Analyse Juridique Du Conflit Autour Du Détroit De Taïwan Et De Son Évolution Selon Le Droit

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Analyse Juridique Du Conflit Autour Du Détroit De Taïwan Et De Son Évolution Selon Le Droit HOGERE ZEEVAARTSCHOOL ANTWERPEN Analyse juridique du conflit autour du détroit de Taïwan et de son évolution selon le droit international Ismaël Corrêa de Sa Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention Promoteur: Eduard Somers du titre de Master en Sciences Nautiques Année académique : 2019 - 2020 Avant-propos La présente thèse propose une analyse juridique du conflit entre la Chine et Taïwan ainsi que des idées de façon à ce que les principaux aspects relatifs à la législation et aux délimitations maritimes soient conformes à la CNUDM dans le cadre de l’évolution ou de la résolution du conflit sino-taïwanais. La principale idée sur laquelle repose cette thèse est que le statu quo actuellement en place entre la Chine et Taïwan est un état de transition, qui à terme débouchera soit sur l’indépendance de Taïwan, soit sur la réunification des deux parties. Cette idée a été développée dans le but d’analyser les conséquences maritimes de ces différentes hypothèses et de déterminer les réponses que le droit de la mer pourrait apporter aux problématiques découlant de ces hypothèses. D’une certaine manière, la présente thèse est une extension majeure de mon mémoire de bachelor en sciences nautiques, qui traitait du même sujet, mais qui était en grande partie orienté vers la politique et les relations entre la Chine et Taïwan, là où cette thèse porte principalement sur l’analyse du conflit sino-taïwanais à travers le prisme de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Les raisons qui m’ont orienté vers le choix de ce sujet sont diverses. La première est le grand attachement que j’éprouve pour Taïwan. La seconde est mon attrait pour les sujets relatifs à la diplomatie et aux relations internationales, plus particulièrement ceux qui sont en lien avec l’Asie de l’Est. La troisième est l’intérêt que j’ai développé au cours des dernières années pour le droit de la mer, notamment au travers de la rédaction de mon mémoire de bachelor. Ces trois raisons en font donc un sujet idéal pour ma thèse de master. Cependant, traiter d’un tel sujet ne fut pas une chose aisée à plusieurs égards. Tout d’abord, le cœur du sujet est en lien avec le droit, or mon expérience et mes connaissances en droit sont quelque peu limitées par le fait que la finalité de mes études est orientée vers la navigation maritime et non vers l’exercice d’une profession juridique. Ensuite, mon attachement pour Taïwan aurait pu être une source majeure de biais, néanmoins j’ai évité au maximum d’adopter un ton favorable à Taïwan dans le but de conserver autant de neutralité que possible. Enfin, le sujet repose en grande partie sur des hypothèses concernant le futur des relations dans le détroit de Taïwan. Or trouver des sources sur des évènements dont la survenue est hypothétique n’est certainement pas une chose facile. L’écriture de cette thèse fut donc un long parcours parsemé de difficultés, auxquelles il aurait certainement été encore plus difficile de faire face sans l’aide d’un certain nombre de personnes. A cet effet, je tiens à remercier mes amis Stanislas et Laurine Lallement, Pierre Boivin et Hong Xin pour leurs encouragements. Je souhaite également remercier Irène Chen, qui en plus de m’avoir encouragé, m’a été d’une aide inestimable pour la traduction de documents en chinois qui ont servi de sources. Je tiens aussi à remercier mes parents, Ginette Viguié et Alexandre Corrêa de Sa, tant pour leurs encouragements répétés que pour leur précieuse aide, qui s’est notamment traduite par des suggestions ainsi qu’une relecture générale de ma thèse. Je voudrais finalement remercier mon promoteur, le Professeur Eduard Somers, qui m’a guidé et conseillé tout au long du processus de rédaction. i ii Résumé Cette thèse portera sur l’étude des effets du conflit entre la Chine et Taïwan en ce qui concerne le droit de la mer. Pour ce faire, plusieurs hypothèses à propos de l’évolution et de l’éventuelle résolution de ce conflit seront explorées, et leurs impacts du point de vue maritime seront analysés. Ainsi, sur la base de ces hypothèses, les nouvelles problématiques pouvant apparaître au gré de l’évolution du conflit dans le détroit de Taïwan, telles que celles concernant les découpages des domaines maritimes ou d’autres problématiques impliquant le droit de la mer, seront traitées avec pour objectif d’y apporter des réponses satisfaisantes eu égard au droit international. iii iv Abstract This thesis shall deal with the study of the effects of the China-Taiwan conflict with respect to the law of the sea. To this purpose, several hypothesis about the evolution and the possible resolution of the conflict shall be explored, and their consequences from a maritime point of view shall be analysed. Then, based on those hypothesis, the new issues that may arise throughout the evolution of the conflict in the Taiwan Strait, such as those related to maritime delimitations or other issues involving the law of the sea, shall be dealt with so as to address them in a satisfactory manner with respect to international law. v vi Table des matières Liste des figures ..................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 2 Analyse du cas de l’indépendance de Taïwan.......................................................................6 2.1 Situation actuelle et hypothèses ...................................................................................6 2.1.1 Remarques préliminaires ........................................................................................6 2.1.2 Le domaine maritime de Taïwan actuel ..................................................................6 2.1.3 Hypothèses pour le cas de l’indépendance de Taïwan ............................................9 2.2 Analyse des problématiques relatives à l’indépendance de Taïwan .............................11 2.2.1 Problématiques liées aux délimitations du domaine maritime et à la législation de Taïwan...........................................................................................................................11 2.2.2 Problématiques liées à la législation taïwanaise dans la gestion des relations avec la Chine et leur impact maritime ...................................................................................15 2.2.3 Problématiques liées à l’implication de Taïwan dans le conflit en mer de Chine méridionale ...................................................................................................................29 2.3 Solutions envisageables pour les problématiques liées à l’indépendance de Taïwan ...34 2.3.1 Mise en conformité du domaine maritime et de la législation de Taïwan avec la CNUDM .........................................................................................................................34 2.3.2 Solutions aux problématiques liées aux relations entre Taïwan et la Chine ...........61 2.4 Discussions autour de l’indépendance de Taïwan ........................................................64 3 Analyse du cas de la réunification sino-taïwanaise .............................................................69 3.1 Situation actuelle et hypothèses .................................................................................69 3.1.1 Le domaine maritime chinois actuel et la législation liée.......................................69 3.1.2 Hypothèses concernant la réunification sino-taïwanaise.......................................70 3.2 Analyse des problématiques liées à la réunification sino-taïwanaise ...........................72 3.2.1 Problématiques liées à la législation, aux délimitations maritimes et aux pratiques de la Chine ....................................................................................................................72 3.2.2 Problématiques de la réunification liées au conflit en mer de Chine méridionale .74 3.3 Solutions envisageables pour les problématiques liées à la réunification sino- taïwanaise.........................................................................................................................78 3.3.1 Mise en conformité de la législation et du domaine maritime chinois avec la CNUDM .........................................................................................................................78 3.3.2 Solutions aux problématiques liées au conflit en mer de Chine méridionale .........86 3.4 Discussions autour de la réunification sino-taïwanaise ................................................88 4 Implications maritimes du maintien du statu quo entre la Chine et Taïwan .......................92 vii 5 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................96 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................99 Liste des annexes ................................................................................................................ 105 viii Liste des figures Figure 1 : domaine maritime actuel de Taïwan Figure 2 : zones à accès restreint ou interdit aux navires chinois Figure 3 : zones à accès restreint ou interdit aux navires chinois autour des îles de Grand Kinmen, Petit Kinmen, Dadan, Erdan et Beiding Figure 4 : zones à accès restreint ou interdit aux navires chinois autour de l’île de Dongding Figure 5 : zones à accès restreint ou interdit aux navires
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