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Highland Communities of Central Peru: a Regional Survey

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Highland Communities of Central Peru: a Regional Survey E 51 S4X CRLSSI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY PUBLICATION NO. 5 IGHLAND COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL PERU A REGIONAL SURVEY hy HARRY TSCHOPIK, Jr. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY PUBLICATION NO. 5 HIGHLAND COMMUNITIES OF CENTRAL PERU A REGIONAL SURVEY by HARRY TSCHOPIK, Jr. Digitalizado pelo Internet Archive. Disponível na Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju: http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org/tschopik_1947_highland UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1947 For Hale by the Superiiitemlent of Docuiuenlb, U. S. Government i'rinting UJlice, X^aKhington 25, D. C Price 50 cents LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsoman Institution, Institute of Social Anthropology, Washington 26, D. C, June 25, 1946. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled "Highhmd Communities of Central Peru: a Regional Survey," by Harry Tschopik, Jr., and to recommend that it be published as Publication Number 5 of the Institute of Social Anthropology, which has been established by the Smithsonian Insti- tution as an autonomous unit of the Bureau of American Ethnology to carry out cooperative work in social anthropology with the American RepubUcs as part of the program of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. Very respectfully yours, Julian H. Steward, Director. Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Secretary of the Smithsonian. Institution. CONTENTS PAGE Foreword, by Julian H. Steward v Huancavelica Department 19 19 Preface, by Luis E. Valedrcel vii Huancavelica Barbara 21 Acknowledgments ix Santa Choclococha 22 Introduction 1 Castrovirreina 24 The physical setting 6 Ayacucho Department 26 6 Topography Ayacucho 26 8 Climate Carmen Alto 29 The Jauja Valley 8 Quinoa 31 Huancayo to Huancavelica and Castrovirreina. 9 Junfn Department 34 Huancayo to Ayacucho 10 Huancayo 34 La Oroya to Cerro de Pasco and Huar6n 10 Chupaca 37 41 The population , 11 Sicay a Indian and Mestizo 11 Muquiyauyo 46 Distribution and density 15 Pasco Department 49 The development of communications and com- Cerro de Pasco 49 merce 15 H uayHay 50 The Inca system 15 Huay chao 53 The Colonial system 16 Concluding remarks 55 Railways and highways 17 Bibliography 55 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 10. Huancayo, Junin Department. 11. Chupaca, Junin Department. (All plates at end of book) 12. Native women's costumes, Junfn Department. 13. Sicaya, Junin Department. 1. Views of Jauja and Ayacucho Valleys and of the 14. Muquiyauyo and Paca, Junfn Department. Mantaro River. 15. Two centers of mining activity, Cerro de Pasco and 2. Contrasting in the Departments of Junin, Pasco, views La Oroya. and Huancavelica. 16. Huayllay and Huaychao, Pasco Department; and 3. The city of Huancavelica. Indian boy of Junfn Department. 4. Santa Barbara, Huancavelica Department. 5. Choclococha, Huancavelica Department. 6. Huaylacucho and Castrovirreina, Huancavelica De- MAPS partment. PAGE 7. The city of Ayacucho. 1. Peru, showing the area of the survey 2 8. Carmen Alto, Ayacucho Department. 2. Central Peru, showing the towns and villages 9. Quinoa. Ayacucho Department. visited m FOREWORD By Julian H. Steward The Institute of Social Anthropology, which is brought roads and railroads which have enhanced supported through the Department of State's commerce, and it has established intensive min- Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and ing o])erations wliicli have transformed native life. Cultural Cooperation, collaborates with institu- Many other influences have followed these eco- tions of other governments to train young scien- nomic developments. The communities are in a tists ill anthropology and to carry out scientific state of change, but they vary considerably ac- field investigations of the cultures of contempo- cording to the local conditions and historical rary peoples. The results of these investigations events. The proltlem, therefore, was to find a are published m order to (1) afford a corpus of community representative of the general area, so data which will further the scientific analysis and that its culture and the typical processes of change comprehension of the rapid-moving and complex might be studied in detail. This could be accom- trends of modern ciUture change among what are plished only by making a preliminary survey of generally described as peoples with a "folk cul- the Central Andes to ascertain the range of com- ture"; and (2) provide information which will munity types and to place these types in historical help persons with administrative responsibility and cultural perspective. understand the social and cultural phenomena The present paper gives the results of the survey. with which they must deal. It was found that the Indians everywhere are In Peru, the Institute of Social Anthropology, being grathially assimilated to national Peruvian in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and cidture, though the rate of assimilation and par- through it with the Institute de Estudios Etnol6- ticular features of it vary locally. The process by gicos, planned a long-range program of studies of which an Indian acquires a Mestizo culture and the the large native population. Everywhere the Mestizo a Wliite culture was best shown in Sicaya, field is rich, but the Southern Highlands, having a which was consequently selected for intensive strongly Indian culture, had already attracted a study and will be described in a future mono- number of scientists. As Central Peru had re- graph prepared jointly by the collaborating ceived very little attention, it was decided that anthropologists of the Instituto de Estudios the first phase of the field investigation should be Etnol6gicos and the Institute of Social Anthro- devoted to it. The program called for studies of pology. representative conmiunities of the largely Euro- The procedure of making a general survey be- peanized coast, the strongly Quechua or Indian fore selecting a community for intensive study is Higldands, and the mLxed peoples of the Montana, somewhat new in antlu'opology. Though tradi- that is, the eastern slopes of the Andes. tionally concerned with the history of culture as On the Coast, Moche, a community situated expressed in tribes and culture areas, antlu'opology near TrujiUo, was studied by Dr. John Gillin. has tended to reject these interests when dealing Moche is one of the few surviving Coastal com- with contemporary folk cultures and to adopt the munities that are stiO thought of as Indian. The sociologist's teclmiciue of studying individual study has appeared as Publication No. 3 of the communities, as if each were an isolated, self-con- Institute of Social Anthropology. tained, and even historyless society. In the case The Central Highlands, though more strongly of Euro-White comnnmities, such as those in the Indian than the Coast, is really quite mixed and United States, both the scientist and the reader varied culturally. European influence has intro- participate in, understand, and Itnow much about duced the hacienda type of land ownership and the cultural backgroimd and history of the com- land use alongside the native Indian type, it has munity studied. Even here, however, the ten- FOREWORD dency to take the cultural background for granted statements ever made of the national importance causes many important features to be overlooked. of anthropology, is reproduced in part m the The local or folk culture is emphasized, while the following Preface by Dr. Valc^rcel. national culture, in which the community parti- The establishment, under Dr. Valcdrcel's initia- cipates only to a limited degree, though assumed, tive, of the Instituto de Estudios Etnol6gicos, a is not always clearly related to the community. national agency designed to make social science In the case of a nation with a mixed cultural back- studies of the peoples of Peru, is further evidence ground, it is very necessary that the community of Peru's recognition of the value of antliropology. be seen as the product of interacting cultures, of a It is of considerable interest that the practical complex history, and of particular environmental importance of anthropology to national life is now factors. In other words, if culture process and better recognized in Peru than in the United change are to be understood, anthropology cannot States. In the United States, anthropology is abandon its interest in the regional and historical gradually clauning greater recognition, but it is aspects of the problem, for to do so would be to still widely thought of as dealing with the cultures lose reference points. A regional and historical of other peoples but not with our own culture. survey, therefore, not only makes the community In fact, our past cultural isolation has more or less selected for intensive study more meaningful as a blinded most of us to the fact that we have a sample of the area, but it places the community in culture; our way of life is accepted as the natural cultural perspective. way. In countries like Peru, on the other hand, The objectives and methods of these studies are the contrasts between the native Indian and the purely scientific, but the published results will European customs and values are so striking that have great value to various practical affairs. a cultural point of view toward society is almost Strikmg evidence of this fact is the elocjuent ad- inescapable. For this reason, progressive think- dress made to the Peruvian Congress by Dr. Luis E. ing in Peru readUy recognizes that any national Valcdrcel, Minister of Education and one of programs must take
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