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The Thysanoptera Fauna of Brazil

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The Thysanoptera Fauna of Brazil 324 THRIPS AND TOSPOVIRUSES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THYSANOPTERA 325 The Thysanoptera fauna of Brazil Renata Chiarini Monteiro E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A brief overview of the Thysanoptera of Brazil is given, with an account of the species recorded and available information on their habitat, distribution and pest status. Introduction schottii (Heeger, 1852) (Phaeothripidae, About 520 Thysanoptera species, in 139 genera Idolothripinae). Very few species of the and six families are known from Brazil. About one- Brazilian fauna were described up to 1930, third of these species are grouped in the suborder and most of the work was done by European Terebrantia and two-thirds in the Tubulifera, and researchers (E. Bergroth, K. Schmutz, R. S. these total about 10% of the known world fauna. Bagnall, H. Priesner, O John and A.C. Morgan). Of these species 370 were described originally A significant contribution to our knowledge from Brazil (Table 1). Changes in classification of of the thrips fauna from Brazil was from North Thysanoptera, as well as species misidentifications American entomologists during 1930 to 1960 and synonymies are also considered. (J.C Crawford, D. Moulton and J.D. Hood). Hood and Moulton described approximately 77% and History of taxonomic studies 12 % of the known species, respectively, this Most taxonomic studies on Thysanoptera comprising almost 90 % of the known valid species in Brazil were carried out by entomologists described originally from Brazil. Although Hood from abroad. Their studies emphasized leaf- did most of the work, he did not publish keys litter species, and descriptions of species from for the identification of the species nor provide Brazil lacked or had little biological data, information on their biology. Moulton included providing little or no information at all on some biological information with his descriptions the habitat and/or geographical distribution. and records, and presented some keys. But the The first species described from Brazil character states that he used to distinguish species was Thrips schottii, now Elaphrothrips are now outdated (Mound & Marullo, 1996). Suborder Family Subfamily Genus Species Species (total) (described from Brazil) Terebrantia Uzelothripidae 1 1 1 Merothripidae 2 9 4 Aeolothripidae 3 8 6 Heterothripidae 4 16 16 Thripidae Panchaetothripinae 10 17 1+1* Sericothripinae 2 16 12 Dendrothripinae 2 5 3 Thripinae 32 103 45+2* Tubulifera Phlaeothripidae Idolothripinae 17 64 51 Phlaeothripinae 66 283 230+1* TOTAL 139 522 370+4* * = new species being described. Table1. Number of valid genera and species of Thysanoptera recorded from Brazil. 326 THE THYSANOPTERA FAUNA OF BRAZIL THRIPS AND TOSPOVIRUSES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THYSANOPTERA 327 Also during this period (1924 to 1956), São Paulo. Studies focused on the recognition and Gregório de Bondar and Ângelo Moreira da determination of species particularly associated Costa Lima were the first Brazilian entomologists with cultivated plants, and on the organization to dedicate part of their studies to thrips, and of our first collection. However, since there between them described 12 species. However, was no reference collection from which to neither worker was exclusively dedicated to start, and there was no active thysanopterist Thysanoptera and only four of the species in Brazil, the research leader (R.A. Zucchi they described are now considered valid. – ESALQ/USP) invited L.A. Mound to join After 1960, a new and diverse group of his group and help to train new students in this entomologists was formed. This group included L. field. This collaboration has been fruitful, and De Santis and Galego de Sureda from Argentina, has led to new researchers on thrips and the R. zur Strassen from Germany, L. A. Mound establishment of a small reference collection at and J. M. Palmer from England, K. Sakimura, the Department of Entomology, ESALQ/USP. K. O’Neill, C.F. Gerdes and S. Nakahara from Besides L.A. Mound, S. Nakahara, United States, and S. Okajima from Japan. De R. zur Strassen and R.M. Johansen have Santis was the most prominent South American been constantly supporting us to achieve entomologist to work on thrips taxonomy. He a better understanding of our fauna. described eight species, five of them still valid, and assisted students with identifications, such as the major pest on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Brazilian Thysanoptera fauna in Brazil, Enneothrips flavens Moulton. Despite the considerable number of species, Until recently, almost one and a half century our fauna is largely unknown not only in regard after the first description, Brazilian institutions had to the entities still to be collected or described, no organized Thysanoptera reference collection. but also to those already named. No extensive The species described and recorded were collecting has been done in Brazil (Tables 2 and deposited in foreign countries, Hood’s collection 3). Most of these species are known only from at the United States Natural History Museum the specimens on which they were described. (USNH) in Washington D.C., Maryland, and It is not uncommon to find field collecting data Moulton’s collection at the California Academy of these species either incomplete or inaccurate, of Science (CAS) in San Francisco, California. if not absent. The diversity recorded so far is Studies on taxonomy of these insects were re- undoubtedly not representative of the Brazilian initiated by the middle of the 1990’s at the Escola thrips fauna, because of the lack of sampling Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, in extensive areas of our country, the diversity University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, State of of our flora and vegetational ecosystems. Brazilian Terebrantia Tubulifera Regions Number of localities or Number of localities or counties counties Total Known (Distinct) Total Known (Distinct) North 15 11 (5) 77 61 (7) Northeast 36 17 (13) 13 1 (1) Center-West 26 22 (16) 6 4 (2) Southeast 266 204 (68) 287 250 (36) South 102 80 (32) 144 129 (16) 343 331 (134) 522 445 (62) Table 2. Thysanoptera recorded from different regions of Brazil. 326 THRIPS AND TOSPOVIRUSES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THYSANOPTERA 327 BRAZIL TEREBRANTIA TUBULIFERA Number of localities or Number of localities or counties counties Region State Known Unknown Known Unknown (Distinct) (Distinct) Acre 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Amazonas 2 (1) 0 12 (4) 3 Rondônia 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 NORTH Roraima 2 (2) 0 0 (0) 0 Amapá 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Pará 7 (2) 4 49 (3) 8 Tocantins 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 11 (5) 4 61 (7) 11 Maranhão 1 (1) 0 0 (0) 0 Piauí 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Ceará 0 (0) 1 0 (0) 1 Rio Grande do Norte 1 (1) 0 0 (0) 0 NORTHEAST Paraíba 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Pernambuco 8 (4) 0 1 (1) 1 Alagoas 1 (1) 0 0 (0) 0 Sergipe 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 Bahia 6 (6) 18 0 (0) 10 17 (13) 19 1 (1) 12 Goiás 8(5) 0 1 (1) 0 CENTER- Mato Grosso 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 WEST Mato Grosso do Sul 10 (10) 4 3 (1) 2 Distrito Federal 2 (1) 0 0 (0) 0 22 (16) 4 4 (2) 2 Espírito Santo 23 (2) 1 4 (2) 6 Rio de Janeiro 20 (8) 18 102 (10) 10 SOUTHEAST Minas Gerais 14 (10) 24 7 (3) 11 São Paulo 147 (48) 19 137 (21) 10 204 (68) 62 250 (36) 37 Paraná 31 (22) 5 10 (5) 6 SOUTH Santa Catarina 43 (5) 2 113 (5) 4 Rio Grande do Sul 6 (5) 15 6 (6) 5 80 (32) 22 129 (16) 15 331 (134) 112 445 (62) 77 Table 3. Thysanoptera records from different regions and States in Brazil. The geographical records of species where these crops are grown. Some of the described originally from Brazil are usually early records in the Brazilian literature are not associated with places visited by those reliable because they lack any taxonomic basis, taxonomists working on this group, or to species being named after the particular crop on localities where they had established contact with which they were found using the international collectors or Brazilian institutions. For example, literature on pests (Monteiro et al., 1998). about 25% of the records of Tubulifera and 10% Thysanoptera as pest of crops in Brazil of the Terebrantia are from Nova Teutônia (Santa About 24 species are considered to damage Catarina State), hometown of Fritz Plaumann, cultivated plants in Brazil, and 22 out of them the most active insect collector in our country. are Terebrantia. However, not all of these Because the emphasis in Brazil has been are considered to cause significant economic given to agriculture, records of thrips are more losses to agriculture as a whole (Table 4) extensive for species that are associated with (Monteiro et al., 1995, 1998, 1999a,b, 2001a,b, or are pests of crops, and to localities or areas Monteiro, 2001, Nakahara & Monteiro, 1999). THYSANOPTERA SPECIES PLANTS Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931) orchid (flowers) 328 Bradinothrips musae (Hood, 1956) banana (fruits) Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood, 1912) kidney bean (leaves), cucumber (leaves), soybean (leaves) Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907) citrus (fruits) Corynothrips stenopterus Williams, 1913 cassava (leaves) Echinothrips sp. soybean (leaves) Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 groundnut (leaves) Frankliniella brevicaulis Hood, 1937 banana (fruits) Frankliniella condei John, 1927 nectarine (young flowers and fruits), citrus Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) african violet (flowers), alstroemeria (flowers), carnation (flowers), chrysanthemum (flowers and leaves), rose (flowers), solidaster, sunflower, peach (fruits and leaves), sweet pepper (flowers and fruits), melon Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910) cotton (flowers and leaves), eggplant (leaves), lettuce (leaves), melon (flowers), soybean (leaves), rose (flowers), tobacco (flowers), tomato (leaves and flowers), watermelon (leaves) Frankliniella williamsi Hood, 1915 maize (leaves) T Frankliniella zucchini Nakahara & Monteiro, zucchini squash (leaves and flowers) HE 1999 T Gynaikothrips ficorum(Marchal, 1908) Ficus spp.
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