g dke rks eryc gS Hkokuh dk vieku vkSj ejkBk lSfud ej idM+s tkus ij ykgkSj tsy esa lEiUu gvk A ldrk] Hkokuh dk vieku ugha dj ldrk] dHkh i<+us dh rks /kqu&lh lokj jgrh Fkh A cUnh ugha dj ldrk A dkdk dkysydj th dh pfjf=d thou esa mudk vf/kdrj le; lektoknh lkfgR; fo’ks”krkvksa esa mudh çse dh Hkkouk dks iznf’kZr ds vuq’khyu&ifj’khyu esa yxk A ge yksxksa esa djrs gq, muds okD;ksa dk mnkgj.k fn;k gS eSa viuk lcls igys ‘kk;n ogh lektoknh fopkjksa dh vksj /keZ le>rk Fkk fd os eq>s ekjs vkSj M‚Vs&Qvdkjsa vk—”V gq, Fks A vuh’ojoknh rks og iDds Fks vkSj ij rks Hkh muds çfr esjs çse esa dksbZ deh ugha vkuh iwoZorhZ vkraokfn;ksa ds /keZfo’oklksa esa ls ,d Hkh pkfg, A mUgsa Nw rd ugha x;k Fkk A vej ‘kghn Hkxrflag th dh pkfjf=d Hkxrflag th tkfr&Hksn Hkh ugha ekurs Fks A fo’ks”krkvksa esa muds ifjokj dh fo’ks”krkvksa ij Hkh bldk mnkgj.k nsf[k, ek¡ ftu gkFkksa ls cPpksa dk /;ku fn;k gS fd os dkafrdkjh ifjokj esa iSnk gq, Fks ey lkQ djrh gSa] mUgha ls [kkuk cukrh gS A cscs] muds firk th lPps lekt lsod Fks A muds firk rqe fpUrk er djks vkSj esjs fy, jksVh cukvksA ;wa th ds fo”k; esa fo”.kq th Hkxrflag th dh thouh [kkus&ihus ds ckjs esa os LoHkko ls vkS?kM+nkuh ugha FksA esa fy[krs gSa& ljnkj fd’ku flag iSlk dekuk Hkh Hkxrflag th ltx o le>nkj iq:”k Hkh Fks tkurs Fks vkSj Hkw[kksa ejuk Hkh A vf/kdrj nwljh fLFkfr A fo”.kq th muds bl xq.k dks crkrs gSa] budh gh gh jgrh Fkh A firk ukjkt Hkh gks tkrs] ij ns’k dk thouh esa& ge yksxksa dks /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dke pyrk jgrk] lkfgR; Nirk jgrk] ,d iSj gekjs tjk&tjk ls dke dh dM+h ls dM+h vkykspuk s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0179 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 gksxh A ge lc ;gka ejus7.891 ds (IIJIF)fy, bdës gq, gSa] lks dh thouh esa mudh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa dks cgr bl vk’kk ls ugha fd dy ge gh vius gkFkksa ls vPNs ls mHkkjk gS A os ljnkj th ds rst fnekx ij fczfV’k ‘kklu dks m[kkM+ Qsadsxs A gesa /;ku j[kuk fy[krs gSa& vc dqN le>uk ckdh u jgk A pkfg, fd gekjk dksbZ dke ,slk u gks ftlls yksx vnkyr ls galh ls xwat mBh A ljdkjh odhy ihys gesa cnuke dj ldsa A iM+ x;s A fQj ljnkj us tks cgl dh] og ‘kkunkj viuh futh cnukeh dh ckr gksrh rks dkbZ Fkh A vaxzst vQlj fdruk prqj Fkk] ljdkjh odhy cM+h ckr ugha Fkh] ijUrq ;g Økafrdkfj;ksa dh cnukeh nyhysa fdruh rst Fkha] ljnkj us lcdh iksy [kksy gksxh] Økafr&ç;kl dh cnukeh gksxh A nh A eqdneka yd mrus gh lR;fu”B Hkh Fks A fuEu mnkgj.k esa feyrh gS& ljnkj dgrs gSa] blh ‘kjrpaæ pêksik/;k; dh thouh esa mudh rjg bu eqVBh Hkj gkfì;ksa ij ls peM+h m/kM+ tk;sxh rhoz Lej.k ‘kfä dk mnkgj.k ljk fo”.kq th fy[krs A blfy, dgrk gw¡ fd fuokM+ yxok yhft;s A ijUrq gSa] dkyst esa foKku dh ijh{kk Fkh A ckiw ugha ekus A ij ljnkj dh ckiw ds çfr eerk bl ‘kjr~ ds mÙkjksa dks is lgk;rk djus ds fy, vkrqj gks mBrs] mldks nqxZfr dHkh ugha feyk Fkk A ds iFk ij ugha tkus nsrs A ftl çdkj mUgksaus eq>s A Lusg ls s viuh eka dh ;kn fnykrk gS A eSa ;g dHkh jaxwu Hkj esa og etfylh vkneh e’kgwj Fks A [kwc ugha A tkurk Fkk fd muesa eka ds xq.k Hkh gSa A ljnkj pksV djrs] [kwc jl ysrs A og vkSj caxkfy;ksa dh iVsy th ds lEiw.kZ pfj= dh O;k[;k çHkkdj th us rjg ls dsoy caxkfy;ksa ls gh ugha djrs Fks A muds bl çdkj dh& ljnkj iVsy ds dBksj k&le> u ldrs gksa A os pVVkudh rjg i<+k gS A ns’kHkfä dh Hkkouk txkus ds fy, ;g vfMx jg ldrs Fks rks viuh ckrksa ls eqä vVVgkl miU;kl esa og xhr vkrk gS tks rqeus vHkh i<+k gS Hkh xqatk ldrs Fks A og cgqr FkksM+s ‘kCnksa dk ç;ksx A ns’kHkfä dh Hkkouk txkus ds fy, ;g miU;kl djrs Fks ij gksrs Fks os cM+s vFkZxfHkZr A cgqr çfl) gS A bl miU;kl ds dkj.k mUgsa jk”VªfuekZrk dquSu ij ehBk yxkuk mUgsa ugha vkrk Fkk A vkSj _f”k dgrs gSa A ,sls O;fä bZekunkj vkSj lR;fç; gksrs gSa ij mudh cafde fuMj Fks] ijUrq muesa deh Fkh fd os bZekunkjh dBksjrk dh vkSj lR;fç;rk dM+okgV dh mudh [ksyksa esa :fp ugha Fkh] bldk mYys[k djrs i;kZokph cu tkrh gS A os xka/kh th ds vU/k Hkä gq, fo”.kq th fy[krs gSa] dgs tkrs Fks] ijUrq volj vkus ij mUgksaus xka/kh th ckyd cafdepUæ fuMj Fkk A vkSj] ;g ls vius erHksn dks fNik;k ugha A ;gka rd fd fuMjrk mlesa thou Hkj cuh jgh A ysfdu bldk mudh bPNk ds fo#) Hkkjr ds cWVokjs dks Lohdkj ;g eryc ugha fd ge [ksysa&dwnsa ugha] ;k dljr djus ls og ugha pwds A fopkj&Hksn gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa ugha djsa A cafde dks cpiu esa dgkfu;ka lquus dk ds çse esa dHkh deh ugha vk;h A Hkh cM+k ‘kkSd Fkk A ;gh ugha] cafde Ldwy ds ckgj os ,d lPps fe= o lg;ksxh Hkh Fks A ladV Hkh [kwc i<+rs Fks A iqLrkdky; dh lHkh vPNh&vPNh vkSj fot; ds {k.kksa esa ge mudh etcwr vkokt iqLrdsa i<+ Mkyrs Fks A blls muds Ldwy dh i<+kbZ lqurs Fks A og ,sls fe= vkSj lg;ksxh Fks ftu ij iwjk esa tjk Hkh :dkoV ugha vkrh Fkh A mudks dfork Hkjkslk fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A og ,sls ‘kfä&LrEHk dk Hkh cM+k ‘kkSd Fkk A dgkfu;ka Hkh [kwc dgrs Fks A Fks ftlls ncZy ân; Hkh etcwr gks tkrs Fks A dkVkyikM+k esa jgrs le; mUgksaus laLd`r caxyk dk fo”.kq çHkkdj th us fxtq HkkbZ dh thouh esa [kwc v/;;u fd;kA muds ckjs esa cgqr dqN crk;k gS A fxtq HkkbZ ds HkjrpUnz vkSj xhr&xksfoUn ds xhr mUgsa ckydksa ds çfr vxk/k çse ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa] tc d.BLFk FksA cafde th U;k;fç; Hkh Fks A tks bl rd ?kjksa esa ckyd ekj [kkrs gSa vkSj fo|ky;ksa esa mnkgj.k ls Li”V gks tkrk gS& blds ckn os nksuksa xkfy;ka [kkrs gSa] rc rd eq>s dSls iM+sA tc rd yk’k dks fy,s gq, vknyr esa igqaps A ysfdu tSls ckydksa ds fy, fo|ky;] okpuky;] ckx&cxhps gh mUgksaus yk’k dks mrkjdj uhps j[kk] og mBdj vkSj dhM+kxau u cusa rd eq>s pkSu dSls iM+s A tc [kMh gks x;h A lc yksx gSjku gksdj mldh vksj rd ckydksa dks çse vkSj lEeku ugha feys rc rd ns[kus yxs A og vnkyr dk flikgh Fkk vkSj eq>s pkSu dSls iM+s A fxtq HkkbZ vius y{; ds çfr Hkh thrk&txrk muds lkeus [kM+k Fkk A mlus rjUr lefiZr Fks A dksbZ O;fä blfy, çklafxd ugha gksrk vlyh pksj idM+ fy;k vkSj cafde ls dgk& gtwj fd tks dqN mlus fd;k og vkt Hkh mudk gh A ;g jkgxhj cspkjk funksZ”k gS A ;g nwljk vkneh gh mfpr gS cfYd blfy, çklafxd ugha gksrk fd og vlyh pksj gS A lius ns[krk gS vkSj mudks iwjk djus esa viuk thou gk:¡&vy&j’khn dh U;k;fç;rk ds ckjs [kik nsrk gS A esa os crkrs gq, thouhdkj ,d mnkgj.k nsrs gSa& ,sls LoIun’khZ lk/kd dHkh vçlafxd ugha ckr lkQ gks xbZ A crZu esa lkr lky iqjkuk rsy ugha gksrs cafde pUæ th dh pkfjf=d fo’ks”krkvksa ds ckjs Fkk A u;k rsy Fkk A u;k D;ksa Hkjk x;k \ D;ksafd esa fo”.kq th dgrs gSa A fd cafdepUæ pVVksik/;k; mlesa ls v’kfQ;ka fudky yh xbZ Fkha A caxky ds cgqr cM+s ys[kd Fks A mUgksaus cgqr ls vyh dk fe= idM+k x;k A mldks viuk miU;kl fy[ks A muesa ,d miU;kl gS vkuUn eB A dlwj ekuuk iM+k A tt us mldks Q‚lh dh ltk nh s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0181 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 A vxys fnu mlus mu 7.891ckydksa(IIJIF) dks njckj esa cqyk;k lrhRo ls c<+dj gS A vkSj vyh dk eqdneka muds lkeus is’k fd;k Fkk A fo”.kq çHkkdj dh lksyg y?kq thofu;ksa esa ckyd rfud Hkh ugha f>>ds oSlk gh fd;k] tSlk rhu thofu;k¡ tSls Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] dkdk jkr dks fd;k Fkk A dguk u gksxk fd vyh dks dkysydj vkSj vej ‘kghn Hkxrflag] cM+h thofu;k¡ v’kjfQ;ka okil fey xbZ A [kyhQk us ml gSa] ijUrq rsjg thofu;k¡ tSls csafde pUæ] ljnkj /kks[ksckt fe= dks cM+h dM+h ltk nh vkSj gka ckydksa cYyHkHkkbZ iVsy] ‘kjrpUæ pêksik/;k;] ‘kadjpk;Z] dks mlus cgqr&lk /ku buke esa fn;k A jfoUæukFk Bkdqj] ckthçHkq ns’kik.Ms] xq: ukud nso] j’khn th dh vU; fo’ks”krk *fojksf/k;ksa dk dekyik’kk] nsoh Jh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj] xksicU/kq vknj Hkh djuk tkurs Fks A mlds lhus esa fny tks nkl] fxtqHkkbZ c/ksdk vkSj gtjr vej] vis{kk—r Fkk& ,d cM+k fny! nqljksa ds nq%[k vkSj ihMk dh laf{kir thofu;k¡ gSa A ljnkj cYyHkHkkbZ iVsy] ckr lqudj mldh vka[kksa ls vkalw vk tkrs Fks A cafde paæ vkSj ‘kjr~ pUæ pêksik/;k;] ;s rhu dsoy ;g ckr ugha Fkh A viuh cqjkbZ lqudj Hkh thofu;k¡ fd’kksjksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gSa A blds og jks iM+rk Fkk A vfrfjä Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh vkSj dkdk lkgsc n;kuan ljLorh th dh fo’ks”krk crkrs gq, dkysydj ds }kjk fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj Hkk”kk ds fy, çHkkdj th dgrs gSa fd pkSngosa o”kZ dh O;oLFkk ds muds ;ksxnku dks bu thofu;ksa esa js[kkafdr fd;k vkjEHk rd ;tqosZn dh lafgrk lEiw.kZ vkSj dqN x;k gS A bl laxzg esa dqN laf{kIr thofu;k¡ gSa tks vU; osnksa dk ikB iwjk gks x;k Fkk vkSj ‘kCn çkS<+ksa dks f’kf{kr djus ds mís’; ls fy[kh xbZ gSa A :ikoyh vkfn NksVs&NksVs O;kdj.k ds xzUFk Hkh iwjs ftlesa ljy vkSj lgt Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk ç;ksx fd;k gks x;s Fks A x;k gS A ftldk mís’; ek= mudk ifjp; nsuk vkSj fu”d”kZ& mudh fof’k”Vrk dk js[kkafdr djuk gS A fdlh O;fä fo’ks”k ds thou o‘Ùkkar dks fo”.kq th us bu lHkh thofu;ksa ds ukVdksa ds thouh dgrs gSa A fganh esa thouh ds thou pfj= Hkh pfj= dh lkfgfR;d fo’ks”krkvksa ij vPNk çdk’k dgrs gSa A lkekU;r% thou pfj= lkjs thou esa Mkyk gS rFkk ljkguh; gS A tc fo”.kq th us fy[kuk fdlh ds fd gq, dk;ksaZ dk o.kZu gksrk gS A thouh çkjEHk fd;k ml le; ns’k xqykeh dh tathjksa esa lkfgR; dk ,d Nksj LQwV laLej.k dks eku tkrk gS tdM+k gqvk Fkk rFkk Lora=rk ds fy, dbZ vkUnksyu vkSj nwljk Nksj ml thouh dks] ftlesa tUe ysdj pyk;s tk jgs Fks A egkRek xka/kh mlds eq[; uk;d e`R;q rd dk bfrgkl gksrk gS] fo”.kq çHkkdj us ‘kjr~ Fks A ml le; vaxzstksa dk vkf/kiR; Fkk A ns’kh jkT; lkfgR; ls çHkkfor gksdj] ,slh gh ,d thouh muds vf/kdkj esa vk x;s Fks A ml ;qx esa dqN vkokjk elhgk dk l`tu fd;k A dkafrdkjh yksx tSls Hkxrflag vkfn us Hkh ns’k dks vkokjk elhgk esa fo”.kq th pkSng o”kZ vktkn djokus ds fy;s vius çk.k rd ns fn;s A ns’k&fons’k esa Hkze.k dj] ftl :i esa ‘kjr dk vUur% 8 vxLr 1942 dks egkRek xka/kh us Hkkjr fp=.k fd;k gS mlds ckjs esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd NksM+ks vkUnksyu pyk;k vkSj 15 vxLr 1947 dks ‘kjr~ dk O;fäRo fofo/k vlaxfr;ksa ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr dks vaxzstksa ds pqaxy ls NqM+k dj ns’k dks csnkx gS A ‘kjr us ekuo dY;k.k ds fy;s vPNk vktknh fnykbZ A ml le; euksjatu ds lk/ku cgqr vkSj cqjk] uSfrd vkSj vuSfrd lHkh çdkj ds dk;Z de Fks rFkk yksx yksd laxhr ls gh viuk euksjatu fd;s A mudk lEcU/k jktuhfr ls Hkh jgk vkSj mUgksaus djrs Fks A vke rkSj ij lHkh thofu;ksa esa ns’kHkfä egkiq:”kksa dk lEeku Hkh fd;k A ukjh dks mlds vkSj jk”Vª çse dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gS A vfLrRo dh igpku djok dj dgk fd ukjhRo] Hkk”kk ds ek/;e ls jpukdkj dh ekufldrk s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 Factor Printing Area 0182 ISSN: 2394 5303 Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 ‘kSyh ds :i esa mHkjrh7.891 gS (IIJIF) vFkkZr~ Hkkoukvksa dks lqanjre

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0183 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dHkh izy;dkjh ck<+ lsA rd vkRegR;k djus okys d`”kdksa dh la[;k nks bu vkinkvksa ls vf/kd rks d`”kd dtZ ds yk[k lkB gtkj ls cgqr vf/kd gks x;h gksxhA ih- cks> ls vkRegR;k djus ij etcwj gksrs gSaA vc rd lkbZukFk ds bl ys[k esa d`”kdksa dh vkRegR;k dk tks dh vf/kdrj ljdkjsa d`”kd fojks/kh gh jgh gSaA ljdkjksa vk¡dM+k gS og Hkkjr ljdkj ds jk”Vªh; vijk/k fjdkWMZ us dHkh d`”kdksa dk Hkyk djuk ugha pkgk blfy, rks C;wjks ¼,u-lh-vkj-ch-½ }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vc rd ns’k ihNs gSA ljdkjh vksj iz’kklfud tkfgj gS fd d`”kdksa dh vkRegR;k dh okLrfod O;oLFkk d`”kd dks gh ges’kk gj izdkj ls ywVrh jgh la[;k blls cgqr vf/kd gksxh] tks vusd dkj.kksa ls gS vkSj neudkjh joS;k pykrh jgh gSA ysfdu vc bu vk¡dM+ksa esa ‘kkfey ugha gSA bu vkRegR;kvksa ds d`”kd Hkh vius Åij gks jgs vR;kpkjksa ds izfr ihNs izeq[k dkj.k gS ns’k esa uo mnkjoknh vkfFkZd tkx:d gksdj fojks/k dj jgs gSaA iwathokn vius uhfr;kaA tc ls iwathokn dk loZxzklh vfHk;ku vkjfEHkd nkSj ls gh d`f”k vkSj d`”kdksa dk nq’eu jgk Hkkjr esa rsth ls pyk gSA tSls&tSls og vfHk;ku gSA og d`”kdksa dks HkkX;oknh] dkfgy] vKkuh] mxz vkSj vkØked gksrk x;k gS] oSls&oSls vkRegR;k vkjkeilUn vkSj vkRerq”V ekurk gSA og d`”kdksa dh djus okys d`”kdksa dh la[;k c<+rh x;hA**1 bu cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, d`”kdksa dks feVkuk ih-lkbZukFk us ^iy&izfriy* if=dk esa Nis t:jh le>rk gSA og vius fy, fodkl pkgrk gS ys[k esa lkfcr fd;k gS fd ^^ns’k ds tks izns’k vkSj fdlkuksa dk fouk’kA bXySaM esa tc iwathokn iw¡thoknh vfHk;ku esa nwljs izns’kksa ls vkx gSa vkSj vk;k rc mlus ,d yEch vkSj [kwa[kj izfØ;k ls tgk¡ igys gfjr ØkfUr gqbZ Fkh ogh lcls vf/kd d`”kdksa dks t+ehu ls csn[ky fd;kA vkt Hkkjr esa d`”kdksa us vkRegR;k dh gSA ;s izns’k gSa& egkjk”Vª] tks iwathoknh fodkl dh izfØ;k py jgh gS og vkU/kzizns’k] dukZVd] e/;izns’k vkSj NÙkhlx<+A bl nqfu;kHkj ds iwathoknh vkSj lkezkT;oknh ns’kksa ds ys[k esa 1995 ls 2010 ds chp vle] dsjy] vkxzgksa vkSj nckoksa ds dkj.k yxHkx mUekn dh rfeyukMq] mÙkjizns’k vkSj if’pe caxky ds d`”kdksa euksn’kk esa vkxs c<+ jgh gS] blhfy, Hkkjr ds dh vkRegR;k ds vk¡dM+s gSaA fofHkUu izns’kksa esa gks jgh d`”kdksa ds fy, ;g fouk’kdkjh lkfcr gks jgh gSA d`”kd vkRegR;kvksa ds bu vk¡dM+ksa ls ;g Li”V gS fiNys chl o”kksZa esa ftruh cM+h la[;k esa fd iwjs ns’k ds d`”kd iwathoknh fodkl ds vkØe.k Hkkjr ds d`”kdksa us vkRegR;k dh gS og Hkkjr ds ls loZuk’k ds djhc gSA**2 ,d cM+k loky gS fd bfrgkl esa gh ugha iwjs ekuo lekt ds bfrgkl esa vkf[kj bruh cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjr ds d`”kdksa us viwoZ gSA vxj orZeku Hkkjr vrqY; gS rks fdl vkRegR;k D;ksa dhA 1990&91 ls ns’k esa uo lUnHkZ] izlax vkSj :i esa\ ,d ckr gS ftlesa mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh d`f”k orZeku Hkkjr vrqY; gS og gS fiNys chl o”kksZa esa nks ftl ladV esa Qalh gS mldk fo’ys”k.k djrs gq, yk[k NIiu gtkj ukS lkS rsjg Hkkjrh; d`”kdksa us uoEcj&fnlEcj] 2011 ds ^fQygky* ds laikndh; vkRegR;k dh gSA ^^;g vk¡dM+k ih-lkbZukFk ds ml esa dgk x;k gS fd ^^1990&91 rd ns’k ds ys[k esa gS tks 29 vDVwcj 2011 ds ^n fgUnw* eqf’dy ls ,d frgkbZ Qlyh {ks= ij gh flapkbZ dh v[kckj esa Nik FkkA Hkkjr esa gj jkst d`”kd vkRegR;k lqfo/kk ekStwn FkhA ,sls esa uo mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa ds dj jgs gSaA d`”kdksa dh vkRegR;k dh tks xfr gS mls rgr [ksrh esa iwath fuos’k vkSj de fd;k x;k] ns[krs gq, ;g vuqeku vfrjaftr ugha gksxk fd vc cSafdx lq/kkjksa ds uke ij [ksrh ds fy, lkaLFkkfud

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0184 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 dtZ de fd;k x;k] blls [ksrh dh ykxr c<+rh vkfn gSA ^Qkal* miU;kl egkjk”Vª jkT; ds fonHkZ {ks= x;h] fQj 1995 esa dk;e fo’o O;kikj laxBu dh esa fuokl djus okys d`”kdksa ds thou rFkk muds ‘krksZa ds eqrkfcd [ksrh esa fons’kh O;kikj dks c<+kok thou esa vkus okyh reke fouk’kdkjh leL;kvksa fn;k x;k] blls [ksfrgj iSnkokj ds cktkj Hkkoksa esa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g miU;kl lcdk isV Hkjus okys Hkkjh fxjkoV vk;h] [kkldj dikl] dkyh fepZ] vkSj ru c<+rk x;k ftlds pyrs og vkRegR;k dj ‘kekZ dk gyQukes] f’koewfrZ dk vkf[kjh Nykax ysrk gSA ys[kd d`”kd vkRegR;k ds izfr viuk

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0185 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02 vkØks’k O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gSa& ^^fdlku tks VwVk eaMjk jgs [krjs ls mUgsa lpsr Hkh djrs gSaA nwljs ‘kCnksa rks esgur ls ugha] Qly [kjkc gksus ls Hkh ugha] og esa dgsa rks d`”kdksa dh nqn’kkZ ds fy, ftEesnkj rRo dtZ ds cks> ls VwV x;kA**6 vkSj d`”kd vkRegR;kvksa dh tehuh lPpkbZ bu ^dkyhpkV* miU;kl ekyok ds flUnkuh xk¡o miU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZ :i esa izdV gqbZ gSA dh dFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA xk¡o esa V;wcosy yxokus lanHkZ %& 1- grHkkxs fdlku] gfjxa/kk] i`- 14 okyh e’khu ls ikuh fudyrs gq, ns[kdj ;quql Hkh 2- iy&izfriy] vizSy 2018] i`- 84 vius [ksr esa V;wcosy yxokus dh lksprk gSA ysfdu 3- eSustj ik.Ms;] Hkkjrh; lekt esa izfrjks/ ikuh ugha vkrk ftlds pyrs og iwjh rjg dtZ esa k dh ijEijk] ok.kh izdk’ku] i`- 144 Mwc tkrk gS vkSj fujk’k gksdj vkRegR;k dj ysrk 4- latho] Qkal] ok.kh izdk’ku 2015] i`- 14 gSA ;quql dks ;s dtZ ekSr ds eq¡g esa /kdsy nsrk gS& 5- idat lqchj] vdky esa mRlo] f’kouk izdk’ku ^^;quql ds ‘kjhj esa dksbZ gypy ugha gqbZA vTtw us 2016] Hkksiky] i`- 206 ;quql dks >a>ksj dj txkus dh dksf’k’k dh rks ;quql 6- jktw ‘kekZ] gyQukes] jk/kkd`”.k izdk’ku] ubZ dh xnZu ,d vksj yq<+d xbZA**7 ^vkf[kjh Nyk¡x* fnYyh] 2006] i`- 47 miU;kl esa ikaMs ckck ,d [kkrs&ihrs NksVs d`”kd FksA 7- lquhy prqosZnh] dkyhpkV] vafrdk izdk’ku] dtZ ds cks> rys ncus ds dkj.k og vkRegR;k dj x+kft+;kckn] 2015] i`- 144 ysrs gSa ftls ij ys[kd dh fVIi.kh gS& ^^tks _.k 8- f’koewfrZ] vkf[kjh Nykax] u;k Kkuksn;] fnYyh] 2008] i`- 99 fdlku dh HkykbZ ds fy, fn;k tkrk gS ogh mlds xys dk Qank dSls cu tkrk gS\ tc [ksrh dh vkenuh ls bruh Hkkjh jde dh okilh gks gh ugha ldrh rks mls fdlkuksa dks vius xys esa cka/kus ds fy, mRlkfgr D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA**8 fu”d”kZ :i ls ge dg ldrs gSA fd bDdhloha lnh ds fgUnh miU;klksa esa d`”kd vkRegR;k dk tks :i fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS og okLro esa mldk ,d izfr:i ek= gSA vly ftanxh d`”kdksa dh blls Hkh cnrj fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] ijUrq bu miU;klksa esa muds thou dh tks >yd gesa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS oks gekjh laosnukvksa dks >d>ksjdj d`”kd thou ij lkspus ds fy, etcwj djrh gSA d`”kd dks vkRegR;k ds fy, mdlkus okyh i`”BHkwfe dks lkeus ykus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z bu miU;klksa esa gqvk gSA 21oha lnh ds miU;kldkjksa us dsoy ;FkkFkZ dks vfHkO;fDr gh ugha nh] cfYd vk’kkoknh n`f”Vdks.k Hkh izdV fd;k gSA d`”kdksa dks vkRegR;k dh vksj ys tkus okyh fLFkfr;ksa ds fojks/k esa yM+us ds fy, ;s miU;kl lkekftd laxBu ij cy nsrs gSaA ;s miU;kl d`”kdksa ds Åij s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r Impact ® May 2021 ISSN: 2394 5303 Factor Printing Area 0186 7.891(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal Issue-76, Vol-02

s Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journal r