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A Comprehensive Conceptualization Tool for Agent-Based Social An agent-oriented social simulation methodology for institutional driven evolving agents Amineh Ghorbani Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands [email protected] ABSTRACT ture (e.g. [?, ?]). Yet, a generic and formal conceptualiza- A comprehensive conceptualization tool for agent-based so- tion tool would facilitate the reuse and redevelopment of a cial simulation would increase the acceptance of this ap- model, while providing enhanced documentation [?]. proach among the social scientists similar to the exiting In model-driven software development, a conceptual model simulation approaches such as system dynamic and discrete of a system conforms to a meta-model which is a formal de- event modelling. In this research we explore this proposition scription of the set of concepts present in that system [?, to provide an opportunity for the social scientist to access ?]. While there are some meta-models in the ABM and the vast body of research in multi-agent systems area. multi-agent systems (MAS) literature, they are rarely used by others specifically social scientists. There seems to be two major reasons for this. Categories and Subject Descriptors First, the concepts provided by the current meta-models I.2.11 [ Distributed Artificial Intelligence ]: Multiagent are not comprehensive enough to capture the diverse range systems of concepts in a social system. For example, [?] and [?] conceptualize a system with a number of entities including General Terms organization, agent, environment, task, goal and role. How- ever, they do not address social structures such as norms Design, Economics, Theory, Documentation, Languages and culture. Furthermore, they do not fully specify agents: agents take roles, have capabilities and goals, but they are Keywords not decision making entities with their own personal values agent-based social simulation, methodology, conceptualiza- and preferences. In their meta-model, an agent who takes tion, tool support, institutional evolution a role must follow the role specifications and is therefore constrained in behaviour. The second reason we see for meta-models not being used 1. MOTIVATION by others is that the authors provide no visual support for With the advent of simulation platforms, more social sci- conceptualization and, only little guidelines on how to covert entists are becoming aware of the agent-based modelling and a conceptual model to executable code. On the other hand, simulation approach every year. The increase in areas of ap- the MAS literature which supports this process is too tech- plication also results in larger and more sophisticated agent- nical for those who do not have a background in computer based models. science and the concepts are thus not tangible for many so- Building complex agent-based models is a complex process cial scientists. not limited to programming. This is why many researchers provide guidelines on how to build agent-based models (e.g. [?]). The general steps that may be more or less refined by 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR A COMPREHEN- different scientists include model conceptualization/design, SIVE META-MODEL implementation, validation/verification and analysis of data. To conceptualize a social system for agent-based simula- Model conceptualization as part of the process of model de- tion there are two issues that need to be taken into consid- velopment is generally recognized to be an important step eration. in building software models. First, a comprehensive meta-model for the conceptualiza- Conceptualizing a system for the purpose of simulation tion of a social system needs to be comprehensive in terms improves the quality of the software model, allowing mod- of the coverage of social concepts. ellers to better capture, analyse and understand what they The second issue that needs to be taken into account is the are actually modelling [?]. Case-specific model conceptual- applicability and usability of the meta-model for simulation ization appears to be common practice in the ABM litera- by the social scientist. The meta-model should be able to represent entities that are conceptually close to domain ex- Appears in: Proceedings of the 11th International Confer- pert knowledge [?] or a social scientist modeller. Guidelines ence on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AA- should facilitate the translation of concepts to executable MAS 2012), Conitzer, Winikoff, Padgham, and van der Hoek (eds.), code. Furthermore, modellers would highly appreciate the June, 4–8, 2012, Valencia, Spain. Copyright c 2012, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and automation of the process of conceptualization to runnable Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved. model to whatever extent possible. The second issue is that the meta-model should cover as dressed is the implementation of institutional evolution in many concepts in a social system as possible. A meta-model, agent-based social simulations within the MAIA develop- similar to a framework, needs to present different theories of ment tool. In the IAD framework, Ostrom and Crawford [?] human behaviour [?]. This is essential for ABM because not provide a structure for institutional statements that covers all problems can be answered with the same theory. For ex- rules, norms and shared strategies in social systems and a ample, while some models can use rational actors, bounded diversity of other social concepts. Based on this structure, rationality might be required for some other model and rou- we are exploring methods of institutional evolution: emer- tine based problem solving or merely rule following actors gence of new institutions, extinction of old ones and update might be sufficient for yet other models. of institutions by agents. A meta-model for ABM requires a detailed definition of To evaluate this research, we are testing our concepts individuals as the key concept of a social system , their so- and tools with various case studies ( four case studies to cial and physical surroundings, and their operational envi- date). We would also provide an evaluation framework based ronment. Individuals, characterized by their demographic on a set of comparison factors to evaluate and compare properties, preferences, personal values, capabilities and de- this methodology with other agent-based social simulation cision making are highly influenced by the social context methodologies. A evaluative survey will also be conducted they are embedded in. Rules, norms, institutions and cul- to collect the feedback of the current users of MAIA. ture are in fact the necessary preconditions for individual interaction [?]. Nonetheless, individuals are not merely rule 5. REFERENCES followers. They are intelligent entities who, based on their [1] A. Ballinas-Hern´andez, A. Mu~noz-Mel´endez, and individual characteristics, may decide to violate rules under A. Rangel-Huerta. Multiagent system applied to the certain conditions. modeling and simulation of pedestrian traffic in While understanding and explaining individual behaviour counterflow. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social is extremely complex, social rules or institutions are more Simulation, 14(3):2, 2011. elicitable [?]. Therefore, institutions are more feasible to identify and capture by the modellers and have the poten- [2] J. B´ezivin. On the unification power of models. tial to be used as the basis for more complex concepts. In- Software and Systems Modeling, 4(2):171{188, 2005. stitution as a broadly used expression can provide a major [3] S. Crawford and E. Ostrom. A grammar of structure for conceptualizing social systems [?]. The insti- institutions. American Political Science Review, pages tutional analysis and development framework (IAD) is one 582{600, 1995. of the institutional frameworks that provides a collection [4] A. Ghorbani, H. Aldewereld, M. Dignum, and of concepts present in a social system with an institutional P. Noriega. The dutch eat at 5:30 pm:shared strategies perspective [?]. Researchers have successfully used the IAD for agent reasoning. accepted in AAMAS 2012 paper in analysing and designing social systems for many years 249, 2012. providing a broad view of the underlying components. [5] G. Gilbert and K. Troitzsch. Simulation for the social scientist. Open Univ Pr, 2005. 3. A TOOL FOR AGENT-ORIENTED SOCIAL [6] S. Hassan, R. Fuentes-Fern´andez, J. Gal´an, A. L´opez-Paredes, and J. Pav´on. Reducing the SIMULATION modeling gap: On the use of metamodels in In this thesis we base our work on the IAD framework agent-based simulation. In 6th Conference of the and in fact extend and formalize its components to present European Social Simulation Association (ESSA 2009), a meta-model for conceptualizing social systems specifically pages 1{13, 2009. for agent-based social simulation. We aim at addressing all [7] T. Iba, Y. Matsuzawa, and N. Aoyama. From the issues mentioned above in order to provide a compre- conceptual models to simulation models: Model driven hensive conceptualization tool. To facilitate the use of this development of agent-based simulations. In 9th meta-model which we call MAIA (M odelling Agent systems Workshop on Economics and Heterogeneous based on I nstitutional Analysis), we propose a methodology Interacting Agents, 2004. that provides guidelines on how to produce executable code [8] E. Ostrom. Understanding institutional from a conceptualized model. Furthermore, we investigate diversityOstrom2005. Princeton Univ Pr, 2005. how human language can be converted
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