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Inventory of Philippine Thrips (Insecta: Order Thysanoptera)

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Inventory of Philippine Thrips (Insecta: Order Thysanoptera) Philippine Journal of Science 150 (S1): 181-213, Special Issue on Biodiversity ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 22 Jul 2020 Inventory of Philippine Thrips (Insecta: Order Thysanoptera) Cecilia P. Reyes* College of Agriculture, Cagayan State University Tuguegarao 3500 Philippines All known records of Philippines thrips published from 1905–2019 were reviewed and consolidated. Species endemism and species with biological control potential against arthropod pests of plants were noted. Two hundred and thirteen (213) species of Thysanoptera in 98 genera under two suborders – Terebrantia and Tubulifera – were recorded in the country. Terebrantians under the family Aeolothripidae are represented by two genera and two species while Thripidae is represented by 43 genera and 95 species – with three species under subfamily Dendrothripinae, 16 species under Panchaetothripinae, two species under Sericothripinae, and 74 species under Thripinae. Tubuliferans under the family Phlaeothripidae are represented by 53 genera and 116 species, with 21 species under subfamily Idolothripinae and 95 species under Phlaeothripinae. Aeolothripids are 100% endemic while thripids and phlaeothripids are 20% and 50% endemic, respectively. Altogether, there are 79 endemic species in the Philippines. Based on the literature, the following species are potential predators of mites, scale insects, plant-feeding thrips, and coffee berry borer: Franklinothrips rarosae Reyes (Aeolothripidae), Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones) (Phlaeothripidae), K. melaleucus (Bagnall) (Phlaeothripidae), and Podothrips lucasseni (Kruger) (Phlaeothripidae). Beneficial and endemic species of thrips are recommended for conservation. Keywords: Aeolothripidae, endemic, Phlaeothripidae, Terebrantia, Thripidae, Tubulifera INTRODUCTION to induce galls on leaves of plants due to heavy feeding on actively growing plant tissues. Moreover, in-depth Thrips are small insects of scientific and economic biological studies are needed to understand the evolutionary importance known locally as “kulisipsip” (Reyes and processes and ecological diversity of thrips (Crespi et al. Copuyoc 2020). They feed on vascular plants, some on 1997; Morse and Hoddle 2006). There are over 6,000 species fungi, mosses, and a few are predators to other insects and of Thysanoptera known worldwide (Buckman et al. 2012). mites. Phytophagous thrips cause damage directly through In 1836, Haliday recognized two suborders – Terebrantia feeding and oviposition on leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits and Tubulifera. The Terebrantia are classified into eight or indirectly through the transmission of viral, bacterial, or extant families – namely, Aeolothripidae, Fauriellidae, fungal pathogens (Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 2014). Thrips Heterothripidae, Melanthripidae, Merothripidae, body size ranges from 0.5–15 mm with the color varying Stenurothripidae, Thripidae, and Uzelothripidae. On from pale yellow and light brown to dark brown, black, or the other hand, suborder Tubulifera contains only one bicolored, and they reproduce asexually or sexually (Gill et family that is Phlaeothripidae with only two subfamilies al. 2015). Thrips also exhibit complex behavioral patterns, Idolothripinae and Phlaeothripinae. In the Philippines, including fighting and eusociality. Many species are known Ashmead (1905) described the earliest known tubuliferan, Ecacanthothrips tibialis, while the earliest known *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 181 Philippine Journal of Science Reyes: Inventory of Philippine Thrips Vol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on Biodiversity terebrantian, Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus, was reported MATERIALS AND METHODS by Morgan (1913). Uichanco (1919), the first Filipino entomologist, reported leaf-gall forming tubuliferans. Since The inventory covers taxonomic literature published from then, a number of local, and foreign researchers studied 1905–2019 and manuscripts that were recently accepted thrips infesting field crops and ornamental plants in the for publication (Reyes et al. 2020a, b; Reyes and Copuyoc country – including Bhatti (1980a, 1980b, 2003), Kudo 2020; Reyes et al. in press). The distribution and associated (1980,1995,1997), Moulton (1927, 1935, 1936), Mound plants are given for all the species, including those from and Reynaud (2005), Mound and Nickle (2009), Mound Cecilia P. Reyes’s collection (Reyes 1994, 1996, 1998, and Tree (2009, 2011), Okajima (1982,1983a,1983b,1984 2017). The classification of the order Thysanoptera into ,1987a,1987b,1988,1989a,1989b), Okajima et al. (1992), two suborders and nine extant families was adopted from Okajima and Masumoto (2014), Mirab-Balou et al. (2015), ThripsWiki (2020). The genera and species in the families Priesner (1930a, 1930b, 1939, 1940, 1968), Reyes (1994, plus subfamilies are listed and arranged alphabetically. 1996, 1998, 2017), and Sakimura (1955, 1974). Workers Endemic thrips species and those with potential as who studied Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) and other predators of arthropods were identified and listed. Detailed species of thrips associated with rice were Calora and Ferino information in the original publication of the species, date (1968), Ruhendi and Litsinger (1979), Nugaliyadde and of publication, type locality, references on synonymies, Heinrichs (1984a, b), Barrion and Litsinger (1986), Medina and type specimen depositories are provided (Table 1). and Tryon (1986), Medina and Saxena (1987), Reyes and Rillon (1994a, 1994b), and Heong et al. (1997). Moulton Table 1. Type specimen depositories of Philippine Thysanoptera. (1935), Calilung (1977), Calilung et al. (1990, 1994, 1997), Code Type specimen depository Medina (1980), Bournier (1983), Rejesus et al. (1987), Mituda and Calilung (1989), Navasero (1990), Bernardo ANIC Australia National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia and Eusebio (1990), Bernardo (1991), Barroga (1992), ASBC Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Okajima et al. (1992), Sumalde et al. (1993), Dangan and BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, United Bacalangco (1994), Fernandez and Bernardo (1994, 1999), States of America Hafeez et al. (2000), Galvez et al. (2005), and Navasero CASC California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and Calumpang (2013) studied Thrips palmi Karny as a California, United States of America pest of either cotton, eggplant, potato, or melon. Thrips LCMI Loyola College Madras, Chennai, India associated with banana, citrus, mango, mangosteen, and MNHB Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt, Berlin, Germany strawberry were reported by Pableo and Velasco (1992, NCIP National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa 1994), Pableo et al. (2002), Evangelista (2007), Williams et al. (2009), Medina and Apolinario (2015), Padua and NMNH National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines Ligat (2015), Apolinario et al. (2018), Mintu and Reyes NMVA Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria (2018), Celiz and Ubaub (2018), Bagaoisan et al. (2019), NRSS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden and Reyes et al. (2020a). Thrips pests of asparagus, garlic, QMBA Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia onion, and tomato were either reported and studied by SMFG Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Litsinger (1995), Lapus and Calilung (1999), Sabado et al. (2006), and Reyes et al. (in press) while thrips infesting TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan Anthurium, Vanda, and Ficus were studied by Sabado et al. BMNH The Museum of Natural History, London, United (1995), Sabado (2006), Navasero et al. (2002), and Reyes et Kingdom al. (2020b). Other publications that listed known species of TAUJ Tokyo Agricultural University, Tokyo, Japan Thysanoptera in the Philippines are those of Capco (1957), USNM United States National Museum of Natural History, Baltazar (1968), Nakahara (1985, 1997), Cayabyab and Washington, District of Columbia, United States of Cuaterno (2006), and Wang et al. (2010). America The study aimed to consolidate all known thrips species in the Philippines, determine species endemism, and species with biological control potential against arthropod pests of plants. RESULTS There are 213 species of Thysanoptera recorded in the Philippines. The suborder Terebrantia are represented by 97 species under families Aeolothripidae and Thripidae. Aeolothripidae consists of two genera and two species, or 0.94% of all known species. Thripidae consists of 43 genera and 95 species, with three species under the family 182 Philippine Journal of Science Reyes: Inventory of Philippine Thrips Vol. 150 No. S1, Special Issue on Biodiversity Dendrothripinae, 16 under Panchaetothripinae, two species families, subfamilies, the number of genera and species, under Sericothripinae, and 74 species under Thripinae endemic species, and the ranking of families in terms of or 44.60%. On the other hand, suborder Tubulifera the total number of species. Figure 1 shows the counts with one family, Phlaeothripidae, are represented by of endemic and non-endemic species under subfamilies, 53 genera and 116 species or 54.46%. Nonetheless, families, and suborders while Table 4 shows the endemic subfamily Idolothripinae has 21 species while subfamily species under each family of Thysanoptera. Phlaeothripinae has 95 species. Moreover, aeolothripids are 100% endemic while thripids and phlaeothripids are Based on the literature, there are four species of thrips 20% and 50% endemic, respectively. Altogether, the with potential as predators of arthropod pests of plants species endemicity of Philippine
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