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Heritage, Memory and Public Remembering in Kliptown

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Heritage, Memory and Public Remembering in Kliptown Speaking of Freedom? Heritage, memory and public remembering in Kliptown Naomi Roux A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the field of Heritage Studies Supervisor: Professor Cynthia Kros I declare that this research report is my own unaided work and all sources have been acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed ____________________________ Johannesburg, February 2009 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 6 List of figures ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter One: Theoretical and historical background ............................................................................... 11 1 Preamble: Arriving in Kliptown .......................................................................................................... 11 2 “Surplus people living in leftover space”: the making of Kliptown .................................................... 12 3 Aim and Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 19 4 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 21 5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 24 5.1 Heritage, history, and writing on Africa ..................................................................................... 24 5.2 Kliptown’s history: The Freedom Charter and beyond .............................................................. 27 5.3 Memory and narrative ............................................................................................................... 28 5.4 Mapping, naming and discourses of power ............................................................................... 29 5.4 Post-apartheid architecture and commemoration .................................................................... 30 Chapter Two: Local memories and sites of nostalgia ............................................................................... 32 1 Local memory and intangible heritage: theoretical background ...................................................... 32 2 “Everybody used to come and live in Kliptown”: Racial and cultural cosmopolitanism ................... 36 3 “To move alone will be selfish”: A spirit of community ..................................................................... 39 4 “A Town Amongst Towns”: Independence and autonomy ................................................................ 42 5 “In those kinds of little ways we defied them”: sites of resistance .................................................. 46 6 “It was so homely”: Nostalgic narratives ........................................................................................... 47 7 ‘It was also our hiding place’: Social space and symbolic ruins ........................................................ 52 8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter Three: Borders, boundaries, names and maps ........................................................................... 57 1 The power of maps ............................................................................................................................ 57 2 “One name change I wouldn’t have a problem with”: naming Kliptown .......................................... 59 3 “A centre of life to all of us”: a place of origin ................................................................................... 63 4 Gene Duiker and Ntokozo Dube’s tours ............................................................................................. 64 5 Maps of home: the SKY photography project .................................................................................... 70 2 6 Kliptown on the map .......................................................................................................................... 82 7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter Four: Commemorating Kliptown ................................................................................................. 88 1 Government-led commemoration in Kliptown .................................................................................. 88 1.1 Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication............................................................................................. 88 1.2 The museum ................................................................................................................................ 94 1.3 The commercial district ............................................................................................................... 96 1.4 Issues of ownership and the JDA commemorations ................................................................... 98 1.5 The Mandela legacy and the Freedom Charter........................................................................... 99 1.6 Heritage and development in Kliptown .................................................................................... 101 2 Commemoration from within the Kliptown community ................................................................ 103 2.1 The Kliptown Our Town exhibition ........................................................................................... 103 2.2 Kliptown Stories ....................................................................................................................... 105 2.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 109 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 111 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................. 114 3 Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to the people of Kliptown, without whom this research would not have been possible. Gene Duiker has been particularly instrumental in this project. He has been a patient and generous guide, mentor and friend and I am grateful for the many hours of his time which he gave up to share his wealth of research and ideas with me. Bob Nameng’s work with young people in Kliptown has been inspirational. I feel blessed to have met him and everyone at Soweto Kliptown Youth, and to have seen what is possible with hope and courage. Ntokozo Dube, tour guide extraordinaire, gave me my first introduction to Kliptown, set up many of my interviews and helped me to organise the photography project. Mohleleleki Mokhabi, Andiswa Molose, Jabulani Nzimande, Sonnyboy Nyl ,Tumelo Phadi, and Vangile Sangweni generously allowed me to use their photographs and shared their insights with me. This project would never have seen the light of day without all those who participated in interviews. Besides those mentioned above, I am grateful to Clifford Charles, Cecelia Griffin, Ali Hlongwane, Prince Massingham, Agnes Miyeni, Angie Mojoro, Eva Mokoka, Jane Mongatane, Wonderboy Peters, and Adijae Thindwa for being so accommodating of a stranger with a tape recorder and a million questions. I hope the final result has done justice to your stories. Dr. Cynthia Kros, my supervisor, has spent the last year expertly and patiently guiding me through the wilderness of an unfamiliar discipline, putting up with my long complicated emails, and keeping me on track when my ideas threatened to veer off into lunatic territory. Thank you for a rewarding adventure! Gina de Villiers deserves a medal for her meticulous proofreading and editing. And, finally, thanks to my partner, Simon, for ferrying endless cups of coffee to my desk, doing the laundry, forcing me to eat a proper meal once or twice a week, and still somehow loving me at the end of it. 4 Abstract In 2005, the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA) officially unveiled a new heritage precinct in Kliptown, Johannesburg, marking the site where the 1955 Congress of the People took place. This heritage development, centred around the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication (WSSD), has been contentious since its inception. Many Kliptown residents have expressed the feeling that pressing issues of housing and service delivery have been overlooked by the state in the process of developing WSSD and surrounds. Additionally, many residents do not feel that the new precinct is accessible, either physically or psychologically. One possible reason for this is that the heritage presented by the JDA at this site excludes large portions of Kliptown’s heritage which
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