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Elektromobilität Und Entwicklungsperspektiven Des Automobils

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Elektromobilität Und Entwicklungsperspektiven Des Automobils „Das Auto ist fertig entwickelt. Was kann noch kommen?“ Carl Friedrich Benz, 1920 Elektromobilität und Entwicklungsperspektiven des Automobils Vortrag Leopoldina-Symposium Martin Doppelbauer Zukunft der Mobilität, 21. März 2019 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. 11:45 – 12:25 Uhr Elektrotechnisches Institut (ETI) – Professur für Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge (HEV) KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft www.kit.edu Inhalt Aktueller Stand der Elektromobilität Aufladen von Elektroautos – daheim und unterwegs Marktdurchdringung Elektroautos Moderne Lithium-Ionen Batterien Rohstoffe Aktuelle technische Entwicklungen Ökologie (CO2-Rucksack, 2nd Life, Recycling) Energieversorgung Strombedarf für flächendeckende Elektromobilität Dezentrale Energieversorgung (PV) Kosten der Infrastruktur (Ladesäulen) Vergleich aktueller Stand Wasserstoff-PKW Marktübersicht Integration Brennstoffzelle und Höchstdrucktanks Klimabilanz Zusammenfassung Disruptive Innovation Ausblick 2 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Steckersysteme IEC Typ 2 IEC Combo 2 OppCharge CCS 1.0 / 2.0 CHAdeMO AC-Laden DC-Laden Langsam 3 kW 7 h / 100 km 7 kW 3 h / 100 km ← PKW NFZ→ Mittel 11 kW 2 h / 100 km 22 kW 1 h / 100 km Schnell 43 kW 30 min / 100 km 50 kW 30 min / 100 km 100 kW 15 min / 100 km Tesla SuC V2 120 kW 15 min / 125 km Rot = Eingeführt 150 kW 15 min / 150 km Tesla SuC V3 in Europa 250 kW 10 min / 240 km * Chinesisch-/Japanischer Ultraschnell 350 kW 10 min / 300 km ChaoJi-Ladestandard 600 KW für Busse, LKW China/Japan 900 kW in Vorbereitung* 3 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Im Alltag Im Alltag erfolgt das Laden daheim, beim Arbeitgeber oder während des Einkaufens. So hat man immer ein geladenes Auto. ➞ Mit Elektroautos spart man in Summe Tankzeit, weil man nicht mehr zur Tankstelle fahren muss! Bildquelle: Stuttgarter Zeitung, Elektromobilität NRW, Aldi AG 4 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – so nicht ! Bildquelle: Handelsblatt 5 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – sondern so! Bildquelle: Tesla Motors Das Laden an der Autobahn wird nicht mehr an einzelnen ZaPfsäulen stattfinden, neben denen man steht und wartet, sondern an Parkplätzen. Während des Ladevorgangs kann man im Shop einkaufen, Essen oder sich entspannen. Reale Ladegeschwindigkeit (Stand 2019) Tesla Supercharger: V2 : 120 kWpeak 250 km in 20 Minuten V3 (ab Q4/2019): 250 kWpeak 75 Meilen (120 km) in 5 Minuten 6 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – sondern so! Und wenn im Sommer die Urlaubslawine gen Süden rollt? 36 kV Mittel- 2x 4,4 MW spannungskabel Transformator Abschätzung 8 Tanksäulen, 6 Minuten Tankzeit incl. Bezahlvorgang Autobahntankstelle: ➞ 80 Autos pro Stunde Elektrische 100 kWh Batterie, 400 km Reichweite zwischen Tankstopps Ladesäulen: (10 bis 80% SoC), Laden mit 100 kW im Mittel (150 kW Spitze) (heutiger Stand) ➞ pro Ladevorgang ca. 30 bis 45 Minuten ➞ 60 Parkplätze mit Ladesäulen ➞ Mittlerer Leistungsbedarf rund 6 MW Diesen Aufwand müsste man nur an relativ wenigen Autobahntankstellen treiben. Bildquelle: Aral 7 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – sondern so! Tesla Supercharger (Stand Anfang 2019): • 3 Stationen mit je 30 oder mehr Stellplätzen in Europa (Niederlande, Norwegen) • 4 Stationen mit je 40 Stellplätzen in USA • 3 Stationen mit je 50 Stellplätzen in China (Beijing, Shanghai) Bildquelle: electrek.net 8 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Ultraschnelle Ladesäulen mit 350 kW Schnellladesäule für 2x 150 kW oder 1x 350 kW (Markteinführung April 2018) 375 A 375 A 175 kW 175 kW Die beiden Schaltschränke suMMieren ihre Leistung und verteilen sie dynaMisch auf die beiden Ladesäulen. Die vollen 350 kW Ladeleistung stehen nur bei Belegung einer Säule Mit nur eineM Auto zur Verfügung. Ladekabel und Stecker werden per WasserMantel gekühlt. Quelle: ABB AG 9 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Ultraschnelle Ladesäulen mit 350 kW Bildquelle: Motor-Talk.de 350 kW Ladesäulen an der Raststätte Brohtal-Ost (A61 bei Mayen/Eifel) Beteiligte Hersteller: • Daimler • BMW • VW-Konzern incl. Audi, Porsche Laderate 300 km in 10 Minuten • Ford 400 solche Tankstellen sind bis zum Jahr 2020 in ganz Europa geplant über 110 derzeit (Anfang 2019) fertiggestellt oder im Aufbau 10 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – es geht noch schneller Das ist immer noch zu langsam? Kein Problem: 450 kW, 920 V Ultraschnelllader für PKWs 3 Minuten Ladezeit für 100 km Prototypenanlage FastCharge-Projekt am Autohof in Jettach-Scheppach (A8 zwischen Günzburg und Augsburg) Konsortialpartner BMW, Porsche, Allego, Phoenix Contact, Siemens Bildquellen: Porsche, Siemens 11 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Auf der Langstrecke – es geht immer noch schneller Batterietausch NIO ES8 NIO Batteriewechselstationen von Peking nach Shanghai und Shenzhen Die Strecke nach Shanghai wurde am 16.01.2019 in Betrieb genommen. Bildquelle: NIO 12 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Induktives Laden - Vision Auf der Autobahn: Nachladen während der Fahrt auf einer separaten Fahrspur. Speisung durch Wind- und Sonnenkraftwerke entlang der Autobahn. Quellen: Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Conductix Wampfler; Schraven, Techno-ökonomische Bewertung induktiver Lademöglichkteiten für Elektrofahrzeuge, Fraunhofer ISI, 2010 13 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Induktives Laden – Feldversuch in Jian, China Derzeit 1,2 Meilen (2 km) Teststrecke, mehr ist geplant. Bildquelle: People.cn/Facebook 14 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Laden Busse und LKW OppCharge-Ladestandard mit Pantograph, derzeit unterstützt von Volvo, MAN, Scania, IVECO, New Flyer, Hess , ABB, Siemens u.a. Schnellladesäule für bis zu 600 kW VDE/DKE Standardisierungsvorhaben (für Busse und LKW) auf Basis EU-Mandat M/533 Erster Probebetrieb in Luxemburg mit 12 Bussen (Volvo 7900) seit 2016 Linieneinsatz in Bern, Schweiz (Linie 17) seit Anfang 2019 Bildquelle: ABB 15 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Moderne Elektrofahrzeuge Aktueller Bestand Elektrofahrzeuge Weltweit 4,9 Mio. EVs in 2018 Quelle: https://www.zsw-bw.de/ 16 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Moderne Elektrofahrzeuge Absatzzahlen Elektrofahrzeuge Deutschland 4,9 Mio. EVs in 2018 Quelle: https://www.zeit.de/2019/11/elektromobilitaet-autoindustrie-deutschland-digitalisierung-oekologie/komplettansicht 17 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Lithium-Ionen-Batterien Kostenentwicklung Preise für komplette Batteriemodule BEV preisgleich zu VKM-PKW Durchbruch im Massenmarkt Quelle: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/electric-cars-battery-life-materials-cost, März 2018 18 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu Moderne Elektrofahrzeuge Betriebskosten Elektroautos 2.11.2018 0 ...100 km/h = 9,9 sec 0 ...100 km/h = 11,4 sec 0 ...100 km/h = 10,3 sec Quelle: ADAC.de, abgerufen am 7.11.2018 19 24.03.19 Martin Doppelbauer Elektromobilität Elektrotechnisches Institut ETI Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Entwicklungsperspektiven Professur Hybridelektrische Fahrzeuge HEV www.eti.kit.edu
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